Article(id=1243955384768119519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955381739827662, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1559318400000, receivedDateStr=2019-06-01, revisedDate=1572278400000, revisedDateStr=2019-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511675302, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1598284800000, pubDateStr=2020-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511675302, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511675302, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511675302, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955381739827662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511674580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511674580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955385082692320, articleId=1243955384768119519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=A preliminary investigation of spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediment of Meizhou Bay, surface sediment was sampled at 7 stations in Meizhou Bay in May 2018 (spring), August 2018 (summer), November 2018 (autumn) and February 2019 (winter) for analysis of dinoflagellate cysts. In total, 42 species representing 6 groups, and 2 uncertain taxa were identified. The species number and abundance of heterotrophic species were higher than those of autotrophic species, and among them the species number and abundance of the protoperidinioid group were the highest. Seasonal difference was not obvious: the species number ranged from 34 to 38, and the abundance varied from 397.8 to 569.5 cysts/g with the annual average of 448.0 cysts/g. The species number and abundance of species at stations near the industrial zone were lower than those near the aquaculture area. There were 16 dominant species, among which the protoperidinioid group had an absolute advantage, but the dominance degree of all these dominant species was not large. Diversity index, richness index and evenness index were high, with the annual average of 3.45, 1.55 and 0.92, respectively. Compared with historical data, 19 new cysts were recognized, but the abundance was not much different. It should also be noted that a total of 6 toxic dinoflagellate cysts were found in the waters of the Meizhou Bay. Although the annual abundance was not high, there is still a risk of toxic red tides, which should be taken seriously.

, correspAuthors=Chongrong Zheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guangyi Li, Chongrong Zheng, Huikai Wu, Fan Yang, Baoqing Liu, Longzhan Huang, Jingwu Chen, Yunxia Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955388484272918, articleId=1243955384768119519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的时空分布初步调查, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解湄洲湾海域表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的时空分布特征,于2018年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2019年2月(冬)采集湄洲湾海域7个站位表层沉积物样品,进行甲藻孢囊分析,共鉴定出甲藻孢囊6大类42种和2种未知种。异养型甲藻孢囊种类数和丰度均高于自养型甲藻孢囊,其中又以原多甲藻类孢囊的种类和丰度最高。季节间差异不明显:种类数介于34~38种之间,丰度则在397.8~569.5 cysts/g之间变化,全年平均丰度448.0 cysts/g。工业区附近的站位种类数和丰度均低于养殖区附近的站位和对照点。优势种高达16种,原多甲藻类占绝对优势,但全部优势种优势度均不大。多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均较高,全年的平均值分别为3.45、1.55和0.92。与历史资料对比,新发现19种孢囊,但丰度相差不大。另需注意的是,在湄洲湾海域共发现6种有毒甲藻孢囊,虽然全年丰度均不高,但仍有暴发有毒赤潮的危险,需引起重视。

, correspAuthors=郑崇荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郑崇荣(1979-),男,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境评估与修复工作。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=aF4wJauhzegbHcyLV3CXNA==, magXml=M3NIcoZxMT6AvuINeVafEA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DVBC9Z3VivAPFR+AnOHd9Q==, pdfFileSize=35433495, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XYqZVd108pp5jvCq9tim+Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=12CLh/jRs+9kFzjQNVjLmA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李光毅(1993-),男,福建省厦门市人,助理工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境监测工作。E-mail:

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李光毅(1993-),男,福建省厦门市人,助理工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境监测工作。E-mail:

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李光毅(1993-),男,福建省厦门市人,助理工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境监测工作。E-mail:

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a. Gymnodinium catenatum; b. Protoperidinium avellana; c. Protoperidinium sp.3; d. Protoperidinium sp.4; e. Protoperidinium conicum; f. Protoperidinium claudicans; g. Protoperidinium sp.2; h. Polykrikos kofoidoii; i. Diplopsalis ovata; j. Alexandrium minutum/affine; k. Lingulodinium polyedra; l. Protoperidinium subinerme; m. Protoperidinium minutum; n. Protoperidinium latissimum; o. Protoperidinium sp.5; p. Polykrikos schwartzii; q. Unknown species 1; r. Unknown species 2

, figureFileSmall=pFEug7lSF/mWAOeDAFdcwA==, figureFileBig=9m+saqekIDXsp9bIO1yAOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537861802119519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=CN, label=图7, caption=湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊优势种及未知种显微照片

a. 链状裸甲藻;b. 褐色原多甲藻;c. 原多甲藻sp.3;d. 原多甲藻sp.4;e. 锥形原多甲藻;f. 窄角原多甲藻;g. 原多甲藻sp.2;h. 科夫多沟藻;i. 卵型狄坡藻;j. 微小/相似亚历山大藻;k. 多边舌甲藻;l. 赛裸原多甲藻;m. 微小原多甲藻;n. 宽刺原多甲藻;o. 原多甲藻sp.5;p. 无纹多沟藻;q. 未知1;r. 未知2

, figureFileSmall=pFEug7lSF/mWAOeDAFdcwA==, figureFileBig=9m+saqekIDXsp9bIO1yAOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537861890199905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Seasonal variation of species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=IzUexfWLLeS3H7jbMi0t6g==, figureFileBig=pJLjIdmLDyRZoJqLlDMTsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537861961503078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=CN, label=图8, caption=湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊物种多样性季节变化, figureFileSmall=IzUexfWLLeS3H7jbMi0t6g==, figureFileBig=pJLjIdmLDyRZoJqLlDMTsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862053777773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=FOmB5XRuoTnk3JH116dWOA==, figureFileBig=dabZV8RLTxt4BT2SH3sXTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862125080945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=CN, label=图9, caption=湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊物种多样性, figureFileSmall=FOmB5XRuoTnk3JH116dWOA==, figureFileBig=dabZV8RLTxt4BT2SH3sXTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537862217355635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文学名拉丁文学名
自养型孢囊Autotrophic species
膝沟藻类Gonyaulacoid group
微小/相似亚历山大藻*Alexandrium minutum/affine++++
塔玛/链状亚历山大藻*Alexandrium tamarense/catenella ++
多边舌甲藻*Lingulodinium polyedra++++
网状原角藻*Protoceratium reticulatum ++++
斯氏膝沟藻Gonyaulax scrippsae+++
具刺膝沟藻*Gonyaulax spinifera+++
膝沟藻sp.Gonyaulax sp.++++
裸甲藻类Gymnodinioid group
链状裸甲藻*Gymnodinium catenatum ++++
旋沟藻sp.1Cochlodinium sp.1++
旋沟藻sp.2Cochlodinium sp.2++
哈曼褐多沟藻Pheopolykrikos hartmannii++++
钙质类Calcoidinellid group
锥状斯氏藻Scrippsiella trochoidea+++
前头斯氏藻Scrippsiella precaria++
斯氏藻sp.Scrippsiella sp.++
提勒五隔藻Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum+
TuberculodinioidTuberculodinioid group
窄形扁甲藻Pyrophacus stenii++++
异养型孢囊Heterotrophic species
裸甲藻类Gymnodinioid group
科夫多沟藻Polykrikos kofoidoii ++++
无纹多沟藻Polykrikos schwartzii ++++
原多甲藻类Protoperidinioid group
褐色原多甲藻Protoperidinium avellana++++
五角原多甲藻Protoperidinium pentagonum++++
锥腹原多甲藻Protoperidinium conicoides ++++
小齿原多甲藻Protoperidinium denticulatum ++++
赛裸原多甲藻Protoperidinium subinerme ++++
锥形原多甲藻Protoperidinium conicum++++
长形原多甲藻Protoperidinium oblongum+++
窄角原多甲藻Protoperidinium claudicans++++
分支原多甲藻Protoperidinium divaricatum ++++
), ArticleFig(id=1246537862301241718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊名录

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文学名拉丁文学名
自养型孢囊Autotrophic species
膝沟藻类Gonyaulacoid group
微小/相似亚历山大藻*Alexandrium minutum/affine++++
塔玛/链状亚历山大藻*Alexandrium tamarense/catenella ++
多边舌甲藻*Lingulodinium polyedra++++
网状原角藻*Protoceratium reticulatum ++++
斯氏膝沟藻Gonyaulax scrippsae+++
具刺膝沟藻*Gonyaulax spinifera+++
膝沟藻sp.Gonyaulax sp.++++
裸甲藻类Gymnodinioid group
链状裸甲藻*Gymnodinium catenatum ++++
旋沟藻sp.1Cochlodinium sp.1++
旋沟藻sp.2Cochlodinium sp.2++
哈曼褐多沟藻Pheopolykrikos hartmannii++++
钙质类Calcoidinellid group
锥状斯氏藻Scrippsiella trochoidea+++
前头斯氏藻Scrippsiella precaria++
斯氏藻sp.Scrippsiella sp.++
提勒五隔藻Pentapharsodinium tyrrhenicum+
TuberculodinioidTuberculodinioid group
窄形扁甲藻Pyrophacus stenii++++
异养型孢囊Heterotrophic species
裸甲藻类Gymnodinioid group
科夫多沟藻Polykrikos kofoidoii ++++
无纹多沟藻Polykrikos schwartzii ++++
原多甲藻类Protoperidinioid group
褐色原多甲藻Protoperidinium avellana++++
五角原多甲藻Protoperidinium pentagonum++++
锥腹原多甲藻Protoperidinium conicoides ++++
小齿原多甲藻Protoperidinium denticulatum ++++
赛裸原多甲藻Protoperidinium subinerme ++++
锥形原多甲藻Protoperidinium conicum++++
长形原多甲藻Protoperidinium oblongum+++
窄角原多甲藻Protoperidinium claudicans++++
分支原多甲藻Protoperidinium divaricatum ++++
), ArticleFig(id=1246537862385127801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition of dominant species of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优势种春季夏季秋季冬季
平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度
链状裸甲藻20.53.610.03122.15.360.05420.54.990.04320.05.030.036
褐色原多甲藻22.63.960.02324.45.920.03430.77.450.05334.38.630.073
原多甲藻sp.339.56.940.07032.97.960.06846.711.340.08119.84.980.035
原多甲藻sp.423.34.090.03517.64.270.03121.45.180.02217.44.360.025
锥形原多甲藻22.33.910.02226.06.290.05425.36.140.044
窄角原多甲藻45.58.000.06933.88.200.07031.27.570.065
原多甲藻sp.229.65.200.03041.710.100.10135.08.800.050
科夫多沟藻26.64.680.04023.35.630.04037.59.430.067
卵型狄坡藻135.223.740.20527.76.700.03823.75.970.051
微小/相似亚历山大藻18.14.400.02517.04.270.024
多边舌甲藻18.14.400.03827.66.940.059
赛裸原多甲藻15.52.730.023
微小原多甲藻35.36.200.036
宽刺原多甲藻16.64.010.034
原多甲藻sp.524.05.800.041
无纹多沟藻16.43.980.028
), ArticleFig(id=1246537862460625277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955384768119519, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊优势种组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优势种春季夏季秋季冬季
平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度平均丰度/cysts·g–1占总丰度
比例/%
优势度
链状裸甲藻20.53.610.03122.15.360.05420.54.990.04320.05.030.036
褐色原多甲藻22.63.960.02324.45.920.03430.77.450.05334.38.630.073
原多甲藻sp.339.56.940.07032.97.960.06846.711.340.08119.84.980.035
原多甲藻sp.423.34.090.03517.64.270.03121.45.180.02217.44.360.025
锥形原多甲藻22.33.910.02226.06.290.05425.36.140.044
窄角原多甲藻45.58.000.06933.88.200.07031.27.570.065
原多甲藻sp.229.65.200.03041.710.100.10135.08.800.050
科夫多沟藻26.64.680.04023.35.630.04037.59.430.067
卵型狄坡藻135.223.740.20527.76.700.03823.75.970.051
微小/相似亚历山大藻18.14.400.02517.04.270.024
多边舌甲藻18.14.400.03827.66.940.059
赛裸原多甲藻15.52.730.023
微小原多甲藻35.36.200.036
宽刺原多甲藻16.64.010.034
原多甲藻sp.524.05.800.041
无纹多沟藻16.43.980.028
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湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的时空分布初步调查
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李光毅 1 , 郑崇荣 1, * , 吴惠锴 1 , 杨凡 1 , 刘保清 1 , 黄龙展 1 , 陈竞武 1 , 陈云霞 1
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(8): 115-126
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(8): 115-126
湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的时空分布初步调查
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李光毅1 , 郑崇荣1, * , 吴惠锴1, 杨凡1, 刘保清1, 黄龙展1, 陈竞武1, 陈云霞1
作者信息
  • 1 泉州海洋环境监测预报中心,福建 泉州 362131
  • 李光毅(1993-),男,福建省厦门市人,助理工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境监测工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*郑崇荣(1979-),男,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境评估与修复工作。E-mail:
A preliminary investigation of spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay
Guangyi Li1 , Chongrong Zheng1, * , Huikai Wu1, Fan Yang1, Baoqing Liu1, Longzhan Huang1, Jingwu Chen1, Yunxia Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1 Quanzhou Marine Environmental Monitoring and Forecasting Center, Quanzhou 362131, China
出版时间: 2020-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.010
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为了解湄洲湾海域表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的时空分布特征,于2018年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2019年2月(冬)采集湄洲湾海域7个站位表层沉积物样品,进行甲藻孢囊分析,共鉴定出甲藻孢囊6大类42种和2种未知种。异养型甲藻孢囊种类数和丰度均高于自养型甲藻孢囊,其中又以原多甲藻类孢囊的种类和丰度最高。季节间差异不明显:种类数介于34~38种之间,丰度则在397.8~569.5 cysts/g之间变化,全年平均丰度448.0 cysts/g。工业区附近的站位种类数和丰度均低于养殖区附近的站位和对照点。优势种高达16种,原多甲藻类占绝对优势,但全部优势种优势度均不大。多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均较高,全年的平均值分别为3.45、1.55和0.92。与历史资料对比,新发现19种孢囊,但丰度相差不大。另需注意的是,在湄洲湾海域共发现6种有毒甲藻孢囊,虽然全年丰度均不高,但仍有暴发有毒赤潮的危险,需引起重视。

湄洲湾海域  /  表层沉积物  /  甲藻孢囊  /  时空分布

To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediment of Meizhou Bay, surface sediment was sampled at 7 stations in Meizhou Bay in May 2018 (spring), August 2018 (summer), November 2018 (autumn) and February 2019 (winter) for analysis of dinoflagellate cysts. In total, 42 species representing 6 groups, and 2 uncertain taxa were identified. The species number and abundance of heterotrophic species were higher than those of autotrophic species, and among them the species number and abundance of the protoperidinioid group were the highest. Seasonal difference was not obvious: the species number ranged from 34 to 38, and the abundance varied from 397.8 to 569.5 cysts/g with the annual average of 448.0 cysts/g. The species number and abundance of species at stations near the industrial zone were lower than those near the aquaculture area. There were 16 dominant species, among which the protoperidinioid group had an absolute advantage, but the dominance degree of all these dominant species was not large. Diversity index, richness index and evenness index were high, with the annual average of 3.45, 1.55 and 0.92, respectively. Compared with historical data, 19 new cysts were recognized, but the abundance was not much different. It should also be noted that a total of 6 toxic dinoflagellate cysts were found in the waters of the Meizhou Bay. Although the annual abundance was not high, there is still a risk of toxic red tides, which should be taken seriously.

Meizhou Bay sea area  /  surface sediment  /  dinoflagellate cysts  /  spatial and temporal distribution
李光毅, 郑崇荣, 吴惠锴, 杨凡, 刘保清, 黄龙展, 陈竞武, 陈云霞. 湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的时空分布初步调查. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (8) : 115 -126 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.010
Guangyi Li, Chongrong Zheng, Huikai Wu, Fan Yang, Baoqing Liu, Longzhan Huang, Jingwu Chen, Yunxia Chen. A preliminary investigation of spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the Meizhou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (8) : 115 -126 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.010
湄洲湾地处台湾海峡西岸,福建省沿海中部,是一个典型的半封闭狭长形海湾。湾内三面大陆环抱,湄洲岛横亘湾口,又有大竹岛、盘屿和大生岛等岛屿形成天然屏障,避风避浪条件极好,是一个天然深水良港,沿岸有东吴、秀屿、肖厝、斗尾4个港区。随着沿岸港口、能源和石化工业的迅速发展,湄洲湾面临的环境污染日趋严重。近10年,湄洲湾海域共发生4次赤潮,其中2012年的米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)赤潮和2017年的链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)赤潮给当地的养殖业造成严重破坏[1]
甲藻孢囊是甲藻在不良环境条件下的一种休眠体,当外界环境合适时,孢囊即会萌发,为赤潮的暴发提供“种源”[2]。大多数甲藻孢囊具有孢粉质壁,能长期保存在沉积物中,可以较好地反映甲藻种群的发展历史[3]。一些甲藻能形成两种不同类型的孢囊:休眠孢囊和暂时性孢囊。休眠孢囊是指经有性生殖而形成的二倍体休眠合子,在适宜环境下可萌发成游动细胞,但需度过一段时间的强制性休眠期,如无特别强调,一般孢囊指的是休眠孢囊。暂时性孢囊是细胞在遭遇不良环境下无性形成的单倍体,当环境适宜时,即可萌发[4]。目前已证实有200多种甲藻能形成孢囊,其中不乏有毒种类,例如塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)、链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)和巴哈马梨甲藻(Pyrodinium bahamense)等[5]
我国甲藻孢囊研究始于20世纪90年代[6-8],进入21世纪以来发展迅速,已有不少学者对国内典型海湾和河口甲藻孢囊进行详尽研究[9-14],但对湄洲湾甲藻孢囊的研究甚少,仅王朝晖[15]研究过湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的种类和丰度。鉴于此,本文对湄洲湾表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的多样性以及时空分布特征进行分析,以期为该海域甲藻赤潮的预警提供科学依据。
在湄洲湾海域设置7个调查站位,MZ01、MZ04和MZ06站位分别位于热电厂、码头和石化园区附近,MZ02、MZ03和MZ07站位均位于养殖区附近,MZ05站位作为对照点,临近湾口(图1)。
分别于2018年5月11日(春)、8月2日(夏)、11月22日(秋)和2019年2月21日(冬)采集表层沉积物样品。
用QNC7-1型抓斗式采泥器采集表层沉积物,每个站位采集3个样品,取上表层0~2 cm沉积物,将3份样品充分混合,用塑封袋密封后,做好标记,放入4℃冰箱中避光保存,带回实验室进行分析。
称取样品约5 g放入烧杯中,加入适量过滤海水并充分搅拌,用超声波细胞破碎机震荡2 min,先通过125 μm尼龙筛网,收集滤过部分至烧杯中,将滤过的样品再倒入20 μm尼龙筛网中,弃去滤过部分并收集筛网中沉积物样品,定容至10 mL,然后加入5%中性福尔马林固定。
另外称取约5 g样品用于沉积物含水率测定,先称量样品湿重,然后置于70℃烘箱中烘24 h以上直至恒重,称量干泥重量并计算含水率。
吸取0.1 mL已处理样品至0.1 mL计数框中,在显微镜(Olympus,BX53)下进行种类鉴定、计数并拍照,每个样品重复观察2~3次,取其平均值。孢囊密度以每克干重泥样孢囊数量表示(cysts/g)。孢囊鉴定主要参照Matsuoka和Fukuyo[2]、王朝晖[16]、陆欣鑫[17]、郭皓[18]和黄琳[19]等资料。
香农−威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数H´[20]、玛格列夫(Margalef)丰富度指数d[21]和皮洛(Pielou)均匀度指数J[22]的计算公式如下:
$H'{\rm{ = - }}\sum\limits_{{{i}} = 1}^S {P_i} {\rm{log_2}}P_i,$
$d = \left( {S - 1} \right)/{\log _2}N,$
$J = H'/{\log _2}S,$
式中,S为样品中种类总数,N为样品总个体数,Pi为第i种的个体数与样品总个体数的比值。
优势种的确定是由优势度Y[23]决定的,计算公式:
$Y = ({n_i}/N') \times {f_i},$
式中,ni为第i种的密度,N´为全部样品的总密度,fi为第i种物种在各站位中出现的频率,以Y≥0.02作为优势种。
在湄洲湾海域4个季节中共鉴定出甲藻孢囊6大类42种和2种未知种,其中原多甲藻类(Protoperidinioid group)孢囊种类最为丰富,共有20种,占总种类数的45.45%;膝沟藻类(Gonyaulacoid group)孢囊7种,占15.91%;裸甲藻类(Gymnodinioid group)孢囊6种,占13.64%;钙质类(Calcoidinellid group)孢囊4种,占9.09%;翼甲藻类(Diplopsalid group)孢囊4种,占9.09%;Tuberculodinioid类(Tuberculodinioid group)孢囊1种,占2.27%。从甲藻的营养类型来看,以异养型甲藻孢囊为主,共26种,自养型甲藻孢囊则为16种。
表1图2可知,湄洲湾海域4个季节中孢囊种类数变化不大,最少为夏季的34种,最多是秋季的38种;平均种类数依次为(15.3±4.9)种、(15.1±4.5)种、(14.3±4.5)种和(13.7±6.9)种。种类组成上,每个季节中异养型甲藻孢囊种类数均约为自养型甲藻孢囊的2倍,而异养型甲藻孢囊中又以原多甲藻类孢囊为主,4个季节种类数均在15种以上;膝沟藻类孢囊4个季节均为6种,裸甲藻类、翼甲藻类和钙质类孢囊则分别在4~6种、3~4种和1~3种中变化,而Tuberculodinioid类孢囊4个季节均只检出窄形扁甲藻(Pyrophacus stenii)1种。
空间分布上,各站位全年甲藻孢囊检出的总种类数在19~36种之间,全年的平均种类数中,最高值出现在MZ07站位中,为20.8种,最低值则为MZ06站位,仅为7.5种。由图3可以发现,位于工业区附近的MZ01、MZ04和MZ06站位种类数较少,平均总种类数23种;而养殖区附近的MZ02、MZ03和MZ07站位种类数较为丰富,每个站位的总种类数均超过30种,且MZ03和MZ07站位每个季节的种类数均在15种以上;对照点MZ05站位总种类数高达36种,全年平均种类数18.3种。在种类组成上,除MZ01和MZ04站位在秋季时自养型孢囊种类数高于异养型孢囊,其余站位全年均是以异养型甲藻孢囊为主。
湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊季节间丰度介于(397.8±242.5)~(569.5±309.5)cysts/g之间,其中春季最高,冬季最低,夏季和秋季基本持平,全年平均丰度为448.0 cysts/g(图4)。全年异养型孢囊和自养型孢囊丰度比在2.26~4.81之间,平均为3.34。且全年原多甲藻类孢囊丰度均占主要优势,每个季节丰度均高于200.0 cysts/g;膝沟藻类孢囊、裸甲藻类孢囊和翼甲藻类孢囊丰度分别介于47.5~71.7 cysts/g、53.9~73.6 cysts/g和22.3~144.7 cysts/g之间,钙质类孢囊、Tuberculodinioid类孢囊和未知种孢囊丰度均较低,最高值仅分别为22.8 cysts/g、5.5 cysts/g和6.1 cysts/g,最低值则为4.3 cysts/g、2.1 cysts/g和5.4 cysts/g。
图5图6可以看出,湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊丰度的空间分布差异较明显,全年平均丰度最高值为MZ03站位的661.2 cysts/g,最低值则出现在MZ06站位上,仅为284.4 cysts/g,且孢囊丰度较高的站位,种类数也较丰富,两者呈明显的正相关关系,相关系数r值达0.692。总体上,工业区附近的站位(MZ01、MZ04和MZ06)丰度较低,每个季节的平均丰度均低于360.0 cysts/g,且MZ01站位在秋季的丰度仅为127.6 cysts/g,MZ04和MZ06站位在冬季的丰度更是低于100.0 cysts/g;养殖区附近的站位(MZ02、MZ03和MZ07)丰度较高,每个季节的平均丰度均在460.0 cysts/g以上,且MZ03站位在春季丰度达到最高值,为1 216.2 cysts/g,MZ07站位在秋季和冬季丰度均为最高,分别为537.6 cysts/g和745.2 cysts/g;对照点MZ05站位除冬季丰度为381.9 cysts/g外,其他季节丰度均高于450.0 cysts/g。
通过对湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊4个季节的调查,共发现优势种16种,其中原多甲藻类占绝对优势,共有10种,裸甲藻类3种,膝沟藻类2种,翼甲藻类1种(表2)。春季和夏季均为11种,秋季和冬季则各9种。在4个季节中均为优势种的有4种,为链状裸甲藻、褐色原多甲藻(Protoperidinium avellana)、原多甲藻sp.3(Protoperidinium sp.3)和原多甲藻sp.4(Protoperidinium sp.4);在3个季节中均为优势种的有5种,为锥形原多甲藻(Protoperidinium conicum)、窄角原多甲藻(Protoperidinium claudicans)、原多甲藻sp.2(Protoperidinium sp.2)、科夫多沟藻(Polykrikos kofoidoii)和卵型狄坡藻(Diplopsalopsis ovata);在2个季节中均为优势种的则有2种,为微小/相似亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum/affine)和多边舌甲藻(Lingulodinium polyedra)。由表2还可以发现,除春季的卵型狄坡藻和夏季的原多甲藻sp.2之外,其他优势种的优势度均小于0.100,且丰度占总丰度比例也小于10.00%,可见湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊优势种种类多,但优势度不大。
在湄洲湾海域共发现2种未知种,形态描述如下:
未知1:孢囊三角形,长54~62 μm,宽56~62 μm,萌发孔类似三叉星,孢囊壁双层,较厚,在富成轮压舱箱的沉积物中也发现此种孢囊(图7q[24]
未知2:孢囊卵型,长64~70 μm,宽58~62 μm,表面呈褶皱状,辐射状突起围绕孢囊排列,突起长3~6 μm,未见萌发孔(图7r)。
湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的H´、dJ都较高,各季节的平均值分别为(3.33±0.84)~(3.61±0.42)、(1.49±0.65)~(1.62±0.46)和(0.87±0.11)~(0.94±0.04),全年的平均值分别为3.45、1.55和0.92(图8)。从全年来看,H´、dJ的季节差异均不显著(p>0.05),但在夏季均为最高。
在空间分布上,各站位H´、dJ全年的平均值分别介于2.76~4.13、0.83~2.13和0.80~0.96之间,其中H´和d的最高值均出现在MZ07站位上,这两项指数的最低值则均为MZ06站位,且除了MZ06站位,其他站位这两项指数均分别大于3.00和1.00,且这两项指数的分布趋势接近;而J的最高值和最低值分别是MZ06站位和MZ02站位,且除了MZ02站位外,其他站位J均大于0.90,相差不大,详见图9
湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的种类较为丰富,从种类数和种类组成上来看,季节变化并不明显,季节间种类数相接近,种类组成上均以原多甲藻类孢囊为主,且大多数种类在4个季节中均有发现,4个季节均有发现的种类数共有26种,占总种类数的59.09%。而丰度上,4个季节差异并不显著(p>0.05),春季平均丰度较高,主要原因是MZ03站位丰度高达1 216.2 cysts/g,除去该站位,春季的平均丰度降为461.8 cysts/g,与其他季节差异并不大。
空间分布方面,工业区站位共鉴定出甲藻孢囊35种,养殖区站位42种,对照点36种,且3个区域中种类数和丰度均是原多甲藻占主要优势,但工业区站位平均种类数和丰度每个季节均明显低于养殖区站位和对照点,差异性显著(p<0.05),而养殖区站位和对照点则相差不大。工业区站位同养殖区站位以及对照点孢囊分布的差异性可能是因为:工业区站位由于受工业废水污染,导致初级生产力较低,加上船舶进出码头造成的水体和沉积物扰动不利于孢囊的沉积,因此孢囊的种类数和丰度较低;养殖区站位由于营养物质丰富,初级生产力较高,且受风浪影响较小,底质沉积物较为稳定,因此孢囊的种类数和丰度较高;对照点位于湾口附近,水深较大,沉积物受水流影响较小,加之远离海岸,人为干扰少,有利于孢囊的沉积,孢囊的种类数和丰度较高。
在湄洲湾海域共发现6种有毒甲藻孢囊,分别是产虾夷扇贝毒素(Yessotoxins, YTXs)的多边舌甲藻、网状原角藻(Protoceratium reticulatum)和具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera),以及产麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Posoning,PSP)的微小/相似亚历山大藻、塔玛/链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense/catenella)和链状裸甲藻。
YTXs毒素是一种由甲藻产生并可在滤食性生物体内累积的一类多环聚醚海洋微藻毒素,最早在日本的虾夷扇贝中发现,并以此命名[25]。而多边舌甲藻、网状原角藻和具刺膝沟藻孢囊作为YTXs毒素的来源藻孢囊,在我国沿海广泛分布,尤其在北黄海和四十里湾海域大量存在[26]。在湄洲湾海域,多边舌甲藻和网状原角藻孢囊全年均有发现,且多边舌甲藻孢囊在秋季和冬季成为优势种,而具刺膝沟藻除秋季外,其他3个季节也均有发现。多边舌甲藻、网状原角藻和具刺膝沟藻各季节的平均丰度分别介于12.2~27.6 cysts/g、2.1~8.2 cysts/g和3.7~15.4 cysts/g之间,全年3种孢囊的丰度均较低。
PSP毒素是一种神经性毒素,对贝类无害,但会引起人们麻痹性中毒,低浓度下即可在海洋贝类体内积累,严重危害海洋贝类养殖业和人体健康[27]。PSP毒素的主要来源是海洋微藻,其中亚历山大藻和链状裸甲藻是主要原因种。亚历山大藻和链状裸甲藻孢囊均是我国沿海的常见种孢囊,在我国海域分布广泛,其中亚历山大藻孢囊在南海大亚湾海域密度较高[13]
在湄洲湾海域共发现2种亚历山大藻孢囊,其中微小/相似亚历山大藻孢囊全年均有出现,且在秋季和冬季成为优势种,各季节丰度介于6.5~18.1 cysts/g之间,全年平均丰度为13.2 cysts/g;而塔玛/链状亚历山大藻孢囊仅出现在秋季和冬季,且丰度较低,两个季节丰度仅分别为2.2 cysts/g和7.0 cysts/g。
链状裸甲藻孢囊在湄洲湾海域全年均是优势种,且全部站位均有发现,但丰度不高,且季节间丰度相近,介于20.0~22.1 cysts/g之间,全年平均丰度为20.8 cysts/g。MZ07站位附近海域曾于2017年6月暴发链状裸甲藻赤潮,这可能是链状裸甲藻孢囊在湄洲湾海域成为优势种的原因,但其丰度不高,这与潘俊等[28]研究成果一致,该原因还有待进一步研究。
王朝晖[15]曾于2003年9月采集湄洲湾海域4个站位的表层沉积物样品,共鉴定出甲藻孢囊5大类28种。本研究共鉴定出甲藻孢囊6大类42种和2种未定种,其中25种与王朝晖等鉴定的种类相同,且新发现了19种孢囊。而在孢囊丰度上,本研究发现湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊全年平均丰度为448.0 cysts/g,与王朝晖等的研究结果440.0 cysts/g接近。
通过与我国其他海域进行对比,发现湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊的种类数多于长江口[12]的27种、北黄海[26]的31种和胶州湾[14]的39种,略低于长山群岛[29]的46种和大亚湾[30]的48种。在孢囊丰度方面,湄洲湾海域孢囊丰度远高于长江口(介于0.7~89.0 cysts/g之间),同胶州湾相差不大(平均丰度401.0 cysts/g),但远低于北黄海、长山群岛和大亚湾,这3个海域的孢囊丰度均在1 000.0 cysts/g以上。甲藻孢囊的分布是水化环境、沉积物类型和海流等因素共同调控的结果[12],湄洲湾海域甲藻孢囊与其他海域分布的差异性还需进一步结合上述因素进行研究。
通过对湄洲湾海域4个季节7个站位甲藻孢囊时空分布的研究,共分析鉴定出甲藻孢囊6大类42种和2种未知种,异养型甲藻孢囊种类数和丰度均高于自养型甲藻孢囊,其中原多甲藻类孢囊占主要优势。季节间种类数和丰度差异均不显著,全年平均丰度448.0 cysts/g。空间分布上,工业区附近的站位种类数和丰度均低于养殖区附近的站位和对照点,差异性显著。优势种种类多,但优势度不大。与历史资料对比,种类数增多但丰度相差不大。另需特别注意的是,产YTXs和PSP的甲藻孢囊在湄洲湾海域全年均有分布,尽管丰度不高,但仍有暴发有毒赤潮的可能性,需要特别关注。
  • 海洋赤潮灾害立体监测技术与应用国家海洋局重点实验室开放研究基金(MATHAB201802);国家重点研发计划(2016YFE0202100)。
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2020年第42卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.010
  • 接收时间:2019-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-06-01
  • 修回日期:2019-10-29
基金
海洋赤潮灾害立体监测技术与应用国家海洋局重点实验室开放研究基金(MATHAB201802);国家重点研发计划(2016YFE0202100)。
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    1 泉州海洋环境监测预报中心,福建 泉州 362131

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*郑崇荣(1979-),男,高级工程师,主要从事海洋生态环境评估与修复工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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