Article(id=1233910913288425590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233910910847340657, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1592496000000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-19, revisedDate=1607443200000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116886683, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1629820800000, pubDateStr=2021-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116886683, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116886683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116886683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233910910847340657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116886102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116886102, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233910913540083834, articleId=1233910913288425590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the structural characteristics and dynamic mechanism of faults in the Kaiping Sag of Zhujiang River Mouth Basin, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Zhujiang River Mouth Basin is a petroleum-bearing basin with a high degree of exploration in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, the analysis of fault characteristics is crucial to its basin evolution model and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism. According to the high-resolution seismic data and drilling data, the fine seismic geological interpretation of the Kaiping Sag in the southwest of the basin is carried out. Based on the fault grade and scale, the fault structure type is divided into the first-level basin-controlled fault, the second-level sag-controlled fault and the third-level control fault based on the level and scale of faults belt fracture and four-level control ring fracture, identify “Y” shaped faults, stepped faults, and heart-shaped faults combination styles on the seismic section, identify three plane combinations of parallel, goose, and oblique based on the fault plane distribution Types of quantitative statistics of the fault strike characteristics show that under the action of the right-handed stress field, from the Eocene to the Early Miocene, the strike direction continued to rotate clockwise in the direction of NE→EW→NW, and the fracture activity gradually weakened. It is also believed that due to the impact of the Indian-Eurasian plate collision, the subduction and retreat of the Pacific plate and the continuous southward movement of the ancient South China Sea, the Zhujiang River Mouth Basin formes a typical extensional tensile stress field environment. It contributes to the development of three groups of faults in the near NE direction, the EW direction and the near-NW direction during the Eocene-Oligocene period. It provides an explanation and supplement to the geological structural characteristics of Kaiping Sag, and provides a reference for the development characteristics and genetic mechanism of the ocean-continent transition zone on the northern margin of the South China Sea.

, correspAuthors=Xiwu Luan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia Wang, Xiwu Luan, Bingshou He, Weimin Ran, Xingyuan Wei, Qing Hu, Mingmeng Wei, Liangxuan Gong), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233910915616264417, articleId=1233910913288425590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=珠江口盆地开平凹陷断裂构造特征与动力学机制探讨, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

珠江口盆地作为南海北部陆缘勘探程度较高的含油气盆地,断裂特征分析对认识盆地演化模式和油气成藏机理至关重要。根据高分辨率地震数据和钻井资料对盆地西南部开平凹陷进行精细地震地质解释,依据断裂级别与规模将该区断裂构造类型划分为一级控盆断裂、二级控凹断裂、三级控带断裂以及四级控圈断裂;在地震剖面上识别出“Y”字型断层、阶梯状断层及卷心型断层等多种剖面组合样式;根据断裂平面分布图识别出平行式、雁列式、斜交式3种平面组合类型;定量统计断裂走向特征可知,在右旋应力场作用下,自始新世到早中新世断裂走向持续发生近NE→EW→近NW向的顺时针旋转,且断裂活动性逐渐减弱。并认为受印度‒欧亚板块碰撞、太平洋板块俯冲后撤和古南海持续南移的影响,盆地形成典型的伸展拉张应力场环境,促成始新世‒渐新世期间近NE向、EW向和中新世期间发育的近NW向3组断裂发育。对开平凹陷的地质构造特征加以解释补充,为南海北缘洋陆过渡带的发育特性和成因机制提供参考。

, correspAuthors=栾锡武, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
栾锡武(1966-),男,研究员,研究方向为海洋地质与海洋地球物理。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vZ+VvX6qOfm7hI6Y6CNCJw==, magXml=MDitP7qmRblf5uAcLTZ2UQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MezhaFK21S6X4/7jEjnb2Q==, pdfFileSize=2336991, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EBKdkdByhhUMhSGu2fnXUA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kYI876oXlsep3TqiAPkMMg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王嘉(1996-),男,山西省大同市人,研究方向为油气田与煤田地球物理勘探方法与技术。E-mail:

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王嘉(1996-),男,山西省大同市人,研究方向为油气田与煤田地球物理勘探方法与技术。E-mail:

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王嘉(1996-),男,山西省大同市人,研究方向为油气田与煤田地球物理勘探方法与技术。E-mail:

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label=图10, caption=南海及其周缘构造演化过程(据文献[2]修改), figureFileSmall=PS5RDakjmh0gISflFGb18g==, figureFileBig=zJizxoRRsk/6aT7EUrkQMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233932063703887967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910913288425590, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Evolution of fault structure in Kaiping Sag

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开平凹陷断裂构造演化表

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珠江口盆地开平凹陷断裂构造特征与动力学机制探讨
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王嘉 1 , 栾锡武 2, 3, * , 何兵寿 1, 3 , 冉伟民 2, 3 , 魏新元 1, 2 , 胡庆 2, 4 , 韦明盟 5 , 龚梁轩 5
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(8): 41-53
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(8): 41-53
珠江口盆地开平凹陷断裂构造特征与动力学机制探讨
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王嘉1 , 栾锡武2, 3, * , 何兵寿1, 3, 冉伟民2, 3, 魏新元1, 2, 胡庆2, 4, 韦明盟5, 龚梁轩5
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所,山东 青岛 266071
  • 3青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 4山东科技大学 地球科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 5中国地质大学 海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 王嘉(1996-),男,山西省大同市人,研究方向为油气田与煤田地球物理勘探方法与技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

栾锡武(1966-),男,研究员,研究方向为海洋地质与海洋地球物理。E-mail:
Study on the structural characteristics and dynamic mechanism of faults in the Kaiping Sag of Zhujiang River Mouth Basin
Jia Wang1 , Xiwu Luan2, 3, * , Bingshou He1, 3, Weimin Ran2, 3, Xingyuan Wei1, 2, Qing Hu2, 4, Mingmeng Wei5, Liangxuan Gong5
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 5College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2021-08-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021082
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珠江口盆地作为南海北部陆缘勘探程度较高的含油气盆地,断裂特征分析对认识盆地演化模式和油气成藏机理至关重要。根据高分辨率地震数据和钻井资料对盆地西南部开平凹陷进行精细地震地质解释,依据断裂级别与规模将该区断裂构造类型划分为一级控盆断裂、二级控凹断裂、三级控带断裂以及四级控圈断裂;在地震剖面上识别出“Y”字型断层、阶梯状断层及卷心型断层等多种剖面组合样式;根据断裂平面分布图识别出平行式、雁列式、斜交式3种平面组合类型;定量统计断裂走向特征可知,在右旋应力场作用下,自始新世到早中新世断裂走向持续发生近NE→EW→近NW向的顺时针旋转,且断裂活动性逐渐减弱。并认为受印度‒欧亚板块碰撞、太平洋板块俯冲后撤和古南海持续南移的影响,盆地形成典型的伸展拉张应力场环境,促成始新世‒渐新世期间近NE向、EW向和中新世期间发育的近NW向3组断裂发育。对开平凹陷的地质构造特征加以解释补充,为南海北缘洋陆过渡带的发育特性和成因机制提供参考。

开平凹陷  /  断裂走向  /  断裂活动性  /  应力场环境  /  成因机制

The Zhujiang River Mouth Basin is a petroleum-bearing basin with a high degree of exploration in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, the analysis of fault characteristics is crucial to its basin evolution model and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism. According to the high-resolution seismic data and drilling data, the fine seismic geological interpretation of the Kaiping Sag in the southwest of the basin is carried out. Based on the fault grade and scale, the fault structure type is divided into the first-level basin-controlled fault, the second-level sag-controlled fault and the third-level control fault based on the level and scale of faults belt fracture and four-level control ring fracture, identify “Y” shaped faults, stepped faults, and heart-shaped faults combination styles on the seismic section, identify three plane combinations of parallel, goose, and oblique based on the fault plane distribution Types of quantitative statistics of the fault strike characteristics show that under the action of the right-handed stress field, from the Eocene to the Early Miocene, the strike direction continued to rotate clockwise in the direction of NE→EW→NW, and the fracture activity gradually weakened. It is also believed that due to the impact of the Indian-Eurasian plate collision, the subduction and retreat of the Pacific plate and the continuous southward movement of the ancient South China Sea, the Zhujiang River Mouth Basin formes a typical extensional tensile stress field environment. It contributes to the development of three groups of faults in the near NE direction, the EW direction and the near-NW direction during the Eocene-Oligocene period. It provides an explanation and supplement to the geological structural characteristics of Kaiping Sag, and provides a reference for the development characteristics and genetic mechanism of the ocean-continent transition zone on the northern margin of the South China Sea.

Kaiping Sag  /  fault strike  /  faulting activity  /  stress field environment  /  formation mechanism
王嘉, 栾锡武, 何兵寿, 冉伟民, 魏新元, 胡庆, 韦明盟, 龚梁轩. 珠江口盆地开平凹陷断裂构造特征与动力学机制探讨. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (8) : 41 -53 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021082
Jia Wang, Xiwu Luan, Bingshou He, Weimin Ran, Xingyuan Wei, Qing Hu, Mingmeng Wei, Liangxuan Gong. Study on the structural characteristics and dynamic mechanism of faults in the Kaiping Sag of Zhujiang River Mouth Basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (8) : 41 -53 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021082
断层系统中的断层传播、生长和相互作用对于理解盆地至关重要,盆地内部断裂系统不但能很好地反映上地壳应变状况,还可直接控制裂陷构造和沉积、流体活动[12]。断裂和裂陷活动作为盆地形成的关键性因素,断裂构造体系与盆地的结构和构造演化存在良好的对应关系[34]。开平凹陷作为珠江口盆地珠II凹陷的次级构造单元,位于洋陆过渡带之间,地质构造情况复杂,整体勘探力度薄弱。尽管前人在该区的沉积层序、构造演化等方面进行过研究分析,但受地质条件太过复杂、地震和钻井资料不足或品质太差等限制,对凹陷内断裂构造特征认识仍不够系统,断裂的演化与南海北部新生代以来的应力场变化也缺乏耦合性,从而制约了大量油气勘探工作的进行[5]。本次工作将通过井‒震标定和地质背景相结合,对研究区内的地震剖面和断裂平面分布特征进行分析,从而识别断层在时空上的分布,并通过断裂活动速率和走向统计来量化断层活动,评价断层联动机制,进而探讨开平凹陷区域断裂的动力学机制。
南海北部陆缘在张裂过程中,陆架陆坡区上形成一系列伸展拉张型的新生代沉积盆地,由于特殊的大地构造位置,普遍认为其构造演化受到印度‒欧亚板块陆陆碰撞、太平洋板块和东部菲律宾海板块的挤压作用以及南部板块的拉张作用的综合影响[68]图1)。陆缘基底主要为前中生代华南陆块基底,经历了加里东、海西、燕山等多期构造运动事件[7]。珠江口盆地是南海北缘重要的含油气盆地,盆地内部断裂广布,结构复杂,盆地演化和南海北缘整体构造运动紧密相连。大体分为古新世‒始新世裂谷期、早‒中新世构造热沉降期、晚中新世后的新构造运动期3个阶段。对应伴随有早裂谷期的珠琼一幕运动、中裂谷期的珠琼二幕运动、晚裂谷期的南海运动、构造热沉降期逐渐停止的海底扩张运动以及新构造运动期的东沙运动5个大规模构造运动事件[89]。珠江口盆地位于南海北部大陆架上,盆地地层发育特殊,为海陆混合相沉积,其中文昌组、恩平组为显著的陆相沉积,而珠海组、琼海组则表现为海相沉积。基底以中生代岩浆岩和前中生代变质砂岩为主,充填有古近纪的陆相沉积和新近纪‒第四纪的海相沉积碎屑岩岩层(图2[6]
开平凹陷位于珠江口盆地珠II凹陷西南端,东临云开低凸起与白云凹陷相隔,西连顺德凹陷,北至神狐‒暗沙隆起,南接南部隆起带,面积约6 200 km2,整体为NE‒SW走向[10]。本次研究包含整个凹陷的中东部约1 500 km2范围的区域,涵盖部分神狐暗沙隆起和云开低凸起。其中,北部的大型边界拆离断层—神开断层横跨整个三维地震工区,开平凹陷的构造演化也正是受北部神开断层的影响,而形成了典型的伸展拆离盆地[1]。目前研究普遍认为,开平凹陷的区域性断裂活动在渐新世南海运动中止,此时裂谷期盆地的断陷运动结束,构造热沉降时期的断坳运动开始,对应地震界面T70反射层,恩平组和文昌组内部断裂广泛发育。进入渐新世之后,盆地内断裂发育程度减弱,直至中新世晚期,东沙运动作为新近系南海北部大陆边缘的最终区域构造运动,推动了区域性海侵面的形成,盆地内断裂走向和规模也基本趋于稳定[11]
为研究珠江口盆地开平凹陷内部断裂构造及其动力学成因,基于前人对开平凹陷层序地层划分、构造演化模式和对北部神开断层剖析的基础上,本文主要利用高分辨率的三维精细地震解释剖面和研究区内相关井的数据资料来分析断裂构造体系[7]。其中,三维调查数据面积约为1 500 km2,地震采样率为2 ms,且本文中所有地震剖面的垂向尺度均表示双程旅行时(Two-Way Travel Time, TWT)。在此次研究中,选取了具有代表性的两条过井地震剖面和若干过断裂带地震剖面,大致划分了晚古新世‒全新世的16个层位并对区域的断裂特征进行了精细解释,绘制了二维层位反射平面图,在反射平面图上结合地震属性来识别区域内部断裂并绘制断裂平面分布[2]。定量统计断裂走向的变化特征,根据断层上下盘间不同的地层厚度识别出区域内部典型活动断裂,并计算其各个演化阶段的活动速率,从而解析研究区断裂的发育特性,去探究盆地的断裂构造动力学成因[13]
开平凹陷整体受控于北部大型伸展拆离断层—神开断层的影响,形成多期断裂构造运动,断裂较为发育,且在南北伸展方向上的拉张应力影响下发育了多种构造样式,从而使整个断裂系统显得繁冗复杂,因此,对该区域的断裂构造进行多角度、全方位的划分也相应变成本次研究重点。
对断裂构造类型的分类有利于我们更加具体的识别和分析断裂情况并有利于后续工作进行。因此,本文依照前人分类标准,结合研究区附近断裂的发育特征,对开平凹陷及邻区断裂构造划分依据传统分类方法—按断层级别与规模进行分类,可大致将研究区划分为一级控盆断裂、二级控凹断裂、三级控带断裂和四级控圈断裂等[5,14]。从而在三维地震资料精细断裂构造解释基础上,对研究区的断裂构造进行详细的描述,其中F1—过基底神开断层为控制盆地凹陷的一级大断裂;F2—西南断层、F3—南开断层等为控制隆坳构造格局的二级区域断裂;北部断裂带的①号断裂、KP11断裂带的②号断裂、KP10断裂带的③号断裂、西南断裂带的④号断裂、东南斜坡断裂带的⑥号断裂等均可划分为控制局部构造带的三级断裂;其余规模较小、走向多变且控制构造圈闭的次级断裂(如图3中黑色折线)为四级断裂,该类断裂数目繁多[15]图3)。
开平凹陷经历了多期构造演化运动,并在研究区内相继形成了大量多角度、多规模的伸展拉张正断层,各断裂带在主干断层剖面上单个断层均表现为“犁式”正断层,但与相邻边界断层组合样式繁多[13]。通过精细解释地震剖面,识别研究区的主干断层和次级小断裂组合形成多种断裂构造样式,包括“Y”字型断层、阶梯状断层、卷心型断层等多种组合样式,这也是整个凹陷的正断层组合中常见的剖面组合样式[10,15]
(1)“Y”字型断层:由主干断层与其相应上盘反向倾斜的次级断层衔接组合而成,在剖面上呈现“Y”字型,在伸展断陷盆地中广泛发育。“Y”字型断层中的主干断层一般长期发育、规模较大且向下断穿下部地层,通常为控凹断层或控带断层,而在逆牵引作用下的上盘反向倾斜断层则通常为低级别断层[16]。如图4所示,在开平凹陷过KP10-1-1号井地震剖面上所形成常见的复合“Y”字型断层组合。
(2)阶梯状断层:由多条产状基本相同的正断层组合形成,在主测线剖面上呈阶梯状排列,从盆地的缓坡带向凹陷中心依次下移叠置分布,该类断层组合常发育于断陷盆地边缘或断裂带的浅层缓坡区,未断穿基底[17]。其成因主要是受盆地沉降过程中缓坡区抬升引起的区域伸展滑脱作用而造成的,盆地中该类断裂组合也较为常见,在地震剖面上广泛分布同向和反向断阶。
(3)卷心型断层:由多条断层组成的复杂断裂组合类型,整体由倾向相反的平滑铲状断层所构成,左右两侧断裂数目大致相同。该类断裂组合是在伸展环境下由于下伏地层发生拱张作用,引起上覆地层减薄和张裂所形成的。如图5所示,中央“卷心”处走滑断裂分布较为密集,中心到两侧断层年代由新到老分布。卷心型组合较为复杂,活动覆盖范围大,断错层位也较多,在整个凹陷中分布也较广泛,尤其集中于中部的KP11断裂带。
由断裂平面分布图可以看出,整个凹陷内部断层平面展布特征复杂多样。本次探讨通过可显著识别断层的属性相干技术,来对三维资料进行断层精细刻画,分析研究断层的分布特征和平面组合类型。如图6所示,根据沿层相干技术对二维断裂平面分析可知,在T60、T70反射界面上均表现出相互交叉、平行、截断等多种关系,大致将其平面组合类型归结为平行式、雁列式、斜交式3种组合样式[15]
(1)平行式组合:在研究区内广泛分布,主要集中在KP11断裂带和KP10断裂带上,由走向相同的多组断层在平面上平行展布排列,受单向伸展和带状隆升作用所形成[12]。该区平行式组合断裂走向呈NW‒SE向、近EW向展布,主要是因为断裂带处在盆地洼陷隆升地带,存在伸展拉张作用,KP11断裂带处的平行式组合更是盆地断陷晚期在珠琼运动二幕水平伸展作用下引起的新生EW向断裂基础上所形成的[18]
(2)雁列式组合:主要集中分布在西南斜坡带和少量北部断裂带的西北部,是走滑断层的伴生组合样式。受非均匀构造应力影响在水平方向上发生的张性扭动所形成,平面上呈典型的雁列展布特征,断裂走向主要呈NWW向展布,在盆地断陷阶段,太平洋板块持续向欧亚板块碰撞,引起了该区域应力场方向右旋偏转,发生张扭走滑运动,促成该断裂组合[19]
(3)斜交式组合:仅在西南断裂带和北部断裂带南部偶有少量分布,受到局部多方向的水平伸展作用而形成,常表现为断裂之间在平面上相互斜交。在珠江口盆地断陷期至坳陷期所受到多期构造运动影响下,应力场方向发生顺时针转变,呈持续右旋状态,多期断裂相互叠加,导致断裂多角度结合而发生斜交。
为合理分析开平凹陷的应力场分布特征,对研究区的(T85至T50)地震界面内断裂走向进行定量统计,由断裂走向玫瑰花图(表1)可反映始新世到早中新世阶段各个地层界面的断裂平面走向演化特征;断陷早中期文昌组(T85至T80)主要有两组走向,一组为近NE‒NEE向,另一组为近EW向。断陷晚期恩平组(T71至T70),NEE向断裂持续减弱,近EW向发育为主要断裂走向。断坳转换期珠海组(T60)断裂走向转变为近NWW走向,并伴随EW向的二级走向分布。至坳陷期珠江组下(T50)断裂走向主要为近NWW向,并具有向NW向持续转变的趋势。综上可见,开平凹陷从古新世神狐组基底至早中新世的地层整体断裂走向大致呈现NE向→NEE向→EW向→NWW向→NW向的变化特征[20-24]
据前人研究,盆地断裂走向变化可间接反映应力场变化,即在伸展构造背景下,断裂走向与最小主应力方向(伸展方向)基本垂直[21]。由表1可明显看出,断裂走向玫瑰花图所反映的断裂主走向变化与区域应力场转变保持一致性。随断裂走向的顺时针变化,最小主应力方向发生NW向→NS向→NE向的顺时针旋转,具右旋走滑的张扭特性。自始新世后(T85至T80),盆地进入裂谷期,陆内裂谷转向陆间裂谷,近NE向伸展断裂发育,应力场方向主要为NW−NNW向,这一时期地壳活动强烈、断裂广泛发育,凹陷内似鱼鳞的坑状半地堑结构初始形成[17]。晚始新世‒早渐新世(T80至T70),太平洋板块运动方向发生改变,南海北部海盆加速扩张,盆地沉降中心迁移,新生EW向断裂,这一时期近NS向的拉张应力场不断占据主导地位[22]。晚渐新世后(T60至T50),印度板块向北挤压使右旋应力场进一步加强,南海扩张方向持续顺时针变化,近NWW‒NW向断裂形成,此阶段区域所受应力方向也将由近NS向逐渐向NE向转变。区域应力场的转变也是开平凹陷形成半地堑结构的重要原因[25]
对区域断层的活动性分析方法通常有断层古落差法、断层生长指数法和断层活动速率法3种,但由于前两种方法计算比较简单且分析结果均受到不同程度的限制,所以目前只需要采用判断准确的断层活动速率法来刻画断层的活动强度。
断层活动速率是指某一地层单元在一定时间内,因断裂构造活动形成的落差与相应沉积时间的比值,即为
${V_{\rm{f}}} = \Delta H/T = \left( {{H_{\rm{d}}} - {H_{\rm{u}}}} \right)/T,$
式中,Vf为断层活动速率, 单位为m/106 a;T为地层沉积时间, 单位为106 a;Hd为断层下降盘地层厚度, 单位为m;Hu为断层上升盘地层厚度, 单位为m。由图7中断裂活动几何示意图可知,计算所得断层活动速率数值越大,代表该时期的断裂活动越强[26]
开平凹陷北部边界断层‒神开断层构造演化情况特殊,神开断层作为控盆大断裂贯穿凹陷的基底,在盆地断陷晚期恩平组沉积阶其西南段和东北段断裂活动逐渐停止,对应终止于T70界面[13]。为具体探讨凹陷内部断裂活动情况,引入断裂发育情况较为典型的F5断裂(图3)来对该区断裂活动性进行分析。如图8所示,F5断裂作为与KP11断裂带相伴生的主断裂,近EW向分布,横向跨越研究区,并与其选取的SN向过井地震剖面近乎垂直相交,便于统计断层活动速率[24]
分析断裂活动速率(图9)得知,在断陷阶段,断裂活动速率较高,图中可见,断陷初期凹陷内部断裂活动速率最高可达约150 m/Ma。由于强烈的分块断陷作用,地层的岩性、产状等变化较快,始新世(T84至T70)多幕式构造运动使得断裂发育活动极为强烈,空间分布复杂多样。至断坳过渡期,活动速率变化较快,发生骤变,断裂活动速率降至约38 m/Ma,渐新世时期(T70至T60)受新南海扩张运动影响,凹陷构造活动减弱,断裂活动速率显著降低。坳陷期(T60至T40)断裂活动持续减弱,且活动速率变化趋于稳定,在海底扩张运动停止(T50)后,可见断裂活动更加微弱[24,27]
南海及其周缘盆地构造演化情况相当复杂,其主要受到东部太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲、西部印度板块向欧亚大陆的陆陆碰撞以及北部华南陆缘的构造伸展和南部古南海向婆罗洲的俯冲拖曳的综合作用影响[28-29]。位于南海北部大陆边缘的珠江口盆地在南海整体演化过程中也发生着不同程度的沉降和伸展作用。
自新生代以来,南海及周缘盆地演化的动力学过程如下:在古新世‒早始新世,受太平洋板块俯冲后撤及印度与欧亚板块陆陆碰撞的共同影响,区域应力场由先前的挤压状态转变为拉张状态[4],由神狐运动造成的下地壳和岩石圈上地幔向东南方向蠕动引起的地壳显著抬升,剥蚀作用加强,地壳发生广泛的伸展减薄作用,引起NW−SE向的伸展裂陷活动,进一步造成华南陆缘断层NNE向的初始张裂和走滑拉分。同时,南海板块北缘的前新生代褶皱基底发生张裂,开始逐步发育NNE‒NE向的走滑断裂和伸展构造,珠江口盆地也开始形成[30]。始新世中期,印度板块和欧亚板块发生碰撞,使得软流圈物质向东南方向持续挤出,地幔柱不断上涌,华南地块进一步伸展,古南海也开始发生南移,华南陆缘对太平洋板块俯冲后撤及印度与欧亚板块碰撞的联合作用,使南海北部地壳再次伸展拉分,造成大面积的强烈抬升剥蚀和局部的沉降凹陷,导致开平凹陷内部地层的广泛不整合发育和近NE向张性断裂发育,且断裂活动强烈[7]。直到始新世晚期,印度板块与欧亚板块仍处在持续碰撞阶段,此时,区域上南海北部地壳正处于右旋走滑伸展状态,珠江口盆地及内部裂陷盆地开平凹陷早期的断裂活动也大幅加强,近NE向断裂广泛发育(图10a)。
渐新世(图10b),印度板块和欧亚大陆发生完全碰撞,致使印支地块向东南方向不断逃逸,且发育于青藏高原东南端的红河断裂带开始活动,并进入婆罗洲地块[9,19]。该断裂带的形成彻底改变了早期南海和周缘陆块构造格局,使其盆地构造样式、动力机制更加复杂化[31]。同时,太平洋板块的俯冲方向由NNW向转变为NWW向,菲律宾板块也持续向北移动并楔入太平洋板块,古南海向南俯冲,产生的拖拽力使岩石圈发生张裂,新的洋壳开始出露,新南海海盆开始扩张,岩石圈的形变也逐渐远离陆缘向海域迁移。相对而言,北部陆缘盆地的断裂构造活动强度明显减弱,开平凹陷在构造应力场N‒E向伸展拉张及持续的右旋走滑作用下发育近EW向、NEE向断裂,在凹陷平面上多呈现平行式、雁列式等组合类型,盆地的伸展作用也持续减弱。到晚渐新世,古南海西端开始封闭并不断向东段发展,俯冲作用产生的拖拽力及哀牢山‒红河断裂带的左行走滑运动整体形成了南北向的区域性伸展。在此应力场作用下,华南陆缘上地壳处于伸展拉薄状态,南海北部右旋应力逐渐增强,开平凹陷内大量发育NEE向、近EW向断裂,断裂活动减弱[32]
进入中新世(图10c),菲律宾板块向北运动并伴随顺时针旋转,印度‒澳大利亚板块加速北冲,致使印支板块内部走滑剪切方向发生强烈转变,古南海也进入闭合状态,南海的扩张结束[33]。至中新世末,菲律宾板块向NWW向彻底汇聚并楔入欧亚大陆,此时的珠江口盆地出现了大规模的区域性抬升和岩浆活动,开平凹陷逐步发育NW‒NWW向断裂,研究区平面上常见斜交式断裂平面组合特征,断裂活动进一步减弱,断裂活动速率变化趋于稳定,盆地进入热沉降阶段。由中新世末至现今(图10d),整个珠江口盆地经历了新构造运动阶段并完成了长期的构造沉降,最终形成了现今的区域构造格局。纵观南海及其周缘的整个构造演化历程,南海北部陆缘主要在始新世‒渐新世期间发育的NE向、近EW向、中新世期间发育的NW向3组断裂[34]。且在持续右旋的构造应力场作用下,南海北缘与开平凹陷的断裂构造走向、断裂活动性及动力学成因机制均保持一致性。
(1)珠江口盆地开平凹陷内部断裂构造极其复杂,且对盆地演化、构造圈闭及油气成藏等具有重要的控制作用。本文利用高分辨率三维地震剖面和相关井数据来分析断裂构造体系,将研究区断裂构造类型按级别与规模划分为一级控盆断裂、二级控凹断裂、三级控带断裂和四级控圈断裂。在主干断层剖面上区分“犁式”正断层的基础上,识别出研究区内“Y”字型断层、阶梯状断层以及卷心型断层等多种剖面组合样式。运用地震属性相干技术在二维切片上划分出了平行式、雁列式、斜交式3种平面组合类型。
(2)将断裂演化时期划分为断陷期、断坳转换期和坳陷期3个阶段。断陷期的断裂活动强度最高,并随着断裂活动速率快速减小而减弱,同时区域断裂广泛发育;进入断坳转换期,活动强度不断削弱,断裂活动速率骤降并持续衰减;直至坳陷期,断裂活动速率变化趋于稳定,断裂活动强度降至最低,断裂发育更加微弱。结合区域应力场分布,开平凹陷从古新世神狐组基底至中新世的沉积地层内断裂走向发生NE向→NEE向→EW向→NWW向→NW向的顺时针转变,该变化特征与新生代以来古南海的消亡和新南海的形成演化期间南海北缘区域应力场的转变保持一致性。
(3)断裂活动作为盆地构造活动的重要表现形式,也是与区域构造演化相伴生所不可或缺的标识。受东部太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲、西部印度板块向欧亚大陆的陆陆碰撞以及北部华南陆缘的南北向伸展和南部古南海向婆罗洲俯冲拖曳的联合作用,开平凹陷在持续右旋的伸展拉张应力场环境下,自早始新世时期,在华南陆缘对太平洋板块俯冲后撤及印度与欧亚板块碰撞作用下,盆地内部近NE向的断裂逐渐发育。至渐新世太平洋板块俯冲方向的转变和哀牢山‒红河断裂带的左行走滑运动及古南海向南的俯冲拖拽作用,致使南北向伸展作用不断加强,盆地EW向断裂大量发育。进入中新世,印澳板块加速北冲,南海海底扩张运动结束,至中新世末,菲律宾板块彻底锲入欧亚大陆,珠江口盆地发生大型区域抬升和岩浆活动,近NWW‒NW向断裂发育,且断裂活动减弱,区域热沉降运动加剧。
  • 中国东盟海洋地震数据平台建设基金(12120100500017001);国家自然科学基金(42006067,92055211,41674118);青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室基金(QNLM201708);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1405900)
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2021年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021082
  • 接收时间:2020-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-08-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-19
  • 修回日期:2020-12-09
基金
中国东盟海洋地震数据平台建设基金(12120100500017001);国家自然科学基金(42006067,92055211,41674118);青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室基金(QNLM201708);国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1405900)
作者信息
    1中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所,山东 青岛 266071
    3青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    4山东科技大学 地球科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266590
    5中国地质大学 海洋学院,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

栾锡武(1966-),男,研究员,研究方向为海洋地质与海洋地球物理。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2021082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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