Article(id=1243955292380181310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955287984554037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1571414400000, receivedDateStr=2019-10-19, revisedDate=1576512000000, revisedDateStr=2019-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511653275, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1593014400000, pubDateStr=2020-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511653275, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511653275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511653275, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955287984554037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511652227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511652227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955292732502863, articleId=1243955292380181310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on the habitat suitability of Saurida elongata during autumn in the Haizhou Bay, China, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

According to the demersal trawling survey data in the Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters in autumn of 2011 and 2013−2018, we studied the habitat suitability of Saurida elongata, using biotic and abiotic factors data, such as bottom water temperature, bottom salinity, water depth, resource density, bait biology, collected synchronously. The weight of each environmental factor was determined by using the model of boost regression tree (BRT), and the habitat suitability index (HSI) model was established by using arithmetic mean method and geometry mean method respectively, and the optimal model was determined by cross validation. The results show that the most suitable bottom water temperature range for the Saurida elongata to inhabit in fall was 17.5−18℃, the most suitable bottom salinity range was 31.3−32, and the most suitable water depth range was 24−37 m. Three main bait organisms were selected as biological factors, namely, Loligo spp., Metapenaeopsis dalei and Amblychaeturichthys hexanema. The HSI model was established with the bottom water temperature, bottom salinity and water depth as the influencing factors. The results show that the feed factors contributed most significantly to the total deviation of spatial distribution, followed by the water depth and bottom water temperature. Through cross validation, it is found that the weighted HSI model with arithmetic mean method algorithm has lower Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The results show that the most suitable habitat (HSI≥0.7) of Saurida elongata in autumn was 34.5°−36°N, 119°−121°E, among which 35°−36°N was the most suitable habitat, and the HSI increased from near shore to sea.

, correspAuthors=Ying Xue, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chengzhi Zhu, Yunlei Zhang, Ke Sai, Wenyu Wei, Shuyu Xie, Mingjing Xia, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955295194559384, articleId=1243955292380181310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=生物和非生物因子对秋季海州湾长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

根据2011年和2013−2018年秋季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深、资源密度、饵料生物等生物和非生物因子数据,开展长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index, HSI)模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明:海州湾长蛇鲻在秋季最适宜栖息的底层水温范围为17.5~18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3~32.0,最适水深范围为24~37 m;选择其3种主要饵料生物作为生物因子,即枪乌贼(Loligo spp.)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)和六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema),与底层水温、底层盐度和水深共同作为影响因子建立HSI模型。结果显示,对长蛇鲻空间分布总偏差贡献率最高的是饵料因子,其次是水深和底层水温。通过交叉验证发现,运用算术平均算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)。研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布在34.5°~36°N,119°~121°E之间,其中35°~36°N海域的最适栖息地分布范围大,而且从近岸至远海,HSI指数有增加的趋势。

, correspAuthors=薛莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*薛莹,教授,主要从事食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=nUsawEtP4/jWlMgV4ZF7Sg==, magXml=qfWti4q/QYe8nrqpO14++Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sit3I4vtUWQgWLGXsuQg1w==, pdfFileSize=1921992, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=J6ncHkFmeH0hxfKY1pq3+Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=xB924mJZYJkChi9TzQ9y4A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱承之(1998-),男,江西省上饶市人,主要研究方向为海洋渔业科学与技术。E-mail:

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朱承之(1998-),男,江西省上饶市人,主要研究方向为海洋渔业科学与技术。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=rspQvgMXcd8+vr6uG0Tb6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537951124022002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955292380181310, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution of HSI for Saurida elongata during autumn of 2011 and 2013−2018 in the Haizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=fhKl9Jo5wQPZW/DcLJdTug==, figureFileBig=slBP1dsuYbVATgok0k1RcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537951199519477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955292380181310, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2011年和2013−2018年秋季海州湾长蛇鲻的HSI分布, figureFileSmall=fhKl9Jo5wQPZW/DcLJdTug==, figureFileBig=slBP1dsuYbVATgok0k1RcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537951295988472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955292380181310, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cross-validation of HSI model of the Haizhou Bay Saurida elongata based on AMM and GMM algorithm in mean confidence interval

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因子组合AMMGMM
R2AICR2AIC
A0.607 682.351 350.584 293.536 79
B0.334 3415.573 710.316 7516.161 72
C0.158 3719.380 210.059 7722.000 57
D0.607 102.596 000.088 8222.215 53
E0.879 06−24.771 300.751 92−14.411 00
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951384068860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955292380181310, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于AMM算法和GMM算法的海州湾长蛇鲻HSI模型的交叉验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子组合AMMGMM
R2AICR2AIC
A0.607 682.351 350.584 293.536 79
B0.334 3415.573 710.316 7516.161 72
C0.158 3719.380 210.059 7722.000 57
D0.607 102.596 000.088 8222.215 53
E0.879 06−24.771 300.751 92−14.411 00
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951488926466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955292380181310, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of prediction performance of AMM and GMM

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AMMGMM
R2AICR2AIC
0.879 06−24.771 30.751 92−14.411
0.719 36−43.510 40.180 54−40.540 6
0.956 35−5.062 30.951 215.563 29
), ArticleFig(id=1246537951597978374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955292380181310, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

AMM模型和GMM模型预测性能的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AMMGMM
R2AICR2AIC
0.879 06−24.771 30.751 92−14.411
0.719 36−43.510 40.180 54−40.540 6
0.956 35−5.062 30.951 215.563 29
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生物和非生物因子对秋季海州湾长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响
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朱承之 1 , 张云雷 1, 3 , 赛可 1 , 韦雯钰 1 , 谢姝妤 1 , 夏铭璟 1 , 任一平 1, 2, 3 , 薛莹 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(6): 44-51
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(6): 44-51
生物和非生物因子对秋季海州湾长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响
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朱承之1 , 张云雷1, 3, 赛可1, 韦雯钰1, 谢姝妤1, 夏铭璟1, 任一平1, 2, 3, 薛莹1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 中国海洋大学 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
  • 朱承之(1998-),男,江西省上饶市人,主要研究方向为海洋渔业科学与技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*薛莹,教授,主要从事食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
Impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on the habitat suitability of Saurida elongata during autumn in the Haizhou Bay, China
Chengzhi Zhu1 , Yunlei Zhang1, 3, Ke Sai1, Wenyu Wei1, Shuyu Xie1, Mingjing Xia1, Yiping Ren1, 2, 3, Ying Xue1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
出版时间: 2020-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.006
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根据2011年和2013−2018年秋季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深、资源密度、饵料生物等生物和非生物因子数据,开展长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index, HSI)模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明:海州湾长蛇鲻在秋季最适宜栖息的底层水温范围为17.5~18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3~32.0,最适水深范围为24~37 m;选择其3种主要饵料生物作为生物因子,即枪乌贼(Loligo spp.)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)和六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema),与底层水温、底层盐度和水深共同作为影响因子建立HSI模型。结果显示,对长蛇鲻空间分布总偏差贡献率最高的是饵料因子,其次是水深和底层水温。通过交叉验证发现,运用算术平均算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)。研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布在34.5°~36°N,119°~121°E之间,其中35°~36°N海域的最适栖息地分布范围大,而且从近岸至远海,HSI指数有增加的趋势。

海州湾  /  长蛇鲻  /  栖息地适宜性指数  /  生物因子  /  非生物因子  /  权重

According to the demersal trawling survey data in the Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters in autumn of 2011 and 2013−2018, we studied the habitat suitability of Saurida elongata, using biotic and abiotic factors data, such as bottom water temperature, bottom salinity, water depth, resource density, bait biology, collected synchronously. The weight of each environmental factor was determined by using the model of boost regression tree (BRT), and the habitat suitability index (HSI) model was established by using arithmetic mean method and geometry mean method respectively, and the optimal model was determined by cross validation. The results show that the most suitable bottom water temperature range for the Saurida elongata to inhabit in fall was 17.5−18℃, the most suitable bottom salinity range was 31.3−32, and the most suitable water depth range was 24−37 m. Three main bait organisms were selected as biological factors, namely, Loligo spp., Metapenaeopsis dalei and Amblychaeturichthys hexanema. The HSI model was established with the bottom water temperature, bottom salinity and water depth as the influencing factors. The results show that the feed factors contributed most significantly to the total deviation of spatial distribution, followed by the water depth and bottom water temperature. Through cross validation, it is found that the weighted HSI model with arithmetic mean method algorithm has lower Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The results show that the most suitable habitat (HSI≥0.7) of Saurida elongata in autumn was 34.5°−36°N, 119°−121°E, among which 35°−36°N was the most suitable habitat, and the HSI increased from near shore to sea.

Haizhou Bay  /  Saurida elongata  /  habitat suitability index (HSI)  /  environmental variables  /  biological variables  /  weights
朱承之, 张云雷, 赛可, 韦雯钰, 谢姝妤, 夏铭璟, 任一平, 薛莹. 生物和非生物因子对秋季海州湾长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (6) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.006
Chengzhi Zhu, Yunlei Zhang, Ke Sai, Wenyu Wei, Shuyu Xie, Mingjing Xia, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue. Impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on the habitat suitability of Saurida elongata during autumn in the Haizhou Bay, China[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (6) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.006
长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)隶属于辐鳍鱼纲(Actinopterygii)、仙女鱼目(Aulopiformes)、狗母鱼科(Synodontidae)、蛇鲻属(Saurida),广泛分布于西北太平洋沿岸的中国、日本以及韩国海域,在中国沿海由北到南均有分布,是我国重要的近海底层暖温性经济鱼类[1-3]。长蛇鲻作为我国的主要经济鱼类之一,年产量较大,从渤海到南海海域均有捕获,通常栖息于底质为泥或泥砂的海区。其性凶猛,游泳迅速,以小型鱼类和幼鱼为食,但通常移动范围不大,一般不作远距离洄游。黄、渤海鱼群的繁殖期是每年的5−7月。长蛇鲻常年可捕获,以冬、春两季为捕捞旺季[3]。国内外对长蛇鲻的研究主要集中于形态学和遗传学[1]、肌肉分析[2]、食性[4]等方面,而对于长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的研究尚未见报道。
栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index,HSI)于20世纪80年代提出之后,在渔业资源开发、管理、评估及保护等领域中得到广泛应用,已成为渔业科学研究的重要手段之一[5]。目前,HSI模型已被广泛用于物种管理、环境影响评价、丰度分布和生态恢复研究[6-8]。提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)是一种基于决策树的集成学习方法[9],已在渔业上有一定的应用,如单位捕捞努力渔获量(Catch Per Unit Effort,CPUE)标准化[10]、鱼类空间分布、丰度和多样性预测[11-12]、鱼类栖息地研究[13-14]、兼捕预测[15]等。与传统多元回归方法相比,提升回归树能自动拟合自变量的交互作用,且不易出现过度拟合,因此泛化误差较低,对于新数据的预测精度较高[11]
研究鱼类的栖息分布,除了环境因子外,也需要考虑饵料因子的影响。鱼类通过摄食活动获得维持自身生存、生长和繁殖的能量,进而会影响鱼类的生活习性、洄游分布乃至种群的数量变动。在以往的研究中,HSI模型的构建多采用非生物因子,而较少考虑饵料生物的影响,可能会影响栖息地适宜性评估的效果。
本研究根据2011年和2013−2018年海州湾及其邻近海域的底拖网调查数据,通过BRT模型确定环境因子和饵料因子的贡献率,分别采用算术平均值法(Arithmetic Mean Method, AMM)和几何平均值法(Geometry Mean Method, GMM)构建海州湾长蛇鲻的HSI模型,并绘制HSI分布,分析探究长蛇鲻适宜栖息地的空间分布特征,旨在为海州湾长蛇鲻资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据。
样品来自于2011年和2013−2018年秋季(9−10月)在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查。采用分层随机取样的方法设计调查站位[16],即根据水深、纬度等因素的差异将调查海域分为5个区域(图1),每个航次在各区域中随机选取一定数量的站位。其中2011年设置24个站位,2013−2015年对站位设置进行了优化,设置18个站位[17]。调查船为220 kW单拖渔船,拖速2~3 kn,拖曳时间约1 h,调查网具网口高度约6 m,网囊网目约17 mm。在每一调查站位使用CTD同步测定水深、水温、盐度等环境数据。样品的采集、处理和分析按照《海洋调查规范》进行[18]。在进行数据分析前对调查数据进行拖速2 kn,拖曳时间1 h的标准化处理,采用渔获密度(单位:ind./km2)作为相对资源密度指数。
根据前期研究的结果,海州湾长蛇鲻的食性类型以游泳动物为主,鱼类是其最主要的饵料类群,还摄食少量的虾类和头足类等[19]。根据海州湾长蛇鲻的食物组成[20],本研究选取枪乌贼(Loligo spp.)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)和六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)这3种主要饵料生物作为饵料因子进行研究。
首先开发基于长蛇鲻渔获密度(ind./km2[21]的适宜性指数(Suitability Index, SI),然后采用平滑函数拟合环境变量(底层水温、底层盐度、水深和饵料)与SI的关系[22],SI的取值范围为0~1。SI值越接近1,表示适宜性指数越高,SI越接近0,表示适宜性指数越低。SI值处于0.7~1时所对应的环境因子被认为是最适栖息环境范围[23],SI值的计算公式为
$ {\rm{SI}}=\frac{\widehat{Y}-{\widehat{Y}}_{{\rm{min}}}}{{\widehat{Y}}_{{\rm{max}}}-{\widehat{Y}}_{{\rm{min}}}} \;,$
式中,$ {\widehat{Y}}$为经过平滑回归的渔获密度,${\widehat{Y}}_{{\rm{max}}}$${\widehat{Y}}_{{\rm{min}}}$分别为预测值中的最大值和最小值。
HSI是由多个SI综合计算所得。根据BRT模型的结果对不同因子赋予权重,采用的2种HSI计算方法,即AMM[24]和GMM[25]。计算公式分别如下:
$ {\rm{HSI}}_{\rm{AMM}}=\frac{1}{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\omega }_{i}} \cdot \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\rm{SI}}_{i}{\omega }_{i} \;,$
$ {\rm{HSI}}_{\rm{GMM}}={\left(\prod _{i=1}^{n}{\rm{SI}}_{i}^{{\omega }_{i}}\right)}^{\frac{1}{n }}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\omega }_{i} \;,$
式中,HSI为栖息地适宜性指数,SIi为环境变量i的SI值,ωi为环境变量i通过BRT模型被赋予的权重,n为环境因子的个数。
为评估环境因子与饵料因子组合模型的预测性能,将环境因子和饵料因子进行多种组合分别构建HSI模型,通过交叉验证对比各模型的预测性能。
采用交叉验证的方法评估HSI模型的预测性能。随机选取80%的数据进行建模,用剩余20%的数据进行交叉检验,并评估该模型的预测性能,重复进行100次[26]。对基于AMM和GMM算法的HSI模型,使用赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)评估预测性能,选取适合的最优模型。
FVCOM模型(Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model)是由马萨诸塞州立大学达特茅斯分校和伍兹霍尔海洋研究所联合开发的沿海海洋环流模型,具有无约束、非结构化网格、有限体积、自由表面等优点[27]。本研究结合海州湾FVCOM模型中的环境数据,预测长蛇鲻HSI的空间分布。应用R3.3.2软件绘制海州湾长蛇鲻的HSI分布。
本研究比较了5种环境因子和饵料因子的组合,分别为A:底层水温、底层盐度、水深、枪乌贼丰度;B:底层水温、底层盐度、水深、戴氏赤虾丰度;C:底层水温、底层盐度、水深、六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼丰度;D:底层水温、底层盐度、水深、3种饵料丰度之和;E:底层水温、底层盐度、水深、3种饵料丰度之和的对数。分别对其进行交叉验证,得出均值置信区间的R2(Determination Coefficient )值和AIC值。结果显示(表1),E组合的模型具有较低的AIC值,且R2值最接近1,拟合效果较好,因此本文选择E组合构建HSI模型。
根据适应性曲线分析可知(图2),海州湾长蛇鲻主要分布在底层水温17.5~26.6℃,底层盐度15~32,水深2~40 m的海域。最适底层水温范围为17.5~18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3~32,最适水深范围为24~37 m,最适的3种饵料生物丰度之和的对数范围为13~14(图2)。
根据BRT模型的分析结果,对长蛇鲻总偏差贡献率最大的是饵料因子,贡献率为96.05%,其次为水深(3.26%)、底层水温(0.62%)和底层盐度(0.07%)(图3)。
采用交叉验证的方法评估AMM模型和GMM模型的预测性能,得出均值置信区间的R2值和AIC值。结果显示(表2),运用AMM算法,并赋予权重的HSI模型AIC值较低,且R2值最接近1,拟合效果较好,故选取AMM算法且赋予权重的HSI模型研究长蛇鲻的栖息地适宜性。
海州湾2011年和2013−2018年秋季长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布在34.5°~36°N,119°~121°E之间,其中35°~36°N海域的最适栖息地分布范围大,从近岸至远海,适宜指数有增加的趋势(图4)。2011年,长蛇鲻的最适栖息地主要分布在近岸,集中于35°~35.5°N,119°~120°E海域;2013年,其适宜栖息地分布范围较2011年明显缩小,最适栖息地区域仅占研究海域的很小一部分;2014年,长蛇鲻的最适栖息地分布范围有明显扩大,在34°~36°N,119.5°~121.5°E海域都有分布,尤其在35°~36°N,120.5°~121.5°E海域,HSI值可达到1.0。2015年其HSI值较2014年有所减小,在0.6~0.8之间,但分布范围相似。2016年最适栖息地向北偏移,主要分布在35°~36°N,119.5°~120.5°E之间。2017年长蛇鲻最适栖息地范围进一步缩小,只集中于35.5°~36°N,120°~121°E的海域中。2018年其最适栖息地分布范围较2017年明显缩小,主要分布在35°~35.5°N,120°~120.5°E海域(图4)。
本研究发现,除了水温、盐度、水深等非生物因子外,生物因子对长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响也十分明显。BRT模型的计算结果显示,对海州湾长蛇鲻适宜栖息地影响最大的是饵料因子,贡献率为96.05%,其次为水深(3.26%)、底层水温(0.62%)和底层盐度(0.07%)。饵料生物通过影响鱼类的生长代谢、繁殖发育等,从而间接地影响鱼类的洄游分布和栖息地适宜性。海州湾长蛇鲻摄食的饵料生物有30余种,鱼类是其最主要的饵料类群,此外还摄食少量的虾类和头足类,其中优势饵料生物有枪乌贼、戴氏赤虾等[20]。本研究表明,饵料生物对长蛇鲻空间分布的影响,明显超过了水深及盐度,是最重要的影响因子。随着海水深度的变化,各种水文要素,特别是温度、盐度、水色、透明度、水体流向、流速等也会随之发生变化,从而会影响鱼类的分布[27]。盐度的变化是支配鱼类行为的另一个重要因素,海水盐度的变化能够直接影响鱼类的渗透压调节,并通过水团、海流等间接影响鱼类的行为和栖息分布[27]
海州湾长蛇鲻的产卵期主要集中在夏季,而秋季产卵活动结束以后,主要进行分散索饵活动,摄食强度较大,因此秋季饵料生物对其空间分布的影响较为显著。长蛇鲻主要以小型鱼类为食,同时也摄食头足类和虾类,其对头足类的摄食比例随叉长出现变化。当其叉长在140~159 mm之间时,头足类的摄食比例达到最大,叉长达到180~259 mm之间时则主要摄食鱼类[20]。海州湾秋季枪乌贼的资源密度较高[28],故在其饵料生物中占据了优势地位,也成为影响其空间分布的主要饵料生物。
本研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻主要分布在底层水温17.5~26.6℃,底层盐度15~32,水深2~40 m的海域。最适底层水温范围为17.5~18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3~32,最适水深范围为24~37 m,最适的3种饵料生物丰度之和的对数范围为13~14。从HSI分布可以看出,海州湾长蛇鲻最适栖息地的分布随年份有较大变化。长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布34.5°~36°N,119°~121°E之间,其中35°~36°N海域的最适栖息地范围相对较大。同其他年份相比,2013年秋季海州湾长蛇鲻的适宜分布区范围明显减小。根据2013年的气象资料显示,该年份春、夏季的降水量明显高于其他年份,使得径流量增大,导致该海域的盐度有所下降。同时,根据本研究同步调查数据,2013年10月海州湾底层水温为9.5~15.9℃,3种饵料的丰度较低,因而导致2013年秋季海州湾长蛇鲻最适栖息地范围缩小。从HSI分布来看,长蛇鲻在海州湾北部的最适栖息地范围大于海州湾南部,这是因为海州湾东南部平岛、车牛山岛一带,底质多礁砾,不适宜长蛇鲻分布,而北部海区多为泥砂底质,是长蛇鲻适宜的产卵场和索饵场。
本研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性从近岸至远海有增加趋势。长蛇鲻主要适宜栖息在远岸底层海域,通常栖息于水深20~100 m,底质为砂或泥砂的海区。海州湾位于苏北沿岸流和黄海暖流分支的综合作用区域,湾内丰富的饵料和适宜的环境为长蛇鲻提供了充足的食物保障和良好的育幼场所。远岸海域较高的水温和盐度,为长蛇鲻成体的生长和生殖发育提供了有利条件,因此栖息地适宜性较近岸高。
HSI模型的构建方法是影响栖息地适宜性指数模型预测结果的主要因素,不同的计算方法表现出不同的优势。其中,AMM的计算结果较为稳定[29],GMM对SI的极大值和极小值较敏感[30]。本研究根据交叉验证的结果选取最适合的模型,即AMM,使得预测结果最优化。此外,鱼类对每一种环境因子的响应是不相同的,因此在建立栖息地适宜性指数模型时需要对每一因子赋予权重。在以往的栖息地适宜性研究中,很少考虑饵料等生物因子的影响。本研究采用BRT模型对环境因子赋予权重,并在非生物因子的基础上增加饵料因子,分析不同因子对长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响,能够较好地反映海州湾长蛇鲻的栖息地适宜性特征。
在构建栖息地适宜性指数模型时,除了本次研究所涉及的水温、盐度和水深以及饵料生物等影响因子以外,还有其他因子,如叶绿素、流速、底质类型、溶解氧、捕食者、种间竞争等也会对鱼类的空间分布和栖息地选择产生影响[31-33]。因此,在今后的研究中,需要综合考虑更多的环境因子,以便更好地反映鱼类栖息地分布与环境因子的关系。
  • 山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0501-2);国家自然科学基金项目(31772852,31802301)。
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2020年第42卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.006
  • 接收时间:2019-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-10-19
  • 修回日期:2019-12-17
基金
山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0501-2);国家自然科学基金项目(31772852,31802301)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 中国海洋大学 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003

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*薛莹,教授,主要从事食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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