Article(id=1243954930046840944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243954925370196248, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1554048000000, receivedDateStr=2019-04-01, revisedDate=1560355200000, revisedDateStr=2019-06-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511566888, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1587744000000, pubDateStr=2020-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511566888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511566888, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511566888, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243954925370196248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511565773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511565773, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=87, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243954931862974584, articleId=1243954930046840944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Embryonic and larval early development of Favia favus and Platygyra carnosus in the Weizhou Island, Guangxi, columnId=1243954927383462170, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Biology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sexual reproduction of hermatypic corals for coral reef restoration has become a hot topic in recent years. In May 2018, the samples of Favia favus and Platygyra carnosus were collected from the water of Weizhou Island, Guangxi. All of them were cultured in laboratory and the fertilized eggs were collected. The early development process of embryos and larvae was observed and recorded. The results showed that F.favus and P.carnosus were both hermaphrodites, in vitro fertilization, and began to spawn on the fifth to eighth day after the full moon; the early development of embryos and larvae experienced the cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage and planula stage; the oocytes of two corals did not have zooxanthella as they were ejected. This study records the sexual reproduction behavior of reef-building corals in Weizhou Island, and provides a theory when using sexual reproduction for coral ecological restoration in the future.

, correspAuthors=Kefu Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fen Wei, Wen Huang, Kefu Yu, Zhiheng Liao, Xin Wang, Yinghui Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243954933851074771, articleId=1243954930046840944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=广西涠洲岛黄癣蜂巢珊瑚、肉质扁脑珊瑚的胚胎和幼虫的早期发育, columnId=1243954927517679901, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋生物, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

研究造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖来探索珊瑚礁的生态修复是近年来的热点。本文于2018年5月采集广西涠洲岛自然海域中的黄癣蜂巢珊瑚(Favia favus)和肉质扁脑珊瑚(Platygyra carnosus)至室内养殖,收集受精卵,观察和记录其胚胎和幼虫的早期发育过程。结果显示,黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚都是雌雄同体,体外受精,在月圆后5~8 d产卵;发育过程都经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期以及浮浪幼虫期;两者的卵母细胞都不含虫黄藻。本研究记录了涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖行为,为进一步利用有性繁殖来进行珊瑚礁的生态修复提供了理论基础。

, correspAuthors=余克服, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*余克服,教授,主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1Wd43eJHdurHJGwcZJoCvw==, magXml=QW7QJtRlgKIxxoZeMfJmmQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zXaCiOzkdP1rCyxOaL648w==, pdfFileSize=16895446, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RU2iIOe/gadul26/j7GyFA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/jjJjC2JCgXcXIC5EWFEvA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

韦芬(1986—),女,广西壮族自治区融安县人,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁的生态与修复研究。E-mail:

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韦芬(1986—),女,广西壮族自治区融安县人,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁的生态与修复研究。E-mail:

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韦芬(1986—),女,广西壮族自治区融安县人,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁的生态与修复研究。E-mail:

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a. F. favus; b. P. carnosus

, figureFileSmall=hM7QgxfRo2HqMfcj4Hf0tQ==, figureFileBig=1ZNmRpd87EEB7t1fbbKnlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538010662166766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=CN, label=图1, caption=采集的珊瑚样本

a. 黄癣蜂巢珊瑚;b. 肉质扁脑珊瑚

, figureFileSmall=hM7QgxfRo2HqMfcj4Hf0tQ==, figureFileBig=1ZNmRpd87EEB7t1fbbKnlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538010754441461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The spawning F. favus and collected oocytes

a. The spawning F. favus, the black arrow shows egg-sperm bundles; b. collected oocytes

, figureFileSmall=6SLBu8GyRlwyMj9Iu9vK7Q==, figureFileBig=o+Pu/6XNlJngG5cYR9JztQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538010829938940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=CN, label=图2, caption=正在排卵的黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和收集的卵子

a. 正在排卵的黄癣蜂巢珊瑚,黑色箭头所示为卵包;b. 收集的卵子

, figureFileSmall=6SLBu8GyRlwyMj9Iu9vK7Q==, figureFileBig=o+Pu/6XNlJngG5cYR9JztQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538010926407940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The early development of F. favus

a. Oocytes; b. 2-cell stage; c. 4-cell stage; d. 8-cell stage; e. 16-cell stage; f. 32-cell stage; g. morula stage (64-cell stage); h. morula stage (128-cell stage); i. early blastula stage; j. later blastula stage; k. middle gastrula stage; l. later gastrula stage; m. early planula stage; n. middle planula stage; o. later planula stage; p. the end of planula stage. All rulers indicate 200 μm besides Fig.3a shows 500 μm

, figureFileSmall=AbFgoxM6ZUNKuhZHHZmtSA==, figureFileBig=+5ryQNZadr1s9qv77pCpIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538011018682634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=CN, label=图3, caption=黄癣蜂巢珊瑚的早期发育过程

a. 卵母细胞;b. 2细胞期;c. 4细胞期;d. 8细胞期;e. 16细胞期;f. 32细胞期;g. 桑葚胚期(64细胞期);h. 桑葚胚期(128细胞期);i. 囊胚早期;j. 囊胚晚期;k. 原肠胚中期;l. 原肠胚晚期;m. 浮浪幼虫早期;n. 浮浪幼虫中期;o. 浮浪幼虫晚期;p. 浮浪幼虫末期. 除了标尺a为500 μm外,其余均为200 μm

, figureFileSmall=AbFgoxM6ZUNKuhZHHZmtSA==, figureFileBig=+5ryQNZadr1s9qv77pCpIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538011106763028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The early development of P.carnosus

a. Oocytes; b. 2-cell stage; c. 4-cell stage; d. 8-cell stage; e. 16-cell stage; f. 32-cell stage; g. morula stage (64-cell stage); h. morula stage (128-cell stage); i. early blastula stage; j. later blastula stage; k. early gastrula stage; l. middle gastrula stage; m. early planula stage; n1, n2. middle planula stage; o. later planula stage. All rulers indicate 200 μm

, figureFileSmall=/IhtY5unCA0yM0AfklvpXQ==, figureFileBig=xLde+4LNFYUYt3Xijgjj5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538011215814938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=CN, label=图4, caption=肉质扁脑珊瑚的早期发育过程

a. 卵母细胞;b. 2细胞期;c. 4细胞期;d. 8细胞期;e. 16细胞期;f. 32细胞期;g. 桑葚胚期(64细胞期);h. 桑葚胚期(128细胞期);i. 囊胚早期;j. 囊胚晚期;k. 原肠胚早期;l. 原肠胚中期;m. 浮浪幼虫早期;n1, n2. 浮浪幼虫中期;o. 浮浪幼虫晚期。所有标尺都为200 μm

, figureFileSmall=/IhtY5unCA0yM0AfklvpXQ==, figureFileBig=xLde+4LNFYUYt3Xijgjj5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246538011408752935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The early development of F.favus and P.carnosus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胚胎发育时期 黄癣蜂巢珊瑚 肉质扁脑珊瑚
受精后时间/h 发育特征 图示 受精后时间/h 发育特征 图示
  注:—表示无数据。
卵母细胞 0 呈淡黄色、淡红色及淡青色,圆形 图3a 0 呈粉红色,圆形 图4a
2 细胞期 2.0 受精卵分裂成2个细胞 图3b 2.0 受精卵分裂成2个细胞 图4b
4 细胞期 2.5 受精卵分裂成4个细胞 图3c 2.5 受精卵分裂成4个细胞 图4c
8 细胞期 3.0 受精卵分裂成8个细胞 图3d 3.0 受精卵分裂成8个细胞 图4d
16 细胞期 3.5 受精卵分裂成16个细胞 图3e 4.0 受精卵分裂成16个细胞 图4e
32 细胞期 4.0 受精卵分裂成32个细胞 图3f 5.0 受精卵分裂成32个细胞,胚胎表面不规则 图4f
64 细胞期 4.5 受精卵分裂成64个细胞,形如桑葚 图3g 6.0 受精卵分裂成64个细胞,形如桑葚 图4g
128细胞期 5.0 受精卵分裂成128个细胞,形如桑葚 图3h 7.0 受精卵分裂成128个细胞,形如桑葚 图4h
囊胚早期 6.5 受精卵进一步分裂成128个细胞以上,胚胎中央透光明显 图3i 8.5 受精卵进一步分裂成128个细胞以上 图4i
囊胚中期
囊胚晚期 8.0 胚胎表面开始变成平滑 图3j 10.0 胚胎表面变成平滑 图4j
原肠胚早期 15.0 胚胎内陷形成两个胚孔 图4k
原肠胚中期 12.0 出现胚孔,胚孔逐渐内陷形成口咽 图3k 16.5 两个胚孔融合成一个胚孔 图4l
原肠胚晚期 16.0 胚胎圆形,开始出现两个胚层的分化 图3l
浮浪幼虫早期 26.0 浮浪幼虫成椭圆形,有一层明显的囊,转圈游动 图3m 36.0 胚孔逐渐闭合形成原口,开始出现两个胚层,漫无目的地轻轻游动 图4m
浮浪幼虫中期 38.0 浮浪幼虫呈梨形状或圆柱形,伸缩变形缓慢游动 图3n 48.0 胚胎成梨形或椭圆形,能够伸缩变形,四处游动 图4n1,图4n2
浮浪幼虫晚期 46.0 浮浪幼虫四处游动,两个胚层更加明显 图3o 60.0 出现肠系膜,胚层分化明显,变形游动 图4o
浮浪幼虫末期 60.0 出现了原口,随时准备附着 图3p
), ArticleFig(id=1246538011492639020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954930046840944, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚的早期发育过程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
胚胎发育时期 黄癣蜂巢珊瑚 肉质扁脑珊瑚
受精后时间/h 发育特征 图示 受精后时间/h 发育特征 图示
  注:—表示无数据。
卵母细胞 0 呈淡黄色、淡红色及淡青色,圆形 图3a 0 呈粉红色,圆形 图4a
2 细胞期 2.0 受精卵分裂成2个细胞 图3b 2.0 受精卵分裂成2个细胞 图4b
4 细胞期 2.5 受精卵分裂成4个细胞 图3c 2.5 受精卵分裂成4个细胞 图4c
8 细胞期 3.0 受精卵分裂成8个细胞 图3d 3.0 受精卵分裂成8个细胞 图4d
16 细胞期 3.5 受精卵分裂成16个细胞 图3e 4.0 受精卵分裂成16个细胞 图4e
32 细胞期 4.0 受精卵分裂成32个细胞 图3f 5.0 受精卵分裂成32个细胞,胚胎表面不规则 图4f
64 细胞期 4.5 受精卵分裂成64个细胞,形如桑葚 图3g 6.0 受精卵分裂成64个细胞,形如桑葚 图4g
128细胞期 5.0 受精卵分裂成128个细胞,形如桑葚 图3h 7.0 受精卵分裂成128个细胞,形如桑葚 图4h
囊胚早期 6.5 受精卵进一步分裂成128个细胞以上,胚胎中央透光明显 图3i 8.5 受精卵进一步分裂成128个细胞以上 图4i
囊胚中期
囊胚晚期 8.0 胚胎表面开始变成平滑 图3j 10.0 胚胎表面变成平滑 图4j
原肠胚早期 15.0 胚胎内陷形成两个胚孔 图4k
原肠胚中期 12.0 出现胚孔,胚孔逐渐内陷形成口咽 图3k 16.5 两个胚孔融合成一个胚孔 图4l
原肠胚晚期 16.0 胚胎圆形,开始出现两个胚层的分化 图3l
浮浪幼虫早期 26.0 浮浪幼虫成椭圆形,有一层明显的囊,转圈游动 图3m 36.0 胚孔逐渐闭合形成原口,开始出现两个胚层,漫无目的地轻轻游动 图4m
浮浪幼虫中期 38.0 浮浪幼虫呈梨形状或圆柱形,伸缩变形缓慢游动 图3n 48.0 胚胎成梨形或椭圆形,能够伸缩变形,四处游动 图4n1,图4n2
浮浪幼虫晚期 46.0 浮浪幼虫四处游动,两个胚层更加明显 图3o 60.0 出现肠系膜,胚层分化明显,变形游动 图4o
浮浪幼虫末期 60.0 出现了原口,随时准备附着 图3p
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广西涠洲岛黄癣蜂巢珊瑚、肉质扁脑珊瑚的胚胎和幼虫的早期发育
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韦芬 1, 2, 3 , 黄雯 1, 2, 3 , 余克服 1, 2, 3, * , 廖芝衡 1, 2, 3 , 王欣 1, 2, 3 , 王英辉 1, 2, 3
海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020,42(4): 87-95
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海洋学报 | 海洋生物 2020, 42(4): 87-95
广西涠洲岛黄癣蜂巢珊瑚、肉质扁脑珊瑚的胚胎和幼虫的早期发育
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韦芬1, 2, 3 , 黄雯1, 2, 3, 余克服1, 2, 3, * , 廖芝衡1, 2, 3, 王欣1, 2, 3, 王英辉1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
  • 2 广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004
  • 3 广西大学 海洋学院,广西 南宁 530004
  • 韦芬(1986—),女,广西壮族自治区融安县人,博士,主要从事珊瑚礁的生态与修复研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*余克服,教授,主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail:
Embryonic and larval early development of Favia favus and Platygyra carnosus in the Weizhou Island, Guangxi
Fen Wei1, 2, 3 , Wen Huang1, 2, 3, Kefu Yu1, 2, 3, * , Zhiheng Liao1, 2, 3, Xin Wang1, 2, 3, Yinghui Wang1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 2 Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
  • 3 School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
出版时间: 2020-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.010
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研究造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖来探索珊瑚礁的生态修复是近年来的热点。本文于2018年5月采集广西涠洲岛自然海域中的黄癣蜂巢珊瑚(Favia favus)和肉质扁脑珊瑚(Platygyra carnosus)至室内养殖,收集受精卵,观察和记录其胚胎和幼虫的早期发育过程。结果显示,黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚都是雌雄同体,体外受精,在月圆后5~8 d产卵;发育过程都经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期以及浮浪幼虫期;两者的卵母细胞都不含虫黄藻。本研究记录了涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖行为,为进一步利用有性繁殖来进行珊瑚礁的生态修复提供了理论基础。

黄癣蜂巢珊瑚  /  肉质扁脑珊瑚  /  胚胎和幼虫  /  早期发育  /  有性繁殖  /  涠洲岛

Sexual reproduction of hermatypic corals for coral reef restoration has become a hot topic in recent years. In May 2018, the samples of Favia favus and Platygyra carnosus were collected from the water of Weizhou Island, Guangxi. All of them were cultured in laboratory and the fertilized eggs were collected. The early development process of embryos and larvae was observed and recorded. The results showed that F.favus and P.carnosus were both hermaphrodites, in vitro fertilization, and began to spawn on the fifth to eighth day after the full moon; the early development of embryos and larvae experienced the cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage and planula stage; the oocytes of two corals did not have zooxanthella as they were ejected. This study records the sexual reproduction behavior of reef-building corals in Weizhou Island, and provides a theory when using sexual reproduction for coral ecological restoration in the future.

Favia favus  /  Platygyra carnosus  /  embryo and larvae  /  early development  /  sexual reproduction  /  Weizhou Island
韦芬, 黄雯, 余克服, 廖芝衡, 王欣, 王英辉. 广西涠洲岛黄癣蜂巢珊瑚、肉质扁脑珊瑚的胚胎和幼虫的早期发育. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (4) : 87 -95 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.010
Fen Wei, Wen Huang, Kefu Yu, Zhiheng Liao, Xin Wang, Yinghui Wang. Embryonic and larval early development of Favia favus and Platygyra carnosus in the Weizhou Island, Guangxi[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (4) : 87 -95 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.010
珊瑚礁生态系统是地球上生产力和生物多样性最高的生态系统之一,为人类生活提供了巨大的经济价值、社会文化价值和生态服务功能[1]。但近50年来,由于人类活动和全球变暖的影响,多数珊瑚礁受到不同程度的威胁,且处于不断退化中[2-4]。珊瑚礁退化的最直观表现是造礁石珊瑚覆盖度下降,而造礁石珊瑚作为珊瑚礁生态系统的最主要的构建生物,如何增加造礁石珊瑚的数量并提高其物种多样性是修复退化珊瑚礁的关键。珊瑚种群数量的自然补充主要包括有性繁殖和无性繁殖两种方式,无性繁殖方式是指珊瑚水螅体出芽或分裂增殖,主要表现为珊瑚个体的增长;有性繁殖是通过雌雄配子结合产生新基因型的新生个体[5-6]。有性繁殖方式有两种,一种是排卵型,一种是排幼型,其中在已研究的造礁石珊瑚中85%为排卵型[7]。相较于无性繁殖,有性繁殖具有繁殖力强、遗传多样性高及不损伤母体珊瑚等优点[5, 8],因此,有性繁殖对于维持造礁石珊瑚种群数量、基因多样性以及维持整个珊瑚礁生态系统的稳定和发展具有更重要的意义。
自20世纪80年代开始,国外学者对石珊瑚的有性繁殖和早期发育做了大量的记录和报道,Harrison等[9]1981年和1982年于澳大利亚大堡礁首次揭示了造礁石珊瑚的大规模繁殖行为,并记录了多达32种排卵型珊瑚在满月后几天内同时大量排放精子和卵子的繁殖特性。之后,Babcock等[10]在大堡礁又继续观察,记录了105种石珊瑚在满月后的夜晚短时间内发生大规模的同步排卵行为和多种繁殖类型,并研究了珊瑚幼虫迁移附着变态和扩散的特征。Shlesinger等[11]记录了红海北部24种造礁石珊瑚的繁殖方式,之后不断有泰国、肯尼亚、日本、香港、新加坡的珊瑚繁殖方式和早期发育过程被记录和报道[12-17]
我国大陆关于石珊瑚胚胎发育过程的研究起步较晚,报道也较少。2011年黄洁英等[18-19]第1次报道膨胀蔷薇珊瑚(Montipora turgescens)与壮实鹿角珊瑚(Acropora robusta)的胚胎和幼虫发育过程,此外,黄洁英[19]还调查了三亚鹿回头海域造礁石珊瑚有性繁殖的生物学特性,记录了该海域的生殖型、配子发生、繁殖时间等生殖特征。随后,张诗泽[20]也记录了该礁区的芽枝鹿角珊瑚(A.gemmifera)的幼体发育。张浴阳等[21]在永兴岛收集了鹿角珊瑚属(Acropora)的受精卵,人工条件下培育出3 700个幼体。朱潜等[22]于2014年报道了海南文昌云龙湾风信子鹿角珊瑚(A.hyacinthus)的胚胎和幼虫发育过程。肖宝华等[23]在实验室养殖的条件下记录和报道肉质扁脑珊瑚(Platygyra carnosus)的有性繁殖及胚胎发育过程。
珊瑚有性繁殖中其胚胎和幼虫的存活及成功附着是进行珊瑚礁生态修复工作的关键环节。因此,加强和丰富我国造礁石珊瑚胚胎和幼虫发育的认识,可为我国珊瑚礁的生态修复积累理论依据。本文于2018年5月对涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖进行调查与研究,成功记录了黄癣蜂巢珊瑚(Favia favus)和肉质扁脑珊瑚(P. carnosus)胚胎和幼虫的早期发育过程。黄癣蜂巢珊瑚是涠洲岛蜂巢属的优势珊瑚种类,重要值百分比为3.16%,是印度−太平洋礁区的广布种[24-25],最早为1979年Rinkevich和Loya[26]在红海亚喀巴湾记录其有性繁殖工作,之后陆续在红海其他地方、大堡礁、日本、泰国都有报道[13, 16, 26-28],但国内未见详细描述;肉质扁脑珊瑚的有性繁殖国外未见详细报道,国内肖宝华等[23]2017年曾仔细报道过其发育过程。
作者于2018年5月2日在广西北海涠洲岛火山口岩壁下海域采集黄癣蜂巢珊瑚亲本(6株)和肉质扁脑珊瑚(8株)(在采集前截取一小块珊瑚断面,通过卵子颜色判断其性腺是否发育成熟)。珊瑚个体直径均在10 cm以上,整株采集(尽量不要破坏珊瑚的完整性),然后在整理箱中放置足够多的海水,把珊瑚运回养殖基地。采集的珊瑚样本经形态学鉴定,确认为黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚(图1)。
运回的珊瑚迅速放置于涠洲岛上实验基地的养殖缸内,养殖用水为过滤的天然海水,系统内循环,自然光照,辅以增氧机和气石进行补氧,所有使用的容器和工具等都用高锰酸钾进行消毒。温度控制在(26±1)℃,盐度32,每2天换一次海水,每天喂一次少量卤虫。每天18:00−24:00密切观察珊瑚是否出现排卵现象,发现排卵后用显微镜观察是否受精,若受精率大于10%则把胚胎收集起来,并转移至塑料小白桶(约10 L),胚胎发育过程所用的海水用100目筛绢再次进行过滤,用增氧机微弱充氧,每天换1/2的海水,受精后0~12 h每隔1 h用奥林巴斯SZX7显微镜观察珊瑚受精卵的胚胎发育情况,12~24 h每隔2 h进行观察,24~72 h每隔4 h观察,72 h之后每隔12 h后再观察。卵母细胞直径在显微镜下测量。4.5 h后统计排卵量和受精率(有研究表明排卵后2 h内受精率最高,之后开始下降,4.5 h后几乎不再受精[29],本研究的情况亦如此),具体方法如下:在取样统计珊瑚卵子数量前,在桶里加入定量的海水(2 L),并缓慢地不规则搅动桶内的海水,使珊瑚卵子分布均匀,然后采取水样10 mL,记录水体内珊瑚卵子和受精卵的数量(卵子出现分裂即为受精),重复采水3次。珊瑚排卵成功后,及时将母体重新放回珊瑚礁区中。
黄癣蜂巢珊瑚(6株)采集回来暂养3 d后,2018年5月5日(满月后5 d,农历三月二十)19:20前后观察到3株珊瑚出现排卵现象,可见带状的白色卵包从口盘处排出到水面(图2),卵包到水面约20 min散开,整个排卵时间约为45 min,卵子呈淡黄色、淡红色及淡青色,圆形,成熟卵直径为320 μm。黄癣蜂巢珊瑚的排卵活动一共持续4 d(5月5日至5月8日)(7日新增1株产卵),都在晚上19:20前后进行。第一天排卵量最多,后面2 d依次减少,到第4天时水面上只有零星的几颗卵子(第3天和第4天卵子都不受精)。整个排卵期间的排卵量约为1.2×105个,受精率约为20%。
肉质扁脑珊瑚(2株)于2018年5月7日(满月后7 d)22:40前后出现排卵现象,排卵时间为30 min左右,但是未观察到卵子出现分裂,表明未受精成功。5月8日22:00新增1株珊瑚排卵,此次卵子成功受精,受精率为40%。卵呈粉红色,圆形或椭圆形,卵子直径约为400 μm。2 d排卵期总共的排卵量为0.45×104个。
当受精卵开始分裂时,将其收集转移到塑料白桶里,海水温度控制在(26±1)℃,增氧机充氧。共经历了60 h的胚胎和幼虫发育过程,主要有几个发育阶段:受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、浮浪幼虫期,胚胎发育时期具体情况如表1图3所示。卵母细胞没有虫黄藻(图3a),受精2 h,细胞开始二分裂。分裂时期包括:2细胞期、4细胞期、8细胞期、16细胞期、32细胞期、桑葚胚期(64细胞期、128细胞期)(图3b至图3h),5 h内基本完成了卵裂阶段,但也有大部分受精卵不发育或发育畸形。6 h开始进入囊胚期,黄癣蜂巢珊瑚的囊胚属于存在囊胚腔的坐垫状囊胚(图3i),但是未观察到坐垫状;8 h内基本停止分裂,胚胎表面变成平滑(图3j)。进入原肠胚阶段后,出现胚孔,随着发育的进行,胚孔内陷形成原口,完成原肠胚阶段(图3k, 图3l),没有观察到两个胚孔存在的情况。26 h开始进入浮浪幼虫时期,早期浮浪幼虫在显微镜下明显观察到外面有一层透明的囊,并不停地转圈游动(图3m);中期之后幼虫变为圆柱形,两个胚层明显(图3n);后期透明囊逐渐消失,紧贴内胚层(图3o);末期看到有一个口盘(原口),四处游动,寻找附着的基质(图3p)。在浮浪幼虫发育之前,观察到很多受精的畸形卵以及正在降解的未受精卵细胞。
肉质扁脑珊瑚共经历了约72 h的胚胎和幼虫发育过程,主要发育阶段与黄癣蜂巢珊瑚一致。具体情况如表1图4所示。
卵母细胞无虫黄藻(图4a)。受精2 h后细胞开始分裂,但也有大部分细胞未分裂,表明未受精成功,受精率仅为40%。7 h内完成了卵裂阶段(图4b图4h),比黄癣蜂巢珊瑚发育速度稍慢。肉质扁脑珊瑚也是保留有囊胚腔的坐垫状囊胚(图4i, 图4j),但也未观察到坐垫状,10 h后停止分裂。进入原肠阶段后,胚胎内陷形成两个胚孔,之后两个胚孔逐渐融合成一个胚孔,原肠胚晚期,胚孔慢慢闭合形成原口(图4k, 图4l)。36 h后进入浮浪幼虫阶段,早期阶段幼虫会漫无目的地轻轻游动(图4m);到了中期之后,幼虫呈梨形或椭圆形,并且能够伸缩变形,四处游动(图4n1图4n2);到了晚期,浮浪幼虫出现肠系膜,胚层分化明显,游动能力加强(图4o)。未观察到浮浪幼虫末期原口出现的阶段,完成此时期可能仍需12 h,即整个幼虫的完成过程约需72 h。
在此次调查中发现黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚都属于雌雄同体,行体外受精,产卵时间在满月后5~8 d,日落之后1~4 h。受水温、月相等多种因素的影响,不同地方同一种珊瑚的产卵时间也各不相同,如黄癣蜂巢珊瑚在大堡礁蜥蜴岛(Lizard Island)产卵时间是12月中旬[27],日本天草群岛是7月中旬到8月[13],泰国是2−4月[16],虽然时间不一样,但是记录的海水表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)都是25℃以上,且均在满月之后。肉质扁脑珊瑚在国外未被详细报道过,国内黄洁英[19]2011年曾记录肉质扁脑珊瑚在三亚鹿回头海域怀卵时间为4月26日和27日,肖宝华等[23]报道采自广东徐闻珊瑚礁海域的肉质扁脑珊瑚至室内人工暂养于5月12−14日(月圆后9~11 d,农历三月二十四至二十六)产卵,表明华南沿岸珊瑚礁区的肉质扁脑珊瑚排卵时间的同一性。此外,我们发现三亚鹿回头、广东徐闻、涠洲岛3个地方记录的水温均为26℃左右,由此可知,水温是影响珊瑚产卵的一个重要因素。另外,我们还发现了2种鹿角珊瑚(Acropora sp.)和1种角蜂巢珊瑚(Favites sp.)产卵,稀杯盔形珊瑚(Galaxea astreata)和盾形陀螺珊瑚(Turbinaria peltata)怀卵。1984−2015年间涠洲岛海域最低月平均SST的平均值是20.67℃,多出现在1−2月;最高月平均SST的平均值是29.79℃,主要出现在7−8月;涠洲岛海域年平均SST的平均值为25.71℃,月平均SST从4月开始逐渐上升至25℃[25],5月下旬又有西南浪的干扰。很多研究表明造礁石珊瑚的受精和早期发育的理想温度是25~28℃[30-31],所以涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚大规模产卵的时间极有可能是4月中旬到5月中旬,在该时段涠洲岛海域海水温度适宜,并且海况相对稳定。由于我们缺乏对自然海区珊瑚排卵现象的调查,因此今后将在此时间段内对该海区的珊瑚排卵行为开展进一步的野外研究。
在观察中我们发现黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚的卵母细胞最大直径分别为320 μm和400 μm。有研究曾报道大堡礁和红海北部黄癣蜂巢珊瑚卵母细胞的最大直径分别为360 μm和395 μm[11, 27];肉质扁脑珊瑚卵母细胞大小未见报道,其他扁脑珊瑚卵母细胞最大直径在329.1~395 μm不等[11, 17, 32-33]。种内之间卵母细胞大小的不同,一个原因是由于地理上差异造成,另一个可能是技术上的不同获得的数据也略有差异,如组织切片方法测量与直接测量方法[11]。因此,如果要比较不同地方的同种珊瑚卵母细胞的大小,则应该标准化组织切片方法和测量的依据;而不同珊瑚卵母细胞的大小不一,与产卵数量、杯口大小等都有关系,且三者之间的关系较为复杂,还有待进一步研究[11]
在排卵型珊瑚里,25%的浮浪幼虫从母体获得虫黄藻,75%的幼虫需要后天从环境中获取虫黄藻[7],且研究发现与珊瑚母体共生的虫黄藻在产卵前5~7 d通过滤泡细胞进入卵母细胞中[34]。本研究中黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚的卵母细胞都不含虫黄藻,表明这两种珊瑚的虫黄藻不来源于母体,一般造礁石珊瑚后天获取虫黄藻的时间为浮浪幼虫附着后4~5 d[7]。Shlesinge和Loya[28]报道黄癣蜂巢珊瑚产卵后26~30 d才在杯口发现虫黄藻,而扁脑珊瑚(P.lamellina)则是16~18 d,由于本研究只调查到浮浪幼虫时期,故未观察到虫黄藻的出现。
黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚的胚胎发育开始时都是均等分裂,进入16细胞期后分裂开始出现不规则,都经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期以及浮浪幼虫期,与腔肠动物珊瑚纲生物的胚胎早期发育过程吻合,肉质扁脑珊瑚发育速度稍慢于黄癣蜂巢珊瑚。由于这2种珊瑚都属于坚实型珊瑚,因此进入囊胚阶段后,形态为扁平的仍留有囊胚腔的坐垫状囊胚[33]。但是在此次发育过程中未观察到坐垫状囊胚,有可能是发育时间过快错过了观察时间。另外,黄癣蜂巢珊瑚未观察到两个胚孔同时出现的情况,而肉质扁脑珊瑚在原肠胚早期观察到两个胚孔,然后进一步扩大发育融合成一个胚孔。本文观察到的肉质扁脑珊瑚胚胎的发育过程大部分与肖宝华等[23]观察到的结果一致,但是我们未观察到假胚孔的出现、坐垫状囊胚,另外,整个胚胎发育的时间也比其观测到的快12 h左右,由于记录的温度一致,因此具体原因还有待研究。
此外,我们发现此次黄癣蜂巢珊瑚和肉质扁脑珊瑚受精率都较低(20%与40%),肖宝华等[23]报道肉质扁脑珊瑚的受精率为75%,尖边扁脑珊瑚的受精率大于73%[17]。造成差异的主要原因可能是精子浓度过低。在实验过程中我们发现,肉质扁脑珊瑚第1天产卵未受精,第2天增加1株珊瑚产卵则发生受精现象,而且有研究表明,珊瑚高受精率(大于70%)的精子浓度需104~107个/mL[17]。另外,这2种珊瑚在发育过程中不断有胚胎畸形和死亡,而且形成浮浪幼虫的胚胎很少,未能观察到浮浪幼虫附着变态的阶段。造礁石珊瑚在附着前的胚胎与幼虫的高死亡率以及幼虫附着后的高死亡率一直是珊瑚有性繁殖的瓶颈[35]。而此过程中的水质条件、水流、光照、温度、沉积物等都是影响珊瑚胚胎和幼虫发育的关键因素[5-6, 36-37],但具体的内在机制还不清楚。因此详细地了解和掌握珊瑚有性繁殖过程中的生物学特性有助于发现珊瑚胚胎和幼体高死亡率的症结所在,也是利用有性生殖手段进行珊瑚礁生态系统修复过程中最重要的一个环节。
通过2018年对涠洲岛海域2种造礁石珊瑚有性繁殖行为的研究,推测该海域珊瑚产卵的时间约在4月中旬至5月中旬之间。黄癣蜂巢珊瑚于2018年5月5日开始排卵,连续进行4 d,成熟的卵子直径为320 μm;肉质扁脑珊瑚连续2 d(5月7日和8日)产卵,卵子大小为400 μm。本研究中2种珊瑚的胚胎和幼虫的发育过程均为:受精卵−卵裂阶段−囊胚阶段−原肠胚阶段−浮浪幼虫,但未观察到浮浪幼虫附着变态的阶段。同时研究还发现,2种珊瑚的卵子都没有共生虫黄藻,需要后天从环境中获得。本研究为首次记录广西涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖行为,为今后利用有性繁殖来进行珊瑚的生态修复提供了理论基础。
  • 广西科技项目(AA17204074,AD17129063,2018GXNSFBA050023);广西“珊瑚礁资源与环境”八桂学者项目(2014BGXZGX03);广西高校中青年教师基础能力提升项目(2019KY0034)。
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2020年第42卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.010
  • 接收时间:2019-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-04-01
  • 修回日期:2019-06-13
基金
广西科技项目(AA17204074,AD17129063,2018GXNSFBA050023);广西“珊瑚礁资源与环境”八桂学者项目(2014BGXZGX03);广西高校中青年教师基础能力提升项目(2019KY0034)。
作者信息
    1 广西大学 广西南海珊瑚礁研究重点实验室,广西 南宁 530004
    2 广西大学 珊瑚礁研究中心,广西 南宁 530004
    3 广西大学 海洋学院,广西 南宁 530004

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*余克服,教授,主要从事南海珊瑚礁地质、生态与环境研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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