Article(id=1243955383891505614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955381739827662, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1585756800000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-02, revisedDate=1590336000000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511675093, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1598284800000, pubDateStr=2020-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511675093, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511675093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511675093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955381739827662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511674580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511674580, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955384285770193, articleId=1243955383891505614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Current situation of prevention and mitigation of the Yellow Sea green tide and proposing control measurements in the early stage, columnId=1243955384222855631, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Progress on the development and prevention of Yellow Sea green tide, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Green tide caused by Ulva prolifera recurrent for 12 consecutive years by 2019 has become one of the most serious ecological disasters in the Yellow Sea. Based on the current scientific understanding of the Yellow Sea green tide and the control countermeasures, three key processes were identified during the early stage, i.e., the attachment and growth of U. prolifera micropropagules on the aquaculture facilities, the detachment of the epiphytic U. prolifera from the rafts and forming the floating biomass, and the floating U. prolifera in the Subei Shoal entering the offshore area and forming the large scale green tide. The specific control countermeasures were proposed according to the three key processes including: new material and technology studies to prevent the attachment and growth of the green algae, monitoring the recycling of the aquaculture facilities and to prevent the disposal of attached green algae on the intertidal flat, and the interception and collection of floating green algae in the major waterways in the Subei Shoal. This integrated strategy will help to provide ideas and technical supports for the scientific source control and management during the early stage of the Yellow Sea green tide.

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截至2019年,浒苔绿潮连续12年大规模暴发,对近海生态系统、沿岸环境与社会经济造成严重影响,已经成为黄海最严重的生态环境问题。本文总结了黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与成效,分析了存在的问题,然后基于对该绿潮起源与成因的认识,将其早期分为3个关键过程,即浒苔微观繁殖体在养殖设施上的着生与生长过程,定生浒苔脱离附着基形成漂浮浒苔过程,浅滩漂浮浒苔进入深水区形成大面积绿潮过程。最后分别从加强新材料与技术研发防控绿藻着生、强化养殖设施回收管理严控定生绿藻落滩、浅滩汇聚通道拦截打捞等3种途径提出了早期防控措施建议,以期为黄海浒苔绿潮的源头防控提供科学依据。

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王宗灵(1966-),男,河南省柘城县人,博士,研究员,主要从事生态系统演变与生态灾害方面的研究。E-mail:

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王宗灵(1966-),男,河南省柘城县人,博士,研究员,主要从事生态系统演变与生态灾害方面的研究。E-mail:

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王宗灵(1966-),男,河南省柘城县人,博士,研究员,主要从事生态系统演变与生态灾害方面的研究。E-mail:

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floating green algae in the major waterways), figureFileSmall=3xD3q2gxcYWzvtHnl9LBMQ==, figureFileBig=vca2atzrEnlgLYwA2+E6gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864784273458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955383891505614, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄海浒苔绿潮关键发展过程及防控途径示意图(防控途径I:养殖设施上大型绿藻着生与生长过程防控;防控途径II:养殖设施定生绿藻脱离附着基过程防控;防控途径III:浒苔绿潮源地汇聚通道拦截打捞), figureFileSmall=3xD3q2gxcYWzvtHnl9LBMQ==, figureFileBig=vca2atzrEnlgLYwA2+E6gA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864889131062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955383891505614, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Interannual variation of the Yellow Sea green tide and its distribution

a. The blooming scales of Ulva prolifera green tide in the Yellow Sea (data are from reference [28]); b. distribution of U. prolifera green tide in the Yellow Sea on 23 June 2016; the distance between the north boundary of the floating green algae and the Qingdao coast is 10 km

, figureFileSmall=YQdGyzP+NnT+y8WMDTu32A==, figureFileBig=BDr0AQoW+E9GwEJBu/+NPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537864968822842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955383891505614, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黄海浒苔绿潮规模与空间分布

a. 浒苔绿潮规模(数据来源于文献[28]);b. 2016年6月23日浒苔绿潮空间分布;绿潮分布面积包络线的北边界距青岛岸线距离为10 km

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a. The aquaculture ropes settled on the mud flat; b. green algae buried in the sands; c. the green algae rotted after burried

, figureFileSmall=nE5M0ZeEKNN6isCXBx57cA==, figureFileBig=55WEV00tqZS5umhqpH/QYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537865195315267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955383891505614, language=CN, label=图3, caption=梗绳原地落滩自然掩埋试验

a. 原地落滩;b. 自然掩埋的定生绿藻;c. 掩埋腐烂的定生绿藻

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a. May 2012; b. May−June 2018; c. the evolution of the floating green algae; red line: the length of the floating U. prolifera bands, red circle: the patch size of the floating green algae

, figureFileSmall=iwkBD3ZncnJAmyUJwTBkvg==, figureFileBig=dEpq1pOwfMESm5plsnl8Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537865392447561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955383891505614, language=CN, label=图4, caption=黄海浒苔绿潮发生早期空间分布

a. 2012年5月;b. 2018年5−6月;c. 演化图;a、b中线条长短代表漂浮浒苔条带长度,圆圈代表漂浮绿藻斑块大小

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No. 1−12 indicate the locations of the 12 major waterways

, figureFileSmall=gSMxgjDshlavaoMUhyo2aA==, figureFileBig=zSho4i+Yp6KCqchhM5iYsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537865627328596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955383891505614, language=CN, label=图5, caption=漂浮浒苔浅滩汇聚通道

编号1~12为12条主要汇聚通道的位置

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黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与早期防控展望
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王宗灵 1, 2 , 傅明珠 1, 2 , 周健 3 , 沈颂东 4 , 邵魁双 5 , 胡伟 6, 7 , 肖洁 1, 2 , 范士亮 1, 2 , 张学雷 1, 2
海洋学报 | 黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究 2020,42(8): 1-11
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海洋学报 | 黄海绿潮发展规律与防控研究 2020, 42(8): 1-11
黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与早期防控展望
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王宗灵1, 2 , 傅明珠1, 2, 周健3, 沈颂东4, 邵魁双5, 胡伟6, 7, 肖洁1, 2, 范士亮1, 2, 张学雷1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态环境科学与技术重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 山东省海洋预报减灾中心,山东 青岛 266104
  • 4 苏州大学 基础医学与生命科学学院,江苏 苏州 215123
  • 5 国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 6 自然资源部北海预报中心,山东 青岛 266061
  • 7 山东省海洋生态环境与防灾减灾重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 王宗灵(1966-),男,河南省柘城县人,博士,研究员,主要从事生态系统演变与生态灾害方面的研究。E-mail:

Current situation of prevention and mitigation of the Yellow Sea green tide and proposing control measurements in the early stage
Zongling Wang1, 2 , Mingzhu Fu1, 2, Jian Zhou3, Songdong Shen4, Kuishuang Shao5, Wei Hu6, 7, Jie Xiao1, 2, Shiliang Fan1, 2, Xuelei Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2 Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 Shandong Marine Forecast and Hazard Mitigation Service, Qingdao 266104, China
  • 4 School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
  • 5 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
  • 6 North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 7 Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2020-08-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.001
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截至2019年,浒苔绿潮连续12年大规模暴发,对近海生态系统、沿岸环境与社会经济造成严重影响,已经成为黄海最严重的生态环境问题。本文总结了黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与成效,分析了存在的问题,然后基于对该绿潮起源与成因的认识,将其早期分为3个关键过程,即浒苔微观繁殖体在养殖设施上的着生与生长过程,定生浒苔脱离附着基形成漂浮浒苔过程,浅滩漂浮浒苔进入深水区形成大面积绿潮过程。最后分别从加强新材料与技术研发防控绿藻着生、强化养殖设施回收管理严控定生绿藻落滩、浅滩汇聚通道拦截打捞等3种途径提出了早期防控措施建议,以期为黄海浒苔绿潮的源头防控提供科学依据。

黄海  /  浒苔  /  绿潮  /  生态灾害  /  早期防控

Green tide caused by Ulva prolifera recurrent for 12 consecutive years by 2019 has become one of the most serious ecological disasters in the Yellow Sea. Based on the current scientific understanding of the Yellow Sea green tide and the control countermeasures, three key processes were identified during the early stage, i.e., the attachment and growth of U. prolifera micropropagules on the aquaculture facilities, the detachment of the epiphytic U. prolifera from the rafts and forming the floating biomass, and the floating U. prolifera in the Subei Shoal entering the offshore area and forming the large scale green tide. The specific control countermeasures were proposed according to the three key processes including: new material and technology studies to prevent the attachment and growth of the green algae, monitoring the recycling of the aquaculture facilities and to prevent the disposal of attached green algae on the intertidal flat, and the interception and collection of floating green algae in the major waterways in the Subei Shoal. This integrated strategy will help to provide ideas and technical supports for the scientific source control and management during the early stage of the Yellow Sea green tide.

Yellow Sea  /  Ulva prolifera  /  green tides  /  marine ecological disaster  /  early prevention
王宗灵, 傅明珠, 周健, 沈颂东, 邵魁双, 胡伟, 肖洁, 范士亮, 张学雷. 黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾现状与早期防控展望. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (8) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.001
Zongling Wang, Mingzhu Fu, Jian Zhou, Songdong Shen, Kuishuang Shao, Wei Hu, Jie Xiao, Shiliang Fan, Xuelei Zhang. Current situation of prevention and mitigation of the Yellow Sea green tide and proposing control measurements in the early stage[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (8) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.001
黄海浒苔绿潮作为世界上最大规模的绿潮,可从多个方面影响海洋生态环境与沿岸社会经济发展。大面积高生物量海藻在岸滩堆积,不仅侵占居民和旅游者的亲水空间,而且会快速腐烂,污染近岸海水和沿岸环境,并产生硫化氢(H2S)和氨气(NH3)等有毒有害气体污染周边大气环境,影响居民生活和旅游业[1];高生物量漂浮海藻进入沿岸海水养殖区,腐烂造成水体污染与缺氧,导致养殖生物大量死亡,重创沿岸海水养殖业,例如仅2008年浒苔绿潮导致的黄海沿岸海水养殖经济损失就高达8亿元[2]。近几年,虽然养殖企业在绿潮到达前已经进行了积极应对和准备,但浒苔绿潮仍然是该海域水产养殖业面临的重要威胁。大面积高密度漂浮海藻不仅影响海洋景观,而且遮挡海面光照,降低浮游植物光合作用,改变海洋初级生产过程与物质能量流动,影响海洋生态系统结构与功能;巨量的大型海藻沉入海底,腐烂产生有机物、甚至有毒有害物质,污染底栖环境。
2008年以来,国家和山东省每年均投入大量的人力、物力和财力进行近岸海域拦截打捞和岸滩清理,有效减小了浒苔绿潮上岸量,保证了重要海域、岸线及风景旅游区的生态环境安全,最大限度减小了浒苔绿潮对沿岸居民生活和滨海旅游业的影响。但由于绿潮规模十分巨大,海上打捞和岸滩清理只能局限于重要海域和岸线以及风景旅游区,只占浒苔绿潮影响海域的一小部分,更多岸线和几乎全部近岸与滩涂海水养殖区仍暴露在浒苔绿潮威胁之下。另外,海上打捞和岸滩清理的浒苔,仅有不足40%进行了无害化处理,超过60%无法及时处理而直接掩埋,存在新的环境风险。浒苔绿潮防灾减灾仍是目前黄海沿岸省市面临的严峻挑战。
本文分析了迄今黄海浒苔绿潮防灾减灾采取的措施及其成效,并结合其起源、早期发生过程与发生原因,研究提出了早期防控的对策建议,以期为黄海浒苔绿潮的源头防控提供科学依据。
黄海大规模浒苔绿潮自2008年暴发即引起了国内外学者的高度关注,近年来围绕其起源、发生发展过程及其环境特征等方面开展了多学科调查和实验研究,目前已经取得了基本一致的科学认知[1,3-10]
黄海浒苔绿潮起源于其南部浅滩筏式养殖区[3-5,9,11-13],该筏式养殖区海域面积约2.67万hm2,是我国条斑紫菜的重要产地。筏式养殖设施一般每年9−10月份下海,第二年4月中下旬至5月上旬养殖活动结束,5月底至6月上旬完成养殖设施回收上岸。在此期间,作为养殖设施支撑的毛竹架、固定养殖设施的梗绳,以及紫菜生长不良的网帘上均会附着生长不同量的浒苔等大型绿藻。
养殖活动结束后,渔民将养殖设施回收上岸处理以备下一养殖周期继续使用。养殖设施回收包括3个过程:首先进行网帘回收,对于附着绿藻的网帘,一般先用紫菜收割机去除定生绿藻再回收,由于附着绿藻的网帘数量有限,对绿潮贡献较小;其次是回收毛竹架,回收毛竹架时通常不做处理,其上附着的绿藻亦一并回收上岸,很少进入海洋;最后回收梗绳,梗绳是绿藻的主要附着基,至5月中旬生物量即可高达约16 000 t(其中浒苔约6400 t)[12],远超过梗绳重量。养殖渔民一般先行人工清理其上定生的绿藻,再回收梗绳[3,9,13],这些被人工清理的定生绿藻中的浒苔即成为浒苔绿潮的早期来源。
养殖设施回收和梗绳上定生绿藻清理活动在低潮期进行,被清理遗弃于浅滩的绿藻中的部分浒苔(约占梗绳上定生浒苔的60%)由于漂浮能力强[9,14],在随后的涨潮过程中被潮水浮起,成为随机分布的漂浮浒苔[9]。回收筏架活动一般在每年4月中下旬开始,5月下旬至6月上旬结束,持续45 d左右,即梗绳上定生的数千吨浒苔在45 d左右的时间内持续进入海洋[1,9-10,12]
落潮过程中,漂浮浒苔在强潮流作用下被逐渐聚集成为不同大小的条带,并被潮流输运到深水区。此时恰逢亚洲夏季风盛期,在夏季风和表层流的作用下,逐渐向北漂移,约30 d左右到达山东近岸海域[14]。浒苔绿潮起源及漂移途经的黄海南部近岸海域为我国近海典型的富营养化海域,为浒苔生长提供了丰富的营养物质[15-16]。在此过程中,南黄海水温15~25ºC,适宜浒苔生长[11,17-18]。由于浒苔具有较强的C3、C4光合作用能力和营养盐吸收能力[19-20],以及高种群增长率[9,21-22],在长距离漂浮过程中生物量增加数百倍,在山东近岸海域形成大规模绿潮[23]图1)。
黄海浒苔绿潮自2008年大规模暴发以来,虽然其规模、漂移路径等存在较大的年际差异[24-27],但并没有减弱的趋势。每年最大分布面积在19 000~58 000 km2之间变动,其中2009年、2014−2016年和2019年的最大分布面积均超过50 000 km2;最大覆盖面积在193~2100 km2之间变动,除2012年、2017年和2018年,其余年份均超过500 km2,2009年甚至达到2100 km2图2a);影响区域遍及山东半岛南岸大部分海域和岸线,最大影响岸线西达江苏连云港赣榆,东至山东威海文登,总影响岸线长度超过1000 km(图2b),被认为是世界最大规模的绿潮[1,3,29]
国际上第一次有记录的绿潮发生于1905年爱尔兰的贝尔法斯特(Belfast)港湾,但大面积暴发开始于20世纪70年代,如法国布列塔尼(Brittany)拉尼翁海湾于70年代首次发生大面积绿潮,至2004年绿潮已遍及整个布列塔尼地区72个城市的近岸海域。在欧洲布里多尼(Breton)海域,2001年绿潮发生次数达103次,受绿潮影响的区域63处[30],美国的纽波特(Newport)湾和圣约斯(St. Johns)河、菲律宾的麦克坦(Mactan)岛和宿务(Cebu)岛,日本的横滨(Yokohama)、三河(Mikawa)、宫岛(Miyajima)、高知(Kochi)和博多(Hakata)等沿岸均成为绿潮经常发生的区域,绿潮已经成为一种世界性的海洋生态环境问题[2,30-31]
按照起源与灾害形成是否为同一区域,绿潮灾害可分为两种类型:即本地起源型和异地起源型。本地起源型,即绿潮起源、灾害形成和消亡等全过程发生在同一海域。一些近岸大型海藻,如石莼属海藻、江蓠和松藻等在一定环境条件下会脱离附着基,由定生状态转变为自由漂浮或悬浮状态,并在同一海域快速生长和堆积形成绿潮灾害,这是国际上常见的绿潮灾害类型,如法国、美国、日本等国家的绿潮均属于本地起源型[32-35],我国的秦皇岛绿潮亦属于这种类型[36]。另一种为异地起源型,即绿潮起源与灾害形成和发生在不同海域。黄海浒苔绿潮起源地与成灾地相距数百千米,为典型异地起源型绿潮灾害[3-9,29,37]
针对本地起源型绿潮,国际上主要从以下几个方面开展防控与减灾。一是陆源污染控制。人类活动如农业施肥、污水排放所带来的高浓度营养盐被认为是造成这类绿潮灾害的主要原因,因此控制沿岸城市化和农业生产导致的入海污染物被认为是首选防控途径[31,34,38]。然而,若要减缓近海富营养化,需要在汇水区的工农业生产(作业方式)和基础设施上进行大量投资建设,这通常需要多年的时间,而由于海洋,特别是沉积物中物质交换的滞后效应,近岸海域营养状况的改善则需要更久[31]。二是海上漂浮和悬浮大型海藻的打捞。法国布列塔尼为了清除海水中的绿潮藻,利用传输带原理,设计了专业打捞装置,可有效快速清除海上漂浮、悬浮的大型海藻。三是岸滩堆积绿藻的清除,主要是采取机械设施,如挖掘机和推土机等对岸滩上堆积的大型海藻进行清理,这方面和我国目前实施的浒苔绿潮岸滩清理相似。
2008年6月下旬,大面积高生物量漂浮浒苔在青岛沿岸登陆,直接威胁到奥帆赛的顺利进行。为了应对这次浒苔绿潮灾害,国家和地方投入了大量人力、物力和财力,组织了2000余条渔船进行海上打捞,并组织庞大的岸滩清理队伍对登陆浒苔进行清运,累计打捞、清理浒苔超过100万t[39]。虽然经过1个多月的艰苦努力,最终战胜了这次浒苔绿潮灾害,保护了青岛及周边海域的环境,确保了奥帆赛顺利举行,但也付出了巨大代价,造成的直接经济损失高达13.22 亿元[15]
随后,浒苔绿潮成为黄海常态化的生态灾害,浒苔绿潮减灾防灾也成为山东省政府和青岛市政府每年夏季的重要工作内容。经过多年的应急工作实践,山东省政府及青岛市政府逐渐在组织管理、应对处理和综合治理等方面积累了越来越多的经验,摸索建立了当前运行的绿潮灾害应对机制,如成立省浒苔绿潮灾害联防联控工作协调组,确定“早发现、早预警、早处置、净处理、少危害”的防控原则,在受袭区域构筑“海上打捞、近岸拦截、岸滩清理”3道防线,积极推动“浒苔绿潮资源化利用”等,以求尽力减轻浒苔绿潮造成的危害。
“海上打捞”,按照属地为主的原则,山东沿海地市分别组建了海上打捞船队,主要采用单船攻兜网及双船围拖网的方式进行打捞。近年来青岛市以“海状元”(3700 t)和“海状元2”(5000 t)两艘海上综合处置船为平台,结合小型渔船,形成了“2+X”的特色打捞方式。“近岸拦截”,主要是在重点海域、海湾、主要河口及景区外侧设置类似围油栏的拦截网,并调配部分船只配合打捞,同时组织专门的维保队伍,每日开展巡查,及时修复断裂、移位、损毁的网片。“岸滩清理”,主要是在低潮期进行,采用挖掘机、推土机以及人工作业对登陆浒苔进行归堆清理,再由运输车及时运送至后续处置地,以减小浒苔绿潮造成的环境影响。
在山东省的组织协调和沿海地市的辛苦努力下,最大限度减小了浒苔绿潮上岸量及其造成的影响,但每年耗费的物资巨大,且居高不下。如2019年山东省投入打捞船只约12 000艘次,设置拦截网80 km(青岛55 km、烟台10 km、威海5 km、日照10 km),打捞、清理浒苔超过180万 t,地方政府直接投入高达7亿元。即便如此,也只能对小部分重点岸线进行保护,更多岸线和几乎全部海水养殖区仍暴露在浒苔绿潮威胁之下,造成严重的环境危害和经济损失。因此,目前这种以后期应急处置为主的浒苔绿潮减灾机制,成本高,效率低,远不能遏制浒苔绿藻灾害的发生。
如前所述,黄海浒苔绿潮每年4月中下旬至5月上旬首先出现于黄海南部浅滩及邻近海域,初期只有数千吨[12],随后在夏季季风和风生表层流的作用下逐渐北移,经过历时约1个月的长距离漂移后,到达山东近岸海域,期间生物量增加数百倍,形成大规模绿潮灾害[9]。对这种异地起源、跨区域成灾、规模如此巨大的绿潮,只在后期实施打捞和岸滩清理,显然是舍本逐末,远不能达到防控灾害的目标。黄海浒苔绿潮的起源与发展过程与华北地区的沙尘暴相似,沙尘暴多年肆虐于华北地区,曾是我国最严重的环境灾害之一[40]。该沙尘暴发源于蒙古高原的荒漠地区[41],在华北地区造成环境危害,针对于此,我国在查清沙尘暴起源地、发生原因的基础上,形成了源头防控对策,在沙尘暴发源地实施对沙漠化的治理,不仅有效控制了华北地区沙尘暴的发生,而且改善了沙尘暴发源地区的生态环境[42]。借鉴我国沙尘暴防控的经验,只有在浒苔绿潮的起源地,即黄海南部浅滩实施防控,才能从根源上遏制浒苔绿潮的大规模暴发。
研究表明,黄海浒苔绿潮起源与发生早期大体包括3个过程,即浒苔微观繁殖体(孢子、配子、藻体碎屑等)在养殖设施上的着生与生长过程;养殖设施上定生浒苔脱离附着基形成漂浮浒苔过程;浅滩漂浮浒苔进入深水区形成大面积绿潮过程[23]图1)。黄海浒苔绿潮的源头防控也可围绕此3个关键过程实施。
养殖梗绳上的定生绿藻(包括浒苔)存在两种来源,一是前一个养殖期内残留的定生绿藻,随养殖设施重新入海而复苏生长;二是水体中绿藻微观繁殖体在养殖设施上着生形成定生绿藻。针对前者,紫菜养殖场分别采用冷冻法、酸浸泡法或高温下沤罨等将残留绿藻杀灭[43-46],因此残留绿藻对梗绳上定生绿藻的贡献很小。针对后者,可以从3个方面实施防控:一是消除筏式养殖区水体中的微观繁殖体,这方面实验研究已经取得了一些进展[47-49],但由于绿藻微观繁殖体广泛存在于黄海水体和沉积物中,且筏式养殖区海域面积达2.67万hm2之巨,实验结果还难以在现场推广实施。二是研制可防止绿藻着生材料或涂料[44,50]用于制造或涂覆于梗绳。防生物附着是海洋领域的世界性难题,虽然进行了大量的实验研究,并取得了一些进展,但防控绿藻着生还任重而道远。三是利用种间竞争原理,筛选具有竞争优势且不形成绿潮的藻类,提前育苗于养殖设施,占据空间生态位,避免浒苔附着生长,但目前未见有成熟的技术可实践应用。
养殖设施上定生的绿藻如同田间杂草,不仅与养殖紫菜竞争营养,而且会混杂于紫菜而影响紫菜的品质[3],渔民在紫菜养殖生产活动中探索了多种方法清除养殖设施上定生的绿藻,如化学药剂杀灭法。20世纪90年代日本就曾用次氯酸钠和二氧化氯等喷洒或涂抹于养殖设施,利用其强氧化功能杀灭养殖设施上着生的绿藻。我国也在筛选和探索可大范围应用的药剂和喷洒工艺等,2019年11月在浒苔绿潮起源地的黄海南部浅滩,开展了次氯酸钠杀灭紫菜栽培筏架定生绿藻的现场试验,并取得了较明显的效果。但受喷洒工艺的限制,次氯酸钠在杀灭定生绿藻的同时也会波及栽培的紫菜,并可能影响到底栖生物的生长与繁殖,加之喷洒工作量和管理成本巨大,次氯酸钠喷洒法的应用受到了限制。目前,养殖设施大型绿藻的定生与生长过程控制,还缺少成熟的技术方法。
浒苔绿潮早期来源于养殖设施上的定生浒苔,因此防控养殖设施上形成高生物量定生浒苔是绿潮早期防控的关键。提前结束养殖活动是一种有效的措施。研究表明,定生浒苔每年3月中旬前后才在养殖梗绳上被发现,直到4月下旬,单位绳长生物量只有约6.7 g/m,占定生绿藻总生物量(约82.6 g/m)的8.1%,5月中旬浒苔生物量达50.7 g/m,占总定生绿藻总量(约125.4 g/m)的40%。如果4月下旬完成所有养殖设施回收上岸,不仅可避免定生浒苔高生物量的形成[12, 51],而且定生绿藻总量也将大幅减小,回收养殖设施工作量将极大减轻。在自然资源部指导下,2020年江苏省提前结束了浅滩区的紫菜养殖生产活动,5月8日完成所有养殖设施回收上岸,并要求所有定生绿藻不得人为清理落滩,从而切断了浒苔绿潮的源头,成功防控了其大规模暴发,证明在浅滩区实施早期防控是可行的。
定生浒苔脱离梗绳形成漂浮群体是绿潮形成的关键环节之一,因此回收养殖设施过程中如何处理梗绳上的定生绿藻对浒苔绿潮早期防控至关重要。在淤积型岸滩,梗绳原地落滩自然掩埋是阻断活体浒苔入海的有效方式,即回收养殖设施时先行回收网帘和毛竹架,将梗绳原地落滩,利用潮水对泥沙的搬运作用,自然掩埋并杀灭其上的定生绿藻[52]。2020年4月8日江苏瑞雪海洋科技有限公司开展的现场试验表明,梗绳原地落滩后,经过1个潮周期即被掩埋,其上附着的绿藻掩埋两天后即丧失漂浮能力,并逐渐死亡腐烂(图3)。现场试验亦表明,梗绳原地落滩掩埋受大小潮汛影响不明显,虽然大风大浪可以影响掩埋质量,但并不影响对定生绿藻的杀灭效果。
对于侵蚀型养殖区,梗绳原地落滩自然掩埋去除定生绿藻效果不明显,需要研究有针对性的措施。2020年一些养殖企业创新性的采用了绿藻随梗绳一并回收方式,既提升了梗绳回收效率,又避免了定生绿藻脱落,如能进一步规范,具有推广价值。
如前所述,养殖梗绳上的定生绿藻被人工清理并遗弃于浅滩后,其中的浒苔在涨潮过程中被海水浮起,成为漂浮浒苔的早期来源。现场观察结合遥感数据分析表明[53],浅滩漂浮浒苔由随机分布到规模性绿潮的形成经历了一个有规律的聚散过程(图4)。
黄海浒苔绿潮起源于黄海南部浅滩(又称南黄海辐射沙洲),该浅滩脊槽相间,由70多条向外辐射延伸的沙脊与沙脊之间的潮流深槽组成,北起射阳河口,南至长江口,以弶港为中心呈辐射状分布。各沙脊从外围向中心逐渐变高,近岸部分在低潮时出露[54],筏式紫菜养殖即分布于近岸的沙脊上。
养殖梗绳上被遗弃绿藻中的浒苔在涨潮中被海水浮起,呈随机漂浮状态。落潮过程中由于潮沟中的流速大于其他区域,形成汇聚效应,随机漂浮状态的浒苔随潮水的聚集被逐渐汇聚成大小不等的条带。在落潮后期,条带分布的浒苔随潮流漂移出潮沟进入深水区,失去潮沟的聚集作用而扩散,漂浮浒苔呈松散的宽条带或大斑块分布。现场调查研究发现,条带漂浮浒苔经由12条潮沟进入深水区[53]图5)。由于漂浮浒苔在潮沟中呈规则的条带分布,漂移线路稳定,落潮期汇聚作用明显,生物量低,因此适合拦截打捞。
基于此,项目组于2018年向青岛上合峰会环境保障组提出了浒苔绿潮汇聚通道拦截打捞的建议方案,即在浅滩12条漂浮浒苔汇聚通道进行拦截打捞,并被采纳实施,由江苏省组织打捞船舶围绕汇聚通道实施了拦截打捞。2018年江苏省组织打捞船舶在浅滩汇聚通道、射阳外和苏鲁交界海域等3个区域进行了海上拦截打捞,其中浅滩汇聚通道打捞浒苔约2790 t。即使按保守估算,浒苔漂移到山东沿海将增长200倍,该打捞量相当于在山东沿海打捞约56万t,显著减小了后期浒苔绿潮总生物量,有力支撑了青岛上合峰会环境保障工作,也解释了为什么2018年黄海浒苔最大覆盖面积显著低于其他年份。尽管受到打捞船舶与打捞技术及设备的限制,为确保安全,打捞点主要布设在潮沟与深水区的交界海域,打捞效率受到影响,但也足以说明源头防控是可行的。
浅滩汇聚通道拦截打捞的优点是工作量小、成本低,并且可以将浒苔绿潮控制于暴发之前。适宜打捞的条带状漂浮浒苔只分布于12条潮沟,打捞周期为浅滩养殖设施回收期,每天打捞时间限定于落潮期,总生物量只有数千吨,打捞工作量和成本也只有目前投入的数十分之一,并且避免了大规模浒苔绿潮的形成及其对沿岸环境、社会经济和海洋生态系统造成的直接和间接危害。另外,汇聚通道打捞的浒苔藻体处于其生长早期,藻体质量良好,借鉴国际和国内已有的绿潮藻资源化利用技术和经验[4,38,55],对打捞浒苔开展资源化利用技术与产品研发,有望变废为宝。
黄海浒苔绿潮连续12年防灾减灾的经验和教训说明,在绿潮灾害形成的山东海域实施防控,不仅需要投入巨大的人力和物力,而且无法遏制灾害的发生,浒苔绿潮源头防控是必由之路。浒苔绿潮起源海域的黄海南部浅滩是我国重要的紫菜养殖基地,不仅本身具有巨大经济效益,而且已经形成一个产业链,为当地社会经济社会发展做出了重要贡献。如何既能防控浒苔绿潮的发生,又不影响,甚至有利于当地紫菜养殖业的发展,是浒苔绿潮减灾防灾亟待解决的关键科学与技术问题。基于此,本文总结了多年来浒苔绿潮防控的经验和教训,并基于对浒苔绿潮起源与发生原因的认知,将浒苔绿潮形成早期分为3个关键过程,并针对每一关键过程分析了实施防控的可行性,提出如下早期防控建议。
首先,加强新材料与技术研发,防控大型绿藻筏架着生。针对养殖设施、特别是梗绳,加强新材料与无公害涂料研发,防控定生绿藻着生;研究定生绿藻生态化清除技术,规范养殖工艺,引导养殖企业在养殖过程中主动清除定生绿藻。
其次,强化养殖设施回收管理,严控定生绿藻落滩。养殖活动结束后,尽快尽早整体回收所有养殖设施,因势利导,因地制宜,多种措施控制定生绿藻落滩。每年4月30日前完成所有网帘和毛竹架回收,对来不及回收的梗绳可实施原地落滩,其中在淤积型养殖区,待定生绿藻自然掩埋死亡腐烂并脱离后方可回收缆绳;在侵蚀型养殖区,须定生绿藻与梗绳一并回收。养殖设施回收过程中加强监督管理,严控人工方式剥离其上的定生绿藻,阻断定生浒苔入海。
最后,浅滩汇聚通道拦截打捞。浅滩漂浮浒苔主要经由潮沟汇聚进入深水区,对于自然脱落,回收养殖设施时脱离,或其他可能来源的漂浮浒苔,在主要汇聚通道实施拦截打捞,可将漂浮浒苔在早期的小规模小范围内清除,从源头上遏制大规模绿潮的形成。
致谢:感谢徐洪为本文提供梗绳原位落滩自然掩埋试验的现场图片(图3),朱文荣提供日本关于养殖设施绿藻杀灭方法的相关内容介绍。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402100);国家自然科学基金(41876137,41876140,41876199);山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0505-4)。
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2020年第42卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.08.001
  • 接收时间:2020-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-02
  • 修回日期:2020-05-25
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1402100);国家自然科学基金(41876137,41876140,41876199);山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0505-4)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态环境科学与技术重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 山东省海洋预报减灾中心,山东 青岛 266104
    4 苏州大学 基础医学与生命科学学院,江苏 苏州 215123
    5 国家海洋环境监测中心,辽宁 大连 116023
    6 自然资源部北海预报中心,山东 青岛 266061
    7 山东省海洋生态环境与防灾减灾重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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