Article(id=1243955291398714135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243955287984554037, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1563292800000, receivedDateStr=2019-07-17, revisedDate=1570636800000, revisedDateStr=2019-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511653040, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1593014400000, pubDateStr=2020-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511653040, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511653040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511653040, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243955287984554037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='126', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511652227, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511652227, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243955291755229985, articleId=1243955291398714135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Ecosystem structure in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters based on Ecopath model, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the data obtained from bottom trawl investigation in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters in 2018, a mass-balance model for the Haizhou Bay ecosystem was constructed by Ecopath with Ecosim software, consisting of 26 functional groups. Using Ecopath model, we evaluated the trophic structure, trophic impact relationship and ecosystem characters of the Haizhou Bay to provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management. The result showed that in this ecosystem trophic levels of functional groups varied from 1.00 to 4.19, and the range of fish trophic level was wide, ranging from 3.22 to 4.19. Phytoplankton and molluscs were in important nutritional positions in the ecosystem facing with the pressure from both the primary producers and predators. The evaluation of the ecosystem structure and function showed that the total primary production/total respiration (TPP/TR) was 7.096, total primary production /total biomass (TPP/B) was 56.866, the connectance index (CI) and system omnivory index (SOI) were 0.429 and 0.204, indicating that the Haizhou Bay ecosystem was in an immature, unstable state and was susceptible to external disturbances. Through the study of the Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters ecosystem model, we analyzed the nutrient structure and phylogenetic status of the sea area, which would provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization and scientific management of fishery resources in the Haizhou Bay.

, correspAuthors=Ying Xue, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaoming Ren, Yang Liu, Binduo Xu, Chongliang Zhang, Yiping Ren, Yuan Cheng, Ying Xue), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243955292757668691, articleId=1243955291398714135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于Ecopath模型的海州湾及邻近海域生态系统结构研究, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2018年海州湾及邻近海域的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.5 (EwE)软件构建由26个功能群组成的海州湾及邻近海域生态系统Ecopath模型,对现阶段该生态系统的营养结构、营养相互关系和系统总特征等进行分析,旨在为实施基于生态系统的渔业管理提供理论依据。结果表明:海州湾及邻近海域生态系统各功能群的营养级范围为1.00~4.19,其中鱼类营养级范围较广,为3.22~4.19;浮游动物和其他软体动物受初级生产者和捕食者的双重作用,处于重要的营养位置;生态系统总体特征分析显示,该生态系统的总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值为7.096,总初级生产量与总生物量的比值为56.866,系统的连接指数和系统杂食指数分别为0.429和0.204,说明该生态系统目前处于不成熟、不稳定的状态,容易受外界扰动的影响。本文通过对海州湾及邻近海域生态系统模型进行研究,解析了该海域营养结构和系统发育状况,将为海州湾渔业资源的可持续利用和科学管理提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=薛莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*薛莹,教授,主要从事摄食生态学、渔业资源生物学、食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cKNUrV05vy6E/HFuQJKiQQ==, magXml=iiKnS6uW7vVSFSBc8TaTwg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Kd/pYUrsxa5vBjgbpcV3ag==, pdfFileSize=5642571, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QYQwwcHrNEoXUnpbFg9fcg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Poivk8J0s9hirTmij8LPxg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

任晓明(1994-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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任晓明(1994-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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任晓明(1994-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

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Carbon dioxide starvation, the development of C4 ecosystems, and mammalian evolution[J]. 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Ltd., Dalian 116023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246537941812666763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, companyId=1246537941795889543, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 近海(大连)生态发展有限公司,辽宁 大连 116023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246537946870997624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The bottom trawl survey areas in Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters, figureFileSmall=KUwc/bT4X5dkeuRH2NAc8A==, figureFileBig=9Jibd0krsqTgm9J5kROMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537946959078013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=CN, label=图1, caption=海州湾及邻近海域调查区域, figureFileSmall=KUwc/bT4X5dkeuRH2NAc8A==, figureFileBig=9Jibd0krsqTgm9J5kROMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537947084907145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Food web of the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters

1~26 correspond numbers in Table 1. The circle in the figure represents the functional group, the area of which represents the relative biomass, and the connection between two circles represents the energy transfer process

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编号1~26见表1。 图中的圆圈代表功能群,其面积代表相对生物量的大小,两两间的连线代表能量传递过程

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1~26 correspond numbers inTable 1; 27: fishery

, figureFileSmall=eEM5AcBvj/WjoSVbnMpfkQ==, figureFileBig=QZ7+S5xOIIyqCwZJ73zX5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246537947323982485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海州湾及邻近海域生态系统各功能群之间的营养关系

编号1~26见表1;27:渔业

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Functional groups and main species based on Ecopath model in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号功能群种类组成
1浮游动物食性鱼类(Zooplanktivores)赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa chefuensis)、青鳞小沙丁(Sardinella zunasi)、鳀 (Engraulis japonicus)等
2大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii
3小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu
4其他虾食性鱼类(Other shrimp predators)矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belangerii)等
5棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus
6小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis
7其他虾/鱼食性鱼类
(Other shrimp/fish predators)
星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)、白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)等
8鱼食性鱼类(Piscivores)长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)、黄鮟鱇(Lophius litulon)、
带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)等
9方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi
10其他底栖动物食性鱼类
(Other benthivores)
六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)、角木叶鲽(Pleuronichthys cornutus)、
长丝鰕虎鱼(Cryptocentrus filifer)等
11口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria
12戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei
13其他虾类(Other Shrimps)脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、鹰爪虾(Trachysalambria curvirostris)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)等
14三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus
15其他蟹类(Other Crabs)日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata)、强壮菱蟹(Enoploambrus valida)等
16枪乌贼 (Loligo sp.)枪乌贼 (Loligo sp.)
17大型头足类(Large cephalopoda)长蛸(Octopus variabilis)、短蛸(Octopus ochellatus)、金乌贼(Sepia esculenta
18小型头足类(Small cephalopoda)双喙耳乌贼(Sepiola birostrata)、四盘耳乌贼(Euprymna morsei
19其他软体动物(Other Molluscs)双壳类(Bivalvia)、腹足类(Gastropoda)
20多毛类(Polychates)多毛类(Polychates)
21端足类(Amphipods)端足类(Amphipods)
22棘皮动物(Echinoderms)棘皮动物(Echinoderms)
23其他底栖动物
(Other demersal invertebrate)
日本浪飘水虱(Cirolana japonensis)等
24浮游动物(Zooplankton)中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)等
25浮游植物(Phytoplankton)硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophyta)等
26碎屑(Detritus)碎屑(Detritus)
), ArticleFig(id=1246537948989121181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海州湾及邻近海域生态系统Ecopath模型的功能群及主要种类组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号功能群种类组成
1浮游动物食性鱼类(Zooplanktivores)赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa chefuensis)、青鳞小沙丁(Sardinella zunasi)、鳀 (Engraulis japonicus)等
2大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii
3小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu小眼绿鳍鱼(Chelidonichthys kumu
4其他虾食性鱼类(Other shrimp predators)矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belangerii)等
5棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus
6小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis
7其他虾/鱼食性鱼类
(Other shrimp/fish predators)
星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)、白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)等
8鱼食性鱼类(Piscivores)长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)、黄鮟鱇(Lophius litulon)、
带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)等
9方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi
10其他底栖动物食性鱼类
(Other benthivores)
六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)、角木叶鲽(Pleuronichthys cornutus)、
长丝鰕虎鱼(Cryptocentrus filifer)等
11口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria
12戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei
13其他虾类(Other Shrimps)脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、鹰爪虾(Trachysalambria curvirostris)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicus)等
14三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus
15其他蟹类(Other Crabs)日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata)、强壮菱蟹(Enoploambrus valida)等
16枪乌贼 (Loligo sp.)枪乌贼 (Loligo sp.)
17大型头足类(Large cephalopoda)长蛸(Octopus variabilis)、短蛸(Octopus ochellatus)、金乌贼(Sepia esculenta
18小型头足类(Small cephalopoda)双喙耳乌贼(Sepiola birostrata)、四盘耳乌贼(Euprymna morsei
19其他软体动物(Other Molluscs)双壳类(Bivalvia)、腹足类(Gastropoda)
20多毛类(Polychates)多毛类(Polychates)
21端足类(Amphipods)端足类(Amphipods)
22棘皮动物(Echinoderms)棘皮动物(Echinoderms)
23其他底栖动物
(Other demersal invertebrate)
日本浪飘水虱(Cirolana japonensis)等
24浮游动物(Zooplankton)中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)等
25浮游植物(Phytoplankton)硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophyta)等
26碎屑(Detritus)碎屑(Detritus)
), ArticleFig(id=1246537949119144611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic input data and estimated parameters for the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters Ecopath model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号功能群营养级生物量/t·km−2生产量/生物量(P/B消费量/生物量(Q/B生态营养效率(EE
  注:加粗数据表示估计参数。
1浮游动物食性鱼类3.230.1112.3705.9800.923
2大泷六线鱼3.720.0252.9009.0000.468
3小眼绿鳍鱼3.980.2481.4794.2300.449
4其他虾食性鱼类3.900.0340.6256.0850.413
5棘头梅童鱼3.510.0794.6006.0600.310
6小黄鱼3.840.1641.6605.9000.837
7其他虾/鱼食性鱼类3.800.0214.6007.6000.390
8鱼食性鱼类4.190.0940.8004.5000.595
9方氏云鳚3.220.0962.7906.9700.190
10其他底栖动物食性鱼类3.310.0850.9584.9300.641
11口虾蛄3.370.0571.3407.4300.956
12戴氏赤虾2.980.0605.65026.9000.934
13其他虾类2.930.2738.00028.0000.950
14三疣梭子蟹2.870.8763.50011.0000.122
15其他蟹类2.850.0393.50012.0000.931
16枪乌贼3.620.0533.0009.7500.451
17大型头足类3.720.0342.0007.0000.476
18小型头足类3.280.0463.0009.7500.950
19其他软体动物2.185.2006.00027.0000.251
20多毛类2.163.0806.75022.5000.198
21端足类2.330.0598.00030.0000.950
22棘皮动物2.513.0801.2003.5800.623
23其他底栖动物2.181.9671.5708.6000.950
24浮游动物2.052.27125.000122.1000.989
25浮游植物1.0020.673106.5200.141
26碎屑1.0043.0000.075
), ArticleFig(id=1246537949219807911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海州湾及邻近海域生态系统Ecopath模型的基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号功能群营养级生物量/t·km−2生产量/生物量(P/B消费量/生物量(Q/B生态营养效率(EE
  注:加粗数据表示估计参数。
1浮游动物食性鱼类3.230.1112.3705.9800.923
2大泷六线鱼3.720.0252.9009.0000.468
3小眼绿鳍鱼3.980.2481.4794.2300.449
4其他虾食性鱼类3.900.0340.6256.0850.413
5棘头梅童鱼3.510.0794.6006.0600.310
6小黄鱼3.840.1641.6605.9000.837
7其他虾/鱼食性鱼类3.800.0214.6007.6000.390
8鱼食性鱼类4.190.0940.8004.5000.595
9方氏云鳚3.220.0962.7906.9700.190
10其他底栖动物食性鱼类3.310.0850.9584.9300.641
11口虾蛄3.370.0571.3407.4300.956
12戴氏赤虾2.980.0605.65026.9000.934
13其他虾类2.930.2738.00028.0000.950
14三疣梭子蟹2.870.8763.50011.0000.122
15其他蟹类2.850.0393.50012.0000.931
16枪乌贼3.620.0533.0009.7500.451
17大型头足类3.720.0342.0007.0000.476
18小型头足类3.280.0463.0009.7500.950
19其他软体动物2.185.2006.00027.0000.251
20多毛类2.163.0806.75022.5000.198
21端足类2.330.0598.00030.0000.950
22棘皮动物2.513.0801.2003.5800.623
23其他底栖动物2.181.9671.5708.6000.950
24浮游动物2.052.27125.000122.1000.989
25浮游植物1.0020.673106.5200.141
26碎屑1.0043.0000.075
), ArticleFig(id=1246537949328859818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The top ten trophic effects of the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters ecosystems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应 功能群 数值
下行效应 方氏云鳚 0.982
其他底栖动物食性鱼类 0.956
大型头足类 0.949
其他虾/鱼食性鱼类 0.919
鱼食性鱼类 0.905
口虾蛄 0.880
浮游动物食性鱼类 0.871
小眼绿鳍鱼 0.819
大泷六线鱼 0.818
小黄鱼 0.772
上行效应 浮游植物 0.967
端足类 0.949
碎屑 0.925
其他底栖动物 0.825
多毛类 0.752
其他蟹类 0.724
其他软体动物 0.666
小型头足类 0.648
棘头梅童类 0.476
其他虾类 0.410
), ArticleFig(id=1246537949446300334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

海州湾及邻近海域生态系统内主要营养效应(前10位)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应 功能群 数值
下行效应 方氏云鳚 0.982
其他底栖动物食性鱼类 0.956
大型头足类 0.949
其他虾/鱼食性鱼类 0.919
鱼食性鱼类 0.905
口虾蛄 0.880
浮游动物食性鱼类 0.871
小眼绿鳍鱼 0.819
大泷六线鱼 0.818
小黄鱼 0.772
上行效应 浮游植物 0.967
端足类 0.949
碎屑 0.925
其他底栖动物 0.825
多毛类 0.752
其他蟹类 0.724
其他软体动物 0.666
小型头足类 0.648
棘头梅童类 0.476
其他虾类 0.410
), ArticleFig(id=1246537949559546546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

General characteristic parameters for the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters ecosystem

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参数 数值
总消耗量/t·km−2·a−1 542.975
总输出量/t·km−2·a−1 1 891.732
总呼吸量/t·km−2·a−1 310.309
流入碎屑总量/t·km−2·a−1 2 045.675
系统总流量/t·km−2·a−1 4 790.691
总生产量/t·km−2·a−1 2 326.112
总初级生产量/t·km−2·a−1 2 202.041
总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR) 7.096
净生产量/t·km−2·a−1 1 891.732
总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/B 56.866
总生物量(不计碎屑)/t·km−2 38.724
连接指数(CI) 0.429
系统杂食指数(SOI) 0.204
循环指数(FCI)/% 1.392
总能量转换效率/% 12.63
), ArticleFig(id=1246537949660209846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243955291398714135, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

海州湾及邻近海域生态系统的总体特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
总消耗量/t·km−2·a−1 542.975
总输出量/t·km−2·a−1 1 891.732
总呼吸量/t·km−2·a−1 310.309
流入碎屑总量/t·km−2·a−1 2 045.675
系统总流量/t·km−2·a−1 4 790.691
总生产量/t·km−2·a−1 2 326.112
总初级生产量/t·km−2·a−1 2 202.041
总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR) 7.096
净生产量/t·km−2·a−1 1 891.732
总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/B 56.866
总生物量(不计碎屑)/t·km−2 38.724
连接指数(CI) 0.429
系统杂食指数(SOI) 0.204
循环指数(FCI)/% 1.392
总能量转换效率/% 12.63
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基于Ecopath模型的海州湾及邻近海域生态系统结构研究
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任晓明 1 , 刘阳 3 , 徐宾铎 1 , 张崇良 1 , 任一平 1, 2 , 程远 4 , 薛莹 1, *
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(6): 101-109
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(6): 101-109
基于Ecopath模型的海州湾及邻近海域生态系统结构研究
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任晓明1 , 刘阳3, 徐宾铎1, 张崇良1, 任一平1, 2, 程远4, 薛莹1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 青岛职业技术学院 信息学院,山东 青岛 266555
  • 4 近海(大连)生态发展有限公司,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 任晓明(1994-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要研究方向为渔业资源生态学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*薛莹,教授,主要从事摄食生态学、渔业资源生物学、食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
Ecosystem structure in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters based on Ecopath model
Xiaoming Ren1 , Yang Liu3, Binduo Xu1, Chongliang Zhang1, Yiping Ren1, 2, Yuan Cheng4, Ying Xue1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3 School of Information, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao 266555, China
  • 4 Offshore (Dalian) Ecological Development Co. Ltd., Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2020-06-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.012
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基于2018年海州湾及邻近海域的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.5 (EwE)软件构建由26个功能群组成的海州湾及邻近海域生态系统Ecopath模型,对现阶段该生态系统的营养结构、营养相互关系和系统总特征等进行分析,旨在为实施基于生态系统的渔业管理提供理论依据。结果表明:海州湾及邻近海域生态系统各功能群的营养级范围为1.00~4.19,其中鱼类营养级范围较广,为3.22~4.19;浮游动物和其他软体动物受初级生产者和捕食者的双重作用,处于重要的营养位置;生态系统总体特征分析显示,该生态系统的总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值为7.096,总初级生产量与总生物量的比值为56.866,系统的连接指数和系统杂食指数分别为0.429和0.204,说明该生态系统目前处于不成熟、不稳定的状态,容易受外界扰动的影响。本文通过对海州湾及邻近海域生态系统模型进行研究,解析了该海域营养结构和系统发育状况,将为海州湾渔业资源的可持续利用和科学管理提供理论依据。

海州湾  /  Ecopath模型  /  营养结构  /  生态系统特征  /  功能群

Based on the data obtained from bottom trawl investigation in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters in 2018, a mass-balance model for the Haizhou Bay ecosystem was constructed by Ecopath with Ecosim software, consisting of 26 functional groups. Using Ecopath model, we evaluated the trophic structure, trophic impact relationship and ecosystem characters of the Haizhou Bay to provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management. The result showed that in this ecosystem trophic levels of functional groups varied from 1.00 to 4.19, and the range of fish trophic level was wide, ranging from 3.22 to 4.19. Phytoplankton and molluscs were in important nutritional positions in the ecosystem facing with the pressure from both the primary producers and predators. The evaluation of the ecosystem structure and function showed that the total primary production/total respiration (TPP/TR) was 7.096, total primary production /total biomass (TPP/B) was 56.866, the connectance index (CI) and system omnivory index (SOI) were 0.429 and 0.204, indicating that the Haizhou Bay ecosystem was in an immature, unstable state and was susceptible to external disturbances. Through the study of the Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters ecosystem model, we analyzed the nutrient structure and phylogenetic status of the sea area, which would provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization and scientific management of fishery resources in the Haizhou Bay.

Haizhou Bay  /  Ecopath model  /  trophic structure  /  ecosystem character  /  functional group
任晓明, 刘阳, 徐宾铎, 张崇良, 任一平, 程远, 薛莹. 基于Ecopath模型的海州湾及邻近海域生态系统结构研究. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (6) : 101 -109 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.012
Xiaoming Ren, Yang Liu, Binduo Xu, Chongliang Zhang, Yiping Ren, Yuan Cheng, Ying Xue. Ecosystem structure in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent waters based on Ecopath model[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (6) : 101 -109 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.012
海州湾是位于黄海南部沿岸的开放型海湾,地处南北气候过渡带,具有明显的季风气候特点,年降水量近1 000 mm。海州湾及邻近海域水质肥沃,是多种鱼类和经济无脊椎动物的产卵场和育幼场。然而,由于近年来捕捞强度增大,海州湾及邻近海域生态环境恶化,生物多样性和生态环境质量面临前所未有的威胁,渔业资源衰退日益严重,许多传统经济鱼类目前已难形成渔汛[1]。研究表明,传统的单鱼种的渔业管理策略已经不能适应现代渔业建设的需要,要采取基于生态系统的渔业管理方式,遏制渔业资源衰退和生态恶化的趋势[2]。为了更加有效地开展渔业资源开发及管理工作,促进该海域生态系统功能的恢复和渔业资源的可持续发展,对海州湾及邻近海域生态系统结构和功能的研究就显得十分必要。
Ecopath模型[3-4]根据营养动力学原理,构建以物质平衡为基础的生态系统模型,描述平衡生态系统中各功能群的生物生产和能量流动,量化各种生态系统指标,反映生态系统结构和功能的特征及其变化趋势。最初由Polovina[5]使用这种方法来评估水域生态系统在稳定状态下的系统组成生物量和食物消耗,之后结合Ulanowicz[6]的能量分析生态学理论,逐渐发展成为一种生态系统能量流动分析方法[7]。目前,Ecopath模型已在国内外诸多水域得到广泛的应用和研究[8-10],为实现基于生态系统的渔业管理提供了必要的数据支撑和理论依据。
本研究基于2018年春季和秋季在海州湾及邻近海域开展的渔业资源底拖网调查,通过构建海州湾及邻近水域生态系统的Ecopath模型,分析该生态系统的营养相互关系和特征,旨在为海州湾及邻近海域渔业资源的可持续利用和科学管理提供理论依据。
样品采自2018年春季(4月)和秋季(9月),在海州湾及邻近海域(34°20′~35°40′N、119°20′~121°10′ E)进行渔业资源底拖网调查(图1)。采用分层随机取样的方法设计调查站位,结合水深和底质等因素的差异将调查海域划分为A、B、C、D、E 共5个区域,将每个区域按照经纬度10′×10′划分成小区,各区域随机选取的调查站位数量分别为2、4、2、7、3,共18个调查站位。调查用船为220 kW单拖渔船,拖速为2.0 kn左右,每站平均拖网时间约为1 h。调查网口宽度约为12 m,囊网网目为17 mm。
Ecopath模型广泛应用于水生生态系统研究,为基于生态系统的渔业管理提供基础信息。该模型定义生态系统由一系列生态关联的功能群构成,这些功能群包含1个或多个具有相似的生态功能或种群动态的物种,所有功能群成分基本覆盖生态系统能流的全过程。该模型包含1组线性方程,描述了1段特定时间内的系统能量输入和输出平衡,公式如下:
${B_{ i}} \times {\left( {\frac{P}{B}} \right)_{ i}} \times E{E_{ i}} = \sum\limits_{ j = 1}^{\rm j} {{B_{ j}}} \times {\left( {\frac{Q}{B}} \right)_{ j}} \times D{C_{ {ij}}} + {Y_{ i}} + B{A_{ i}} + {E_{ i}},$
式中,BiBj分别表示功能群ij的生物量,(P/Bi代表功能群i的生产量与生物量的比值,(Q/Bj表示功能群j的消耗量与生物量的比值,EEi(Ecotrophic Efficiency)是指生态营养效率,DCij为被捕食组i占捕食组j的总捕食量的比例,Yi为渔获量,BAi为生物量累积,Ei为净迁出量。
对于每个功能群,食物组成矩阵DCijBP/BQ/BEE 4个基本参数中的任意3个都必须输入,以构建模型,其他参数可以由模型估计得出。
根据生物种类摄食习性、生态学特征等方面的相似性划分功能群,同时将一些具有重要经济价值或生态功能的单一物种设定为功能群,将海州湾及邻近海域生态系统定义为26个功能群,基本覆盖该生态系统能量流动的全过程(表1)。
B主要依据本次渔业资源底拖网调查数据和参考文献[11-13];P/BQ/B参考发表的文献或相似生态系统的Ecopath模型[10, 12-17];功能群的食物组成主要来源于海州湾及邻近海域采样鱼类的胃含物分析和相关文献数据[18-28]
根据营养动力学原理,Ecopath模型的调试是为了平衡生态系统的输入和输出,模型平衡需要满足EE值介于0~1之间。模型参数化估计首次运行后,会有一些功能群的EE大于1(不平衡功能群),需要反复调整不平衡功能群的各项参数,以达到模型平衡状态。另外,还需要考虑总效率GE值,表示为生产量和消耗量的比值(P/Q)。在许多情况下,GE值应介于0.1~0.3之间[3]
通过Pedigree指数[4]分析数据来源的可靠性和模型质量,量化模型输入参数的不确定性,对模型中的输入参数的来源及质量进行分析。Pedigree指数范围为0~1.0,1.0代表数据质量较高,通过精确采样获得;0代表数据来源模糊,数据参考其他模型或文献等。
通过混合营养效应分析 (Mixed Trophic Impact Analysis, MTI)[29]研究目标海域生态系统各功能群之间的营养相互关系。MTI分析通过构建n×n的矩阵M来计算,其元素mij表示建模食物网中的每对功能群,该分析描述了功能群i生物量的极小变动对生态系统其他功能群j的营养影响—包括直接的(捕食)和间接的(竞争)影响[4, 30-31]mij值的正或负代表由于影响组i生物量的极小变动造成被影响组j生物量的增加或减少。矩阵M的负元素表示负影响,即捕食者对被捕食者功能群产生的直接或间接的影响,同理,正元素表示被捕食者对捕食者功能群产生正影响。因此,矩阵M的正负元素与上行效应和下行效应相关联[31]
表2可以看出,海州湾及邻近海域生态系统的营养级范围从1.00到4.19。营养级2.00~2.99包括所有的底栖无脊椎动物和浮游动物;鱼类,头足类和口虾蛄的营养级均大于3.00,方氏云鳚在鱼类中营养级最低,为3.22,鱼食性鱼类的营养级最高,为4.19。从图2中可以看出,海州湾及邻近海域生态系统营养流动以碎屑和牧食为基础。该海域生态系统的能量主要来源于碎屑和浮游植物,其中47%来源于碎屑,53%来源于浮游植物。
评价本模型整体质量的Pedigree 指数为0.660,与Morissette[32]等评价的其他50个不同的生态系统的Pedigree 指数(0.164~0.676)相比,处于较合理的范围,表明本模型输入参数的可靠性好,模型可信度较高。
海州湾及邻近海域各功能群间的混合营养效应分析如图3所示,蓝色表示正影响,即该功能群生物量的增加有利于被影响功能群生物量的增加;红色表示负影响,即该功能群生物量的增加造成被影响功能群生物量的减少;颜色的深浅表示影响程度的强弱。结果表明,各功能群生物量的增加加大了对饵料资源的种内竞争,均会对自身产生负影响;浮游植物和有机碎屑作为被捕食者,对大多数功能群产生正影响;浮游动物和其他软体动物受到初级生产者和捕食者的双重影响,在能量传递中发挥着关键作用,对生态系统的影响较强烈。其他虾类生物量的增加对其他底栖动物、戴氏赤虾、其他蟹类和其他虾/鱼食性鱼类产生显著负影响,影响值分别为−0.449、−0.332、−0.317和−0.28;渔业捕捞对大部分渔业生物功能群有明显负影响(图3)。表3列出了该海域生态系统内前10位的上行效应与下行效应,其中,大型头足类、其他虾/鱼食性鱼类、鱼食性鱼类对食物网产生的下行效应分别为0.949、0.919、0.905;浮游植物、其他底栖动物对食物网产生的上行效应分别为0.967、0.825。
在Ecopath模型中,通过网络分析功能计算的系统稳定性和成熟度等多个生态系统参数,是评价生态系统结构和功能的重要指标。表4为现阶段海州湾及邻近海域生态系统特征参数表,其中系统总流量是衡量生态系统规模的重要指标,是生态系统各功能群总输出量、总呼吸量、总消耗量和流入碎屑总量的总和,海州湾及邻近海域生态系统的总流量为4 790.691 t/(km2·a),总消耗量为542.975 t/(km2·a),流入碎屑总量为2 045.675 t/(km2·a),分别占系统总流量的11.34%和42.71%,说明生态系统有较多能量并为被充分利用,而是转入了系统再循环。系统的总能量转换效率为12.63%,其中来自初级生产者能量流的平均转换效率是12.33%,而来自碎屑能量流的平均转换效率是13.20%。系统净生产量为1 891.732 t/(km2·a),总初级生产量为2 202.041 t/(km2·a)。总初级生产量与总呼吸量的比值(Total Primary Production/Total Respiration, TPP/TR)是描述生态系统成熟度的关键指标,海州湾及邻近海域生态系统的TPP/TR为7.069。系统的连接指数(Connectance Index, CI)和系统杂食指数(System Omnivory Index, SOI)分别为0.429和0.204,系统循环指数(Finn Cycling Index, FCI)为1.392%(表4)。
本研究基于Ecopath模型的构建,从物质能量平衡的角度分析了海州湾及邻近海域生态系统的营养结构和生态系统特征,研究发现该生态系统功能群的营养级范围从1.00(浮游植物和碎屑)到4.19(鱼食性鱼类)。鱼食性鱼类具有最高的营养级,摄食大量鱼类,是海州湾食物网中的高营养级捕食者[33]。而方氏云鳚则是海州湾食物网中营养级最低的鱼类,双壳类在其食物中所占比例最高[33]
根据生态系统成熟度及稳定性理论[34],在生态系统发育初期,大部分能量被用于物种的生长发育,较多功能群的生产量大于呼吸量(TPP/TR>1)。随着生态系统逐步演替,不断聚集生物量,用于维持呼吸作用的能量逐渐增多,净生产量降低,在生态系统将要达到成熟状态时,总生物量接近最大值,因此对于一个成熟的生态系统来说,TPP/TR趋近1,而TPP/B较小。海州湾及邻近海域生态系统TPP/TR为7.096,明显高于1,总初级生产量超过了总呼吸量,意味着该生态系统中有许多营养物质未被利用,TPP/B为56.866,表明该水域生态系统尚未发展成熟,与王腾等[14]、张硕等[15]对海州湾的研究结论一致。循环指数(FCI)代表生态系统被循环利用的程度,海州湾及邻近海域生态系统的再循环率为1.392%。在生态系统演替发展过程中,物种逐渐增多,各物种间的捕食关系也由线性逐渐趋向网状,食物网结构更加复杂。CI和SOI是表示生态系统内部连接复杂程度的指标,值越大代表系统内部越复杂,功能群之间的联系就越强、越稳定,系统抵抗外界环境变动的能力越强。现阶段海州湾及邻近海域生态系统的SOI和CI分别为0.204和0.429,王腾等[14]对该海域2013年生态系统的SOI和CI研究结果分别为0.174和0.415,两者基本一致。另外,该结果与其他未成熟生态系统也相似,如胶州湾[10]、黄河口[35]。说明该系统的食物网结构相对简单,系统处于不稳定状态,同时具有的净生产量较高,为1 891.732 t/(km·a)。总的来说,海州湾及邻近海域生态系统食物网连接相对简单,容易受外界扰动影响。分析其原因,可能是近年来海州湾及邻近海域受捕捞和海洋开发活动等因素的影响,生态环境变化较大,鱼类多样性降低,资源衰退[36],导致食物网结构简单。
目前,食物矩阵的分析结果大多由胃含物分析得来,而胃含物分析方法存在一些不足[37-39],不能反映物种长时期内摄食的情况,因而会影响该模型的结果。输入准确的食物矩阵数据是提高模型准确性的关键。随着技术发展,稳定同位素方法已经成为一种分析食物网营养结构的重要手段[40],这种方法能提供一段时间内物种积累的营养数据、食物来源以及物种在食物网中的位置[41]。因此,在接下来的研究中,需要结合稳定同位素方法,调整食物矩阵,提高模型质量。
通过对海州湾及邻近海域生态系统模型进行研究,能够了解该海域的营养结构和系统发育状况,有助于该海域生态系统的管理规划,为渔业资源的可持续管理提供科学的理论指导。为了防止海州湾及邻近海域渔业资源的进一步衰退,实现渔业的可持续发展,提出以下几点建议:(1)减少渔业燃料补贴,并增加个人转行从事其他行业的补贴,降低捕捞强度;(2)加大在休渔期间非法捕鱼的惩罚力度,与配额捕捞制度相结合,避免休渔期过后出现过度竞争;(3)发展近海养殖业,增加海产品供应,减轻沿海渔业资源的捕捞压力。加大对该海域生态环境的保护,维护生态系统的健康和稳定,最终实现海洋渔业的可持续发展。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904);国家自然科学基金(31772852);山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0501-2)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.06.012
  • 接收时间:2019-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-07-17
  • 修回日期:2019-10-10
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904);国家自然科学基金(31772852);山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0501-2)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 青岛职业技术学院 信息学院,山东 青岛 266555
    4 近海(大连)生态发展有限公司,辽宁 大连 116023

通讯作者:

*薛莹,教授,主要从事摄食生态学、渔业资源生物学、食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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