Article(id=1243955294833852573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955287984554037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1577462400000, receivedDateStr=2019-12-28, revisedDate=1584806400000, revisedDateStr=2020-03-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511653859, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1593014400000, pubDateStr=2020-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511653859, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511653859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511653859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955287984554037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511652227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511652227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955295161008304, articleId=1243955294833852573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients to coastal ecosystem and mitigation actions, columnId=1200807624443818795, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Currently, the global nitrogen and phosphorus cycles are out of balance due to anthropogenic activities which produce a large amount of reactive nitrogen and phosphorus annually. The incremental N and P are mainly derived from production and application of synthetic N fertilizers, manure application, large areas of cultivated leguminous crops that could fix atmospheric N2, and NOx emitted from fossil fuel combustion. It should be noted that crop and livestock production systems are the major cause of human alteration of the global N and P cycles. Increased human sewage and fertilizer application in agricultural production have significantly raised the inputs of N and P nutrients to coastal ecosystems leading to a global spread of eutrophication. Most of these inputs are transported to the coastal ocean via river runoff and atmospheric deposition. More than half of the incremental N and P loads are related to anthropogenic sources. The Baltic Sea and East China Sea present typical eutrophication condition in developed country and developing country respectively. The mitigation strategies should focus on dual nutrient strategy for successful N and P reduction, including reduction of leaching and runoff from agricultural fields, growing perennial crops, effective application of fertilizers, and planting winter cover crops.

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人为活动每年新增大量的活性氮、磷,导致全球氮、磷循环失衡,新增活性氮、磷主要来源于合成氮肥的生产和施用、畜肥的施用、具固氮能力的农作物如豆科植物等的大规模种植,以及化石燃料燃烧产生的氮氧化物等,而农作物生产与畜禽养殖是改变全球氮、磷循环的主要原因。随着生活污水排放量和化肥施用量的激增,大量氮、磷进入近海,导致营养盐污染和富营养化,这已成为全球性的海洋生态环境问题,通过河流径流和大气沉降进入近海生态环境中的新增氮和磷一半以上与人为活动有关。本文以波罗的海和东海为例,分析了发达国家和发展中国家近海的富营养化问题,研究表明从源头缓解富营养化的对策应同时聚焦氮与磷负荷的削减,具体措施包括降低农业生产活动中化肥的土壤渗漏、合理施肥、种植多年生植物和种植休耕季覆被作物等。

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王菊英(1967-),女,江苏省常州市人,博士,研究员,主要从事海洋污染监测评价方法学和海洋环境质量基准研究。E-mail:

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王菊英(1967-),女,江苏省常州市人,博士,研究员,主要从事海洋污染监测评价方法学和海洋环境质量基准研究。E-mail:

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Relative effectiveness of some representative best management practices for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of surface and groundwater[10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
削减措施磷削减效果氮削减效果
农业生产
休耕季覆被作物种植有效很有效
免耕农业很有效无效
多年生植物种植有效很有效
河溪缓冲林带有效仅当根际拦截了地下水水流时有效
污水处理
传统化粪池系统很有效无效
化学沉淀深度处理污水处理厂很有效几乎无效
反硝化深度处理污水厂有效很有效
), ArticleFig(id=1246537946015359564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955294833852573, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地表水和地下水中氮、磷污染的削减措施及其效果[10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
削减措施磷削减效果氮削减效果
农业生产
休耕季覆被作物种植有效很有效
免耕农业很有效无效
多年生植物种植有效很有效
河溪缓冲林带有效仅当根际拦截了地下水水流时有效
污水处理
传统化粪池系统很有效无效
化学沉淀深度处理污水处理厂很有效几乎无效
反硝化深度处理污水厂有效很有效
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近海生态系统的人为营养盐输入及其控制对策浅析
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王菊英 1 , 郑楠 1 , 马德毅 2
海洋学报 | 综述 2020,42(6): 1-8
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海洋学报 | 综述 2020, 42(6): 1-8
近海生态系统的人为营养盐输入及其控制对策浅析
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王菊英1 , 郑楠1, 马德毅2
作者信息
  • 1 国家海洋环境监测中心 近岸海域生态环境重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 王菊英(1967-),女,江苏省常州市人,博士,研究员,主要从事海洋污染监测评价方法学和海洋环境质量基准研究。E-mail:

Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients to coastal ecosystem and mitigation actions
Juying Wang1 , Nan Zheng1, Deyi Ma2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecological Environment, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2 First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2020-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.001
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人为活动每年新增大量的活性氮、磷,导致全球氮、磷循环失衡,新增活性氮、磷主要来源于合成氮肥的生产和施用、畜肥的施用、具固氮能力的农作物如豆科植物等的大规模种植,以及化石燃料燃烧产生的氮氧化物等,而农作物生产与畜禽养殖是改变全球氮、磷循环的主要原因。随着生活污水排放量和化肥施用量的激增,大量氮、磷进入近海,导致营养盐污染和富营养化,这已成为全球性的海洋生态环境问题,通过河流径流和大气沉降进入近海生态环境中的新增氮和磷一半以上与人为活动有关。本文以波罗的海和东海为例,分析了发达国家和发展中国家近海的富营养化问题,研究表明从源头缓解富营养化的对策应同时聚焦氮与磷负荷的削减,具体措施包括降低农业生产活动中化肥的土壤渗漏、合理施肥、种植多年生植物和种植休耕季覆被作物等。

营养盐输入  /  富营养化  /  人为活动  /  化肥施用  /  农业生产  /  减缓对策

Currently, the global nitrogen and phosphorus cycles are out of balance due to anthropogenic activities which produce a large amount of reactive nitrogen and phosphorus annually. The incremental N and P are mainly derived from production and application of synthetic N fertilizers, manure application, large areas of cultivated leguminous crops that could fix atmospheric N2, and NOx emitted from fossil fuel combustion. It should be noted that crop and livestock production systems are the major cause of human alteration of the global N and P cycles. Increased human sewage and fertilizer application in agricultural production have significantly raised the inputs of N and P nutrients to coastal ecosystems leading to a global spread of eutrophication. Most of these inputs are transported to the coastal ocean via river runoff and atmospheric deposition. More than half of the incremental N and P loads are related to anthropogenic sources. The Baltic Sea and East China Sea present typical eutrophication condition in developed country and developing country respectively. The mitigation strategies should focus on dual nutrient strategy for successful N and P reduction, including reduction of leaching and runoff from agricultural fields, growing perennial crops, effective application of fertilizers, and planting winter cover crops.

nutrients input  /  eutrophication  /  anthropogenic activity  /  fertilizer application  /  agricultural activity  /  mitigation strategy
王菊英, 郑楠, 马德毅. 近海生态系统的人为营养盐输入及其控制对策浅析. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (6) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.001
Juying Wang, Nan Zheng, Deyi Ma. Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients to coastal ecosystem and mitigation actions[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (6) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.001
第二次工业革命以来,人类活动显著加速了氮、磷等营养元素的生物地球化学循环过程。1860年至今,全球生态系统中的活性氮增加了约20倍,1890−1990 年间,全球活性氮的入海输入量增幅接近80%;磷的生物地球化学过程也受到化肥施用、污水排放等人类活动的影响,每年经由河流向海洋输运的溶解态磷约为4×106~6×106 t,是自然状态下的2倍[1]
氮可以通过地表水、地下水或大气沉降等途径进入海洋,而磷则主要通过河流排入海洋。随着海岸带的人口聚集和人类生产、生活方式的转变,营养盐入海通量逐渐增加。人为活动产生的营养盐过量输入近海,驱动近海生态环境发生变化,正常的生态系统结构和功能受到影响,导致近海富营养化问题[1]。近海富营养化与能源消耗、化肥施用、土地利用状况改变等直接相关,同时也受到人口增长、经济发展和农业生产等因素的间接影响。
富营养化问题最早出现在欧洲的波罗的海、北海等海域,逐渐蔓延至北美的墨西哥湾、切萨比皮克湾,问题突出的海域集中分布在欧、美、日等发达国家和地区的近海,该现象在20世纪60−80年代表现得尤为突出[1]。近年来,包括中国在内的发展中国家,随着城市污水排放量和化肥施用量的激增,近海富营养化程度持续升高,大量营养盐输入近海导致的营养盐污染和富营养化已然成为全球性的海洋生态环境问题。本文分析了海洋环境中人为活动导致的新增氮、磷的来源,阐述了波罗的海和东海的富营养化状况及其影响,并就源头管控措施进行了探讨。
地球上的氮主要以氮分子(N2)形式存在于大气中,有少部分溶解在海洋里,仅约0.002%的氮存在于生物组织和有机碎屑中[2]。氮是维持生命的必需元素,但生物可利用的氮形态,如硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨等,只占地球上氮总量的很小一部分。
地球上的磷主要是以磷酸盐的形式存在于地壳中。土壤中的磷包括有机态和无机态磷,不同形态磷的生物可利用性差异显著。植物通过不同的调控机制,能像利用无机磷一样有效地利用有机磷[3]。厌氧沉积环境中,磷酸铁中的Fe3+被还原为Fe2+,可释放出磷,温度上升可降低沉积物中颗粒物对磷的吸附,其他影响沉积物中磷释放的物理化学因素包括pH、氧化还原电位、水文和环境条件等。
氮循环包括溶解态和颗粒态的多种气态氮,而磷循环主要是由颗粒态和非气态磷控制[4]。不同于存在氨化作用的氮肥,磷肥不具挥发性,自农田向邻近陆地生态系统扩散的磷很少,但过量施用的磷肥会进入邻近的淡水环境,并将磷输运至近海[5]。氮可通过氨化作用、反硝化作用、化石燃料燃烧产生的氮氧化物NOX(NO和NO2)、厌氧氨氧化反应产物等返回大气氮库,同时生物固氮又从大气氮库中转化活性氮;氧浓度可调控硝化与反硝化作用,同时可产生与气候变化相关的痕量温室气体N2O[6]。微生物调控的溶解态氮在水−气界面的净交换通量就是向大气的氮释放,磷循环则不存在类似的水−气界面交换,磷以溶解态或颗粒态在水生系统中循环[4]
氮参与蛋白质的合成,磷则参与DNA、RNA的合成和能量转化等生命过程,因此氮、磷是水生植物生长的必需元素,也是大多数水生生态系统的关键限制营养要素,在不同的海洋生态系统中,可能出现氮限制、磷限制、氮磷限制。
氮、磷循环是全球生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,工业革命前地球上活性氮主要源于微生物固氮,即对大气氮的天然固氮。现在,由于人为活动全球每年新增大量的活性氮、磷,20 世纪全球生物活性氮和磷的供给量激增,已超过了天然来源[7-10],导致全球氮、磷循环失衡。
人为活动产生的新增活性氮主要源于合成氮肥的生产和施用、畜肥的施用,有生物固氮能力的作物如豆科植物等的大规模种植,以及化石燃料燃烧生成的NOX[11]。据估算,全球每年新增的活性氮,25×109~33×109 kg源于化石燃料燃烧,118×109 kg源于施肥,65×109 kg源于豆科植物与水稻种植的大气固氮[10]。每年人为活动新增活性氮和磷的量分别为210×109~223×109 kg[12]和约34×109 kg[13]。人为新增活性氮约22%累积在土壤与生物体中,约17%通过大气沉降和18%通过河流进入海洋[14]。大气磷沉降的唯一来源是矿物气溶胶,全球通量约为3×109~4×109 kg/a(以 磷计)[14]
人为活性氮和磷的最大来源是合成化肥。20世纪50 年代以来,化肥大规模应用,并由此引发了第一次绿色革命。全球的农业生产几乎都离不开化肥,据统计,农业增产措施中化肥的作用约占30%。每年用于农业生产的合成化肥所产生的活性氮和磷从1910 年的约为0,指数激增至2013年的118×109 kg/a和17.5×109 kg/a[14-15]。合成氮肥产生的活性氮增速是化石燃料燃烧的4 倍[16-17]。化肥使用的热点区域已从20世纪60 年代的美国和西欧转移到21世纪初的东亚。2013 年,全球化肥使用量东亚、南亚和东南亚占71%,北美占11%,欧洲占7%,南美洲占6%[15]。农田氨的挥发每年向大气排放约10×109 kg(以氮计)[18]。20世纪,畜牧业产生的畜粪量迅速增加,每年畜类源的氮和磷负荷约为18×109 kg和2.5×109 kg,热点区域为西欧、印度、我国东北和澳大利亚东南部[14,19]
化石燃料燃烧将长期封存于地质贮库的氮以NOX的形式返回大气,燃煤和燃油发电厂、汽车和其他燃烧过程的排放为25×109~40×109 kg/a(以氮计)[14]。全球NOX排放的分布并不均匀,亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和撒哈拉以南非洲地区分别占全球排放量的30%、20%、17%和12%[20]
此外,全球有鳍鱼养殖业每年向沿海海域释放的营养盐从1985 年的约0.43×109 kg(以氮计)和0.07×109 kg(以磷计)增加到2005 年的2.60×109 kg(以氮计)和0.43 ×109 kg(以磷计)[21];大面积种植可与固氮细菌共生的豆科植物替代天然植被,改变土地利用现状导致的生物固氮可向近岸汇水区输入33×109 kg/a(以氮计)[22];全球80%的城市生活污水未经处理即被排放到环境中,北美污水处理率最高为90%,欧洲为66%,亚洲为35%,拉丁美洲和加勒比地区为14%,非洲不到1%[23],约9×109 kg/a氮和约1.4×109 kg/a磷通过生活污水排放[24-25]
早在19 世纪后期,沿河而居的人们就注意到大量排放污水会耗竭河口水体中的氧,20世纪中期人们开始将此现象与随径流入海的农田化肥联系起来[5]。自1970 年到2000 年的30 年间,随河流向近岸海域排放的氮增加了43%,其中农业生产产生的氮排放量是污水氮排放量的3倍以上[18]。1961−1997 年,美国农田氮的投入量从800万t上升为1 700 万t[26],约20%的农田新增氮渗漏到地下水和地表水中[25,27],气候对氮流失也有影响,在降雨强度大和湿度高的年份流失更为严重[28]。农田中大量的磷通过渗漏和径流进入河流、湖泊和水库,最终进入海洋生态系统。进入到近海生态系统中过半的新增氮和磷负荷与人为来源有关。
农业生产中化肥和畜肥的施用、大面积栽种具生物固氮能力的农作物、海水养殖、化石燃料燃烧等,均为非点(扩散)源排放(> 200×109 kg/a(以氮计)),其排放量远超城市污水的点源排放(<10×109 kg/a(以氮计)),且非点源排放相对较难管控。点源和非点源排放,最终大部分通过河流径流和大气沉降进入近海生态系统[29]。农业生产活动与城市化是近海氮污染的主要驱动因素[30],河流径流输运和大气沉降都是氮的主要输运途径,而活性磷的大气沉降相对于河流输入则量较小。气候变化驱动全球水循环加速,进而暴雨的发生频率和强度增强,由此营养盐向近海生态系统的输运也随之增加。
20 世纪,随河流入海的氮从27×109 kg/a增加到48×109 kg/a,磷从2×109 kg/a增加至4×109 kg/a[7,11]。据估算,通过河流输入到各个海盆的氮分别为:大西洋(主要来自北美东部和西欧)15×109~25×109 kg/a,太平洋(主要来自东亚)10×109~14×109 kg/a,印度洋7×109~8×109 kg/a,北冰洋2×109~4×109 kg/a[22]。通过河流径流输入近海的人为营养盐源自近岸海域的汇水区,即来自汇水区内的湿沉降和汇水区内的河流排放。全球近岸海域汇水区内的人为氮净供给与河流的氮入海总量间存在显著线性相关[22]
大气中的氮化合物主要来源于农业生产(氨的挥发)和化石燃料的燃烧。不同于营养盐的河流输运,由人为活动驱动的大气氮沉降,自近岸空气流域(通常远大于汇水区)输出,干沉降、湿沉降至近岸海域[31]。20 世纪全球海洋的大气氮沉降量迅速增加,自工业革命前的22×109 kg/a增加到现在的大于45×109 kg/a[32-33],其中近岸海域大气沉降约为8×109 kg/a氮和0.4×109 kg/a磷[10,34]
化石燃料燃烧产生的大气氮沉降,导致全球范围内生物活性氮的收支增加,大气沉降是某些海区氮污染的最大来源[35]。某些近岸海域,大气沉降等于或大于通过河流径流的营养盐输运[6,36]。在河流主导的近海生态系统,如墨西哥湾北部(密西西比河)和东海(长江),通过河流的氮排放占全部入海排放的80%以上;而对于地中海和北大西洋西部等近海生态系统,则河流排放仅占30%[35]
磷的来源可以是天然的原生土壤磷、大气沉降、以及人为活动来源的磷[13],既有点源,也有非点源。湖泊、河流的过量磷最终都会输运至海洋生态系统,通常来源于工业排放、建筑工地、生活污水和农田径流等[37]。许多国家已经采取措施控制磷的点源排放,但是磷的非点源控制(尤其是农业来源)依然颇具挑战性[38]。排入水生生态系统的非点源磷主要来源于过度使用化肥或畜肥,导致磷在土壤中的富集和流失。值得关注的是,农作物生产与畜禽养殖是人类改变全球氮、磷循环的主要原因[18]
1950 年以来,世界人口增长了2 倍,为了满足不断增长的人口需求,同期全球农用化肥用量增长了10 倍,以保障粮食安全[5](图1)。氮肥、磷肥、畜肥用量的增加显著提高了农作物产量。20 世纪90 年代,通过化肥施用和化石燃料燃烧等过程进入环境中的氮达到1.6 亿t,超过陆地生物固氮量(1.1 亿t)和海洋生物固氮量(1.4 亿t)。大量氮、磷元素输入海洋,导致了近海富营养化问题[1-2,10]。以美国为例,大西洋沿岸和墨西哥湾排入近海的生活污水中氮通量自前工业革命以来已增长5 倍[39]。根据联合国千年生态系统评估的预测,到2030 年,全球近海生态系统的氮通量将会再增加10%~20%。近海富营养化问题已从发达国家蔓延至发展中国家,大量营养盐输入近海导致的营养盐污染和富营养化已然成为全球性的海洋环境问题。生态系统对营养盐污染的响应不仅导致初级生产力的改变,还引发了一系列的海洋生态问题,包括缺氧区扩大,水母旺发,赤潮、绿潮和金潮等藻华,生物多样性下降和生物资源衰退等。
波罗的海是一个半封闭的海域,受地形限制,波罗的海与邻近的北海水交换很差,河流输入的营养盐易累积,富营养化问题非常突出。在20世纪,输入波罗的海的氮增加了4倍,磷增加了8倍。2005年约有78.7万t氮和2.86万t磷输入波罗的海。其中,氮主要经由水体(包括河流和排污等)和大气沉降进入波罗的海,其中前者的氮输入约占75%,大气沉降输入约占25%;磷则主要经由水体输入[1]。夏季蓝藻藻华是波罗的海最为突出的生态问题,全球最大的人为活动诱发的缺氧区就在波罗的海[40]
波罗的海周边国家采取了一系列的污染削减措施,包括2007 年签署的波罗的海行动计划(HELCOM BSAP),其目标是使波罗的海不受富营养化的影响,并在2021 年前遏制波罗的海的退化[41]。1995−2002年,排放到波罗的海的氮和磷通量总体较高,分别为650×106~900×106 kg/a和33×106~43×106 kg/a;2003−2015 年间,则分别下降至500×106~775×106 kg/a和22×106~35×106 kg/a,氮和磷的自然本底负荷约占入海通量的33%[42-43]。总体而言,自20世纪90年代中期以来,氮和磷人为负荷显著减少,流量归一化的氮和磷河流入海通量较1997−2003年已分别减少了12%和25%,降水量归一化的大气氮沉降较1995年减少了29%。
但是,同期(1993−2016 年)波罗的海的低氧−缺氧面积从约5 000 km2(占波罗的海1.3%)上升至大于60 000 km2(占波罗的海16%)[44],部分原因是过去20年中缺氧水体再氧化的频率较低且持续时间较短[39,45]。需要注意的是,气候变化对波罗的海缺氧的影响不可小觑。随着全球变暖,波罗的海的缺氧很可能会持续发生并加剧,低氧、缺氧和硫化的水体面积增加[46]。尽管海洋变暖和环流模式的波动是调控波罗的海低氧程度的重要因素,进一步降低营养盐输入是降低缺氧对波罗的海生态系统影响的必要措施,氮和磷的入海通量需分别减少12%和25%,才能确保波罗的海生态系统的健康。
长江年均径流量为30 200 m3/s,输送的营养盐占东海营养盐输入的90%以上[47-48],这使东海成为既是高生产力的近海生态系统(> 300 g/(m2·a)(以碳计)),同时也是富营养化风险最高区域[8],因此长江口及其邻近海域成为我国面积最大的富营养化近岸海域。1968−1997 年间,自长江向东海输送的人为营养盐(如硝酸盐)增加了10 倍[49]。2006−2012 年,长江的总氮负荷从1 350×106 kg/a增加到2 040×106 kg/a,而总磷负荷从122×106 kg/a增加到240×106 kg/a[47]。氮的大气沉降量估计为1 750×106 kg/a,与同期的河流入海通量在同一范围内[47]。每年流入长江的氮92%来自农业活动,其中,化肥氮约占50%[1]
大气沉降的营养盐输入通常分布在整个东海,夏季季风期,河流输入的营养盐的影响范围主要集中在近岸海域。因此,东海海表叶绿素a在近岸河口羽状锋内浓度高(> 10 mg/m3),随离岸距离增加迅速降低,在陆架外的开阔水域浓度最低(< 0.5 mg/m3[46]。多年来,营养盐入海通量的年际增加导致浮游植物生物量的增加[50]
浮游植物大量生长后下沉,有机物在河口底部和近岸羽状区的耗氧分解,导致了夏季长江口外底层水中低氧区的形成。长江口邻近海域的低氧区由来已久,从20世纪50年代末就有底层水体缺氧区的记录。根据历史调查资料和沉积物中有孔虫类化石的分析结果,长江口邻近海域底层水体缺氧现象呈现不断加剧的迹象。1999 年8 月的调查发现影响范围达13 700 km2、厚度达20 m的缺氧区(溶解氧浓度小于2 mg/L)分布。2003年夏季调查发现长江口东南部海域存在缺氧区,影响范围达12 000 km2,溶解氧浓度最低至1.8 mg/L。2006年夏季,东海西部海域发现影响范围达20 000 km2的缺氧区[1]。目前,受长江入海影响的东海被视为世界上最大的近海低氧区之一[51-53]
总的来说,控制氮、磷点源污染相对易操作,而非点源的控制则一直是管控难点与挑战,然而非点源又恰恰是海洋生态系统营养盐污染的主要来源[54-55]。与磷相比,氮在环境中迁移能力更强,可在地下水和大气中迁移[53],一般情况下,氮污染的削减管控措施对磷削减也有效,但反之并不亦然(表1[10]。因为氮具高度迁移性与挥发性,在某些情况下,需采取与磷不同或额外的削减措施。尽管美国和欧洲已在市政污水氮削减方面取得了重大进展,但此氮污染属点源,非点源氮、磷污染的削减进展依然滞缓[53,56]
研究表明,多年生植物能保持根际土壤中的氮,从而降低流失至地下水的氮量,如硝酸盐流失量可降低至2%~3%[27]。栽种休耕季覆被作物能减少冬、春季渗漏到地下水中的硝酸盐等营养盐的迁移[53]。长期栽种休耕季覆被作物能将硝酸盐的流失降低30%[57]。在秋季施肥则可导致30%~40%肥料渗漏[27]。不当的施肥比率会增加经由地表径流或渗漏导致的营养物质流失。因此,栽种多年生作物,栽种休耕季覆被作物,选择适宜的施肥时间和最佳施肥比率,构建人工湿地或植被缓冲带,均能防止农田氮、磷的渗漏与径流流失。
化石燃料排放的大多数氮大部分以湿沉降和干沉降的形式回到地球表面,并显著加剧近岸海域的营养盐污染[53]。在美国,约一半的化石燃料氮排放来自于移动源,包括小车、公交车、卡车、越野车辆[53],电厂排放约产生42%的活性氮[10]。可通过鼓励减少驾车出行、使用节能车辆、利用催化转化器去除废气中的NOx[53],针对运动型多用途车(SUV)、卡车和越野车实施更严格的排放标准[53],推动燃料电池的发展而非传统燃烧发电,降低NOx的排放[53]等措施来减少化石燃料燃烧排放的氮。
此外,河流与湖泊修复与恢复,有助于改善其保持和缓冲营养盐的能力,由此降低进入海洋生态系统的地表水中氮、磷浓度[58]
富营养化现象多见于河口和海湾。受河流携带的大量营养盐影响,河口区易出现富营养化问题;在封闭或半封闭的海湾,受限于水交换,也易出现富营养化问题。氮、磷过量输入而导致的富营养化是全球海洋生态系统共同面临的问题,富营养化可导致赤潮、绿潮、褐潮、金潮藻华,水母旺发,缺氧和酸化,生物多样性下降等海洋生态环境问题。
历史上活性氮主要由微生物固氮生成的,近百余年来,活性氮主要由人为活动产生,如化肥和畜肥的施用、化石燃料燃烧等。新增活性磷也主要来源于化肥和畜肥施用。磷以颗粒态和溶解态被迁移到海洋生态系统,氮则以颗粒态、溶解态、气态被迁移到海洋生态系统。多个国家在控制氮、磷点源污染方面已经取得了成效,但是非点源污染管控方面依然面临巨大挑战。缓解富营养化的策略应聚焦在氮与磷负荷的源头削减,具体措施包括:首先,可通过降低农业生产活动中化肥的渗漏、种植多年生植物、适量施肥、种植休耕季覆被作物等达到削减目的;其次,通过降低交通流量、提高车辆效率、加强尾气NOx的去除、实施更严格的交通排放标准,来减少化石燃料燃烧产生的氮排放;再者,陆地和水生生态系统的修复和恢复对确保氮、磷在排入海洋生态系统前被有效捕获至关重要。
  • 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会“全球海洋治理与生态文明专项政策研究”项目;中国科学院学部咨询评议项目“中国近海生态环境治理的科学与管理问题及政策建议”。
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2020年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.001
  • 接收时间:2019-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-12-28
  • 修回日期:2020-03-22
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中国环境与发展国际合作委员会“全球海洋治理与生态文明专项政策研究”项目;中国科学院学部咨询评议项目“中国近海生态环境治理的科学与管理问题及政策建议”。
作者信息
    1 国家海洋环境监测中心 近岸海域生态环境重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
    2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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