Article(id=1243867130702184490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243867128877658712, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1552233600000, receivedDateStr=2019-03-11, revisedDate=1577980800000, revisedDateStr=2020-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774490633892, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1585065600000, pubDateStr=2020-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774490633892, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774490633892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774490633892, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243867128877658712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2020', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774490633458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774490695165, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243867387754300069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243867128877658712, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243867387754300070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1243867128877658712, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243867131603959855, articleId=1243867130702184490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of seasonal environmental variation on surface acoustic localization in the half convergence zone area of deep sea, columnId=1243867131083862618, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Physical Oceanography, Marine Meteorology and Marine Physics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To recognize the environmental effects on underwater acoustic localization in deep sea and improve the measurement system performance against environmental variations, an simulation method for localization performance evaluation under different oceanographic conditions was presented, in which the sound filed calculation, error propagation and crossing solution were integrated by modelling, and the effects of seasonal environmental variation on localization performance were discussed in the case of Western Pacific. According to simulation results, when the receiving depth was near the surface, the sound channel showed different models in summer and winter, such that the accuracy was worse in summer influnced by seasonal thermocline and better in winter influnced by surface duct, the difference of root mean square error (RMSE) beyond 50 m; when the receiving depth was in the upper ocean, the localization performance had an obviously seasonal change caused by the active range of direct wave, and the accuracy was better in winter than that in summer, the difference of RMSE was 15−20 m; when the receiving depth was near the bottom, the better accuracy was obtained using reliable acoustic path, and the localization performance had little change with season. This work indicates that the seasonal environmental variation induces differences in the sound channel as well as the arrival acoustic information, the error propagation and crossing solution for the localization in the half convergence zone area of deep sea, then exert significant effects on localization performance as the receiving depth in the upper ocean.

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针对深海声定位受海洋环境变化影响明显、需考虑测量系统的环境适应性和宽容性设计问题,提出一种评估海水环境变化对定位性能影响的仿真分析方法,将声场计算、误差传播与交会解算联合建模,以西太平洋中纬度海域夏季和冬季环境为代表性场景讨论了季节性环境变化对定位性能的影响方式和影响程度。仿真结果表明,当接收器位于海洋近表层时,在夏季和冬季呈现出两种不同的声信道样式,夏季季节性温跃层影响下的定位精度较差,冬季表面波导影响下的定位精度相对较好,两者均方根误差(RMSE)相差超过50 m;当接收器位于海洋中上层时,直达波有效作用范围的季节性变化引起定位性能差异,冬季定位精度优于夏季,两者RMSE相差15~20 m;当接收器位于海洋近底层时,利用可靠声路径定位精度较高,定位性能季节性变化不明显。研究认为,海水的季节性环境变化能够改变半会聚区尺度水面声定位的声信道特性以及到达声信息、误差传播、交会求解等测量因素,进而对接收深度位于海洋上层的声定位性能产生明显影响。

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张旭(1982-),男,黑龙江省萝北县人,主要从事水下测量技术、海洋信息应用技术研究。E-mail:

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张旭(1982-),男,黑龙江省萝北县人,主要从事水下测量技术、海洋信息应用技术研究。E-mail:

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Acta Acustica, 2013, 38(2): 153−159., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1248261376628646290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(61701504,61971424)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1248261371230576764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1248261371238965373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, companyId=1248261371230576764, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Unit 91550 of PLA, Dalian 116023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1248261371251548286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, companyId=1248261371230576764, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国人民解放军91550部队,辽宁 大连 116023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1248261371373183107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1248261371394154630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, companyId=1248261371373183107, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Unit 91650 of PLA, Guangzhou 510320, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1248261371406737543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, companyId=1248261371373183107, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国人民解放军91650部队,广东 广州 510320)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1248261374112063778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Illustration for operating conditions and localization principle, figureFileSmall=Xp+9bWE4mvf/eYE1Y3z9cA==, figureFileBig=MCJ3KOPl6H2nhY+SWENu3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374200144169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图1, caption=工况及定位原理示意图, figureFileSmall=Xp+9bWE4mvf/eYE1Y3z9cA==, figureFileBig=MCJ3KOPl6H2nhY+SWENu3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374292418864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The sound velocity profile of two typical seasons (data from WOA09 database[2627]), figureFileSmall=u3/1yIM6NFAlnrh9N9vyBg==, figureFileBig=moTM8Pqk5O8iGT5Wm5dQcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374397276468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图2, caption=两类典型季节的声速剖面(数据来自WOA09数据集[2627], figureFileSmall=u3/1yIM6NFAlnrh9N9vyBg==, figureFileBig=moTM8Pqk5O8iGT5Wm5dQcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374502134072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Transmission loss in summer (a) and winter (b), figureFileSmall=AElXxnsq/q4a/xwOIpe8nw==, figureFileBig=HnED7weSBlAUmY9WiD82uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374586020156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图3, caption=夏季(a)与冬季(b)传播损失场, figureFileSmall=AElXxnsq/q4a/xwOIpe8nw==, figureFileBig=HnED7weSBlAUmY9WiD82uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374690877761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Transmission loss curve in typical receiving depth in summer (a) and winter (b), figureFileSmall=nMp14QK4+6504ytLMFhSWQ==, figureFileBig=Zeysd2nQvnfKOw1UEgdyGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374770569540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图4, caption=典型接收深度的夏季(a)与冬季(b)传播损失曲线, figureFileSmall=nMp14QK4+6504ytLMFhSWQ==, figureFileBig=Zeysd2nQvnfKOw1UEgdyGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261374875427145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison of eigen-rays in different receiving depth

a. RD=50 m, b. RD=500 m, c. RD=5 400 m; RR. Direct wave ray path, RB: seabed first-reflected wave ray path, SD: surface duct ray path; the dotted line denotes the ray paths after receivers

, figureFileSmall=tMk+clXGa4cIn6J3HS/a5A==, figureFileBig=5Msi6OU4lvm69oOlTR6/fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375005450572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同接收深度条件下的本征声线比较

a. RD=50 m,b. RD=500 m,c. RD=5 400 m;RR. 直达波声路径,RB. 一次海底反射波声路径,SD. 表面波导声路径;点线表示声路径到达接收器之后的部分

, figureFileSmall=tMk+clXGa4cIn6J3HS/a5A==, figureFileBig=5Msi6OU4lvm69oOlTR6/fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375106113877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of signal to noise ratio curve with range under different receiving depth conditions

a. RD=50 m, b. RD=500 m, c. RD=5 400 m; RR. Direct wave ray path, RB. seabed first-reflected wave ray path, SD. surface duct ray path; the dotted line denotes the detection threshold of signal to noise ratio is 10 dB

, figureFileSmall=uiGD/gP82IJB5R8nWxE6kw==, figureFileBig=yrcuI4AB9xa8CXIDMKbLJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375299051864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同接收深度条件下的信噪比随距离变化曲线比较

a. RD=50 m,b. RD=500 m,c. RD=5 400 m;RR. 直达波声路径,RB. 一次海底反射波声路径,SD. 表面波导声路径;信噪比为10 dB的虚线表示检测阈

, figureFileSmall=uiGD/gP82IJB5R8nWxE6kw==, figureFileBig=yrcuI4AB9xa8CXIDMKbLJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375395520863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison of time delay curve with range under different receiving depth conditions

RR. Direct wave ray path, RB. seabed first-reflected wave ray path, SD. surface duct ray path; the dotted line in vertical denotes the maximum active range of direct waves

, figureFileSmall=mmz7MTOX1DkvRQqJad/x3w==, figureFileBig=AqEMc324y7cvDefb/MF2Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375487795555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同接收深度条件下的到达时延随距离变化曲线比较

RR. 直达波声路径,RB. 一次海底反射波声路径,SD. 表面波导声路径;垂向虚线位置表示直达波作用距离边界

, figureFileSmall=mmz7MTOX1DkvRQqJad/x3w==, figureFileBig=AqEMc324y7cvDefb/MF2Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375584264548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Comparison of signal to noise ratio horizontal distribution in summer and winter

The target locates at X=2 km, Z=2 km, marked by black triangle; the base stations are marked by black square; the test sea area is marked by dashed line; the active range of direct wave is marked by circular full line

, figureFileSmall=THRU2fREhFAYID2x/rpNLg==, figureFileBig=lLJx2MwSAKkvIrRmF5Ko+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375714287975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图8, caption=夏季和冬季信噪比水平分布比较

目标位于X=2 km,Z=2 km处,由黑色三角形表示;基站位置由黑色正方形表示;测量区域由虚线表示;直达波作用距离由圆型实线表示

, figureFileSmall=THRU2fREhFAYID2x/rpNLg==, figureFileBig=lLJx2MwSAKkvIrRmF5Ko+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375823339883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Box-plot of localization bias in iteration under summer (a) and winter (b) environment(RD=500 m), figureFileSmall=09TOV7w4R505jFcBS47gew==, figureFileBig=cVpAT9GymJ/cHi/TdygJpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261375953363313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图9, caption=夏季(a)和冬季(b)环境下迭代解算中的定位偏差箱型图(RD=500 m), figureFileSmall=09TOV7w4R505jFcBS47gew==, figureFileBig=cVpAT9GymJ/cHi/TdygJpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261376037249398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Illustration of time difference intersection and solution (RD=500 m), figureFileSmall=EqRZatM+xarVYbfccfRbIQ==, figureFileBig=JX1BN+wGjZ3JBusN1RxXDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261376121135482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=图10, caption=时差交会解算示意图(RD=500 m), figureFileSmall=EqRZatM+xarVYbfccfRbIQ==, figureFileBig=JX1BN+wGjZ3JBusN1RxXDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248261376205021567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of RMSE in different receiving depth under summer and winter environment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接收深度季节未迭加站址误差迭加站址误差
RMSE的X分量/mRMSE的Z分量/mRMSE/mRMSE的X分量/mRMSE的Z分量/mRMSE/m
RD=50 m夏季59.359.584.059.760.585.1
冬季23.023.032.523.123.132.7
RD=500 m夏季27.928.039.628.228.440.0
冬季14.914.720.915.315.321.6
RD=5 400 m夏季8.28.111.520.220.128.5
冬季8.38.111.620.120.028.3
), ArticleFig(id=1248261376318267779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同接收深度夏季和冬季环境下的RMSE比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接收深度季节未迭加站址误差迭加站址误差
RMSE的X分量/mRMSE的Z分量/mRMSE/mRMSE的X分量/mRMSE的Z分量/mRMSE/m
RD=50 m夏季59.359.584.059.760.585.1
冬季23.023.032.523.123.132.7
RD=500 m夏季27.928.039.628.228.440.0
冬季14.914.720.915.315.321.6
RD=5 400 m夏季8.28.111.520.220.128.5
冬季8.38.111.620.120.028.3
), ArticleFig(id=1248261376385376647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of arrival parameters to each base station (the truth value)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接收深度季节参数类型1#基站2#基站3#基站4#基站5#基站
RD=50 m夏季本征声线类型RBRBRBRBRB
到达时延/s7.2710.6911.8510.699.33
冬季本征声线类型SDSDSDSDSD
到达时延/s1.877.709.357.705.60
RD=500 m夏季本征声线类型RRRBRBRBRB
到达时延/s1.8810.5311.7010.539.17
冬季本征声线类型RRRRRRRRRR
到达时延/s1.927.709.377.705.60
RD=5 400 m夏季本征声线类型RRRRRRRRRR
到达时延/s3.998.5810.008.586.85
冬季本征声线类型RRRRRRRRRR
到达时延/s4.038.5810.008.586.86
), ArticleFig(id=1248261376481845643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1243867130702184490, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

目标声信号到达各基站参数比较(真值)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接收深度季节参数类型1#基站2#基站3#基站4#基站5#基站
RD=50 m夏季本征声线类型RBRBRBRBRB
到达时延/s7.2710.6911.8510.699.33
冬季本征声线类型SDSDSDSDSD
到达时延/s1.877.709.357.705.60
RD=500 m夏季本征声线类型RRRBRBRBRB
到达时延/s1.8810.5311.7010.539.17
冬季本征声线类型RRRRRRRRRR
到达时延/s1.927.709.377.705.60
RD=5 400 m夏季本征声线类型RRRRRRRRRR
到达时延/s3.998.5810.008.586.85
冬季本征声线类型RRRRRRRRRR
到达时延/s4.038.5810.008.586.86
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深海季节性环境变化对半会聚区尺度水面声定位影响分析
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张旭 1 , 李智生 1 , 邱仁贵 2 , 董楠 1
海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2020,42(3): 59-71
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海洋学报 | 物理海洋、海洋气象、海洋物理 2020, 42(3): 59-71
深海季节性环境变化对半会聚区尺度水面声定位影响分析
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张旭1 , 李智生1, 邱仁贵2, 董楠1
作者信息
  • 1 中国人民解放军91550部队,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2 中国人民解放军91650部队,广东 广州 510320
  • 张旭(1982-),男,黑龙江省萝北县人,主要从事水下测量技术、海洋信息应用技术研究。E-mail:

Effects of seasonal environmental variation on surface acoustic localization in the half convergence zone area of deep sea
Xu Zhang1 , Zhisheng Li1, Rengui Qiu2, Nan Dong1
Affiliations
  • 1 Unit 91550 of PLA, Dalian 116023, China
  • 2 Unit 91650 of PLA, Guangzhou 510320, China
出版时间: 2020-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.006
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针对深海声定位受海洋环境变化影响明显、需考虑测量系统的环境适应性和宽容性设计问题,提出一种评估海水环境变化对定位性能影响的仿真分析方法,将声场计算、误差传播与交会解算联合建模,以西太平洋中纬度海域夏季和冬季环境为代表性场景讨论了季节性环境变化对定位性能的影响方式和影响程度。仿真结果表明,当接收器位于海洋近表层时,在夏季和冬季呈现出两种不同的声信道样式,夏季季节性温跃层影响下的定位精度较差,冬季表面波导影响下的定位精度相对较好,两者均方根误差(RMSE)相差超过50 m;当接收器位于海洋中上层时,直达波有效作用范围的季节性变化引起定位性能差异,冬季定位精度优于夏季,两者RMSE相差15~20 m;当接收器位于海洋近底层时,利用可靠声路径定位精度较高,定位性能季节性变化不明显。研究认为,海水的季节性环境变化能够改变半会聚区尺度水面声定位的声信道特性以及到达声信息、误差传播、交会求解等测量因素,进而对接收深度位于海洋上层的声定位性能产生明显影响。

深海  /  季节性变化  /  环境影响  /  水声定位  /  会聚区

To recognize the environmental effects on underwater acoustic localization in deep sea and improve the measurement system performance against environmental variations, an simulation method for localization performance evaluation under different oceanographic conditions was presented, in which the sound filed calculation, error propagation and crossing solution were integrated by modelling, and the effects of seasonal environmental variation on localization performance were discussed in the case of Western Pacific. According to simulation results, when the receiving depth was near the surface, the sound channel showed different models in summer and winter, such that the accuracy was worse in summer influnced by seasonal thermocline and better in winter influnced by surface duct, the difference of root mean square error (RMSE) beyond 50 m; when the receiving depth was in the upper ocean, the localization performance had an obviously seasonal change caused by the active range of direct wave, and the accuracy was better in winter than that in summer, the difference of RMSE was 15−20 m; when the receiving depth was near the bottom, the better accuracy was obtained using reliable acoustic path, and the localization performance had little change with season. This work indicates that the seasonal environmental variation induces differences in the sound channel as well as the arrival acoustic information, the error propagation and crossing solution for the localization in the half convergence zone area of deep sea, then exert significant effects on localization performance as the receiving depth in the upper ocean.

deep sea  /  seasonal variation  /  environmental effect  /  underwater acoustic localization  /  convergence zone
张旭, 李智生, 邱仁贵, 董楠. 深海季节性环境变化对半会聚区尺度水面声定位影响分析. 海洋学报, 2020 , 42 (3) : 59 -71 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.006
Xu Zhang, Zhisheng Li, Rengui Qiu, Nan Dong. Effects of seasonal environmental variation on surface acoustic localization in the half convergence zone area of deep sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2020 , 42 (3) : 59 -71 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.006
航行体入水时在海面激发出一类有明显特征的声信号,可用于入水点定位[1-2]。此类技术目前在近海工程中已有成功应用[3-4],定位区域通常为数千米范围。若考虑在深海更大尺度的空间开展海上定位测量,声信号的传输信道和到达方式将发生改变,呈现与浅海明显不同的定位特性,其测量设计需要结合深海的环境特点及声信道条件来考虑。海洋环境是水声定位系统实际使用的重要影响因素,同一设备在不同的季节使用其定位性能很可能出现明显差别[5]。因此,深海入水点定位测量设计应充分考虑海洋环境的多样性结构和季节性变化,提高测量系统对环境条件的适应性和宽容性。
近年来有关深海非均匀海洋现象对声传播影响方面的研究不断深入,对海洋环境与声传播耦合特征的揭示已细致到中尺度现象三维结构[6-9],甚至延伸到亚中尺度现象[10]和局地不平整海底等复杂结构[11-14]。然而,能够感知和描述现象并不意味着就能实现准确定位,对于远离岸站的深海区域,即使是在第一会聚区范围内对随机入水目标进行较高精度定位仍然是困难的。目前,对此类无源目标进行有效定位主要有两种方式[15],一种是方位交会,另一种是时差交会,前者因测向误差随距离线性放大不适用于较大的覆盖范围,而后者则以信号到达时间差作为测量元素,时延误差随距离变化较缓,更适用于深海大范围区域的定位问题[16]。近年来,水声定位方法和技术不断发展,匹配场定位、基于频域干涉条纹定位或基于多途到达结构定位等方法均取得了一定进展[17]。匹配场处理技术[18-19]可实现环境、声场与定位的统一处理,将信号处理技术与声传播物理模型有机结合,但从已报道的结果来看[20-21],在现有技术条件下该方法仍难以达到多基站交会定位的精度水平。基于频域干涉条纹的定位技术可利用目标信号频域干涉条纹的周期振荡特性实现单基站定位测量[22-23],而基于多途到达结构的定位技术可根据直达波和海面−海底反射波之间的时延差与声场的相关关系实现目标位置估计[24-25],这两种方法在布站条件上大为简化,只需要有限的基站再结合声场信息即可实现定位,但其稳健程度和定位精度还需进一步提升。综合比较上述方法,针对在深海半会聚区尺度的测量范围对随机入水声目标定位的问题,采用多基站交会定位仍是相对合理的方案。同时,需要将水声定位技术与海洋环境条件结合考虑,从机理上认识深海环境的模态变化对定位性能的影响方式和影响程度,进而为测量设计和工程应用提供基础。
本文以西太平洋典型海域的冬季和夏季水文环境为场景,提出基于时差定位的仿真方法,对不同声速剖面以及不同收−发条件下定位精度的差异性进行比对,进而讨论季节性环境变化对定位性能的影响机制。
对测试的工况条件作如下假设(图1):
(1)测量海域选取在西太平洋北部;要求覆盖的测量区域范围为16 km×16 km;测量海区内海底平坦,水深为5 500 m。
(2)目标入水位置随机,在测量海区中的散布概率分布由中心向边缘逐渐减小;分别以水面平台(水面船或有动力浮标)和近海底平台(锚系潜标)搭载声接收器构成水面基站和水下基站,在测量海区的中心和4个顶点各布设1个水面基站和水下基站,构成2组5元接收基阵,对目标声信号进行采集和处理。
(3)水面基站以吊放方式搭载声接收器,通过卫星导航定位设备对水面平台进行定位和授时;同时水面平台与接收器之间加装超短基线定位设备,可对吊放的接收器位置进行实时修正,水面平台正下方±60°区域内定位精度优于1%斜距;测量数据通过水面平台搭载的无线电通信设备回传到测量海区附近的中心站进行准实时解算。
(4)水下基站通过潜标系统搭载声接收器,具备高精度守时和自容式采集功能,布放后由船载设备对其位置进行标定;测量数据先通过水声通信方式传到水面平台,再利用无线电通信方式回传到中心站进行准实时解算。
根据上述工况,目标声信号到达接收器的信噪比(Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR)可按声呐方程计算:
${\rm {SNR}} = {\rm {SL}} -{\rm {TL}} - {\rm {NL}},$
式中,各项均以谱级(单位:dB@1 kHz)定义,SL为目标声信号的声源级;TL为传播损失,与海洋环境条件、声信道及收−发条件有关;NL为背景噪声级。对于某一测量基站,当SNR大于检测阈DT时,可检测到目标声信号并得出到达时间的估计值(含有一定误差),获取3组以上的到达时间信息就可构成2组时差,实现入水点海面二维位置坐标的交会解算。
以测量海区的中心位置为原点O,建立测量直角坐标系,OX轴指向正东方向,OZ轴指向正北方向,OY轴沿垂直方向指向海底(图1)。设待测目标入水点位置坐标为${\boldsymbol{X}} = {\left[ {x,y,z} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$,基站$j$的坐标为${\boldsymbol{X}}_j^* = {\left[ {x_j^*,y_j^*,z_j^*} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$$j = 1,2, \cdots ,N$N为有效基站数),两者之间的斜距可表示为
${r_j}\left( {x,y,z} \right) = {\left\| {{\boldsymbol{X}} - {\boldsymbol{X}}_j^*} \right\|_2} = \sqrt {{{\left( {x - x_j^*} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {y - y_j^*} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {z - z_j^*} \right)}^2}} ,$
式中,${\left\| \cdot \right\|_2}$表示向量的${l_2}$范数。
若考虑将目标声信号沿弯曲路径传播到接收器的过程等效为沿某一等效声速直线传播,且目标入水时间为零时刻,则有${r_j} = {c_j}{\tau _j}$,其中${c_j}$为等效声速,${\tau _j}$为到达时延。对${\tau _j}$在某一初始位置${{\boldsymbol{X}}^0} = {\left[ {{x^0},{y^0},{z^0}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$进行泰勒级数展开[16]
${\tau _j} = \tau _j^0 + {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial x}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} \left( {x - {x^0}} \right) + {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial y}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} \left( {y - {y^0}} \right) + {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial z}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} \left( {z - {z^0}} \right).$
由于测量信息为目标声信号到达各基站时间的估计值,而目标入水时间未知,用于解算的测量元素为目标声信号到达各基站的时差,即
$\begin{split} {\tau _j} - {\tau _k} =& \left( {\tau _j^0 - \tau _k^0} \right) + \left( {{{\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial x}}} \right|}_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} - {{\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _k}}}{{\partial x}}} \right|}_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}}} \right)\left( {x - {x^0}} \right) \\ & + \left( {{{\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial y}}} \right|}_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} - {{\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _k}}}{{\partial y}}} \right|}_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}}} \right)\left( {y - {y^0}} \right) \\& + \left( {{{\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial z}}} \right|}_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} - {{\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _k}}}{{\partial z}}} \right|}_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}}} \right)\left( {z - {z^0}} \right)\left( {j \ne k} \right) \end{split} .$
由此,时差与待估计变量的函数关系可表示为(以1#基站作为的参考基站)[16]
${\boldsymbol{\Delta T}} = {\boldsymbol{A\Delta X}},$
式中,
$\begin{split} & {\boldsymbol{\Delta T }}= \left[ \begin{array}{l} \left( {{\tau _2} - {\tau _1}} \right) - \left( {\tau _2^0 - \tau _1^0} \right) \\ \left( {{\tau _3} - {\tau _1}} \right) - \left( {\tau _3^0 - \tau _1^0} \right) \\ \qquad\;\;\; \vdots \\ \left( {{\tau _j} - {\tau _1}} \right) - \left( {\tau _j^0 - \tau _1^0} \right) \\ \qquad\;\;\; \vdots \\ \left( {{\tau _N} - {\tau _1}} \right) - \left( {\tau _N^0 - \tau _1^0} \right) \\ \end{array} \right], \;\;{\boldsymbol{A }}= \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{l_{21}}}&{{m_{21}}}&{{n_{21}}} \\ {{l_{31}}}&{{m_{31}}}&{{n_{31}}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ {{l_{j1}}}&{{m_{j1}}}&{{n_{j1}}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ {{l_{N1}}}&{{m_{N1}}}&{{n_{N1}}} \end{array}} \right], \\& {\boldsymbol{\Delta X }}= \left[ \begin{array}{l} x - {x^0} \\ y - {y^0} \\ z - {z^0} \\ \end{array} \right], \\& {l_{j1}} = {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial x}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} - {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _1}}}{{\partial x}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} = \frac{{{x^0} - x_j^*}}{{{c_j}r_j^0}} - \frac{{{x^0} - x_1^*}}{{{c_1}r_1^0}},\\& {m_{j1}} = {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial y}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} - {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _1}}}{{\partial y}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} = \frac{{{y^0} - y_j^*}}{{{c_j}r_j^0}} - \frac{{{y^0} - y_1^*}}{{{c_1}r_1^0}}, \\& {n_{j1}} = {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _j}}}{{\partial z}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} - {\left. {\frac{{\partial {\tau _1}}}{{\partial z}}} \right|_{{\boldsymbol{X}} = {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}}} = \frac{{{z^0} - z_j^*}}{{{c_j}r_j^0}} - \frac{{{z^0} - z_1^*}}{{{c_1}r_1^0}}, \\& r_j^0 = \sqrt {{{\left( {{x^0} - x_j^*} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {{y^0} - y_j^*} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {{z^0} - z_j^*} \right)}^2}}, \;\;j = 2,3, \cdots ,N.\end{split}$
目标位置的估计值可由非线性最小二乘法得出
${\hat{\boldsymbol X }}= {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0} + {\boldsymbol{\Delta \hat X }}= {{\boldsymbol{X}}^0} + {\left( {{\boldsymbol{A}}_{}^{\bf{T}}{{\boldsymbol{A}}_{}}} \right)^{{\boldsymbol{ - 1}}}}{\boldsymbol{A}}_{}^{\bf{T}}{\boldsymbol{\Delta }}{{\boldsymbol{T}}_{}}.$
由于待估计参数为目标入水点的二维坐标,利用2组以上声信号到达时差即可进行解算。文献[16]已对此类时差交会方法的收敛性进行了分析,其泰勒展式满足局部线性收敛条件。在迭代求解中,将每次解算的估计值${\hat{\boldsymbol X}}$更新为下次迭代的初始值,通过反复计算直到${\left\| {{\bf{\Delta}} {\hat{\boldsymbol X}}} \right\|_2}$收敛到预设精度,此时的${\hat{\boldsymbol X}}$即为最终得到的待估计参数。
采用WOA09数据集构设环境条件,提取测量海区中心位置处的夏季和冬季气候态温、盐剖面,作为两类典型季节性环境模态。WOA09数据集为美国国家海洋学资料中心(NODC)发布的全球格点数据集,水平网格为1°×1°,深度范围为0~5 500 m,垂直标准层为33层[26-27]。由温、盐剖面根据Mackenzie声速经验公式[28]计算声速剖面(图2)。根据图2,该海区夏季声速剖面为“季节性温跃层+主温跃层+深海等温层”结构,近表层有较强的负声速梯度,近表层以下的主温跃层也保持负梯度声速,声速极小值对应的深海声道轴约在900 m附近,其下的深海等温层为正梯度结构;冬季声速剖面为“混合层+主温跃层+深海等温层”结构,深海声道轴位置与夏季相近,近表层150 m的混合层代替了夏季的季节性温跃层,层中为正梯度声速,混合层以下的声速剖面结构与夏季相接近。
采用BELLHOP高斯束射线模型[29-30]计算声场。与简正波模型(如Kraken)或抛物方程模型(如MMPE)相比,射线模型的主要优势是能够清晰描述不同环境条件下的本征声线路径差异,并可直接计算到达时延,适用于本文所讨论的问题。声场计算参数设置如下:垂向计算范围为海面至海底,间隔20 m,水平计算范围为0~30 km,间隔0.1 km;声系统中心频率取1 kHz;掠射角范围设为0.1º~89º,间隔0.18º;海底条件设为深海黏土型底质,根据Hamilton地声学经验参数表[31]对其主要参数进行取值,密度为1.352 g/cm3,压缩波声速为1 503 m/s,衰减系数为0.12 dB/λ。
图3为根据BELLHOP模型得到的夏季和冬季传播损失场(根据图2中的声速剖面计算),声压通过全相干方式叠加。根据图3,夏季为无表面波导的会聚区声场,声信道中的亮区与影区边界相对分明,亮区主要为直达波携带的声能,影区主要为海面−海底边界反射、散射的声能;冬季为有表面波导的会聚区声场,近海面由混合层提供了一个数十米至上百米厚的表面波导层,该层之下的亮区与夏季相近,影区中主要包括海面−海底边界反射的声能以及表面波导泄漏的少量声能。
为考察在不同接收深度(Receiving Depth, RD)的目标声信号到达特性,选取50 m、500 m、5 400 m作为海洋近表层、海洋中上层、海洋近底层的代表性深度。比较夏季和冬季传播损失曲线(图4)可以看出,当接收器位于海洋近表层时,夏季和冬季环境下呈现出两种不同的声场样式,夏季由季节性温跃层主导,仅有小范围声能较高的区域,冬季由表面波导主导,声能相对较高区域的作用距离明显扩大;当接收器位于海洋中上层时,亮区和影区有较大差异,从亮区过渡到影区后传播损失增加约30 dB,其过渡区的位置和范围在夏季和冬季有明显的变化,同时也与收−发条件有关;当接收器位于海洋近底层时,接收器始终处于直达波作用距离内,传播损失相对较小,在30 km的传播距离上仍能维持不超过90 dB的传播损失。上述分析表明,声传播损失约束了目标声信号直达波的作用距离,使得在不同接收深度声能随距离的衰减变化情况各异,而海洋上层受季节性环境变化的影响极为明显。
目标声信号沿多途声路径传播到接收器,可由一系列按先后次序到达的本征声线描述。最先到达的是仅在海水中折射没有边界反射的直达波声路径(记为RR),其次是仅经历一次海底反射作用的一次海底反射波声路径(记为RB),再次是在海面−海底各经历一次反射作用的反射波声路径,后续则是海面−海底之间的多次反射波声路径。当近表层存在混合层时,还存在一类仅通过折射和海面反射向前传播的表面波导声路径(记为SD)。图5给出了接收器位于海洋近表层(RD=50 m)、海洋中上层(RD=500 m)、海洋近底层(RD=5 400 m)3种条件下的典型本征声线比较。由于声传播路径与声速剖面结构直接相关,因此海水环境条件的季节性改变必然对目标声信号到达的信噪比、时延等要素产生影响。
直达波具有信噪比高、到达时延短、时延误差小等优势,是最重要的定位信息源,其次是一次海底反射波。对于一定的收−发条件,能否可利用直达波提取有效的测量信息,先决条件是到达的目标声信号有足够的信噪比。以下根据式(1)及BELLHOP模型计算的声场得出了前文选取的3个典型接收深度条件下的信噪比曲线(图6),为开展多途信息的讨论,以下针对直达波和一次海底反射波分别进行了计算,声源级SL取200 dB,接收深度为50 m、500 m、5 400 m的背景噪声NL分别取75 dB、70 dB、60 dB,检测阈DT取10 dB,上述各项均为谱级(1 kHz)。当接收深度位于50 m时,夏季直达波的作用距离小于2 km(按上述环境条件计算),而冬季由于该接收深度处于表面波导作用范围,使得相对较高的信噪比可覆盖全部测量海区(基站间最大距离为22.6 km)。在上述两种情况中,一次海底反射波的作用距离均为25 km以上,季节性变化不明显。当接收深度位于500 m时,从会聚区声信道的亮区到影区,信噪比将经历显著下降的过程,两个区域边界有明显的季节性变化,夏季因存在较强的季节性温跃层,导致上层海洋的直达波声路径作用距离受限,直达波作用距离小于5 km(按上述环境条件计算);而冬季混合层环境代替季节性温跃层后整个声场发生了变化,更多的声能到达海洋中上层,直达波作用距离增加到15 km以上。当接收深度位于5 400 m时,两类多途声路径作用距离季节性变化很小,直达波声路径为可靠声路径,在整个测量海区内均可保持较高的声级,比一次海底反射波高出15 dB以上。
根据上述分析,对于接收器位于海洋上层的情况,直达波作用距离总是有限的,如果要实现对整个测量海区的覆盖,必然要用到一次海底反射波的信息。文献[25]报道了近年来利用一次海底反射波进行无源目标被动测距的工作,验证了一次海底反射波可为深海影区内的水声探测提供重要信息。此类信息可用的前提条件是要有足够的信噪比,本文仅考虑一次海底反射波可利用的情况,而对于目标声源级较小、在深海环境下难以被检测到的情况暂不讨论。
由于存在RR、RB、SD等到达声路径的差异,声到达时延也必然随之产生相应的响应变化。图7给出了3个典型接收深度条件下的到达时延随距离变化曲线。当接收器位于海洋近表层和中上层时,沿一次海底反射波声路径的到达时延明显大于直达波声路径,时延差在距离目标数千米范围差值超过5 s,随着传播距离增加或接收器深度增加逐渐减小。这就意味着,在亮区中的接收器最先接收到沿直达波声路径传来的声信号,数秒后一次海底反射波信号才能到达,而在影区则只能接收到沿一次海底反射波声路径传来的声信号,在图7中表现为到达时延在直达波作用距离边界处出现一定程度的“跳变”,而两类声路径的时延差随距离增加而逐渐减弱。当接收器位于海洋近底层时,直达波声路径与一次海底反射波声路径差别很小。
海洋环境与声传播特性相关联,环境变化必然对声定位性能产生影响。以下结合前文的工况和模型设计一种仿真分析方法,用以讨论定位性能对季节性环境变化的响应。
目标声信号在经历声信道传播以及接收器信息采集、处理、估计等过程中伴随着误差传递,假设误差源主要有以下4类。
(1)基站站址误差:各基站位置坐标的标定误差。对于水面基站,为克服接收器在海流作用下的摆动,利用水面平台获得的卫星导航定位信息以及水面平台与接收器之间的超短基线定位信息,对接收器位置进行实时修正,该项技术已在深海潜器对接中得到验证(精度优于米级)[32]。根据现有设备能力,将卫星导航定位误差设为1 m,接收器标定的水平误差设为1%斜距(水面平台正下方±60°区域内),两者累加后接收深度为50 m和500 m的水平站址误差分别为1.5 m和6 m;接收器在垂直方向的位置主要由深度−压力传感器提供,根据现有设备能力将垂向误差设为0.2%水深,接收深度为50 m和500 m的垂向站址误差分别为0.1 m、1 m。对于水下基站,由于接收器在海底附近受海流影响较小,站址误差主要为基站布放的标定误差。根据现有深海潜标类设备标定能力,将水平误差设为0.5%斜距,接收深度为5 400 m的水平站址误差为27 m;垂向站址误差根据深度−压力传感器能力设为0.2%水深,接收深度为5 400 m的垂向站址误差为10.8 m。
(2)声起伏时延误差:测量海区内声起伏或声速随距离非均匀变化引起的到达时延误差。声信号在海水中的传播有一定的随机性,在时间上表现为实时起伏变化,在空间上表现为三维非均匀分布。对于本文讨论的半会聚区尺度,选取一组测量海区中心附近5°×5°区域同季节的Argo剖面(剖面数99组,数据来自全球Argo数据集[33])模拟实时声速剖面相对于气候态平均结构的波动变化(Argo剖面采样的下界通常小于2 000 m,其深海部分的环境数据依据WOA09数据按文献[34]提出的方法插补)。经统计分析,从海面至50 m、500 m和5 400 m 3个典型接收深度的平均声速标准差分别为4.8 m/s、3.1 m/s和1.2 m/s。根据误差传播理论,对于$\tau = {r / c}$,则有$\dfrac{{\delta _{\tau} ^{}}}{\tau } = \dfrac{{\delta _c^{}}}{c}$,其中$ \delta _{\tau}$$ \delta _{c}$分别为时延误差和声速误差,即声起伏引起的时延误差随传播时延增加而增大,其变化速率为声速误差与等效声速的比值,可按${\sigma _{\tau c}} = \dfrac{{\sigma _c^{}}}{c}\tau $对声速起伏时延误差标准差进行估计,其中$ \sigma _{c}$为声速标准差。
(3)时延估计误差:根据接收器获取的目标声信号,采用一定的信号处理方法得到到达时间估计值的误差。时延估计误差与信噪比相关,其标准差的Cramer-Rao下限(CRLB)满足[35]
$\sigma _{CRLB}^2 = \frac{3}{{8{\text π}}} \cdot \left( {\frac{{1 + 2{\rm {SNR}}}}{{{{\rm {SNR}}^2}}}} \right) \cdot \frac{1}{{{B^3}T}}.$
式中,B为信号带宽;T为信号持续时间。
时延估计误差标准差的CRLB通常为O(1 μs)~O(10 μs)量级。在实际应用中,在高信噪比条件下采用高精度信号处理方法(如相关峰细化法、两步法等)可将时延估计精度控制在数倍CRLB的水平[36],远小于声起伏时延误差的O(10 ms)量级。根据本文设定的条件,可按工程经验将时延估计误差标准差$\sigma _{\tau e}^{}$设为10倍CRLB,其量值在半会聚区范围小于1 ms。
(4)基站同步误差:基站布设后的时钟漂移误差。考虑各基站在布放前完成时间同步,12 h内完成测试回收,按现有设备守时稳定度估计,时间漂移误差为O(1 μs),相对于以上两类时延误差可忽略。
为了将上述误差源有效迭加到声定位结果中,以下参照文献[16]建立基于Monte-Carlo方法的仿真算法。
(1)目标和基站坐标生成:设目标入水点位置坐标真值为${{\boldsymbol{X}}_t} = {\left[ {{x_t},{y_t},{z_t}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$;设第$j$个基站位置坐标的真值为${\boldsymbol{X}}_{tj}^* = {\left[ {x_{tj}^*,y_{tj}^*,z_{tj}^*} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$,按$N\left( {x_{tj}^*,\sigma _x^2} \right)$$N\left( {y_{tj}^*,\sigma _y^2} \right)$$N\left( {z_{tj}^*,\sigma _z^2} \right)$生成该基站位置坐标测量值${\boldsymbol{X}}_{mj}^* = {\left[ {x_{mj}^*,y_{mj}^*,z_{mj}^*} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$$\sigma _x^{}$$\sigma _y^{}$$\sigma _z^{}$分别为xyz方向的站址误差标准差。
(2)声到达信息计算:将声速剖面作为已知信息分别计算直达波声场和一次海底反射波声场,求取目标到基站的本征声线,并根据声呐方程约束两类到达波的作用距离;提取到达时延真值${\tau _{tj}}$和等效声速真值${c_{tj}}$,构成到达时延真值向量${{\boldsymbol{T}}_t} = {\left[ {{\tau _{t1}},{\tau _{t2}}, \cdots ,{\tau _{tN}}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$和等效声速真值向量${{\boldsymbol{C}}_t} = {\left[ {{c_{t1}},{c_{t2}}, \cdots ,{c_{tN}}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$N为有效基站数)。
(3)测量元素误差迭加:按$N\left( {{{\boldsymbol{T}}_t},\sigma _{\tau} ^2} \right)$生成迭加时延误差后的到达时延测量值向量${{\boldsymbol{T}}_m}$${{\boldsymbol{T}}_m} = {\left[ {{\tau _{m1}},{\tau _{m2}}, \cdots ,{\tau _{mN}}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$,其中为$\sigma _{\tau} ^{}$为总的时延误差标准差,$\sigma _{\tau} ^{} = \sqrt {\sigma _{\tau c}^2 + \sigma _{\tau e}^2} $$\sigma _{\tau c}^{}$为声起伏引起的时延误差标准差,$\sigma _{\tau e}^{}$为时延估计误差标准差。
(4)目标位置迭代求解:估计初始位置${{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}$,计算初始位置到基站的斜距向量${{\boldsymbol{R}}^0} = {\left[ {r_1^0,r_2^0, \cdots ,r_N^0} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$,并求取两点间的本征声线,提取到达时延初始值向量${{\boldsymbol{T}}^0} = {\left[ {\tau _1^0,\tau _2^0, \cdots ,\tau _N^0} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$和等效声速初始值向量${{\boldsymbol{C}}^0} = {\left[ {c_1^0,c_2^0, \cdots ,c_N^0} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$;建立测量值和初始值的时延差向量$\Delta {{\boldsymbol{T}}_m} = {\left[ {\Delta {T_{21}},\Delta {T_{31}}, \cdots ,\Delta {T_{N1}}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$,其中$\Delta {T_{j1}} = $$\left( {{\tau _{mj}} - {\tau _{m1}}} \right) - \left( {\tau _j^0 - \tau _1^0} \right)$$j \ne 1$);以等效声速初始值近似等效声速估计量,根据公式(5)、(6)代入$\Delta {{\boldsymbol{T}}_m}$求解目标位置的估计量${\hat{\boldsymbol X}}$,并在下一次迭代中代替${{\boldsymbol{X}}^0}$作为初值,按上述步骤重复计算,直至${\left\| {{\boldsymbol{\Delta \hat X}}} \right\|_2} \leqslant {10^{ - 1}}$停止迭代,此时的${\hat{\boldsymbol X}}$即为该次抽样中的目标位置测量值${{\boldsymbol{X}}_m} = {\left[ {{x_m},{y_m},{z_m}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$
(5)重复抽样与统计量计算:经过1 000次抽样后,形成目标位置测量值序列${\boldsymbol{X}}_m^{\left( M \right)}$M为有效抽样数),再计算均方根误差(RMSE),${\rm {RMSE}} = $$ \sqrt {{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^M {{{\left( {{{\boldsymbol{X}}_t} - {\boldsymbol{X}}_m^{\left( i \right)}} \right)}^2}} } / M}} $,其中${\boldsymbol{X}}_m^{\left( i \right)}$为第$i$次抽样的目标位置测量值。
以下设定一个具体场景对定位性能受季节性环境变化的影响方式进行讨论。假设入水点水平位置坐标(x, z)为(2, 2)(单位为km,下同),1#~5#基站水平位置坐标分别为(0, 0)、(−8, 8)、(−8, −8)、(8, −8)和(8, 8),各基站与入水点的水平距离分别为2.83 km、11.66 km、14.14 km、11.66 km和8.49 km。
若按前文描述的工况条件,海洋近底层的接收器均可由可靠声路径进行定位,而海洋近表层和海洋中上层的接收器则需要根据信噪比条件判断到达的是直达波声路径还是一次海底反射波声路径。对于接收深度为500 m的情况(信噪比分布见图8a图8b),在夏季季节性温跃层影响下直达波作用距离为4.5 km,只有1#基站位于直达波作用距离之内,而其他4个基站均位于直达波作用距离之外,需利用一次海底反射波定位;而冬季季节性温跃层被混合层取代后直达波作用距离扩大到19 km,5个基站均可利用直达波定位,但基阵4个顶角处的基站可获得的信噪比明显低于基阵中心的1#基站。对于接收深度为50 m的情况(信噪比分布见图8c图8d),夏季直达波作用距离相对于接收深度为500 m时缩小到1.9 km,5个基站均位于直达波作用距离之外,仅能利用一次海底反射波定位;而冬季由于接收深度位于混合层内,可利用经由表面波导到达的目标声信号进行定位,在X-Z平面上信噪比呈环带状分布,距入水点中心约4 km的区域内信噪比超过40 dB,超出这一距离后逐渐下降至20~30 dB。比较上述3种情况发现,季节性海洋环境变化改变了声信道样式和声到达路径,在不同收-发条件下产生了不同的定位信息和解算条件。
对不同接收器深度条件下的定位进行仿真模拟,得出夏季和冬季两类典型环境下的定位统计结果。图9给出了接收深度为500 m时夏季和冬季环境下迭代解算过程中的定位偏差箱型图,图中每次迭代的统计特性由箱型分布显示,其上沿和下沿分别表示0.25和0.75分位数,中间线表示中值。由图9可见,定位偏差中值从最初超过200 m经过3~5次迭代后下降到数十米的量值,体现出快速收敛的特性,但夏季和冬季条件下收敛速度和最终的定位性能有所差异,冬季定位性能优于夏季。图10显示了单次抽样的时差交会定位示意图,可以看出偏差较大的初值位置经过迭代后收敛到二次曲线交会点的“中心”位置附近,这个“中心”是由最小二乘法给出的误差极小值点(即测量值),与到达各基站的模拟时差测量值相匹配。而目标真值与测量值的偏差则体现了各项误差传播和迭加的结果。
表1汇总了不同情况下的定位精度仿真结果,考虑到接收器在不同接收深度有着不同的站址误差量级,为了更清晰地比较环境因素对定位性能的影响,表中区分了迭加站址误差和未迭加站址误差两种情况,后者可视为非站址因素主导的相对误差。对应的目标声信号到达1#~5#基站的主要声路径类型和到达时延(真值)则由表2给出。
对于接收器位于500 m的情况,定位性能出现较明显的季节性变化。根据目标声信号到达参数(表2),夏季用于定位解算的主要为一次海底反射波声路径(只有1#基站为直达波声路径),RMSE为40.0 m,而冬季声信道条件下直达波作用范围明显增加,用于定位解算的全部为到达时延更短、信噪比更高的直达波声路径,定位性能明显提升,RMSE为21.6 m,相对于夏季的情况减小了18.4 m。
对于接收器位于50 m的情况,定位性能出现的季节性变化更加显著。根据目标声信号到达参数(表2),夏季由于近表层受季节性温跃层影响,直达波作用距离小于2 km,即使是距目标数千米距离的基站也只能依靠一次海底反射波提供的声信息进行解算,时延误差大且信噪比低,RMSE达到85.1 m,与同季节接收器位于500 m时的情况相比RMSE增加超过1倍。而冬季声信道条件变为表面波导,到达信噪比有明显改进,其声路径趋近于直达波,定位性能显著提升,RMSE为32.7 m,相对于夏季条件大幅减小,在量值上介于接收器位于500 m时夏季与冬季环境下的RMSE之间。
对于接收器位于5 400 m的情况,夏季和冬季的定位性能非常接近,RMSE分别28.5 m和28.3 m。这是因为,到达各基站的目标声信号均沿可靠声路径传播,具有高信噪比、低时延误差的特性,因此是定位精度相对较高、性能较稳定的一类定位方式。特别是在不考虑站址误差条件下,RMSE小于12 m,其相对精度明显高于接收器位于海洋近表层和中上层的情况;在迭加了相对较大的站址误差后,其RMSE仍优于接收器位于500 m夏季环境下的结果,但不及接收器位于500 m冬季环境下的结果。迭加站址误差和未迭加站址误差两种情况下的RMSE差异相对较大,说明该仿真方法对近海底基站站址误差较大的预设条件有所响应。
尽管水下基站在相对精度方面优于水面基站,但从工程应用的角度考虑,水面基站在海上作业、快速解算等方面更有优势。由于深海保障条件有限,在大范围海区对近海底平台进行布放、标定和回收等作业相对困难。水面基站获取的声到达信息可直接利用无线电通信回传到中心站解算;而水下基站获取的信息则需要先通过水声通信方式传到水面基站,再回传到中心站解算。
海水的物理状态对声信道有直接影响,利用声信道进行水声定位其性能必然受到环境变化的影响。本文针对在深海半会聚区尺度海区对航行体入水点进行无源声定位的问题,提出一种评估海水环境条件对定位性能影响的仿真方法。选取西太平洋中纬度海域的冬季和夏季水文剖面作为代表性场景,应用BELLHOP模型计算声场并依据信噪比判定目标声信号到达路径并约束探测边界,以50 m、500 m、5 400 m作为海洋近表层、海洋中上层、海洋近底层的典型接收深度,将高斯束射线分解为直达波、海底反射波等不同类型的本征声线路径分别计算信噪比和到达时延,代入时差定位模型并迭加误差,通过分析不同海洋环境、不同收−发条件下定位性能的变化情况讨论季节性环境影响机制。
通过仿真分析主要得出以下认识:(1)当接收器位于海洋近表层时(RD=50 m),声信道在夏季和冬季呈现出两种不同的样式,定位性能差异显著,夏季季节性温跃层环境下主要依靠一次海底反射波定位,定位精度较差,冬季混合层环境下主要依靠表面波导定位,定位精度相对较高,两者RMSE相差超过50 m;(2)当接收器位于海洋中上层时(RD=500 m),声信道和声到达特性有明显的季节性变化,冬季直达波作用范围较大,定位精度较高,夏季直达波作用范围受限,定位精度较低,两者RMSE相差15~20 m;(3)当接收器位于海洋近底层时(RD=5 400 m),主要利用可靠声路径定位,定位精度较高,季节性变化不明显。上述结果表明,在测量设计和评估中应充分考虑多样性环境条件对声系统实际使用效能带来的影响,提高工程应用的环境适应性和宽容性。
在深海多样性环境条件下考虑入水目标的声定位测量问题,面临很多新的问题和挑战。本文通过数值仿真的方法初步探讨了典型深海区域夏季和冬季两种环境模态对中小尺度海区定位测量的影响机制问题,虽得出了一些结果,但在海洋声信道的不确定性、声系统的技术细节、测量基阵的优化设计等方面的认识还不够深入,此外关于定位特性的空间分布规律问题也未讨论。由于开展深海测试海上作业保障条件比浅海困难更大,此类工况的实际应用将是一个复杂的系统工程问题,在测量方案、测量系统的论证设计方面仍有待进一步研究,同时相关海上实验验证工作也迫切需要开展。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(61701504,61971424)。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.006
  • 接收时间:2019-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2020-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-03-11
  • 修回日期:2020-01-03
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(61701504,61971424)。
作者信息
    1 中国人民解放军91550部队,辽宁 大连 116023
    2 中国人民解放军91650部队,广东 广州 510320
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.03.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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