Article(id=1243954932244656260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243954925370196248, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1558713600000, receivedDateStr=2019-05-25, revisedDate=1561651200000, revisedDateStr=2019-06-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511567411, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1587744000000, pubDateStr=2020-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511567411, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511567411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511567411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243954925370196248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511565773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511565773, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243954932638920855, articleId=1243954932244656260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Grey catastrophe year prediction for the abundance of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the Northwest Pacific, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii is a short-lived cephalopod species whose abundance is highly susceptible to marine environmental changes and has large interannual fluctuations. Based on the statistical data from the squid fishery in the Northwest Pacific from 1995 to 2017, catch per unit effort (CPUE) was derived as an abundance index and the grey catastrophic prediction method was used to establish the GM(1, 1)model for the upper and lower catastrophic years and to forecast the future catastrophic years. The results show that the average relative error of the lower limit catastrophic prediction model established based on GLM-model-standardized CPUE is 15.32%, the average relative error of the upper catastrophic prediction model is 8.19%, and the accuracy tests for both models attain the level I accuracy. The study forecasts that the next upper catastrophic year may occur in 2021 (CPUE≥2.39 t/(ship·a)), and the lower catastrophe year occurred in 2027 (CPUE≤2.13 t/(ship·a)). The study also suggests that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño-La Nina events are important factors driving large fluctuations in the squid abundance. The forecast can provide a reference for squid fishing enterprises and managing departments in the Northwest Pacific.

, correspAuthors=Xinjun Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mingyang Xie, Xinjun Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243954934312448232, articleId=1243954932244656260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=西北太平洋柔鱼丰度的灰色灾变预测, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)为短生命周期的头足类,其资源丰度极易受海洋环境变化影响,年间波动较大。根据1995−2017年西北太平洋柔鱼渔业生产统计数据,以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)作为资源丰度指数,运用灰色灾变预测方法对上、下限灾变年份建立GM(1, 1)模型,预测未来灾变年份。结果显示,以GLM模型标准化CPUE建立的下限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为15.32%,上限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为8.19%,模型精度检验等级均为Ⅰ级。研究认为,下一个资源丰年(CPUE大于2.39 t/(船·a))将出现在2021年,资源歉年(CPUE小于2.13 t/(船·a))将出现在2027年;太平洋年代际涛动与El Niño-La Niña事件是驱使柔鱼丰度大幅度波动的重要因素。该预测结果可为西北太平洋鱿钓生产企业和管理部门提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陈新军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈新军,教授,主要从事渔业资源渔场学、远洋鱿钓渔业等方向研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=t6DwmcZVtzKKavugEiO9QA==, magXml=3IJN2VORzW2ZRyGdK/oT6w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=o6hnYoBwldq/qY4mGhnxGA==, pdfFileSize=1144592, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=90Ou3H5qGosCiVeKfbl8XQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XwDH5A5sfzYLKuHC2c6n1Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

解明阳 (1994-),男,吉林省吉林市人,主要研究方向为渔情预报。E-mail:

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解明阳 (1994-),男,吉林省吉林市人,主要研究方向为渔情预报。E-mail:

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解明阳 (1994-),男,吉林省吉林市人,主要研究方向为渔情预报。E-mail:

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Precision test accuracy of grey model[18]

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精度等级Ⅰ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅳ级
方差比C0.350.500.650.80
小误差概率P0.950.800.700.60
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灰色系统理论模型精度检验[18]

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精度等级Ⅰ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅳ级
方差比C0.350.500.650.80
小误差概率P0.950.800.700.60
), ArticleFig(id=1246538013560427134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954932244656260, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Relative error between the predicted value and the true value of the GM(1, 1)model

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下限灾变
序列号
拟合值相对误差
/%
上限灾变
序列号
拟合值相对误差
/%
X55.081.67X1210.6111.61
X77.476.73X1312.612.99
X810.9837.25X1414.997.10
X2116.1423.16X1617.8311.42
X2223.727.80X2321.207.85
平均相对误差15.32平均相对误差8.19
), ArticleFig(id=1246538013673673344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954932244656260, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

灰色灾变GM(1, 1)模型预测值与真实值之间的相对误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
下限灾变
序列号
拟合值相对误差
/%
上限灾变
序列号
拟合值相对误差
/%
X55.081.67X1210.6111.61
X77.476.73X1312.612.99
X810.9837.25X1414.997.10
X2116.1423.16X1617.8311.42
X2223.727.80X2321.207.85
平均相对误差15.32平均相对误差8.19
), ArticleFig(id=1246538013765948037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954932244656260, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Related parameters of the GM(1, 1)model

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灰色灾变模型发展系数a方差比C小误差概率P响应函数
下限灾变模型−0.0640.3421.000x(t+1)=10.823exp(0.385t) −
8.823
上限灾变模型0.1170.3411.000x(t+1)=56.140exp(0.173t) −
45.140
), ArticleFig(id=1246538013946303115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954932244656260, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

灰色灾变GM(1, 1)模型的相关参数

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灰色灾变模型发展系数a方差比C小误差概率P响应函数
下限灾变模型−0.0640.3421.000x(t+1)=10.823exp(0.385t) −
8.823
上限灾变模型0.1170.3411.000x(t+1)=56.140exp(0.173t) −
45.140
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西北太平洋柔鱼丰度的灰色灾变预测
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解明阳 1 , 陈新军 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(4): 40-46
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(4): 40-46
西北太平洋柔鱼丰度的灰色灾变预测
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解明阳1 , 陈新军1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
  • 2 农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 3 国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
  • 4 大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
  • 5 农业农村部大洋渔业资源环境科学观测实验站,上海 201306
  • 解明阳 (1994-),男,吉林省吉林市人,主要研究方向为渔情预报。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈新军,教授,主要从事渔业资源渔场学、远洋鱿钓渔业等方向研究。E-mail:
Grey catastrophe year prediction for the abundance of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the Northwest Pacific
Mingyang Xie1 , Xinjun Chen1, 2, 3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Oceanic Fisheries Exploration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 3 National Engineering Research Center for Oceanic Fisheries, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 5 Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Oceanic Fishery Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2020-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.005
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柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)为短生命周期的头足类,其资源丰度极易受海洋环境变化影响,年间波动较大。根据1995−2017年西北太平洋柔鱼渔业生产统计数据,以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)作为资源丰度指数,运用灰色灾变预测方法对上、下限灾变年份建立GM(1, 1)模型,预测未来灾变年份。结果显示,以GLM模型标准化CPUE建立的下限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为15.32%,上限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为8.19%,模型精度检验等级均为Ⅰ级。研究认为,下一个资源丰年(CPUE大于2.39 t/(船·a))将出现在2021年,资源歉年(CPUE小于2.13 t/(船·a))将出现在2027年;太平洋年代际涛动与El Niño-La Niña事件是驱使柔鱼丰度大幅度波动的重要因素。该预测结果可为西北太平洋鱿钓生产企业和管理部门提供参考。

柔鱼  /  资源丰度  /  灰色灾变预测  /  GM(1, 1)模型  /  气候变化

Neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii is a short-lived cephalopod species whose abundance is highly susceptible to marine environmental changes and has large interannual fluctuations. Based on the statistical data from the squid fishery in the Northwest Pacific from 1995 to 2017, catch per unit effort (CPUE) was derived as an abundance index and the grey catastrophic prediction method was used to establish the GM(1, 1)model for the upper and lower catastrophic years and to forecast the future catastrophic years. The results show that the average relative error of the lower limit catastrophic prediction model established based on GLM-model-standardized CPUE is 15.32%, the average relative error of the upper catastrophic prediction model is 8.19%, and the accuracy tests for both models attain the level I accuracy. The study forecasts that the next upper catastrophic year may occur in 2021 (CPUE≥2.39 t/(ship·a)), and the lower catastrophe year occurred in 2027 (CPUE≤2.13 t/(ship·a)). The study also suggests that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and El Niño-La Nina events are important factors driving large fluctuations in the squid abundance. The forecast can provide a reference for squid fishing enterprises and managing departments in the Northwest Pacific.

Ommastrephes bartramii  /  abundance  /  grey catastrophic year prediction  /  GM (1, 1) model  /  climate change
解明阳, 陈新军. 西北太平洋柔鱼丰度的灰色灾变预测. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (4) : 40 -46 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.005
Mingyang Xie, Xinjun Chen. Grey catastrophe year prediction for the abundance of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the Northwest Pacific[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (4) : 40 -46 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.005
柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是大洋经济头足类,广泛分布于西北太平洋,是我国鱿钓渔船的重要捕捞对象[1]。自1993年我国开始开发柔鱼资源以来,捕捞规模与作业海域不断扩大,年产量基本稳定在6万~10万t[2]。由于柔鱼是一种“生态机会主义”物种,其中心渔场与资源丰度极易受海洋环境与气候变化的影响[3],因此柔鱼资源量会出现剧烈的年间变化。已有研究表明,柔鱼的资源量变化与环境因子变化,例如海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)[4]、黑潮[5]有密切的关系;资源量的骤增骤减现象也受气候变化的影响,例如El Niño-La Niña现象[6]、太平洋年代际涛动(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)现象[7]等影响。目前国内外学者已经对北太平洋柔鱼渔场时空分布[8]、资源评估与管理[9]、资源量预报模型[10]等做了较为全面的研究。对柔鱼资源量进行年度的灾变预测,将有利于掌握西北太平洋柔鱼的资源状况,为资源合理利用提供依据。
灰色系统理论是一门有关不确定系统的理论,其优点在于允许样本数量较少且服从任意分布,这对于缺乏数据的渔业科学领域来说有很好的应用前景[11]。目前,灰色系统理论在资源量预测[12]、渔场空间分布[13]、渔业水质评价[14]等方面已取得了较好的成果。为此,本研究采用灰色系统研究方法中的灰色灾变预测模型,对西北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度的丰歉年进行预测,以达到预警目的,为北太平洋渔业生产企业和管理部门及时进行有效管理提供技术支撑。
渔业生产统计数据来自上海海洋大学中国鱿钓技术组,时间为1995−2017年,空间范围为35°~45°N、140°~179°E,统计内容包括日期、经度、纬度、日产量和作业渔船,空间分辨率为1°×1°。以单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch Per Unit Effort,CPUE)表征柔鱼资源丰度,以1°×1°为一个渔区,计算各年每个渔区的CPUE值。
SST数据来源于美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)的网站(http://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/index.html),时间范围为1995−2017年的1−12月,时间分辨率为月,利用平均法计算各年作业渔场平均SST。
统计每年所得到的总渔获量(Catch),以每年捕捞的船数作为捕捞努力量(Effort),计算名义CPUE,其公式为
${\rm{CPUE}} = \frac{{Catch}}{{Effort}},$
式中,CPUE为每年的单位捕捞努力量,单位为t/(船·a);Catch的单位为t/a。
利用广义线性回归模型(Generalized Linear Model,GLM)对名义CPUE进行标准化。由于CPUE受环境因子(SST)、渔场空间位置(渔场重心的经度、纬度)等因素影响,所以将其作为解释变量,CPUE作为响应变量,去除空间和环境因子对CPUE的影响,以名义CPUE和标准化的CPUE作为柔鱼资源丰度的指标。
渔场重心计算公式为
$Lon = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^K {({C_i} \times {Lon_i})} \bigg/\sum\limits_{i = 1}^K {{C_i}},$
$ Lat = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^K {({C_i} \times {Lat_i})} \bigg/\sum\limits_{i = 1}^K {{C_i}}, $
式中,LonLat分别为渔场重心位置的经度和纬度;Cii渔区的产量;LoniLati分别为渔区i的中心经纬度位置;K为渔区的总个数。
GLM的表达形式为:glm[CPUE]~SST +Lon+Lat+ε。其中,SST为年平均海表面温度,ε为误差项。
利用GM(1, 1)模型对北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度进行灾变预测[15]。具体方法如下:
设原始序列X=(x(1),x(2),···,x(n)),取序列的第3分位数Q3(大于75%的值)为上限灾变值$\xi _1$,取序列第1分位数Q1(小于25%的值)为下限灾变值$\xi_2 $,将序列X中大于或小于$\xi $的点认为是异常值的点[16],将其组成上限或下限灾变序列${{\boldsymbol X}_\xi }$=(x[q(1)],x[q(2)],···,x[q(m)]),设灾变日期序列${{\boldsymbol Q}^{(0)}}$=(q(1),q(2),···,q(m)),对其建立GM(1, 1)模型进行灾变预测。GM(1, 1)模型计算方法如下[17]
${{\boldsymbol Q}^{(1)}}$=(x(1)(1),x(1)(2),···,x(1)(n))为灾变日期序列${{\boldsymbol Q}^{(0)}}$的一次累加生成序列。其中,${{\boldsymbol Q}^{(1)}}$(k)=$\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^k {{x^{(0)}}(i)} $k=1, 2, ···, n,令Z(1)=(Z(1)(2),Z(1)(3),···,Z(1)(n))为${{\boldsymbol Q}^{(1)}}$的紧邻均值生成数列,其中Z(1)(k)=$\dfrac{1}{2}[{{\boldsymbol Q}^{(1)}}$(k)+${{\boldsymbol Q}^{(1)}}$(k−1)],k=2,3, ···, n,得到GM(1, 1)模型的基本形式为:${{\boldsymbol Q}^{(0)}}$(k)+aZ(1)(k)=b,a为发展系数。
设参数向量$\mathop {\boldsymbol a}\limits^\Lambda = {[a,b]^{\rm T}}$,用最小二乘法估计参数列:$\mathop {\boldsymbol a}\limits^\Lambda = {({{\boldsymbol B}^{\rm T}}{\boldsymbol B})^{ - 1}}{{\boldsymbol B}^{\rm T}}{\boldsymbol Y}$,其中,
${\boldsymbol{Y}}=\left[ \begin{array}{l} {x^{(0)}}(2) \\ {x^{(0)}}(3) \\ \quad \vdots \\ {x^{(0)}}(n) \\ \end{array} \right],\;\;{\boldsymbol{B}}=\left[ \begin{array}{l} - {z^{(1)}}(2)\quad 1 \\ - {z^{(1)}}(3)\quad 1 \\ \quad \vdots \quad \;\;\quad \vdots \\ - {z^{(1)}}(n)\quad 1 \\ \end{array} \right].$
求解微分方程,得到预测模型:${\mathop x\limits^{\Lambda }} ^{(1)}(k + 1) = \Big[{x^{(0)}}(1) -$$ \dfrac{b}{a}\Big]{{\rm e}^{ - ak}}+ \dfrac{b}{a} $
灰色灾变GM(1, 1)模型的验证主要包括残差检验与后验差检验[18]。残差为原始值与预测值之间的绝对误差与相对误差;后验差检验是按照残差的概率分布进行检验,记原始序列标准差${S_1} = \sqrt {\dfrac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {{{[{x^{(0)}}(k) - {{\overline x }^{(0)}}]}^2}} }}{{n - 1}}} $,绝对误差序列标准差${S_2} = \sqrt {\dfrac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {{{[\varepsilon (k) - \overline \varepsilon ]}^2}} }}{{n - 1}}} $,方差比$C = \dfrac{{{S_2}}}{{{S_1}}}$,小误差概率P=$p\left\{ {|\varepsilon (k) - \overline \varepsilon | < 0.674\;5{S_1}} \right\}$k=1,2, ···, n
残差越小,模型精度越好。方差比C越小,说明S2小,S1大,即残差方差小,原始数据方差大,残差比较集中,摆动幅度小,原始数据比较分散,摆动幅度大,所以模型模拟效果更好。模型精度检验等级见表1
发展系数a反映主因素与各子因素之间的协调程度,当−a≤0.3时,模型可用于中长期预测;当0.3<−a≤0.5时可用于短期预测[19]
1995−2017年各年的名义平均CPUE与标准化CPUE见图1。经过GLM模型标准化的CPUE与名义CPUE的变化趋势基本一致但波动较小。2007年名义CPUE值最大,为4.197 t/(船·a),2009年名义CPUE最小,为1.319 t/(船·a);2017年标准化的CPUE值最大,为2.928 t/(船·a),2002年标准化的CPUE最小,为1.446 t/(船·a)。
根据灾变值的划分(下限灾变值为2.13 t/(船·a),上限灾变值为2.39 t/(船·a)),以GLM模型标准化CPUE建立的灾变模型的上限灾变点为2005年、2006年、2007年、2008年、2010年、2017年,灾变序列为11、12、13、14、16、23;下限灾变点为1996年、1999年、2001年、2002年、2015年、2016年,灾变序列为2、5、7、8、21、22。
从模型精度来看,以GLM模型标准化CPUE建立的下限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为15.32%,上限灾变预测模型的平均相对误差为8.19%(表2)。从发展系数a来看,下限灾变预测模型(a=−0.064)和上限灾变预测模型(a=0.117)均可用于中长期预测(表3)。从后验差检验结果(表3)来看,下限灾变预测模型(C=−0.342,P=1)和上限灾变预测模型(C=−0.341,P=1)的方差比C小于0.35,小误差概率P大于0.95,模型精度等级为Ⅰ级。
根据表3的响应函数来看,下一次的下限灾变和上限灾变发生序号分别为34.86和25.20,在2016年以后的11.14 a(由34.86 a减去23.72 a得出),即2027年会发生资源丰度歉年;在2017年以后的4.0 a(由25.20 a减去21.20 a得出),即2021年会发生资源丰度丰年(表3)。
柔鱼作为短生命周期的种类,一生产卵一次,因此其渔获量的多少取决于当年的柔鱼补充量[20]。造成柔鱼资源丰度下降的原因是多方面的,如沈建华等[21]认为2001年低产的原因主要为:黑潮大蛇行、黑潮势力偏弱、北部水温过低、渔汛期流隔不明显和饵料不充足。陈峰等[22]认为2009年低产的原因主要为产卵场发生黑潮大弯曲,传统作业渔场有一个明显的冷水南下。唐峰华等[23]认为SST偏低导致的补充量减少,叶绿素a浓度分布与海流波动较大导致的饵料分布不稳定等现象也是2001年低产的原因之一。从大尺度气候变化来看,PDO是一种以10 a周期变化的太平洋气候变化,PDO指数定义为20°N以北北太平洋SST异常第一主分量。余为等[7]对不同气候模态下西北太平洋柔鱼渔场环境做出分析,认为PDO暖期会为仔幼鱼提供较好的摄食环境,易形成适宜的育肥场,导致CPUE较高,PDO冷期则相反。根据美国华盛顿大气与海洋联合研究所的数据(http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/PDO.latest)结合灾变年份的分布来看(图2),基本上灾变年份符合PDO冷暖期的分布规律,即上限灾变年份位于PDO暖期,下限灾变年份位于PDO冷期。而且在冷暖期转换的年份(2001−2002年,2007−2008年,2014−2015年)灾变年份类型仍维持在转变期前的状态,说明PDO对柔鱼资源的影响具有一定的滞后性。此外,El Niño-La Niña事件是太平洋海域气候变率的最强信号,对柔鱼资源丰度也有较大的影响。如Chen等[6]认为La Niña事件发生时,柔鱼产卵场温度升高,不利于仔幼鱼的繁殖与孵化,导致资源补充量下降,反之El Niño事件时资源补充量上升。Yu等[24]通过构建栖息地模型发现La Niña事件下产生的暖水团,使适宜的叶绿素浓度和海表面高度距平范围扩大,导致栖息地面积扩张,而El Niño事件则相反。根据NOAA对El Niño和La Niña事件的定义(http://ggweather.com/enso/oni.htm),即若Niño3.4区SST异常连续5个月滑动平均值超过+0.5℃认为发生一次El Niño事件;若连续5个月低于−0.5℃则认为发生一次La Niña事件。结合灾变年份分布来看(图3),基本上上限灾变年份发生在El Niño事件期间,下限灾变年份发生在La Niña事件期间。相比于PDO而言,El Niño和La Niña事件期间的灾变年份分布更为明显,如下限灾变年1996年对应La Niña事件,上限灾变年2003−2005年对应El Niño年,并且其滞后性比PDO更小。
灾变预测年份显示(表3),在4 a或者更短的时间内,北太平洋柔鱼的资源丰度依旧很高,这也符合今后持续的PDO暖期与El Niño事件的气候变化背景,但在PDO冷暖期与El Niño-La Niña事件转化的年份,易发生资源丰度歉年,并在11 a左右的下一个周期开始仍处于低资源丰度的状态。所以建议北太平洋渔业生产企业和管理部门在PDO暖期与El Niño事件期间加大生产与捕捞努力量的投入,争取经济效益的最大化;相反,在PDO冷期与La Niña事件期间及时做好低产的准备,减少船只、人力、管理等方面由于多余投入而带来的经济损失。
灰色灾变预测实质上异常值预测,而异常值的设置往往是根据人们凭经验确定的,具有很强的主观性,因此灾变阈值的确定十分重要。本研究采用统计学上的四分位数法确定灾变阈值的上下限,从模型的精度来看,灾变GM(1, 1)模型可以有效地预测灾变发生时间。从预测模型的结果看(表2),对于短期的预测值精度都较高,但随着预测时序的增长,会出现误差较大的点,证明灰色灾变预测模型仅适合短期的灾变点预测。此外,灾变预测不能预测连续发生的灾变点,如本研究的连续灾变年份包括上限灾变点2005−2008年,下限灾变点2000−2001年,2015−2016年。由于GM(1, 1)模型过于依赖样本序列,所以样本长度不同,序列起始划分不同,预测值会具有一定的不确定性,如样本太少会导致结果失真,样本太多难以达到所要求序列满足的光滑度。建议以后的研究采用多样本序列组合形式建立多种模型,考虑渔获量或捕捞努力量等指标,筛选出最优模型用于灾变长期预报。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(NSFC41876141);上海市科技创新行动计划 (19DZ1207502)。
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2020年第42卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.005
  • 接收时间:2019-05-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-05-25
  • 修回日期:2019-06-28
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(NSFC41876141);上海市科技创新行动计划 (19DZ1207502)。
作者信息
    1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
    2 农业农村部大洋渔业开发重点实验室,上海 201306
    3 国家远洋渔业工程技术研究中心,上海 201306
    4 大洋渔业资源可持续开发教育部重点实验室,上海 201306
    5 农业农村部大洋渔业资源环境科学观测实验站,上海 201306

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*陈新军,教授,主要从事渔业资源渔场学、远洋鱿钓渔业等方向研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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