Article(id=1243955385162384097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955381739827662, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1569772800000, receivedDateStr=2019-09-30, revisedDate=1576512000000, revisedDateStr=2019-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511675396, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1598284800000, pubDateStr=2020-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511675396, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511675396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511675396, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955381739827662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511674580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511674580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955385481151202, articleId=1243955385162384097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The competition between Ulva prolifera and Ulva lactuca under different N/P, columnId=1243955384222855631, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Progress on the development and prevention of Yellow Sea green tide, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the eutrophication of seawater has led proliferation of large seaweeds in offshore waters, becoming a worldwide environmental problem. Since 2007, the green tide of Ulva prolifera has continuously broken out in the Yellow Sea, causing huge economic losses. In order to investigate the relation between macroalgae and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P), and the competition mechanism with other macroalgae, we studied the growth of U. prolifera and U. lactuca when pure culture and co-culture. The results showed that: (1) When U. prolifera was pure cultured, the higher or lower N/P can promote the growth of U. prolifera. (2) When U. lactuca was pure cultured, the effect of the N/P on U. lactuca is not obvious. (3) U. prolifera growth was inhibited to some extent under the different N/P conditions when U. prolifera and U. lactuca were co-cultured, and the lowest N/P group was affected the most. (4) The N/P in the Subei Shoal is more suitable for the growth of U. prolifera, which may be one of the main reasons for the large-scale outbreak of U. prolifera green tide.

, correspAuthors=Jiangtao Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue Yang, Kun Lin, Liju Tan, Jiangtao Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955387976762113, articleId=1243955385162384097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=不同氮磷比值下浒苔与石莼的竞争作用研究, columnId=1243955384352879058, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,海水富营养化导致近海海域大型海藻过量繁殖,成为世界性的环境问题。自2007年以来,浒苔绿潮在黄海海域连续暴发,造成巨大经济损失。为探究浒苔大规模暴发与氮磷比值(N/P)的关系,及其与其他大型绿藻在不同N/P下的竞争机制,研究了浒苔(Ulva prolifera)与石莼(Ulva lactuca)在不同N/P下单独培养和共培养时的生长情况,探究了浒苔及石莼生长的变化;结合苏北浅滩海域现场N/P的调查结果,分析了浒苔绿潮暴发的可能机制。研究结果表明:(1)浒苔单独培养时,在一定范围内高N/P能促进浒苔的生长,氮对于浒苔的影响大于磷。(2)石莼单独培养时,低N/P下石莼长势最好,但改变N/P对石莼的影响并不显著。(3)浒苔和石莼共培养时,浒苔生长受到了一定限制,低N/P下浒苔生长受限更显著。(4)苏北浅滩海域高N/P更适合浒苔的生长,可能是浒苔绿潮能够大规模暴发的原因之一。

, correspAuthors=王江涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王江涛,教授,主要从事海洋化学和生态学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=X/pOpN8qUYr+NrZIl45JAA==, magXml=Y/TjwIvJ+mKzkznUhm3eTA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=oH47ulIyfUuoURJCbYoTPA==, pdfFileSize=2854578, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AL1xMlJHpRGD7/SRru2Fpw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FJqI+vcd3d+LnG+xna9yww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨雪(1995-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事海洋污染生态化学研究。E-mail:

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杨雪(1995-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事海洋污染生态化学研究。E-mail:

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Qingdao: Ocean university of China, 2019: 34-35., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246537860711600429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402101);国家自然科学基金(41876078);中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(201713059)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246537853254127667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246537853262516276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, companyId=1246537853254127667, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246537853325430839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, companyId=1246537853254127667, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246537857632981200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The sampling stations and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus distribution in the Subei Shoal (May 2018), figureFileSmall=rg93BkZtu6XVludi4LunGQ==, figureFileBig=+DT+U4eT5HDcgQdP9s68Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537857750421720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=CN, label=图1, caption=本文采样站位和苏北浅滩海域氮磷比值(2018年5月), figureFileSmall=rg93BkZtu6XVludi4LunGQ==, figureFileBig=+DT+U4eT5HDcgQdP9s68Rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537857888833759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Changes in wet weight (a, b) and branch length (c, d) of U. prolifera under different N/P conditions of pure culture, figureFileSmall=rwjxKppAahixvxo6JFGHyw==, figureFileBig=6f1u52vuIceRgELvLcMLAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537857981108452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同N/P条件下单独培养浒苔的湿重(a、b)及分枝长度(c、d)变化, figureFileSmall=rwjxKppAahixvxo6JFGHyw==, figureFileBig=6f1u52vuIceRgELvLcMLAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537858064994535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Changes in wet weight (a, b) and diameter (c, d) of U. lactuca under different N/P conditions of pure culture, figureFileSmall=0l8Tu8uzPg38HO/JTurzAw==, figureFileBig=25KSI2B52ffIfd26/PFWfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537859612692713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同N/P条件下单独培养石莼的湿重(a、b)及直径(c、d)变化, figureFileSmall=0l8Tu8uzPg38HO/JTurzAw==, figureFileBig=25KSI2B52ffIfd26/PFWfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537859709161709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Changes in wet weight and branch length of U. prolifera, and wet weight and diameter of U. lactuca under different N/P conditions of pure culture, figureFileSmall=JkvZ5lX34g0QXdFYUmdTlQ==, figureFileBig=5eRMuO/4fb3o6OWdSPZH9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537859847573751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同N/P条件下共培养浒苔的湿重和分枝长度及石莼的湿重和直径随时间的变化情况, figureFileSmall=JkvZ5lX34g0QXdFYUmdTlQ==, figureFileBig=5eRMuO/4fb3o6OWdSPZH9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537859948237053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Addition of nitrogen and phosphorus in culture solution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
N/P浓度
3.2∶1N: 16 μmol/L; P: 5 μmol/L
16∶1N: 80 μmol/L; P: 5 μmol/L
40∶1N: 200 μmol/L; P: 5 μmol/L
), ArticleFig(id=1246537860015345921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

培养液中氮、磷添加含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
N/P浓度
3.2∶1N: 16 μmol/L; P: 5 μmol/L
16∶1N: 80 μmol/L; P: 5 μmol/L
40∶1N: 200 μmol/L; P: 5 μmol/L
), ArticleFig(id=1246537860116009226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative growth rate of U. prolifera and U. lactuca under pure culture and mixed culture

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验藻种培养方式N/P
3.2∶116∶140∶1
U. prolifera单独培养1.86%2.23%3.81%
共培养−2.07%0.65%2.10%
U. lactuca单独培养7.48%6.04%5.25%
共培养6.26%5.56%4.74%
), ArticleFig(id=1246537860220866834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单独培养和共培养浒苔和石莼的相对生长速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验藻种培养方式N/P
3.2∶116∶140∶1
U. prolifera单独培养1.86%2.23%3.81%
共培养−2.07%0.65%2.10%
U. lactuca单独培养7.48%6.04%5.25%
共培养6.26%5.56%4.74%
), ArticleFig(id=1246537860434776348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistics on the optimum N/P for growth of Ulva

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验藻种N/P相对增长率最大值参考文献
U. pertusa5: 1(N: 10 mg/L; P: 2 mg/L)43.20%[25]
U. linza5: 1(N: 300 μmol/L; P: 60 μmol/L)13.00%[26]
U. prolifera6.6: 1(N: 80 mg/L; P: 12 mg/L)7.75%[21]
U. prolifera3: 0.39.44%[27]
U. prolifera14: 1(N: 500 μmol/L; P: 35 μmol/L)0.75%[28]
U. prolifera14: 1(N: 111.07 μmol/L; P, 7.82 μmol/L)10.30 %[29]
U. prolifera16: 1(N: 500 μmol/L; P: 30 μmol/L)0.45%[30]
U. prolifera16: 1(N: 500 μmol/L; P: 30 μmol/L)9.95%[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1246537860522856739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955385162384097, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

石莼属生长最适氮磷比历史研究统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验藻种N/P相对增长率最大值参考文献
U. pertusa5: 1(N: 10 mg/L; P: 2 mg/L)43.20%[25]
U. linza5: 1(N: 300 μmol/L; P: 60 μmol/L)13.00%[26]
U. prolifera6.6: 1(N: 80 mg/L; P: 12 mg/L)7.75%[21]
U. prolifera3: 0.39.44%[27]
U. prolifera14: 1(N: 500 μmol/L; P: 35 μmol/L)0.75%[28]
U. prolifera14: 1(N: 111.07 μmol/L; P, 7.82 μmol/L)10.30 %[29]
U. prolifera16: 1(N: 500 μmol/L; P: 30 μmol/L)0.45%[30]
U. prolifera16: 1(N: 500 μmol/L; P: 30 μmol/L)9.95%[31]
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不同氮磷比值下浒苔与石莼的竞争作用研究
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杨雪 1 , 林锟 1 , 谭丽菊 1 , 王江涛 1, *
海洋学报 | 黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究 2020,42(8): 50-58
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海洋学报 | 黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究 2020, 42(8): 50-58
不同氮磷比值下浒苔与石莼的竞争作用研究
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杨雪1 , 林锟1, 谭丽菊1, 王江涛1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 杨雪(1995-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事海洋污染生态化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王江涛,教授,主要从事海洋化学和生态学研究。E-mail:
The competition between Ulva prolifera and Ulva lactuca under different N/P
Xue Yang1 , Kun Lin1, Liju Tan1, Jiangtao Wang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2020-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.006
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近年来,海水富营养化导致近海海域大型海藻过量繁殖,成为世界性的环境问题。自2007年以来,浒苔绿潮在黄海海域连续暴发,造成巨大经济损失。为探究浒苔大规模暴发与氮磷比值(N/P)的关系,及其与其他大型绿藻在不同N/P下的竞争机制,研究了浒苔(Ulva prolifera)与石莼(Ulva lactuca)在不同N/P下单独培养和共培养时的生长情况,探究了浒苔及石莼生长的变化;结合苏北浅滩海域现场N/P的调查结果,分析了浒苔绿潮暴发的可能机制。研究结果表明:(1)浒苔单独培养时,在一定范围内高N/P能促进浒苔的生长,氮对于浒苔的影响大于磷。(2)石莼单独培养时,低N/P下石莼长势最好,但改变N/P对石莼的影响并不显著。(3)浒苔和石莼共培养时,浒苔生长受到了一定限制,低N/P下浒苔生长受限更显著。(4)苏北浅滩海域高N/P更适合浒苔的生长,可能是浒苔绿潮能够大规模暴发的原因之一。

绿潮  /  浒苔  /  石莼  /  营养盐  /  氮磷比  /  竞争

In recent years, the eutrophication of seawater has led proliferation of large seaweeds in offshore waters, becoming a worldwide environmental problem. Since 2007, the green tide of Ulva prolifera has continuously broken out in the Yellow Sea, causing huge economic losses. In order to investigate the relation between macroalgae and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P), and the competition mechanism with other macroalgae, we studied the growth of U. prolifera and U. lactuca when pure culture and co-culture. The results showed that: (1) When U. prolifera was pure cultured, the higher or lower N/P can promote the growth of U. prolifera. (2) When U. lactuca was pure cultured, the effect of the N/P on U. lactuca is not obvious. (3) U. prolifera growth was inhibited to some extent under the different N/P conditions when U. prolifera and U. lactuca were co-cultured, and the lowest N/P group was affected the most. (4) The N/P in the Subei Shoal is more suitable for the growth of U. prolifera, which may be one of the main reasons for the large-scale outbreak of U. prolifera green tide.

green tides  /  Ulva prolifera  /  Ulva lactuca  /  nutrients  /  N/P  /  competition
杨雪, 林锟, 谭丽菊, 王江涛. 不同氮磷比值下浒苔与石莼的竞争作用研究. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (8) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.006
Xue Yang, Kun Lin, Liju Tan, Jiangtao Wang. The competition between Ulva prolifera and Ulva lactuca under different N/P[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (8) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.006
近年来,随着水产养殖业高密度、集约化的发展,大量的污水被排入海中,造成海洋生态平衡遭到严重破坏,有害藻华现象频发[1]。自2007年以来,黄海海域连续暴发由大型绿藻浒苔(Ulva prolifera)造成的绿潮灾害,呈现连续性和常态化趋势。在黄海绿潮期间,大量的浒苔覆盖在海水表面遮蔽阳光,使得一部分海洋生物无法正常光合作用[2],浒苔还会分泌出有毒的化学物质,造成其他生物的死亡,对于近海的海洋生态系统造成了严重破坏,给我国沿海城市的水产养殖业、旅游业、居民生活等带来了诸多负面影响,严重威胁地区的可持续发展[3-7]
大型海藻种类较多,按色素种类及含量不同可分为红藻、绿藻、褐藻等,广泛分布于潮间带及潮间带下的透光层,固着生长于浅海海底的岩礁上或漂浮生长。本研究两个目标藻种,浒苔呈中空管状体结构,分枝细长,最长的分枝能够达到1 m,生长于沿岸高、中潮带沙砾中,主要分布在日本群岛及黄海地区[8-9];石莼(Ulva lactuca)是一种比较常见的海藻类植物,生长于低潮带,其主要生活在黄海和渤海的沿岸地区[10-11]。对限制性营养盐的竞争能力是藻类大量繁殖的关键,Redfield[12]提出浮游植物吸收海水中营养盐浓度的比值为Si∶N∶P = 16∶16∶1,适宜的氮磷比值有利于浮游植物的生长繁殖,反之会造成营养结构失调,浮游生物种群结构的改变,甚至引发藻华灾害。大量研究证实,黄海绿潮灾害的频发,与海水中丰富的营养盐关系密切[13-14]
在大型海藻生长过程中,需要大量营养盐的支持,因此当大型海藻与其他浮游植物共存时,其对营养盐的掠取使得其他浮游生物的竞争力下降。目前,国内外学者围绕浒苔与浮游微藻的竞争作用开展了一系列研究[15-16],取得了一定的科学认知,但对于浒苔与其他大型藻类的竞争作用研究较少。大型藻类之间也不可避免存在着竞争作用,对营养盐的吸收和适应性也存在着差异,导致了它们之间的竞争作用有强弱之分。已有研究结果表明,两种常见绿潮藻石莼、浒苔在相同条件下培养时,石莼的相对生长速率都是最大的,并且生长速率显著高于浒苔和其他大型藻类[17],这与石莼的比表面积有关[18]。石莼作为黄海和渤海低潮带的又一种常见海藻类植物,却并没有造成如浒苔类似的大规模暴发现象,探究其成因,南黄海海域N/P比值水平更适合浒苔的生长繁殖,这可能是浒苔大规模暴发的一个重要原因[2]。因此,本文主要研究不同的氮磷比下浒苔和石莼共培养下的竞争作用,探索营养水平对浒苔生长的影响,以期为浒苔绿潮机制提供科学基础与理论依据。
苏北浅滩及其邻近海域水产养殖发达,海水富营养化较为严重,浒苔于3月在苏北浅滩海域开始萌发,并在风和海流的作用下,向北漂浮聚集,在我国山东半岛海域形成绿潮灾害,因此本研究于2018年5月12–24日对苏北浅滩及其邻近海域(32.3°~34.0°N,120.6°~122.2°E)进行了为期13 d的调查,布设了6个断面24个站位。由于苏北浅滩及其邻近海域水深较浅,故只采集表层海水,水样采集后立即经GF/F滤膜(0.7 μm,Whatman,450℃灼烧4 h)过滤,样品于−20℃冷冻保存,用于后续氮磷比值的分析。
实验用浒苔及石莼于2018年5月采自苏北浅滩海域,采集后用高温高压灭菌海水反复冲洗3~4次,用软毛刷刷去泥沙和附生生物,镜检确认无杂藻后,挑取生长状态良好“无白化”的藻体备用。实验用海水由专业人员采集自苏北浅滩,用孔径0.45 μm的醋酸纤维滤膜过滤,经过120℃高温杀菌20 min,静置冷却至室温后待用。海水盐度为31,海水本底${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N浓度为13.36 μmol/L,${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P为0.24 μmol/L。
实验设置3组不同的氮磷比,分别为N/P = 3.2∶1、N/P = 16∶1、N/P = 40∶1,浓度设计如表1所示,除氮、磷外其余营养要素按f/2培养基进行补充,实验在添加有200 mL培养基的玻璃培养瓶中进行,培养期间每两天更换培养基,培养瓶均匀放置于光照培养箱中,培养温度为20℃,光照强度60 μmol/(m2·s),光暗比为12 h∶12 h。实验分为3组培养体系,浒苔单独培养,石莼单独培养,浒苔与石莼混合培养,两种藻类均为非附着生长,每组设置3组重复,实验共进行11 d。
实验采用测定湿重和分枝(直径)长度的方法观测各种营养条件下浒苔和石莼的生长速率。湿重法是将培养的所有浒苔(石莼)捞出,用吸水纸吸干藻体表面的水分,置于干燥的培养皿中于分析天平称重,浒苔(石莼)初始重量均为(0.20 ± 0.01) g。测量浒苔平均分枝长度法,是用镊子夹住一株浒苔的中心主枝部分,放入有灭菌海水的培养皿中,让浒苔分枝向一边自然伸展,用厘米尺测量其一端到最长分枝末端长度,即是这一株浒苔长度。测量这组烧杯中的所有浒苔分枝长度,计算其平均长度。测量石莼平均直径法,是将石莼用打孔器切成直径为1.5 cm的大小相同的圆片,在各个条件下培养后测定其平均直径。
使用营养盐自动分析仪(BRAN LUEBBE,AA3)以分光光度法对采集水样的营养盐浓度进行分析,主要分析参数及方法为:总氮,碱性过硫酸钾消解分光光度法;总磷,碱性过硫酸钾消解钼锑蓝分光光度法。
实验数据使用SPSS 19对浒苔及石莼生物量进行统计分析,比较不同培养体系间相对增长率的差异(单因素方差分析,one-way ANOVA),p < 0.05作为显著性差异的标准。
苏北浅滩及其临近海域表层水体氮磷比值的平面分布如图1所示。由图可看出,苏北浅滩及其临近海域表层水体氮磷比值总体呈现近岸高,远岸分布不均的分布特征,其中高值中心位于江苏省盐城市大丰区附近海域,可能由于该海域渔业养殖及浮游生物活动密集,排(释)放大量氮。调查海区总氮浓度范围在13.88~50.92 mg/L,平均值为28.65 mg/L;总磷浓度范围在0.35~0.96 mg/L,平均值为0.58 mg/L;氮磷比在36.12~63.12之间,平均值为48.42。水体中氮磷比值与浮游生物体中氮磷比值越接近越有利于浮游生物生长,温珊珊等[19]测得浒苔藻体中N/P为45.8,说明苏北浅滩水体氮磷比值十分适宜浒苔的生长。根据氮磷比值确定整个海区在浒苔暴发期间存在磷限制,浒苔暴发期间根据体内的氮磷比吸收大量的氮、磷,然而海区磷含量远小于浒苔生长所消耗的量。
不同氮磷比条件下单独培养浒苔的湿重及生长率、分枝长度及分枝增长率随时间的变化情况如图2 所示。不同氮磷比值对浒苔的生长影响不同,N/P = 3.2∶1、N/P = 16∶1、N/P = 40∶1这3组的日均相对增长速率(湿重)分别为1.86%、2.23%、3.81%。由图2可以综合看出,N/P = 40∶1组相对于其他两组对浒苔生长促进效果更明显,说明在培养液中高氮磷比能促进浒苔的生长,氮对浒苔生长的促进效果更明显。由于浒苔分枝长度较难控制统一,尽量选择了分枝长度相近的浒苔,从浒苔分枝长度看(图2c),N/P = 3.2∶1组的浒苔分枝长度基本没有增长,相比之下N/P = 40∶1组呈现出了很好的增长,在11 d培养之后分枝长度增加了49.72%,说明浒苔生理状态较好。从生长速率来看,N/P = 3.2∶1组和N/P = 16∶1组实验初期生长速率快,到后期开始降低甚至出现负增长,且浒苔藻体开始出现“白化”现象,考虑是由于部分营养元素逐渐被消耗不能满足浒苔的生长需求,因而浒苔不再生长甚至死亡。
不同氮磷比条件下单独培养石莼的湿重及生长率、直径长度及直径增长率随时间的变化如图3所示。N/P = 3.2∶1、N/P = 16∶1、N/P = 40∶1这3组的日均相对增长速率(湿重)分别为7.48%、6.04%、5.25%。由图可看出N/P = 3.2∶1组的石莼生长情况优于N/P = 16∶1组和N/P = 40∶1组。石莼在实验初期生长速率快,然后逐渐平稳生长,到后期仍有生长的趋势,并不像浒苔呈现停止生长甚至死亡。从直径长度也可以看出,在培养中期石莼直径增长速率最快,可能是由于实验初期石莼切片之后边缘还未适应环境,短期内增长速率未呈现快速增长,但直径长度总体呈现一直增长的趋势,N/P = 3.2∶1组在培养11 d后增长了0.26 cm。有学者研究表明,石莼中含有IAA类生长素能够增加细胞渗透吸收能力,从而使细胞体积增大,还能促进RNA和蛋白质的合成,为合成原生质体和细胞壁提供原材料,保持石莼的持久生长[20]
图4所示,在共培养下,高氮磷比N/P = 40∶1组浒苔在实验初期有明显增长趋势,但在实验后期出现下降,可能是由于浒苔对于磷的吸收利用能力不如石莼,因此出现了磷的限制作用;N/P = 16∶1组浒苔的生长情况并不明显,培养5 d后生物量便出现下降的趋势;而N/P = 3.2∶1组的浒苔在培养3 d后生物量呈现急剧下降,生长速率甚至低至−7.12%,说明浒苔生长受到了极大限制。肉眼观察发现,N/P = 3.2∶1组和N/P = 16∶1组浒苔藻体“白化”现象明显,说明部分浒苔受到营养限制。在实验后期,将从培养瓶上刮下绿色附着物制片后进行镜检观察,显示为浒苔孢子,说明浒苔释放出孢子以加速繁殖,当孢子释放后浒苔死亡[21]。相比而言,石莼在N/P = 3.2∶1组、N/P = 16∶1组、N/P = 40∶1组的生物量都有明显增加,由表2图4也可以看出在共培养条件下,石莼的相对生长速率均比浒苔大。综上可得,浒苔和石莼共培养时,浒苔的生长情况均不如单独培养,并且氮磷比越小越不利于浒苔的生长,而石莼的生长情况相差不是很大,说明石莼吸收营养盐的能力强于浒苔,尤其是吸收磷的能力,这可能与石莼的细胞结构以及比表面积有关。
有国外学者提出当海洋中的N/P > 22时,藻类的生长会相对受磷的限制;N/P < 10时,藻类生长受氮的影响比较大;当22 > N/P > 10时,不同的藻类受氮、磷影响不同[22]。在本研究中,共培养时,N/P = 40∶1组浒苔在培养前期状态较好,到后期开始出现生物量降低的趋势,可能是由于竞争作用导致磷的限制而造成的;N/P = 3.2∶1组浒苔的生长情况较差,相对生长速率甚至为负值,说明浒苔的生长受到了极大的限制甚至死亡,证实了在一定范围内氮是影响浒苔生长的主要因子。吴婷[13]研究发现海水中添加磷对浒苔的生长具有一定的促进作用,但当添加的磷达一定浓度时,促进作用不如氮明显,相对于氮,浒苔受磷添加影响较弱。庞秋婷等[23]关于浒苔现场围隔实验的结果也显示,在磷酸盐含量适中的培养条件下,高浓度氮更能促进浒苔的生长,与本文研究一致。
本研究同时发现,共培养时浒苔竞争力不如石莼,目前对于浒苔暴发机制已有大量研究,主要是从浒苔漂浮气囊结构及其对光照和温度的适应性等方面进行分析[16, 24],本研究从氮磷比值角度进行综合分析。氮磷比较大的N/P = 40∶1组浒苔长势明显比其他两组要好,相反,增加磷浓度对石莼的生长有一定促进作用,其适应较低的N/P,与表3中他人研究结果一致。综合年际调查数据发现,2010年以前,黄海海域N/P比值呈现逐年上升趋势,到2010年上升至最大值110,在2010年后开始出现急剧下降,可能与自2007年以来出现的浒苔绿潮有关,浒苔对于氮的偏好可能是造成比值出现下降的原因[32]。在本研究调查期间,苏北浅滩N/P平均值在48左右,可见该比值十分适宜浒苔生长。但实验室共培养结果表明石莼具有更高的生长速率,与实际海区情况相反,说明在此设置条件下营养盐可能不是决定二者竞争结果的单一因子,而是浒苔组织结构及其对光照的适应性等几者耦合的结果。本研究证实了在营养盐因子方面,黄海海域N/P水平确实更适合浒苔的生长,这为浒苔大规模暴发提供了可能性。
(1)浒苔单独培养时,在一定范围内高N/P能促进浒苔的生长,氮对于浒苔的影响大于磷。
(2)石莼单独培养时,低N/P下石莼长势最好,但改变N/P对石莼的影响并不显著。
(3)浒苔和石莼共培养时,浒苔生长受到了一定限制,低N/P下浒苔生长受限更显著。
(4)苏北浅滩海域高氮磷比值更适合浒苔的生长,可能是浒苔绿潮能够大规模暴发的原因之一。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402101);国家自然科学基金(41876078);中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(201713059)。
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2020年第42卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.006
  • 接收时间:2019-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-09-30
  • 修回日期:2019-12-17
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402101);国家自然科学基金(41876078);中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(201713059)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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*王江涛,教授,主要从事海洋化学和生态学研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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