Article(id=1243954931523240350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243954925370196248, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1560787200000, receivedDateStr=2019-06-18, revisedDate=1568822400000, revisedDateStr=2019-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511567239, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1587744000000, pubDateStr=2020-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511567239, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511567239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511567239, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243954925370196248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511565773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511565773, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243954932848640495, articleId=1243954931523240350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Structure and complexity of Haizhou Bay food web based on topological network analysis, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Research on the structure and complexity of food webs helps to analyze the function, nutrient dynamics and energy conversion of food webs. Based on the survey data of fishery resources and the analysis of gastric contents in five voyages in Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters from March to December 2011, this study constructed a Haizhou Bay topology network based on 11 topological network indices. To study the structure and complexity of the Haizhou Bay food network. The results showed that the number of species in the Haizhou Bay food network (S) was 93, the number of connections (L) was 1 021, the number of interactions per species (L/S) was 10.98, the number of connections (L/S2) was 0.12; the proportions of top species, intermediate species, foundation species were 29%, 69% and 2%, respectively; the omnivorous index of food web was 87%; the connection complexity index SC was 22.2; the characteristic path length ChPath was 2.11, and the clustering coefficient CC was 0.23. Studies on the number of interactions and the number of connections in each species showed that the values of L/S and L/S2 were within the normal range, so the complexity of the Haizhou Bay food web remained high. Through the analysis of the structure of the food web by species ratio, omnivorous index, connection complexity index, characteristic path length and clustering coefficient, it was found that the food network structure of Haizhou Bay was in a stable state, and the proportion of basic species was low because the phytoplankton and seaweed groups were not classified. Through the study of the structure and complexity of Haizhou Bay food network, it provides an important basis for the in-depth study of the function of Haizhou Bay food network and the scientific management of Haizhou Bay fishery resources.

, correspAuthors=Ying Xue, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Congjun Xu, Yang Liu, Yuan Cheng, Binduo Xu, Chongliang Zhang, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243954934044017218, articleId=1243954931523240350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于拓扑网络研究海州湾食物网结构与复杂性, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对食物网结构与复杂性的研究有助于深入解析食物网的功能、营养动力和能量转化过程。本文根据2011年3−12月在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的5个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查资料以及胃含物分析数据,基于11个拓扑网络指数,构建了海州湾拓扑网络,研究海州湾食物网的结构与复杂性。结果表明,本文分析的海州湾食物网物种数S为93,连接数L为1 021,每个物种的相互作用数量L/S为10.98,连接性L/S2为0.12;顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种的比例分别为29%、69%和2%;食物网的杂食性指数为87%,连接复杂性指数SC为22.20,特征路径长度ChPath为2.11,聚类系数CC为0.23。通过每个物种的相互作用数量和连接性的研究显示,L/SL/S2的值都处在正常范围内,所以海州湾食物网的复杂性仍保持较高水平。通过物种比例、杂食性指数、连接复杂性指数、特征路径长度、聚类系数对食物网结构分析,发现海州湾食物网结构处于稳定状态,能够在一定程度上抵御外界环境的扰动,保证生态系统功能的正常运行。通过对海州湾食物网结构与复杂性的研究,将为今后海州湾食物网功能的深入研究以及海州湾渔业资源的科学管理提供重要依据。

, correspAuthors=薛莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*薛莹,教授,主要从事摄食生态学、渔业资源生物学、食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gVgs6c0t3lctgxz0NxDC2Q==, magXml=wkmvrxmQAYpcWWl+c2tiXA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=31iCD1FxsyV4D6z1Kr3Jkg==, pdfFileSize=4134024, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=UX4h6dsar1jv9oZVwB+0gw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CA9KmKlQEOZiDGve5DB7iQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

徐从军(1995-),男,山东省日照市人,主要研究方向为摄食生态学。E-mail:

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徐从军(1995-),男,山东省日照市人,主要研究方向为摄食生态学。E-mail:

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徐从军(1995-),男,山东省日照市人,主要研究方向为摄食生态学。E-mail:

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ID1~93 in Table 1

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编号1~93见表1

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Species and links of Haizhou Bay food web

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序号物种名连接数序号物种名连接数
1中华安乐虾Eualus sinensis2548Miichthys miiuy23
2白姑鱼Pennahia argentata2649纽形动物Nemertean3
3斑鰶Konosirus punctatus650皮氏叫姑鱼Johnius belangeri32
4鲳属Pampus sp.451普氏栉虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus12
5赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa chefuensis1652长足七腕虾Heptacarpus futilirostris 8
6大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii3653其他虾虎鱼Other gobies24
7大银鱼Protosalanx hyalocranius254其他虾类shrimps46
8带纹条鳎Zebrias zebra1555枪乌贼Loligo sp.48
9带鱼Trichiurus lepturus3256青鳞小沙丁鱼Sardinella zunasi13
10戴氏赤虾Metapenaeopsis dalei 2557日本鼓虾Alpheus japonicus42
11刀鲚Coilia nasus558Scomber japonicus10
12底栖生物Benthos859日本蟳Charybdis japonica13
13真鲷Pagrus major1960舌鳎Soleidae sp.27
14鳚杜父鱼Pseudoblennius cottoides361狮子鱼Liparis sp.25
15短鳄齿鱼Champsodon snyderi1562双斑蟳Charybdis bimaculata17
16短蛸Octopus ochellatus1863双喙耳乌贼Sepiola birostrata22
17方氏云鳚Pholis fangi2564双壳类Bivalves50
17凤鲚Coilia mystus1065四盘耳乌贼Euprymna morsei8
19浮游动物Zooplankton7466繸鳚Chirolophis japonicus 2
20浮游植物Phytoplankton1267太平洋褶柔鱼Todarodes pacificus18
21腹足类Gastropods4268Engraulis japonicus30
22高眼鲽Cleisthenes herzensteini1269绿鳍马面鲀Thamnaconus septentrionalis10
23尖海龙Syngnathus acus 870纹缟虾虎鱼Tridentiger trigonocephalus 6
24海藻Algae1671多鳞鱚Sillago sihama16
25海蜇Rhopilema esculenta 272细螯虾Leptochela gracilis50
26海蜇虾Latreutes anoplonyx2473细条天竺鲷Apogon lineatus26
27褐菖鲉Sebastiscus marmoratus1574鲜明鼓虾Alpheus disinguendus37
28褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus 1875Callionymidae26
29环节动物Polychaetes4676小带鱼Eupleurogrammus muticus7
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海州湾食物网物种及其连接数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号物种名连接数序号物种名连接数
1中华安乐虾Eualus sinensis2548Miichthys miiuy23
2白姑鱼Pennahia argentata2649纽形动物Nemertean3
3斑鰶Konosirus punctatus650皮氏叫姑鱼Johnius belangeri32
4鲳属Pampus sp.451普氏栉虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus12
5赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa chefuensis1652长足七腕虾Heptacarpus futilirostris 8
6大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii3653其他虾虎鱼Other gobies24
7大银鱼Protosalanx hyalocranius254其他虾类shrimps46
8带纹条鳎Zebrias zebra1555枪乌贼Loligo sp.48
9带鱼Trichiurus lepturus3256青鳞小沙丁鱼Sardinella zunasi13
10戴氏赤虾Metapenaeopsis dalei 2557日本鼓虾Alpheus japonicus42
11刀鲚Coilia nasus558Scomber japonicus10
12底栖生物Benthos859日本蟳Charybdis japonica13
13真鲷Pagrus major1960舌鳎Soleidae sp.27
14鳚杜父鱼Pseudoblennius cottoides361狮子鱼Liparis sp.25
15短鳄齿鱼Champsodon snyderi1562双斑蟳Charybdis bimaculata17
16短蛸Octopus ochellatus1863双喙耳乌贼Sepiola birostrata22
17方氏云鳚Pholis fangi2564双壳类Bivalves50
17凤鲚Coilia mystus1065四盘耳乌贼Euprymna morsei8
19浮游动物Zooplankton7466繸鳚Chirolophis japonicus 2
20浮游植物Phytoplankton1267太平洋褶柔鱼Todarodes pacificus18
21腹足类Gastropods4268Engraulis japonicus30
22高眼鲽Cleisthenes herzensteini1269绿鳍马面鲀Thamnaconus septentrionalis10
23尖海龙Syngnathus acus 870纹缟虾虎鱼Tridentiger trigonocephalus 6
24海藻Algae1671多鳞鱚Sillago sihama16
25海蜇Rhopilema esculenta 272细螯虾Leptochela gracilis50
26海蜇虾Latreutes anoplonyx2473细条天竺鲷Apogon lineatus26
27褐菖鲉Sebastiscus marmoratus1574鲜明鼓虾Alpheus disinguendus37
28褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus 1875Callionymidae26
29环节动物Polychaetes4676小带鱼Eupleurogrammus muticus7
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Structure and complexity index of Haizhou Bay food web

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食物网
指数
物种数(S每个物种相互
作用数量(L/S
连接性(L/S2顶层物种数(T中间物种数(I基础物种数(B杂食性物种
比例(Omn
连接复杂性
指数(SC
特征路径长度(ChPath聚类系数(CC
数值9310.980.1229%69%2%87%22.202.110.23
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海州湾食物网结构与复杂性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物网
指数
物种数(S每个物种相互
作用数量(L/S
连接性(L/S2顶层物种数(T中间物种数(I基础物种数(B杂食性物种
比例(Omn
连接复杂性
指数(SC
特征路径长度(ChPath聚类系数(CC
数值9310.980.1229%69%2%87%22.202.110.23
), ArticleFig(id=1246538010804773114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954931523240350, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of topological indices of Haizhou Bay and other overseas aquatic food webs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物网指数物种数(S每个物种相互
作用数量(L/S
连接性(L/S2顶层物种数(T中间物种数(I基础物种数(B杂食性物种
比例(Omn
连接复杂性
指数(SC
特征路径
长度(ChPath
聚类系数(CC
加勒比海珊瑚礁[34] 50 11.1 0.22 0 94 6 86 1.60 0.36
波特湾[28] 91 3.40 0.04 19 47 34 45 1.8 0.08
南极[35] 586 6.80 0.01 23 21 56 41 3.00 0.14
北极[36] 140 6.80 0.05 40 56 14 81
本格拉[37] 29 7.00 0.24 0 93 7 76 1.60
美国东北大陆架[38] 81 19.28 0.24 39.10
科切拉谷[39] 30 13.63 0.45 9.00
勒德格河[40] 40 2.00 0.05 4.10
小石湖[41] 182 13.00 0.07 26.20
海州湾9310.980.12296928722.202.110.23
), ArticleFig(id=1246538010897047810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954931523240350, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

海州湾与国外其他水域食物网拓扑指数的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
食物网指数物种数(S每个物种相互
作用数量(L/S
连接性(L/S2顶层物种数(T中间物种数(I基础物种数(B杂食性物种
比例(Omn
连接复杂性
指数(SC
特征路径
长度(ChPath
聚类系数(CC
加勒比海珊瑚礁[34] 50 11.1 0.22 0 94 6 86 1.60 0.36
波特湾[28] 91 3.40 0.04 19 47 34 45 1.8 0.08
南极[35] 586 6.80 0.01 23 21 56 41 3.00 0.14
北极[36] 140 6.80 0.05 40 56 14 81
本格拉[37] 29 7.00 0.24 0 93 7 76 1.60
美国东北大陆架[38] 81 19.28 0.24 39.10
科切拉谷[39] 30 13.63 0.45 9.00
勒德格河[40] 40 2.00 0.05 4.10
小石湖[41] 182 13.00 0.07 26.20
海州湾9310.980.12296928722.202.110.23
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基于拓扑网络研究海州湾食物网结构与复杂性
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徐从军 1 , 刘阳 3 , 程远 4 , 徐宾铎 1 , 张崇良 1 , 任一平 1, 2 , 薛莹 1, *
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(4): 47-54
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(4): 47-54
基于拓扑网络研究海州湾食物网结构与复杂性
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徐从军1 , 刘阳3, 程远4, 徐宾铎1, 张崇良1, 任一平1, 2, 薛莹1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 3 青岛职业技术学院 信息学院,山东 青岛 266555
  • 4 近海(大连)生态发展有限公司,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 徐从军(1995-),男,山东省日照市人,主要研究方向为摄食生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*薛莹,教授,主要从事摄食生态学、渔业资源生物学、食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
Structure and complexity of Haizhou Bay food web based on topological network analysis
Congjun Xu1 , Yang Liu3, Yuan Cheng4, Binduo Xu1, Chongliang Zhang1, Yiping Ren1, 2, Ying Xue1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3 School of Information, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao 266555, China
  • 4 Offshore (Dalian) Ecological Development Co. Ltd., Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2020-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.006
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针对食物网结构与复杂性的研究有助于深入解析食物网的功能、营养动力和能量转化过程。本文根据2011年3−12月在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的5个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查资料以及胃含物分析数据,基于11个拓扑网络指数,构建了海州湾拓扑网络,研究海州湾食物网的结构与复杂性。结果表明,本文分析的海州湾食物网物种数S为93,连接数L为1 021,每个物种的相互作用数量L/S为10.98,连接性L/S2为0.12;顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种的比例分别为29%、69%和2%;食物网的杂食性指数为87%,连接复杂性指数SC为22.20,特征路径长度ChPath为2.11,聚类系数CC为0.23。通过每个物种的相互作用数量和连接性的研究显示,L/SL/S2的值都处在正常范围内,所以海州湾食物网的复杂性仍保持较高水平。通过物种比例、杂食性指数、连接复杂性指数、特征路径长度、聚类系数对食物网结构分析,发现海州湾食物网结构处于稳定状态,能够在一定程度上抵御外界环境的扰动,保证生态系统功能的正常运行。通过对海州湾食物网结构与复杂性的研究,将为今后海州湾食物网功能的深入研究以及海州湾渔业资源的科学管理提供重要依据。

海州湾  /  食物网复杂性  /  食物网结构  /  拓扑网络

Research on the structure and complexity of food webs helps to analyze the function, nutrient dynamics and energy conversion of food webs. Based on the survey data of fishery resources and the analysis of gastric contents in five voyages in Haizhou Bay and its adjacent waters from March to December 2011, this study constructed a Haizhou Bay topology network based on 11 topological network indices. To study the structure and complexity of the Haizhou Bay food network. The results showed that the number of species in the Haizhou Bay food network (S) was 93, the number of connections (L) was 1 021, the number of interactions per species (L/S) was 10.98, the number of connections (L/S2) was 0.12; the proportions of top species, intermediate species, foundation species were 29%, 69% and 2%, respectively; the omnivorous index of food web was 87%; the connection complexity index SC was 22.2; the characteristic path length ChPath was 2.11, and the clustering coefficient CC was 0.23. Studies on the number of interactions and the number of connections in each species showed that the values of L/S and L/S2 were within the normal range, so the complexity of the Haizhou Bay food web remained high. Through the analysis of the structure of the food web by species ratio, omnivorous index, connection complexity index, characteristic path length and clustering coefficient, it was found that the food network structure of Haizhou Bay was in a stable state, and the proportion of basic species was low because the phytoplankton and seaweed groups were not classified. Through the study of the structure and complexity of Haizhou Bay food network, it provides an important basis for the in-depth study of the function of Haizhou Bay food network and the scientific management of Haizhou Bay fishery resources.

Haizhou Bay  /  food web complexity  /  food web structure  /  topology network
徐从军, 刘阳, 程远, 徐宾铎, 张崇良, 任一平, 薛莹. 基于拓扑网络研究海州湾食物网结构与复杂性. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (4) : 47 -54 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.006
Congjun Xu, Yang Liu, Yuan Cheng, Binduo Xu, Chongliang Zhang, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue. Structure and complexity of Haizhou Bay food web based on topological network analysis[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (4) : 47 -54 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.006
目前,基于生态系统的渔业资源评估和管理已成为渔业发展的重要趋势之一[1-2],其中食物网的结构和特性对于量化物种之间相互作用以及生态系统的深入研究都是至关重要的。生态网络分析作为生态系统研究的重要方法之一,不仅能够量化物种之间的相互作用,而且还能够分析这种相互作用对整个生态系统的间接影响[3]。近年来,随着气候变化,环境污染,过度捕捞等多重因素的影响[4],导致我国近海渔业资源日益衰退,生态环境退化[5],因此对海洋生态系统的保护就愈发迫切。通过生态网络分析,有助于深入解析生态系统的结构、功能和复杂性等特性[6-7],能够为海洋资源的科学管理和利用提供理论支撑。
海州湾是黄海的一部分,是我国近海重要的渔场之一[1],该海域为冷暖水团的交汇区[8],受多种海流控制,营养物质丰富,是多种经济动物产卵、繁殖、栖息的场所,对我国的渔业资源具有重要意义。本文根据2011年3−12月在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的5个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查资料以及胃含物分析数据,基于食物网拓扑网络指数,构建海州湾拓扑网络,并通过与国外其他水域相比较,来评估海州湾食物网的结构与复杂性,以期为海州湾食物网功能的深入研究以及海州湾渔业资源的科学管理提供理论依据。
实验样品来源于2011年3−12月在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,调查共5个航次,每个航次选取24个调查站位。调查范围为34°20′~35°40′N,119°20′~121°10′E。调查按照水深与经纬度等进行分层随机采样,以每经度10′,纬度10′为1个采样网格,共设置76个网格。其后根据水深、纬度方向等因素将调查海域分为5个典型区域,在每个区域内按比例随机设置调查站位(图1)。用船类型为单拖网渔船,功率为300马力(1马力=746 W),拖速为2~3 kn,每站位作业时间为1 h。
将样品解剖并留取胃含物进行分析,在分析样品时根据食物体积将摄食强度分为五级(0级:空胃;1级:食物达不到胃腔的一半;2级:食物超过胃腔的一半;3级:食物充满胃腔但不膨胀;4级:胃腔膨胀),进行目测确定摄食等级[9]。在双筒解剖镜下根据胃内残存饵料生物的形态特征来鉴定饵料种类,用精密分析天平(精确到0.000 1g)测定饵料生物质量,尽可能鉴定到最低的分类阶元,在称量前用吸水纸吸尽其表面的水分[10],分析每种饵料生物的出现频率及在各个捕食者中所占的质量比例,制成矩阵用于分析。
根据实验测得及参考历史文献[11-27]获得的数据,在食物矩阵中用0和1来表示两个物种之间是否存在摄食关系,0表示两个物种之间无摄食关系,1表示两者之间具有摄食关系[11]。通过Pajek软件画出拓扑网络图。
通过计算11个拓扑网络指数来描述海州湾食物网的结构和复杂性[28-32]。这11个指数为:物种数量S;通过摄食关系形成的连接数L;每个物种的相互作用数量L/S;连接性L/S2;顶层物种数:没有捕食者的物种数;中间物种数:既有捕食者也有饵料的物种数;基础物种数:只有捕食者,没有被捕食者的物种数,即初级生产者;杂食性物种比例:饵料物种跨越两个营养级的物种所占比例;连接复杂性指数SC:描述食物网稳定性,其中C的公式如下:
$C = \frac{{2L}}{{{S^2} - S}}.$
特征路径长度(ChPath):所有物种对之间的平均最短路径长度,
$ChPath = \frac{2}{{S(S - 1)}}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^s {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^s {ChPat{\rm_{min}}} } (i,j),$
式中,ChPathmin(i, j)表示任意物种对之间的最短路径长度,S(S−1)/2表示节点数。
聚类系数CC:描述食物网中物种节点的聚集程度;将获得的海州湾食物网拓扑指数与其他水域作对比,以此来评估海州湾食物网的结构与复杂性[28]
本研究分析了海州湾食物网中81种生物和12个类群,连接数超过20的物种有42种,占总物种数的45%(表1),所以食物网具有高度的连接性。图2 中不同物种节点的大小代表每个物种的连接数(包括捕食与被捕食),在海州湾食物网中连接数最高的为浮游动物(74条),连接数最低的为江口小公鱼(1条),江口小公鱼只有1条连接的原因可能是在进行胃含物分析时其摄食的饵料均为浮游动物,而在本次研究中将浮游动物合为一个类群,所以导致江口小公鱼只有1条连接。
海州湾食物网的复杂性主要由每个物种的相互作用数量和连接性来评估(表2),通过数据分析,在93种物种与类群之间含有1 021个连接数,即L=1 021,该食物网的L/S较高,为10.98,连接性L/S2为0.12(表2)。
在海州湾食物网中,中间物种数量超过总物种数的一半,占总物种数的69%(表2),这意味着这些物种在食物网中既是捕食者又是饵料生物。基础物种的数量最少,只占总物种数量的2%(表2)。杂食性指数的大小对食物网的稳定性具有显著影响,海州湾杂食性物种的数量为总数的87%,食物网的特征路径长度为2.11,聚类系数为0.23(表2)。
海州湾食物网的复杂性主要通过每个物种的相互作用数量L/SL/S2进行评估,以往的研究表明食物网的复杂性会随着L/SL/S2值的增大而增强[33]。在本研究中,测得L/SL/S2的数值分别为10.98和0.12,通过与国外其他水域食物网的对比研究发现(表3),海州湾食物网指标的数值相对较高,表明海州湾食物网是一个连接程度较高的食物网。食物网的复杂性会影响种群与群落的稳定性及抗干扰能力[3]L/SL/S2极高和极低都是非正常现象[42]。海州湾食物网的L/SL/S2值都处在正常范围内,表明海州湾食物网的复杂性处于正常状态。根据调查数据显示,海州湾的基础物种只占总物种数的2%,所以海州湾食物网是非“资源型”食物网。以往的研究表明,现实中S值通常大于最初确定的值,而且随着对生态系统研究的不断深入,S值可能会继续增大[43]。未来需要对海州湾食物网的复杂性开展长期的跟踪研究,以期深入探讨海州湾食物网的复杂性及其动态变化。
通过对海州湾食物网顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种比例的比较及其与其他食物网物种分布比较可以发现,海州湾食物网结构具有较大的结构差异性和独特性。海州湾食物网中间物种和杂食性物种比例较其他食物网相对较高(表3),这两个拓扑网络指数在食物网研究中通常具有相关性,因为大多数同时作为捕食者和饵料生物的中间物种通常会跨越多个营养级进行摄食,属于杂食性物种。以往,关于杂食性指数对食物网结构与动态的影响一直存在争议,因为无法确认杂食性物种的存在是否能够起到稳定食物网动态平衡的作用[44]。但是,2007年对南极洲的一项调查研究表明[45],杂食性指数的大小对食物网的稳定性具有显著影响,因为它能够对时空产生的变化和未知食物来源做出积极灵活的响应和改变,杂食性指数越大,该食物网越稳定[45]。海州湾食物网杂食性指数达到了87%,与其他水域的食物网相比处于最高位置(表3),表明海州湾食物网结构具有较高的稳定性。本研究还发现,海州湾食物网的特征路径长度较其他食物网而言,高于大部分的食物网,表明该食物网的连接线路较长,大多数物种彼此之间存在一定的差异性,从而增强了海州湾食物网的冗余度和抵御外界干扰的能力。
海州湾的连接复杂性指数为22.20(表3),高于科切拉谷和勒德格河,而低于美国东北大陆架和小石湖,处于中间位置,这表明海州湾食物网中物种之间的连接较为稳定,在一定程度上能够维持海州湾食物网的稳定性。海州湾食物网的聚类系数为0.23,与国外其他水域食物网相比(表3),该指数处在中间水平。当聚类系数指数较低时,表明食物网中大部分生物具有相似的联系,而没有强的种间相互作用[28]。本研究表明,海州湾食物网中的生物在一定程度上能够聚集,形成几个连接性较强的子网络结构,其原因可能是食物网中连接数较多的物种与特定的物种相联系,形成几个相互作用的集群。
综上所述,海州湾食物网结构处于稳定状态,杂食性物种的数量比例、其特征路径长度和聚集系数均表明,海州湾食物网具有较高的稳定性,能够在一定程度上抵御外界环境的扰动,保证生态系统功能的正常运行。通过对海州湾食物网结构与复杂性的研究,有助于进一步加深我们对海州湾生态系统的认识,能够为海州湾食物网功能的深入研究以及渔业资源的科学管理提供理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904);国家自然科学基金(31772852);山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0501-2)。
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2020年第42卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.006
  • 接收时间:2019-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-06-18
  • 修回日期:2019-09-19
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904);国家自然科学基金(31772852);山东省支持青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018SDKJ0501-2)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    3 青岛职业技术学院 信息学院,山东 青岛 266555
    4 近海(大连)生态发展有限公司,辽宁 大连 116023

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*薛莹,教授,主要从事摄食生态学、渔业资源生物学、食物网营养动力学、鱼类栖息地和空间分布等领域的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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