Article(id=1243954928310403371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243954925370196248, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1559577600000, receivedDateStr=2019-06-04, revisedDate=1568476800000, revisedDateStr=2019-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774511566473, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1587744000000, pubDateStr=2020-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774511566473, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774511566473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511566473, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243954925370196248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774511565773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774511565773, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243954928738222397, articleId=1243954928310403371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Pollution characteristics of micro plastics and heavy metals in the intertidal zone sandy sediments of the offshore area of Qinhuangdao, columnId=1243954928637559095, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Marine Chemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Micro plastics in sandy sediments collected from the intertidal zone of the offshore area of Qinhuangdao were floated by saturated NaCl solution and filtrated with membrane filter. Micro plastic particles were observed using microscope and infrared spectroscopy to discuss the origin and morphology. The surface morphology of micro plastics particles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) to analyze surface morphology and elements. The geo accumulation indexes (Igeo) and enrichment factors (EF) were used to study the pollution level and enrichment of heavy metals (Hg, Cd and Pb) in sandy sediments. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and loss on ignition (LOI) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) in sandy sediments were determined in order to analyze the source characteristics. The results indicated that there were three types of micro plastics: fiber, foam and film. Fiber was in the majority of micro plastics. Micro plastic particles were enriched with Si, Al, Mg, Fe and Ca in the surface. Hg and Cd were seriously enriched, and Pb was not enriched in the sandy sediments. The concentrations of TOC and TN were low; TOC/TN ratio and stable isotopic composition of C and N (δ13C and δ15N) indicated that TOC originated from marine plankton algae.

, correspAuthors=Guanghong Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yueqin Chen, Wei Luo, Conghui Sun, Guanghong Wu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243954930176868762, articleId=1243954928310403371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中微塑料和重金属污染特征, columnId=1243954928834691394, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=海洋化学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于密度分离原理,利用饱和NaCl溶液对秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中的微塑料进行了浮选和分离提取,采用显微红外光谱方法分析附着在滤膜上的微塑料颗粒形貌和材质。结合扫描电子显微镜−能谱仪(Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometer,SEM-EDS)对微塑料样品进行微观形貌观察及微区成分的分析。并采用地累积指数(Geo Accumulation Indexes,Igeo)和富集系数(Enrichment Factors,EF)分析砂质沉积物中重金属Hg、Cd和Pb污染水平和富集特点。分析砂质沉积物中烧失量(Loss on Ignition,LOI)、总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)以及碳氮的稳定同位素组成(δ13C和δ15N),探讨有机质的可能来源。结果表明:秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中有纤维类、发泡类、薄膜类3种微塑料,以纤维类的微塑料为主。微塑料表层富集有Si、Al、Mg、Fe和Ca等元素。沉积物中Hg和Cd富集水平较高,Pb富集水平较低。沉积物TOC和TN含量较低,LOI为TOC的1.6倍,δ13C、δ15N和TOC/TN的数值范围均显示有机质以海洋浮游植物藻类等海源为主。

, correspAuthors=吴光红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴光红,男,教授,主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yw/ImWqOlP/clfsMtCTU9g==, magXml=DqLgxj/K5ajkkwaena45ng==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FiZtBupKgwiDi0pFObizYw==, pdfFileSize=17083649, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5xpS5/ULox/rGXLzKWPrLw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LKCV6oskH9Lw6JP4ZhLBBA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈月琴(1994-),女,山西省长治市人,主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail:

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陈月琴(1994-),女,山西省长治市人,主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail:

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Concentrations and recoveries of elements in certified reference material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素标准值/mg∙kg−1测定值/mg∙kg−1回收率/%
Al15 036±1 00617 271±850114.9
Hg0.28±0.030.30±0.02107.1
Cd1.12±0.081.02±0.0691.1
Pb25.0±2.024.5±1.490.8
TOC6 200±8005 400±1 00087.1
TN720±90650±12090.2
), ArticleFig(id=1246538010523750850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954928310403371, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标准物质中各元素含量及回收率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素标准值/mg∙kg−1测定值/mg∙kg−1回收率/%
Al15 036±1 00617 271±850114.9
Hg0.28±0.030.30±0.02107.1
Cd1.12±0.081.02±0.0691.1
Pb25.0±2.024.5±1.490.8
TOC6 200±8005 400±1 00087.1
TN720±90650±12090.2
), ArticleFig(id=1246538010611831242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954928310403371, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients of the sediments in the coastal intertidal zone of Qinhuangdao

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含量偏度峰度沉积物环境背景值生物效应
  注:(1)表示均值±1倍标准差;−表示无数据;ERL表示效应区间低值;ERM效应区间中值。
Al/%0.61±0.02(1)−0.2−0.6
Hg/mg∙kg−10.11±0.06−0.5−1.00.05ERL: 0.15;ERM: 0.71
Cd/mg∙kg−12.69±0.023.814.80.14ERL: 1.2;ERM: 9.6
Pb/mg∙kg−17.78±0.302.78.616.6ERL: 46.7;ERM: 218
LOI/%1.06±0.020.3−0.5
TOC/%0.68±0.121.44.8
TN/%0.11±0.015.530.0
TOC/TN6.53±1.20−0.87.9
δ13C/‰−20.23±0.323.714.9
δ15N/‰4.16±0.79−0.70.3
), ArticleFig(id=1246538010699911634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243954928310403371, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物重金属及营养盐含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含量偏度峰度沉积物环境背景值生物效应
  注:(1)表示均值±1倍标准差;−表示无数据;ERL表示效应区间低值;ERM效应区间中值。
Al/%0.61±0.02(1)−0.2−0.6
Hg/mg∙kg−10.11±0.06−0.5−1.00.05ERL: 0.15;ERM: 0.71
Cd/mg∙kg−12.69±0.023.814.80.14ERL: 1.2;ERM: 9.6
Pb/mg∙kg−17.78±0.302.78.616.6ERL: 46.7;ERM: 218
LOI/%1.06±0.020.3−0.5
TOC/%0.68±0.121.44.8
TN/%0.11±0.015.530.0
TOC/TN6.53±1.20−0.87.9
δ13C/‰−20.23±0.323.714.9
δ15N/‰4.16±0.79−0.70.3
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秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中微塑料和重金属污染特征
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陈月琴 1 , 罗维 2 , 孙聪慧 1 , 吴光红 1, *
海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2020,42(4): 113-121
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海洋学报 | 海洋化学 2020, 42(4): 113-121
秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中微塑料和重金属污染特征
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陈月琴1 , 罗维2, 孙聪慧1, 吴光红1, *
作者信息
  • 1 天津师范大学 天津市水资源与水环境重点实验室,天津 300387
  • 2 中国科学院 生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 100085
  • 陈月琴(1994-),女,山西省长治市人,主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*吴光红,男,教授,主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail:
Pollution characteristics of micro plastics and heavy metals in the intertidal zone sandy sediments of the offshore area of Qinhuangdao
Yueqin Chen1 , Wei Luo2, Conghui Sun1, Guanghong Wu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
出版时间: 2020-04-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.013
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基于密度分离原理,利用饱和NaCl溶液对秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中的微塑料进行了浮选和分离提取,采用显微红外光谱方法分析附着在滤膜上的微塑料颗粒形貌和材质。结合扫描电子显微镜−能谱仪(Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometer,SEM-EDS)对微塑料样品进行微观形貌观察及微区成分的分析。并采用地累积指数(Geo Accumulation Indexes,Igeo)和富集系数(Enrichment Factors,EF)分析砂质沉积物中重金属Hg、Cd和Pb污染水平和富集特点。分析砂质沉积物中烧失量(Loss on Ignition,LOI)、总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)以及碳氮的稳定同位素组成(δ13C和δ15N),探讨有机质的可能来源。结果表明:秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中有纤维类、发泡类、薄膜类3种微塑料,以纤维类的微塑料为主。微塑料表层富集有Si、Al、Mg、Fe和Ca等元素。沉积物中Hg和Cd富集水平较高,Pb富集水平较低。沉积物TOC和TN含量较低,LOI为TOC的1.6倍,δ13C、δ15N和TOC/TN的数值范围均显示有机质以海洋浮游植物藻类等海源为主。

秦皇岛  /  潮间带  /  微塑料  /  重金属  /  营养盐

Micro plastics in sandy sediments collected from the intertidal zone of the offshore area of Qinhuangdao were floated by saturated NaCl solution and filtrated with membrane filter. Micro plastic particles were observed using microscope and infrared spectroscopy to discuss the origin and morphology. The surface morphology of micro plastics particles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) to analyze surface morphology and elements. The geo accumulation indexes (Igeo) and enrichment factors (EF) were used to study the pollution level and enrichment of heavy metals (Hg, Cd and Pb) in sandy sediments. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and loss on ignition (LOI) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) in sandy sediments were determined in order to analyze the source characteristics. The results indicated that there were three types of micro plastics: fiber, foam and film. Fiber was in the majority of micro plastics. Micro plastic particles were enriched with Si, Al, Mg, Fe and Ca in the surface. Hg and Cd were seriously enriched, and Pb was not enriched in the sandy sediments. The concentrations of TOC and TN were low; TOC/TN ratio and stable isotopic composition of C and N (δ13C and δ15N) indicated that TOC originated from marine plankton algae.

Qinhuangdao  /  intertidal zone  /  micro plastics  /  heavy metals  /  nutrients
陈月琴, 罗维, 孙聪慧, 吴光红. 秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中微塑料和重金属污染特征. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (4) : 113 -121 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.013
Yueqin Chen, Wei Luo, Conghui Sun, Guanghong Wu. Pollution characteristics of micro plastics and heavy metals in the intertidal zone sandy sediments of the offshore area of Qinhuangdao[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (4) : 113 -121 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.013
环渤海地区是中国工业化和城市化最发达的3个地区之一。随着经济的快速发展,对资源和能源的消耗量加大,尤其是塑料制品的大范围使用,使得塑料垃圾产量大增,造成了塑料垃圾污染。塑料垃圾具有难降解,随着环境作用(在自然环境中缓慢老化分解)极易分解为微塑料(<5 mm)[1-2]。微塑料表面极易吸附持久性有毒物质如Hg、Pb等以及其他有机物,并经过生物地球化学作用对海洋环境及其生态系统造成严重影响[3-4]。河口、海岸、大洋和深海均已检测到了微塑料,微塑料具有颗粒小、数量多、分布广的特征而易被海洋动物误食产生危害,在海洋环境中造成生态风险[4-7]。本文以秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带为研究区域,采集砂质沉积物样品,对样品中的微塑料、重金属和营养盐及其碳和氮同位素组成进行分析,探讨微塑料的来源形态和微观形貌,对其重金属和营养盐含量及其可能来源进行了分析。为渤海微塑料污染防控和深入研究提供技术支持。
于2017年6月在秦皇岛近岸海域(39.5° N,119.0° E)设置21个砂质沉积物采样点(图1),各点的采样面积约为2 m2。使用自制采样器采用梅花采样法分别采集了潮间带的低潮区、中潮区和高潮区的0~5 cm和5~10 cm两层沉积物及潮上带的0~5 cm表层沉积物,在清洁的容器中混合均匀,取质量约2 kg砂质样品封存于聚乙烯塑料袋内,立即带回实验室自然风干。保存于封口袋中,置于干燥器中备用。
微塑料分析方法:所有砂质样品在50℃干燥48 h,基于密度分离原理,利用NaCl溶液在敞口铝板上进行浮选。在浅铝板(直径约为35 cm)中,将50 g干燥样品与250 mL饱和NaCl溶液混合用玻璃棒手动搅拌2 min。沉降2 h后,将砂层上方的溶液转移到500 mL烧杯中再沉降1 h,将溶液通过1.0 mm孔径的玻璃纤维过滤器过滤。实验过程中所使用的烧杯和转移装置均使用超纯水多次洗涤,洗涤液也通过相同的玻璃纤维过滤器过滤,以使粘附在容器壁上的微塑料损失最小。过滤器在空气中干燥24 h,单独密封在培养皿中待分析。使用数字显微镜在10倍放大率下观测分离的微塑料,对于分离提取出的部分微塑料片段,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测定样品的红外光谱图,分析聚合物成分[8]。纤维类微塑料的主要成分为低密度聚乙烯,薄膜类微塑料的主要成分为聚丙烯,发泡类微塑料的主要成分为聚苯乙烯。并结合扫描电子显微镜−能谱仪(Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometer,SEM-EDS)对微塑料表面的微观特性进行了表征分析。
重金属分析方法:准确称取0.250 g干燥的砂质样品于聚四氟乙烯微波消解罐内,用少量超纯水(<5 mL)洗罐壁上粘的样品。加入5 mL王水(1 HNO3+3 HCl),在微波消解仪中按微波消解程序消解,冷却后转移到50 mL容量瓶中并定容。Al使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(PE,Optima 8300)进行测试,Hg利用原子荧光光度计(LC-AFS9780)进行测试,Pb和Cd使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(PE,Elan 9000)进行测试。
总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)和总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)分析方法:称取0.5 g沉积物砂质样品,分别将样品置于离心管中,加入1 mol/L的HCl溶液去除无机碳,等待样品和溶液反应完全后,水洗除酸至中性后,离心分离,倒掉上清液,将样品放入干燥箱中烘干至恒重,计算处理过的样品质量及其占总样品质量的比例。将烘干研磨后的样品保存于干燥器中,供TOC测试。TN直接使用原样品测定,TOC、TN采用元素分析仪(PE,2400 Series II)仪器进行分析。碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ13C和δ15N)采用稳定同位素质谱仪(Nu Horizon)分别进行测定[9-10],并以碳酸钡(IAEA-CO-9 barium carbonate)和硝酸钾(IAEA-NO-3 potassium nitrate)作为参考标准,分析精度δ13C小于0.20‰,δ15N小于0.40‰。
沉积物中有机质含量采用砂质沉积物中烧失量(Loss on Ignition,LOI)进行估算[11],烧失量的计算公式为
${\rm{LOI = }}\frac{{{{{m}}_{{\rm{105}}}}{\rm{ - }}{{{m}}_{{\rm{550}}}}}}{{{{{m}}_{{\rm{105}}}}{\rm{ - }}{{{m}}_{\rm{0}}}}}{\rm{ \times 100}}{\text %},$
式中,LOI指样品灼烧失去的质量占原始样品质量的百分比;m0指烘干后空坩埚质量(单位: g);m550指坩埚和样品在550℃燃烧后的总质量(单位:g);m105指坩埚和样品在105℃烘干后的总质量(单位:g)。
采用近海海洋沉积物成分分析标准物质(GBW07314)和土壤成分分析标准物质(GBW07427)对实验过程中金属元素、TOC及TN含量的分析进行了质量控制,详见表1。结果表明,各元素的回收率在87.1%~114.9%之间,实验测得数据具有较高的可靠性和可行性。采用向沉积物标准样品中掺入尺寸约为1 mm的聚乙烯和聚丙烯塑料颗粒,该方法的回收率大于60%,与Imhof等[12]和Zhu[13]的微塑料回收率基本相当。
采用地累积指数(Geo Accumulation Indexes,Igeo)和富集系数(Enrichment Factors,EF)计算沉积物重金属的污染程度。地累积指数由Müller提出,其表达公式为
${I_{{\rm{geo}}}} = {\rm{lo}}{{\rm{g}}_2}({C_n}/1.5{B_n}),$
式中,Cn表示样品中所测元素n的浓度值;Bn为所对应元素的背景浓度(渤海沉积物环境背景值)。1.5是用来修正沉积物自身的各种特性和岩石地质等方面产生的影响。地累积指数的数值与污染程度可分为7个级别[14-15]
富集系数计算式为
$EF{\rm{ = }}\frac{{{{{{(M}}/N_{\rm{Al}}})_{\rm{S}}}}}{{{{{{(M}}/N_{\rm{Al}}})_{\rm{B}}}}}.$
式中,EF表示重金属在沉积物中的富集系数;(M/NAlS是样品中重金属元素含量与金属Al含量的比值;(M/NAlB是渤海沉积物中重金属元素含量与金属Al含量的比值。富集程度EF按照Sutherland分为5个等级[16-17]
基于密度分离原理从砂质沉积物样品中分离出微塑料,经过滤后滤膜上的微塑料见图2。并利用10倍目显微镜观察滤膜上附着的微塑料颗粒(图2b图2d)。结果表明,微塑料丰度较低,尺寸在0.2~5 mm之间。微塑料颗粒根据其形貌和红外光谱图分为纤维类、薄膜类和发泡类3类微塑料。纤维类微塑料多为红色、绿色;薄膜类微塑料和发泡类微塑料主要为透明色和白色。根据观测到的微塑料的类型和数量,潮上带有纤维类和发泡类的微塑料,低潮区(0~5 cm)和高潮区(5~10 cm)多为纤维类的微塑料,观测结果与朱晓桐等[18]在长江口潮滩表层沉积物中观测到的微塑料类型基本一致,主要为纤维类的微塑料。
利用扫描电子显微镜对微塑料的形貌进行扫描,详见图3。纤维类的微塑料表面风化程度不高,可能由于其暴露在环境中的时间不长或不易于风化分解,总体上还是原来的丝状结构,该类微塑料多为渔业活动废弃的渔线或渔网在使用过程中风化裂解遗留的[2]图3a)。薄膜类微塑料裂解成碎片状,边缘无固定形状,表面也有凸起的形状,有粉化和老化的痕迹(图3b),该类微塑料源于食品包装袋和农用薄膜、工程塑料编织袋内侧附着的薄膜、防渗地膜等塑料制品及其残留。发泡类微塑料表面撕裂痕迹明显,并且具有明显的裂纹,存在孔状结构,空隙中会吸附杂质(图3c)。该类微塑料主要源于船体的浮子、水体养殖使用的浮标和各种用途的塑料泡沫箱等。Kwon等[19]的研究表明发泡类微塑料的重要来源是水产养殖中使用的发泡塑料浮标。环境中的微塑料具有表面粗糙、多孔状等特点,这种表面结构是微塑料在环境中老化遗留的痕迹,此种结构使其容易裂解成更小的颗粒。Ashton等[8]认为微塑料表面的老化、风化等痕迹会使其产生较多的撕裂裂纹和孔状结构等,这样的结构使其比表面积增大,容易吸附更多的污染物和土壤颗粒等杂质。
为进一步探讨微塑料表面附着的物质,采用SEM-EDS对分离的微塑料样品微区成分进行分析,结果见图4。纤维类微塑料表层主要有Si、Al、Mg、Fe和O等元素(图4a);薄膜类和发泡类的微塑料表层主要有Si、Al、Fe、Mg、Ca和O等元素(图4b图4c),3种类型的微塑料表面富集了Al、Fe和Mg等常量元素,但没有Hg和Cd等痕量元素的富集。Ashton等[8]发现在海洋环境中塑料颗粒通过沉积物和藻类富集金属元素(Al,Fe,Mn,Pb和Cd等)。简敏菲等的研究也表明微塑料表层Si、Fe、Al等元素主要以氧化物形态存在[20-21]。Fe和Al等金属的水合氧化物是沉积物中重要的无机胶体,可通过吸附、共沉淀等富集重金属,内分泌干扰物等污染物还可随着水合氧化物附着在微塑料的表面裂隙及孔状结构中,对海洋生态环境和海洋生物造成危害[19]
环渤海潮间带沉积物Hg、Cd和Pb处于中等水平,而Cr、As、Cu和Zn处于相对较低水平[22],因此选择重金属Hg、Cd和Pb作为污染元素进行分析,并以Al作为参比元素,其含量详见表2。Hg的偏度和峰度为负值,表明整体的数据较为集中且在左边分布更为分散,重金属在自然背景环境中含量很低,多呈对数正态分布,而在人为影响下大量富集可造成含量的概率分布向高含量方向偏斜。与海洋沉积物质量标准(GB18668-2002)对比,Hg和Pb达到一类标准,Cd达到了二类标准。Hg的平均含量为0.11 mg/kg,是沉积物背景值的2倍多,这与郑舜琴和张淑美[23]研究渤海湾沉积物Hg的含量(0.025~0.170 mg/kg)较一致,影响沉积物中Hg含量的原因可能与秦皇岛入海河流的因素及陆源输入存在着关联性。采用地累积指数Igeo和富集系数EF分析砂质沉积物中重金属的富集特点(图5)。Igeo的结果表明,Pb污染为0级,无污染;Hg污染为1级,无污染到中度污染;Cd污染为4级,强污染。EF的结果表明,Pb为无富集,Hg为中度到高度富集,Cd属于超高度富集。
Cd、Pb的偏度和峰度均为正,数据较为分散且右边分布更为分散,表明在人为影响下大量富集造成含量的概率分布向高含量方向偏斜。秦延文等[24]对渤海湾潮间带重金属进行研究,发现Pb和Cd的含量远远高于相应的环境背景值,通过归一化研究得知重金属的污染具有明显的人为痕迹。而本研究Pb的含量明显低于渤海沉积物环境背景值,这可能与砂质沉积物自身有关,砂质沉积物不易于富集重金属Pb,而渤海湾及其入海河流中Pb含量较高的区域则分布在富含有机质的排污河道和淤泥质沉积物中[24-25]。Cd含量较高可能与当地的区域污染特点有关,张雷等[22]在兴城附近海域潮间带沉积物中重金属分布特征的研究中,Cd含量也达到了1.48 mg/kg。从表2可知,重金属Cd含量的均值为2.69 mg/kg,大于沉积物质量基准(Sediment Quality Guidelines, SQGs)效应区间低值(Effect Range-Low, ERL),但远小于效应区间中值(Effect Range-Median, ERM),表明很少会引起生物负效应;Hg含量的均值为0.11 mg/kg,略低于ERL生物影响值,表示极少会引起生物负效应;Pb含量的均值为7.78 mg/kg,远低于ERL,表示极少会引起生物负效应[26]
秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中TOC、TN的含量及δ13C和δ15N的稳定同位素组成见图6。TOC含量分布在0.35%~1.07%之间,均值为0.68%。而TN分布在0.079% ~0.156%之间,均值为0.11%。秦延文等[24]报道了渤海湾淤泥质沉积物有机质含量为1.41%~3.05%,均值为2.08%,其接纳了大量工业废水和生活污水,有机质和营养盐污染明显。而本研究中砂质沉积物中TOC和TN含量较低,有机质和营养盐污染不高。秦皇岛近岸海域砂质沉积物与淤泥质沉积物不同,有机质和营养盐污染不明显,未受陆源工业废水和生活污水的影响。沉积物中LOI达到了1.06%,LOI与TOC的比值为1.6,说明砂质沉积物中含有较高的非有机质(如微塑料)等其他杂质。Sutherland[11]对夏威夷瓦胡岛沉积物中LOI与TOC的关系进行了研究,TOC约占LOI的64%,本研究与前人研究结果相似。
由沉积物样品中TOC和TN的含量计算C/N比值。砂质沉积物中TOC/TN的比值分布在4.0~8.0之间,均值为6.5,均小于8。本研究的结果接近海洋藻类有机质来源的TOC/TN比值范围(3~8),高于底栖动物的范围(2.8~3.4),低于陆生高等植物有机质的范围(14~23)[27]。石勇等[28]在鸭绿江河口西岸潮滩沉积物有机质中δ13C、δ15N和TOC/TN的研究结果表明,向陆方向,δ13C逐渐增大,而δ15N和TOC/TN逐渐减小。说明秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中营养盐主要以自然海源藻类输入为主。同时秦皇岛近岸海域砂质沉积物TOC与TN之间没有显著的线性关系,这与我们在渤海湾西部淤泥质沉积物中的研究不一致[9]。结果表明,渤海湾西部和秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带沉积物中有机质和营养盐的来源不同,也表明秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中的微塑料以潮汐输运来源为主。这与刘启明等[2]在厦门湾海滩的微塑料研究中发现其主要来自陆源不尽相同。
为了探讨沉积物中陆源和海源有机质的输入特点,对其稳定碳、氮同位素(δ13C和δ15N)进行了测试和分析,详见图6。δ13C分布在−21.17‰~−19.57‰,均值为−20.23‰,而δ15N分布在4.09‰~5.28‰,均值为4.16‰。与2月、7月长江河口潮滩表层(0~2 cm)沉积物中有机质稳定碳(−27.3‰~−25.6‰,−29.8‰~−23.7‰)和稳定氮(1.7‰~7.8‰,1.0‰~5.5‰)同位素相比,δ13C明显偏高[29],长江河口潮滩表层沉积物有机质中的稳定碳、氮同位素组成受陆源和海源有机质输入的共同影响。陆源有机质δ13C和δ15N的分布分别在−27‰和2.7‰附近,而海源有机质的δ13C和δ15N较高,均值分别在−20‰和6.5‰附近[27, 30]。若氮的来源以大气沉降和农业源(无机化肥和土壤有机氮)为主,δ15N相应降低,而随着人类活动及工业化、城市化上升,硝酸盐及悬浮颗粒有机氮来源增加,δ15N相应增加[10]。结果表明,秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中有机质受海源的影响较大。沉积物中的TOC和TN主要是自然来源,以土壤有机质和海洋浮游生物(藻类等)为主,而工农业废水和生活污水较少。δ13C、δ15N和TOC/TN可作为不同来源有机质的示踪指标,本研究也表明δ13C较TOC/TN比值和δ15N能更准确的指示有机质的来源[27]
秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质样品中观测到了纤维类、发泡类、薄膜类3种微塑料,以纤维类的微塑料为主,微塑料以潮汐输运来源为主。微塑料表面粗糙、撕裂、凸起、存在孔状结构,受到老化、风化及侵蚀作用的影响,其表面主要有Si、Al、Mg、Fe和Ca等元素富集。
重金属Hg和Cd超过了沉积物背景值,而Pb小于沉积物背景值。Hg和Pb低于ERL值,极少会引起生物负效应,Cd处于ERL和ERM之间,表明很少会引起生物负效应。较高的Cd含量与当地重金属污染特点有关,较低的Pb含量与沉积物中有机质含量低有关。
砂质沉积物中TOC和TN含量较低,TOC/TN的比值以及δ13C和δ15N的稳定同位素组成的分析结果表明,有机质的来源以海洋水生生物藻类等海源为主,而营养盐则以土壤氮和大气干湿沉降硝态氮等自然来源为主,未受到工农业废水和生活污水的明显影响。与渤海湾西部淤泥质潮间带的沉积物相比,秦皇岛近岸海域潮间带砂质沉积物中有机质和营养盐总量及其来源均不同。
  • 国家重点研发计划子课题(2017YFC0505803-01);国家自然基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(41761144078)。
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2020年第42卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.04.013
  • 接收时间:2019-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-06-04
  • 修回日期:2019-09-15
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国家重点研发计划子课题(2017YFC0505803-01);国家自然基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(41761144078)。
作者信息
    1 天津师范大学 天津市水资源与水环境重点实验室,天津 300387
    2 中国科学院 生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 100085

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*吴光红,男,教授,主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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