Article(id=1243954930931843485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243954925370196248, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1547568000000, receivedDateStr=2019-01-16, revisedDate=1557936000000, revisedDateStr=2019-05-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511567098, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1587744000000, pubDateStr=2020-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511567098, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511567098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511567098, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243954925370196248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511565773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511565773, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243954931955253684, articleId=1243954930931843485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the larvae settlement and post-settlement survival of two reef-building corals, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ocean acidification and warming are occurring globally through increasing CO2 absorption into the oceans, and impose two serious and imminent threats to the persistence of scleractinian corals and the reef ecosystem they construct. To evaluate the effects of ocean acidification and warming on the early life stages of the reef-building corals Acropora austera and A. intermedia, their larvae were incubated at a full cross design of two temperatures (about 28℃, about 30℃) and pCO2 (about 570 μatm, about 1 300 μatm) for 8 d. There were no significant differences in rates of settlement. Larval mortality rates of two reef-building corals were unaffected in any treatments. High pCO2 significantly reduced post-settlement survival of A. austera but not A. intermedia, with a 25.87% reduction in post-settlement survival in high pCO2 compared to control. Our results show that larvae settlement and mortality rates of the reef-building corals A. austera and A. intermedia were unaffected by ocean acidification and warming, and high pCO2 are more detrimental to mortality rates of juvenile A. austera than high temperature. Different species of juvenile corals exhibit species-specific response to ocean acidification and warming, with important implications for coral recruitment and even species structure composition of reef-building corals in the future ocean.

, correspAuthors=Hui Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Youfang Sun, Lei Jiang, Xinming Lei, Yuyang Zhang, Xiaolei Yu, Hui Huang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243954932819280365, articleId=1243954930931843485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着及幼体存活的影响, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大气CO2浓度持续升高导致海洋酸化和暖化影响着造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁生态系统。为探明造礁石珊瑚早期生活史对海洋酸化和暖化的生理学响应,本文研究了温度(约28°C, 约30°C)和pCO2(约570 µatm, 约1 300 μatm)以及两者协同作用对简单鹿角珊瑚(Acropora austera)和中间鹿角珊瑚(A. intermedia)早期生活史的影响。实验结果表明,升温(+约2.5°C)和酸化(约1 300 μatm)对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫的附着率和死亡率均无显著影响。酸化显著降低了简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率(25.87%),但并不显著影响中间鹿角珊瑚幼体的存活率;升温对两种鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率无显著影响。升温(+约2.5°C)、酸化(约1 300 μatm)对简单、中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活和附着过程的影响较小,但是酸化对简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活的影响高于暖化。本文结果表明,珊瑚补充过程对海洋酸化和暖化的响应可能具有种类特异性,气候变化将逐渐改变造礁石珊瑚的群落结构。

, correspAuthors=黄晖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*黄晖,研究员,主要从事珊瑚生物学与珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EiEMxTQ6pdLnzCMoKSrbmw==, magXml=BaMEitw0co2t+D7N4c6IJg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cNViaIgy+f4yj2znq/yr+A==, pdfFileSize=806976, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5twxwiTsOG5NlK3HttaCSg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cQGMYzbhAa2korWiuTpZoQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙有方(1990—),男,山东省菏泽市人,博士研究生,研究方向为珊瑚生物学。E-mail:

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孙有方(1990—),男,山东省菏泽市人,博士研究生,研究方向为珊瑚生物学。E-mail:

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Population dynamics and life histories of foliaceous corals[J]. Ecological Monographs, 1985, 55(2): 141−166., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246538018367099679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930931843485, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuan Xiangcheng, Yuan Tao, Huang Hui, et al. Elevated CO2 delays the early development of scleractinian coral Acropora gemmifera[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930931843485, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两种珊瑚幼体在不同处理下的存活率, figureFileSmall=xxfPV5JOE1RLv6JzWEDVuA==, figureFileBig=fX2mEf75s7MIGKx+amcPCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538012834812507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930931843485, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental seawater conditions for each treatment

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处理T/℃SpHpCO2 /µatmTA/µmol·kg−1ΩArag
  注:数据表示为均值±标准差。海水理化参数为温度(T)、盐度(S)、pH、二氧化碳分压(pCO2)、总碱度(Total Alkalinity, TA)和文石饱和度(ΩArag)。
ATAC27.95±0.9232.98±0.708.05±0.07571.90±14.532 224.85±19.432.37±0.03
ATHC27.80±0.2132.90±0.267.72±0.131 338.43±43.872 212.67±13.141.15±0.04
HTAC30.35±0.8033.23±0.618.05±0.10576.77±16.762 221.67±13.432.52±0.05
HTHC30.05±0.7633.18±0.317.75±0.151 290.85±52.032 245.83±8.351.33±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1246538012927087199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930931843485, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验期间各个处理海水理化因子的平均水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理T/℃SpHpCO2 /µatmTA/µmol·kg−1ΩArag
  注:数据表示为均值±标准差。海水理化参数为温度(T)、盐度(S)、pH、二氧化碳分压(pCO2)、总碱度(Total Alkalinity, TA)和文石饱和度(ΩArag)。
ATAC27.95±0.9232.98±0.708.05±0.07571.90±14.532 224.85±19.432.37±0.03
ATHC27.80±0.2132.90±0.267.72±0.131 338.43±43.872 212.67±13.141.15±0.04
HTAC30.35±0.8033.23±0.618.05±0.10576.77±16.762 221.67±13.432.52±0.05
HTHC30.05±0.7633.18±0.317.75±0.151 290.85±52.032 245.83±8.351.33±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1246538013019361891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930931843485, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of two-way ANOVAs testing the effects of elevated temperature, pCO2 on the percentages of settlement, mortality, post-settlement survival of two coral species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变化因素离均差平方和自由度均方F统计量p
简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率温度0.03410.0340.7150.405
pH0.13110.1312.7270.110
温度和pH0.00410.0040.0790.780
误差1.348280.048
中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率温度0.04610.0461.2770.272
pH0.02310.0230.6510.429
温度和pH0.07610.0762.1110.162
误差0.720200.036
简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率温度0.12510.1252.7570.108
pH0.11310.1132.4880.126
温度和pH0.00510.0050.1100.742
误差1.269280.045
中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率温度0.00410.0040.0660.800
pH0.02710.0270.4680.502
温度和pH0.00210.0020.0290.866
误差1.139200.057
简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率温度6.1×10−516.1×10−50.0010.979
pH0.47010.4705.4240.028
温度和pH0.00110.0010.0130.912
误差2.342270.087
中间鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率温度0.04610.0460.4110.530
pH0.06710.0670.5920.452
温度和pH0.21910.2191.9340.182
误差1.922170.113
), ArticleFig(id=1246538013120025191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930931843485, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

双因素方差分析结果:温度、pCO2对两种珊瑚幼虫附着率、死亡率及附着后存活的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变化因素离均差平方和自由度均方F统计量p
简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率温度0.03410.0340.7150.405
pH0.13110.1312.7270.110
温度和pH0.00410.0040.0790.780
误差1.348280.048
中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率温度0.04610.0461.2770.272
pH0.02310.0230.6510.429
温度和pH0.07610.0762.1110.162
误差0.720200.036
简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率温度0.12510.1252.7570.108
pH0.11310.1132.4880.126
温度和pH0.00510.0050.1100.742
误差1.269280.045
中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率温度0.00410.0040.0660.800
pH0.02710.0270.4680.502
温度和pH0.00210.0020.0290.866
误差1.139200.057
简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率温度6.1×10−516.1×10−50.0010.979
pH0.47010.4705.4240.028
温度和pH0.00110.0010.0130.912
误差2.342270.087
中间鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率温度0.04610.0460.4110.530
pH0.06710.0670.5920.452
温度和pH0.21910.2191.9340.182
误差1.922170.113
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海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着及幼体存活的影响
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孙有方 1, 2, 3 , 江雷 1, 2 , 雷新明 1, 2 , 张浴阳 1, 2 , 俞晓磊 1, 2, 3 , 黄晖 1, 2, 4, *
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(4): 96-103
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(4): 96-103
海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着及幼体存活的影响
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孙有方1, 2, 3 , 江雷1, 2, 雷新明1, 2, 张浴阳1, 2, 俞晓磊1, 2, 3, 黄晖1, 2, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院 南海海洋研究所 热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 2 中国科学院 南海海洋研究所 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 3 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 4 海南热带海洋生物实验站,海南 三亚 572000
  • 孙有方(1990—),男,山东省菏泽市人,博士研究生,研究方向为珊瑚生物学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*黄晖,研究员,主要从事珊瑚生物学与珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the larvae settlement and post-settlement survival of two reef-building corals
Youfang Sun1, 2, 3 , Lei Jiang1, 2, Xinming Lei1, 2, Yuyang Zhang1, 2, Xiaolei Yu1, 2, 3, Hui Huang1, 2, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4 Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
出版时间: 2020-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.011
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大气CO2浓度持续升高导致海洋酸化和暖化影响着造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁生态系统。为探明造礁石珊瑚早期生活史对海洋酸化和暖化的生理学响应,本文研究了温度(约28°C, 约30°C)和pCO2(约570 µatm, 约1 300 μatm)以及两者协同作用对简单鹿角珊瑚(Acropora austera)和中间鹿角珊瑚(A. intermedia)早期生活史的影响。实验结果表明,升温(+约2.5°C)和酸化(约1 300 μatm)对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫的附着率和死亡率均无显著影响。酸化显著降低了简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率(25.87%),但并不显著影响中间鹿角珊瑚幼体的存活率;升温对两种鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率无显著影响。升温(+约2.5°C)、酸化(约1 300 μatm)对简单、中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活和附着过程的影响较小,但是酸化对简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活的影响高于暖化。本文结果表明,珊瑚补充过程对海洋酸化和暖化的响应可能具有种类特异性,气候变化将逐渐改变造礁石珊瑚的群落结构。

海洋酸化和暖化  /  珊瑚  /  幼虫附着率  /  死亡率  /  幼体存活率

Ocean acidification and warming are occurring globally through increasing CO2 absorption into the oceans, and impose two serious and imminent threats to the persistence of scleractinian corals and the reef ecosystem they construct. To evaluate the effects of ocean acidification and warming on the early life stages of the reef-building corals Acropora austera and A. intermedia, their larvae were incubated at a full cross design of two temperatures (about 28℃, about 30℃) and pCO2 (about 570 μatm, about 1 300 μatm) for 8 d. There were no significant differences in rates of settlement. Larval mortality rates of two reef-building corals were unaffected in any treatments. High pCO2 significantly reduced post-settlement survival of A. austera but not A. intermedia, with a 25.87% reduction in post-settlement survival in high pCO2 compared to control. Our results show that larvae settlement and mortality rates of the reef-building corals A. austera and A. intermedia were unaffected by ocean acidification and warming, and high pCO2 are more detrimental to mortality rates of juvenile A. austera than high temperature. Different species of juvenile corals exhibit species-specific response to ocean acidification and warming, with important implications for coral recruitment and even species structure composition of reef-building corals in the future ocean.

ocean acidification and warming  /  coral  /  larvae settlement rates  /  mortality  /  post-settlement survival
孙有方, 江雷, 雷新明, 张浴阳, 俞晓磊, 黄晖. 海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着及幼体存活的影响. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (4) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.011
Youfang Sun, Lei Jiang, Xinming Lei, Yuyang Zhang, Xiaolei Yu, Hui Huang. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on the larvae settlement and post-settlement survival of two reef-building corals[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (4) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.011
由于化石燃料燃烧、森林砍伐等原因,全球大气CO2浓度由工业革命之前的280×10−6增加至现今的409×10−6(https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/weekly.html)。过去200年以来,海洋吸收了空气中大约26%~30%的CO2[1-2],导致平均海水表层pH下降幅度超过0.1;全球变暖导致平均海水表层温度升高了近1℃[3],称之为海洋酸化和暖化。全球CO2排放呈现出逐年递增的趋势,海洋环境变化的问题将会日益加剧[4]。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC)预测,在本世纪末,大气CO2浓度将会达到800×10−6~1 000×10−6[5]。已有实验证实,海洋酸化对海洋生物有负面影响,尤其是依靠碳酸钙来形成骨骼或贝壳的钙化生物,例如造礁石珊瑚[6]、砗磲[7]、牡蛎[8]等。历史上曾有3次高温事件(1998年、2010年、2016−2017年)导致全球造礁石珊瑚大面积死亡,活珊瑚覆盖率下降[9]。海洋酸化和暖化不仅对成体造礁石珊瑚光合作用、呼吸作用、钙化等各种生理过程有影响,而且还会对造礁石珊瑚幼虫的附着、幼体存活以及生长发育有影响。近期研究证实,海洋酸化不会显著影响成体鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocilopora damicornis)的钙化[6, 10]、光合作用[11]等过程。许多生物的早期发育过程对环境压力比较敏感[12],所以为应对快速变化的海洋环境,需要成功的有性繁殖、幼虫附着、幼体的生长和存活[13]
珊瑚的早期发育过程可分为受精作用、浮浪幼虫发育、散播、附着和变态作用等[14],其关键过程是浮游状态的珊瑚幼虫在合适的基底上成功附着变态为幼体。珊瑚幼虫的附着、存活和幼体存活深刻影响造礁石珊瑚的种群补充过程和珊瑚礁潜在的恢复力[15],对维持珊瑚遗传多样性和受损珊瑚礁恢复等具有重要意义[16-17]
造礁石珊瑚集中繁殖的季节是春季满月后几天[18],因此珊瑚浮浪幼虫和珊瑚礁容易受到海水升温的威胁[19-20]。研究表明,海水温度上升可以增加幼虫附着率[21]、死亡率和变态率[15],促进幼体的生长或钙化[22],不影响幼体的白化[23],抑制或不影响幼体生长[19, 22]。再者,海洋酸化会降低珊瑚受精率[24]、幼虫的附着[25]及早期生长发育[24]等。
海洋酸化和暖化一般同时发生,且愈演愈烈,但前期的研究多探究温度或酸化单因素的影响,所以研究两者综合效应对海洋生物的影响显得尤为重要。在全球造礁石珊瑚覆盖率明显下降的背景下,了解造礁石珊瑚早期生活史阶段对海洋酸化和暖化的响应,已经成为一个关键的研究问题[26],因此本研究通过探讨海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着、存活及幼体存活的影响,以期在海洋环境变化的趋势下为珊瑚幼体补充和珊瑚礁恢复提供科学依据。
三亚鹿回头海域(18°12′N, 109°28′E)2 m水深处,于2016年4月各采集4株简单鹿角珊瑚(Acropora austera)和中间鹿角珊瑚(A. intermedia)的成熟个体,收集同种珊瑚不同个体排放的精卵束,并混合使其受精[27],受精卵于玻璃纤维缸中培育,温度约为28℃,保持气石连续充气,每天更换1/3砂滤海水。简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫培育6 d,中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫培育5 d(两种珊瑚相隔1 d排卵),随机挑选游动能力强的浮浪幼虫用于实验。采集鹿回头海域常见的壳状珊瑚藻(布氏水石藻, Hydrolithon onkodes),并将其切割成约0.50 cm×0.50 cm×0.30 cm小片作为附着基,暂养5 d后进行幼虫附着实验。造礁石珊瑚采集、排卵、幼虫培育、附着基采集及实验均参考现行的实验方法进行[25, 28-31]。实验全部在中国科学院海南热带海洋生物实验站内完成。
实验系统设置4组处理,共8个实验缸。实验系统由荧光水族灯(24 W)、小型潜水泵(600 L/h)、加热棒(50 W)、温度控制器和酸化装置等组成。对照组温度(Ambient Temperature,AT)设为28℃,此温度为鹿回头海域夏季和秋季的日均温;对照组CO2分压 (Ambient CO2,AC)设为约500 µatm,为鹿回头海区实测pCO2。实验组温度(High Temperature, HT)设为30℃,此温度低于鹿回头海域记录到的极端高温[32],与IPCC第5次评估报告预测本世纪末海水表层的温度将上升2~3℃[5]相一致;实验组pCO2设为约1 300 µatm(High CO2, HC),表示IPCC预测本世纪末pCO2。实验4个处理设计为对照组(ATAC)、酸化组(ATHC)、升温组(HTAC)和升温酸化组(HTHC)。
每个实验缸放入7个20 mL透明玻璃瓶,玻璃瓶加入预先处理好的海水和1块附着基。因两种珊瑚幼虫的收集数量不同,将简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫置于4个透明玻璃瓶内,每个玻璃瓶中放入20个简单鹿角幼虫,将中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫置于3个透明玻璃瓶内,每个玻璃瓶中放入20个中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫。瓶口用180 μm筛绢封住以保证水流交换,随机放入相应处理缸。幼虫附着参照Heyward和Negri[30]的标准:珊瑚幼虫紧贴在附着基表面,变扁且分化出触手和隔膜。因幼虫死亡后会在24 h内分解,缺失的珊瑚幼虫即为死亡[33-34]。3 d后统计两种造礁石珊瑚幼虫附着数目和存活数目。附着后实验持续5 d,统计两种造礁石珊瑚幼体存活数目。
实验期间,每天08:00、16:00采用多参数测量仪(Thermo,Orion 5-star)记录温度、pH、盐度等海水理化参数(表1)。记录仪(Hobo)每30 min记录1次温度,用于计算各处理的平均温度。每隔1 d采集1次50 mL海水样品,并加入50 µL饱和HgCl2溶液固定用于总碱度等指标测定。海水总碱度测定采用自动电位滴定仪(Apollo,AS-ALK2)。文石饱和度ΩAragpCO2等数据计算采用CO2SYS表格。
简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率(Settlement Rate,SR)、死亡率(Mortality Rate,MR)及幼体存活率(Survival Rate Post-settlement,SRP)分别按照以下公式计算:
$S{R_1} = ({m_1}/20) \times 100{\text %} ,$
$M{R_1} = ({n_1}/20) \times 100{\text %} ,$
$SR{P_1} = ({p_1}/20) \times 100{\text %}.$
式中,SR1MR1SRP1分别代表简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率、死亡率及幼体存活率, m 1n 1p 1分别代表简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着、死亡及幼体存活数目。中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率、死亡率及幼体存活率分别按照以下公式计算:
$S{R_2} = ({m_2}/20) \times 100{\text %} ,$
$M{R_2} = ({n_2}/20) \times 100{\text %} ,$
$SR{P_2} = ({p_2}/20) \times 100{\text %} .$
式中,SR2MR2SRP2分别代表中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率、死亡率及幼体存活率,m2n2p2分别代表中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着、死亡及幼体存活数目。
实验数据的处理、分析及作图分析采用SPSS version 22、Excel 2013、SigmaPlot version 10等软件。两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率、死亡率以及珊瑚幼体存活率采用双因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)来检验温度、pCO2之间的关系;以温度和pCO2为固定因子,而珊瑚幼虫附着率、死亡率以及珊瑚幼体存活率作为因变量,p<0.05为显著性水平。
升温和酸化均对简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率无显著性影响,两者之间也无显著交互作用。酸化单独作用时,幼虫附着率增加了10.63%;温度单独作用时,幼虫附着率降低了8.75%;温度和酸化共同作用时,幼虫附着率比对照组增加了6.25%。温度和酸化均对简单鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率无显著性影响,两者之间也无显著交互作用。酸化单独作用时,幼虫死亡率降低了9.37%;温度单独作用时,幼虫死亡率增加了15.00%;温度和酸化共同作用时,幼虫死亡率恢复至对照组水平(图1)。
温度和酸化均对中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率无显著性影响,两者之间也无显著交互作用。酸化单独作用时,幼虫附着率增加了5.00%;温度单独作用时,幼虫附着率增加了20.00%。方差分析结果显示,温度对幼虫附着率无显著性影响,但是升温会增加中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着率。温度和酸化共同作用时,附着率恢复至对照组水平。温度和酸化对中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫死亡率无显著性影响,两者也无显著性交互作用。酸化单独作用时,幼虫死亡率增加了;温度单独作用时,死亡率与对照组相当;温度和酸化共同作用时,幼虫死亡率比对照组略高4.20%(图1)。
简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活受pCO2主效应影响显著(表2),且温度和酸化之间无显著的交互作用。酸化会显著降低简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率,酸化处理组和高温酸化处理组幼体存活率较对照组分别下降了25.87%和24.96%。此外,温度对幼体存活率影响不显著,高温处理组幼体的存活率与对照组相当(图2)。
温度和pCO2对中间鹿角珊瑚幼体存活的影响均不显著,两者之间也无显著的交互作用。幼体在升温处理组和酸化处理组的存活率均出现不同程度的降低。酸化单独作用时,幼体存活率降低了32.14%;温度单独作用时,幼体存活率降低了11.16%;而当升温和酸化两者协同作用时,幼体存活率又升至与对照组相当(图2)。
海水酸化和暖化对造礁石珊瑚幼虫附着和存活已有较多的研究,但目前尚无统一的结论。例如,Nozawa和Harrison[21]和江雷等[35]研究发现升温(+3℃)会显著提高孵卵型珊瑚(A. robustaA. solitaryensis)幼虫5 d、7 d的附着率。温度升高也会造成造礁石珊瑚幼虫附着率和存活率的下降。孵卵型加勒比海鹿角珊瑚(A. palmata)幼虫在升温(+3.5℃)140 h后附着率和存活率明显下降[20]。即使同一种造礁石珊瑚幼虫,不同研究结果之间也存在差异。滨珊瑚(Porites astreoides)幼虫在升温(+5℃)24 h后死亡率高达3.7倍[15],而升温(+3.5℃)68 h后没有明显造成幼虫死亡[36]。蜂巢珊瑚(Favia fragum)幼虫在31℃(+3℃)培养48 h,幼虫存活率没有明显变化,而培养156 h后幼虫存活率下降了13%[19]。本实验发现约2.5℃的升温并不影响两种鹿角珊瑚3 d内的附着和存活,说明不同种类的珊瑚幼虫对热胁迫的敏感程度不同,存在种类特异性,蜂巢珊瑚幼虫可以抵抗高温胁迫(31℃)长达48 h,但幼虫的存活率会随着处理时间的增加(151~196 h)而明显降低[19]。说明珊瑚种类及升温幅度、时间均为影响实验的因素。另外,各实验中使用的幼虫发育程度不一,本实验和江雷等[35]的实验采用的是发育至5~8 d的幼虫,Randall和Szmant[19]采用的是发育不足1 d的幼虫,所以不同发育时期的幼虫抵抗温度胁迫的能力也不同。
酸化对珊瑚幼虫附着率和存活率影响的研究也呈现出不同的实验结果。Doropoulos和Diaz-pulido[25]研究发现,3 d的酸化处理(447 µatm, 705 µatm, 1 214 µatm)会降低石松鹿角珊瑚(A. selago)幼虫的附着率。同样的研究发现pH值降低0.3(从pH 7.9到pH 7.6)会显著降低鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫附着率[37]。酸化条件下指形鹿角珊瑚(A. digitifera)幼虫存活率7 d后从60%(pH 8.0)下降到33%(pH 7.6),但酸化(pH 7.6, pH 7.3)对柔枝鹿角珊瑚(A. tenuis)幼虫存活率无明显影响[38]。本研究发现酸化并不影响两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫3 d内的附着和存活。以上研究结果产生差异的原因,说明了不同的珊瑚幼虫对酸化的响应不一致,珊瑚幼虫对酸化响应存在种类特异性。上述引用文献只探讨了升温或酸化单因素对造礁石珊瑚幼虫附着、存活率的影响,尚不能代表实际海水生态环境变化的效应。
研究发现,升温和酸化双因素协同作用对某些造礁石珊瑚幼虫附着率影响不显著。例如,升温和酸化(+1℃,+400 µatm;+约3℃,约900 µatm)对巴拿马滨珊瑚(Porites panamensis[19]和标准鹿角珊瑚(A. spicifera[27]幼虫的附着影响不显著。不同程度升温和酸化(29℃,635 µatm;30.5℃, 845 μatm)对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼虫存活影响不显著[39-41]。本实验结果显示,升温和酸化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着和存活影响不显著,可能是鹿回头海域夏季日均温变化幅度较大[32],夏季3 m水深处极端温度可达32.17℃(未发表数据),促成了珊瑚对温度的驯化适应。已有实验证实,海洋生物母体的环境经历会影响其后代对环境胁迫的响应,即母体效应[41]
造礁石珊瑚浮浪幼虫经过一定时间浮游期后,附着变态为珊瑚幼体[14],酸化往往会对珊瑚幼体产生不利的影响[40]。本文研究结果表明,酸化(约1 300 µatm)使简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率显著下降。加勒比海鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率随着酸化(560 µatm、800 µatm)程度的增加而显著降低[24]。酸化(896 µatm、1 681 µatm)也会抑制鹿角杯形珊瑚幼体的钙化[42],而升高温度可以缓解酸化对鹿角杯形珊瑚幼体钙化的影响[43]。由于本文实验周期较短且没有设置与钙化参数相关的指标,所以没有探查到相关钙化的影响。而Anlauf等[44]发现升温和酸化(29.5℃、pH 7.83)条件下,鹿角杯形珊瑚幼体的生物量降低28%。本研究结果显示,酸化(1 300 µatm)对简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活有显著性影响,而对中间鹿角珊瑚幼体存活无显著影响,说明酸化对珊瑚幼体的影响存在种类特异性。随着酸化程度增加,珊瑚幼体生长速率和碳酸钙饱和状态均有所降低,抑制了珊瑚幼体的生长[45-47],幼体的死亡率与幼体大小、生长率成反比[47-49],而缓慢的生长可能会导致死亡率增加[24]。另外,有转录组研究证明,酸化可以影响多孔鹿角珊瑚(A. millepora)、指形鹿角珊瑚幼体的基因表达[49-50],并可以使与钙化相关的基因出现下调,尤其是与Ca2+、HCO3−转运相关的基因[49],从而产生不利的影响,抑制珊瑚幼体的生长。
研究发现升温(+约2.5℃)和酸化(约1 300 µatm)对三亚鹿回头海域简单鹿角珊瑚和中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫的附着率和死亡率的影响不显著;酸化(约1 300 µatm)可以使简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率显著下降;海洋酸化将是影响鹿回头海域珊瑚群落结构演化的重要环境因子。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41676150,41876192);国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0506301);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA13020402,XDA13020201);广东省省级科技计划项目(2017B0303014052);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515011532)。
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2020年第42卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.011
  • 接收时间:2019-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-01-16
  • 修回日期:2019-05-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(41676150,41876192);国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0506301);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)(XDA13020402,XDA13020201);广东省省级科技计划项目(2017B0303014052);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A1515011532)。
作者信息
    1 中国科学院 南海海洋研究所 热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    2 中国科学院 南海海洋研究所 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    3 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    4 海南热带海洋生物实验站,海南 三亚 572000

通讯作者:

*黄晖,研究员,主要从事珊瑚生物学与珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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