Article(id=1233910911476486257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233910910847340657, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1604419200000, receivedDateStr=2020-11-04, revisedDate=1610035200000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116886251, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1629820800000, pubDateStr=2021-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116886251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116886251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116886251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233910910847340657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='104', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116886102, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116886102, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233910911761698931, articleId=1233910911476486257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of the migration path during the growth period of Ulva prolifera in the sea near northern Jiangsu and the thermohaline environment, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A high resolution numerical model based on a proven FVCOM with a Lagrangian particle tracking module was introduced to simulate water particle movement under differences controlling conditions, including the tide, wind, boundary circulation flow, temperature, salinity, wave coupling etc. Combined with simulate results and the actual drift bottles movement paths, factors influencing Ulva prolifera were discussed. The results showed that the migration path of U. prolifera firstly migrated northward along the coast of northern Jiangsu to the sea area near the abandoned Huanghe River Estuary and then continued its migration to the sea area south of Shandong Peninsula. The external forces that affecting the migration of U. prolifera is mainly wind. It is an order of magnitude higher than anything else and followed by temperature-salinity, wave, tidal, circulation, the tidal current can cause the cyclic movement of U. prolifera in the local area, and it has no influence on Enteromorpha for drifting to the north more distant. During the simulation period, the surface temperature, salinity of drifting sea area were between 18−24℃, 28−31, respectively. These temperature and salinity conditions are close to the most suitable growth conditions of U. prolifera, indicating that U. prolifera would fast reproduce during its drifting.

, correspAuthors=Wanqing Chi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liping Gao, Dejiang Fan, Dehai Song, Yi Zhong, Naishuang Bi, Wanqing Chi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233910914924204209, articleId=1233910911476486257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=苏北浒苔生长期运移路径及温盐环境的数值模拟, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于已验证的有限体积海岸海洋模型(FVCOM)和拉格朗日粒子离线追踪模块,模拟了潮、风、环流、温盐、波等外界强迫不同组合下苏北海域水面粒子的5种运移路径,通过实际漂流瓶轨迹验证,并进行路径间的差异与对应单强迫流场对比研究,探讨发端于苏北的浒苔运移路径及其影响因素。结果表明:浒苔运移路径先沿着苏北沿岸向北运移至废黄河口附近海域,之后向东北方向偏转继续运移,一直到山东半岛南部海域;影响苏北浒苔运移路径的外界强迫主要是风,其次是温盐、波浪、环流,潮流可以引起浒苔在局地的旋转往复运动,不能使其向北远距离漂移。漂流期间,苏北沿岸海域表层温度为18~24℃、盐度为28~31,温盐条件在浒苔最宜生长条件范围,是浒苔能边漂移边大面积暴发的原因之一。

, correspAuthors=迟万清, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
迟万清(1975—),男,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,研究员,主要从事数值模拟研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9LvTsSqnVPHwN1speaCiuw==, magXml=+1Wz/3BvJH4k+84z+UbmAQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=joV8fB5KWSzaPtymWoDyvw==, pdfFileSize=2769071, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mwgNJN8uPtiNqo3Q08Lueg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Okk54W5t8jJzE0E0DUAGhQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高丽萍(1972—),女,山东省临沂市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:

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高丽萍(1972—),女,山东省临沂市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:

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高丽萍(1972—),女,山东省临沂市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:

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The blue triangles stand for grids; the red dots are the verification sites; the red fonts are the station names

, figureFileSmall=iS6sbJLmh9XxlIphNIJ4Lw==, figureFileBig=Rl32M1B5CYoqXlj3OCWmdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233932059689939935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910911476486257, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区网格布设及验证站位

蓝色三角形为网格;红色点为验证站点;红色字体为站位名称

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The absolute values of u and v represent the velocity of flow; the positive and negative values of u and v represent the flow direction; positive u (red) stands for the direction to the east; minus u (blue) represents the direction to the west; positive v (red) is the direction to the north; minus v (blue) is the direction to the south

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uv的绝对值大小代表流速的大小;uv的正负代表流向;正值u(红色)代表向东的方向;负值u(蓝色)代表向西的方向;正值v(红色)代表向北的方向;负值v(蓝色)代表向南的方向

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The outside forces configuration of experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验时间步长/s模拟时长/h温盐波浪环流
  注:/代表未施加外界强迫。
实验1 (潮)61 300初始场+河流径流真实///
实验2 (潮+风)61 300初始场+河流径流真实真实//
实验3 (潮+风+温盐)61 300初始场+计算温盐+河流径流真实真实//
实验4 (潮+风+环流+温盐)61 300初始场+计算温盐+河流径流真实真实/真实
实验5 (潮+风+环流+温盐+波流耦合)61 300初始场+计算温盐+河流径流真实真实波流耦合真实
实验6 (纯潮)61 300无初始场真实///
), ArticleFig(id=1233932061833228323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910911476486257, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验外界强迫配置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验时间步长/s模拟时长/h温盐波浪环流
  注:/代表未施加外界强迫。
实验1 (潮)61 300初始场+河流径流真实///
实验2 (潮+风)61 300初始场+河流径流真实真实//
实验3 (潮+风+温盐)61 300初始场+计算温盐+河流径流真实真实//
实验4 (潮+风+环流+温盐)61 300初始场+计算温盐+河流径流真实真实/真实
实验5 (潮+风+环流+温盐+波流耦合)61 300初始场+计算温盐+河流径流真实真实波流耦合真实
实验6 (纯潮)61 300无初始场真实///
), ArticleFig(id=1233932061904531494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910911476486257, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Table showing single external force induced flow fields, residual flow fields and their corresponding experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外界强迫流场实验余流场或余流场差异(外界强迫因子)对应图件
潮(图10a)实验6(纯潮)图10a
风(图10b)实验2(潮+风);实验1(潮)图9a2图9a1
温盐(图10c)实验3(潮+风+温盐);实验2(潮+风)图9a3图9a2
环流(图10d)实验4(潮+风+环流+温盐);实验3(潮+风+温盐)图9a4图9a3
波(图10e)实验5(潮+风+环流+温盐+波流耦合);实验4(潮+风+环流+温盐)图9a5图9a4
), ArticleFig(id=1233932061992611881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910911476486257, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单一外界强迫下的流场、余流及其对应的模拟实验对应表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
外界强迫流场实验余流场或余流场差异(外界强迫因子)对应图件
潮(图10a)实验6(纯潮)图10a
风(图10b)实验2(潮+风);实验1(潮)图9a2图9a1
温盐(图10c)实验3(潮+风+温盐);实验2(潮+风)图9a3图9a2
环流(图10d)实验4(潮+风+环流+温盐);实验3(潮+风+温盐)图9a4图9a3
波(图10e)实验5(潮+风+环流+温盐+波流耦合);实验4(潮+风+环流+温盐)图9a5图9a4
), ArticleFig(id=1233932062089080875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910911476486257, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Temperature and salinity of the drift region surface average and Ulva prolirera grow most suitable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
漂流区平均温度/℃浒苔最适宜温度/℃平均盐度浒苔最适宜盐度
A19~2114~2728~3126~32
B18~2314~2729~3026~32
C20~2414~2730~3126~32
), ArticleFig(id=1233932062168772654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910911476486257, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

浒苔漂移时段经过的不同海域对应的海表温度、盐度时段表层及浒苔最宜生长温盐表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
漂流区平均温度/℃浒苔最适宜温度/℃平均盐度浒苔最适宜盐度
A19~2114~2728~3126~32
B18~2314~2729~3026~32
C20~2414~2730~3126~32
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苏北浒苔生长期运移路径及温盐环境的数值模拟
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高丽萍 1 , 范德江 1, 2 , 宋德海 4, 5 , 仲毅 1 , 毕乃双 1 , 迟万清 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(8): 1-16
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(8): 1-16
苏北浒苔生长期运移路径及温盐环境的数值模拟
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高丽萍1 , 范德江1, 2, 宋德海4, 5, 仲毅1, 毕乃双1, 迟万清1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 4中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 5青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋动力过程与气候功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 高丽萍(1972—),女,山东省临沂市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

迟万清(1975—),男,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,研究员,主要从事数值模拟研究。E-mail:
Numerical simulation of the migration path during the growth period of Ulva prolifera in the sea near northern Jiangsu and the thermohaline environment
Liping Gao1 , Dejiang Fan1, 2, Dehai Song4, 5, Yi Zhong1, Naishuang Bi1, Wanqing Chi1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Earth Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3First Iinstitute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 5Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2021-08-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021056
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基于已验证的有限体积海岸海洋模型(FVCOM)和拉格朗日粒子离线追踪模块,模拟了潮、风、环流、温盐、波等外界强迫不同组合下苏北海域水面粒子的5种运移路径,通过实际漂流瓶轨迹验证,并进行路径间的差异与对应单强迫流场对比研究,探讨发端于苏北的浒苔运移路径及其影响因素。结果表明:浒苔运移路径先沿着苏北沿岸向北运移至废黄河口附近海域,之后向东北方向偏转继续运移,一直到山东半岛南部海域;影响苏北浒苔运移路径的外界强迫主要是风,其次是温盐、波浪、环流,潮流可以引起浒苔在局地的旋转往复运动,不能使其向北远距离漂移。漂流期间,苏北沿岸海域表层温度为18~24℃、盐度为28~31,温盐条件在浒苔最宜生长条件范围,是浒苔能边漂移边大面积暴发的原因之一。

苏北浒苔漂移路径  /  FVCOM数值模拟  /  拉格朗日粒子追踪  /  外界强迫

A high resolution numerical model based on a proven FVCOM with a Lagrangian particle tracking module was introduced to simulate water particle movement under differences controlling conditions, including the tide, wind, boundary circulation flow, temperature, salinity, wave coupling etc. Combined with simulate results and the actual drift bottles movement paths, factors influencing Ulva prolifera were discussed. The results showed that the migration path of U. prolifera firstly migrated northward along the coast of northern Jiangsu to the sea area near the abandoned Huanghe River Estuary and then continued its migration to the sea area south of Shandong Peninsula. The external forces that affecting the migration of U. prolifera is mainly wind. It is an order of magnitude higher than anything else and followed by temperature-salinity, wave, tidal, circulation, the tidal current can cause the cyclic movement of U. prolifera in the local area, and it has no influence on Enteromorpha for drifting to the north more distant. During the simulation period, the surface temperature, salinity of drifting sea area were between 18−24℃, 28−31, respectively. These temperature and salinity conditions are close to the most suitable growth conditions of U. prolifera, indicating that U. prolifera would fast reproduce during its drifting.

drift path of Ulva prolifera in the sea near northern Jiangsu  /  FVCOM numerical simulation  /  Lagrange particle tracking  /  external forces
高丽萍, 范德江, 宋德海, 仲毅, 毕乃双, 迟万清. 苏北浒苔生长期运移路径及温盐环境的数值模拟. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (8) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021056
Liping Gao, Dejiang Fan, Dehai Song, Yi Zhong, Naishuang Bi, Wanqing Chi. Numerical simulation of the migration path during the growth period of Ulva prolifera in the sea near northern Jiangsu and the thermohaline environment[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (8) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021056
浒苔属于绿藻门、石莼科、浒苔属,草绿色,属于大型的广盐、广温、耐干露性强的海藻,在我国各海区都有分布。水温为14~27℃、盐度为24~32、pH为8~9以及光强大于18 μmol/(m2·s)是最适宜浒苔生长的环境条件,其生长期为4~8周[1-2]。黄海西岸浒苔最近10余年以来,每年在4−8月生长繁殖,经常漂移或聚集到山东半岛沿岸,并在漂移过程中大量繁殖,覆盖海洋表面,影响海岸风景,危及其他生物的生存,死亡后腐烂并散发恶臭沉入海底,并消耗大量氧气,破坏海洋水质;2008年奥帆赛前期,浒苔在青岛海岸的聚集严重威胁到国际奥帆赛的顺利进行。浒苔的暴发、漂移、聚集给海洋旅游业、海洋养殖业、海洋生态、海洋环境造成严重危害,由此引起了人们广泛的关注和研究。
经过研究与观测,证实在山东半岛沿岸聚集的浒苔起源于南黄海西岸海域[3-4],并向北漂流到山东半岛沿岸。为了控制和治理浒苔,采用了船舶、飞机、卫星遥感等手段研究和观察浒苔的漂移路径,取得了宝贵的第一手资料,同时也花费了大量人力和物力[5-6]。浒苔轻浮于海面,随海水一起运动,与海域的表层流流向在很大程度上具有一致性,因此使用数值模拟追踪表层水质点运动的手段研究浒苔漂移路径是科学、经济、易行的。
自2011年以来,多位学者使用数值模拟手段中拉格朗日粒子追踪的方法模拟了浒苔的漂移路径。Lee等[7]、乔方利等[8]、于晓杰[9]及Bao等[10]皆模拟了浒苔漂移路径并分析其影响因子。以往的研究仅对潮、风等有限的影响因素探讨研究并形成共识,即认为在漂流期内潮的作用只能让粒子在很小的范围内随着潮水周期做往返运动,在潮余流及5月和6月初南风风场作用下,粒子沿苏北沿海向北运动,同时在潮的作用下做周期性往返运动。赵昌等[11]运用NCEP GFS预报风场和中国近海高分辨率三维MASNUM海浪−潮流−环流耦合海洋数值预报系统的预报数据建立的黄海浒苔漂移输运模式能够对浒苔漂移进行预测,其进行了2008年和2010年浒苔漂移输运过程模拟。模拟结果与文献[8]报道的卫星观测结果一致,表明浒苔的漂移路径受海洋表层流影响不同而有所不同。上述研究对模拟漂移路径的研究各有突破,但没有系统揭示漂流过程中除潮、风等外界强迫的影响因素以外,波浪、环流、温盐等各单一外界强迫对漂移有无影响。每一种单一强迫的具体影响是怎样的?各个单强迫的影响之间的对比情况如何?为什么浒苔能在该区域暴发?为进一步揭示以上问题,本研究利用FVCOM海洋模型,获得浒苔漂流期间所经海域的不同外界强迫组合的5种流场数据,用流场差异获得每一种外界强迫作用下的流场图,参照漂流瓶放置位置、时间及以上流场数据,用拉格朗日粒子追踪模块模拟得到水质点的5种运移路径,并采用在苏北海域于浒苔生长期放置漂流瓶的漂移轨迹进行相关验证,揭示影响浒苔路径的单一外界强迫因素的具体影响及其影响程度;依据模拟漂流区温盐特点并结合物理海洋及营养盐等方面解释浒苔在该区域暴发的原因。
研究区海区位于黄海西部沿海,东接南黄海,南部紧邻东海长江口,为西部的苏北海岸、西北角的海州湾及北部山东半岛南岸所半包围的浅海陆架半开放海域,地势相对平坦、宽阔。海区属于东亚季风气候,四季分明,冬季寒冷干燥,夏季温暖湿润。研究区水体温度、盐度及环流特征均呈现出明显的季节变化。研究区春夏之交至夏季,温度升高,雨水充足,夏季风开始盛行,平均风速为4~6 m/s[12]
研究区大部分海域是半日潮类型,海州湾东侧为不规则半日潮,半日潮无潮点位于苏北废黄河口(以下称“废河口”)东北海域,苏北近岸潮差也较大,平均潮差超过3.9 m,最大潮差位于弶港附近海域;苏北近岸潮流流速也较快,其南部最大流速在2.6 m/s以上,波浪分为风浪和涌浪,形成独特的沙脊沙洲相间舌状地形;大部分海域以风浪为主,会出现涌浪,波浪大小和方向受冬季寒潮、夏秋季的气旋、台风等因素的影响。黄海冬季受偏北风影响,大部分海域盛行偏北浪,波高等值线大致与海岸线平行,波高为0.9~1.9 m,由于南黄海海域相对开阔,波高相对较大,夏季受东南风的影响,盛行偏南浪,与冬季相比夏季波高较小,周期较短,但台风过境时,波高会迅速增加引起巨浪。春秋季体现过渡季节特征[12]。研究区夏季温度较高,盐度较低,存在一个流向比较稳定的北向流(图1),平均流速约为3.4 cm/s,最大流速为8 cm/s。该北向流的变化主要受局地风场控制,南北向的流动与南北向风速的大小关系密切[13-14]
本研究利用有限体积海岸海洋模型(FVCOM),模拟黄、渤海海域的潮汐、温盐、环流等海洋动力环境,研究区域及网格布设如图2。该模型经过了多个站位的流速、流向、波浪、水位验证及S1站位的温盐验证,验证结果表明模拟与实测高度吻合。基于FVCOM通过叠加潮、风、环流、温盐、波浪等不同强迫模拟海水运动,用模拟的不同流场和FVCOM的离线追踪模块,得到水面粒子在不同流场下的运动路径。基于漂流瓶与浒苔具有相近的漂流速度和轨迹,用其来对真实流场模拟实验下漂流路径进行验证。并用各流场之间的余流差异获得单一强迫影响对余流场的贡献,并用之解释不同运动路径之间的差异,以此来研究各个单一强迫对浒苔漂移的影响。
FVCOM数值模型采用无结构三角网格,可以精确地拟合近岸复杂海岸线。与其他海洋模型相同,其控制方程包括动量方程、连续方程、温度方程、盐度方程和密度方程,本研究中,模型使用经纬度坐标,采用球坐标系,在球坐标系下的控制方程可参见FVCOM模型手册[17],模型采用潮流控制方程和湍流封闭方程构建完整的三维浅海潮波定解方程组,运用有限体积方法求解控制方程,利用干/湿网格模块控制动边界,采用内外模态交替计算的计算方式,计算时保持温度、盐度、质量、动量守恒。
模型覆盖海区为32°~41°N,118°~127°E(图2),垂直分为18层,网格数为13 546,网点数为7 130,最小网格距离为1 km,时间步长为6 s。由于苏北海域海底以滩涂和沙脊为主,水深对流速影响很大。本模型水深采用了多波束实测水深数据和ETOP3水深数据的结合,苏北海域采用了多波束实测水深数据,其他黄、渤海区域采用ETOP3水深数据。该模型加入了黄河径流、海面热通量、降水蒸发、气压、风场等外界强迫,其中黄河径流数据由《中国泥沙公报》相关数据插值获得,气象数据来自CFSR网站(https://rda.ucar.edu/)的大气再分析数据,数据时间分辨率为1 h,开边界潮汐驱动采用俄勒冈州大学OPTS模型所计算的潮汐调和常数,包括M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1共8个分潮,开边界嵌套插值来自HYCOM网站(ftp://ftp.hycom.org/datasets/)提供的再分析温盐及叠加潮流场和HYCOM的流速、水位,逐时以nesting模块来驱动模型,实现潮汐和环流强迫。该模型模拟时段为2014年1月1日至2018年11月20日,涵盖了本研究漂流瓶漂流时段。本研究设置6组实验进行对比,分别为潮、潮+风、潮+风+温盐、潮+风+环流+温盐、潮+风+环流+温盐+波流耦合、纯潮(均一温盐无初始场)等不同强迫组合下的流场。前5组实验中初始场(来自于已验证模型的热启动文件,包括温盐、流速、水位)相同,皆加入河流径流,实验1和实验2不计算温盐,实验3至实验5通过海表大气压强、蒸发与降雨、长短波太阳辐射、海表热通量等外强迫并计算温盐,实验2至实验5中加入风场驱动,实验5参考因素最全,为真实流场的模拟实验,实验1至实验4为对照实验,实验6为评估潮的单强迫因素而设置,具体实验配置如表1
本研究利用上述模型实验获得不同强迫组合下的流场数据,再将这些流场数据用于FVCOM拉格朗日粒子离线追踪模块,可以模拟水面粒子的运动,获得粒子运动轨迹,其微分方程公式为
$\frac{{\rm{d}}x}{{\rm{d}}t} =\overrightarrow{v}\left(x\left(t\right),t\right),$
式中,${x}(t)$为时间t时刻的粒子位置(单位:m);t为粒子运动的时间点(单位:s);dx/dt为粒子位置随时间变化率(单位:m/s);$\overrightarrow{v }$(x(t), t)为模型产生的三维速度场(单位:m/s)。在二维(x, y)空间中,粒子可以通过求解(x, y)速度方程追踪,公式为
$\frac{{\rm{d}}x}{{\rm{d}}t}=u,$
$\frac{{\rm{d}}y}{{\rm{d}}t}=v,$
$\frac{{\rm{d}}\sigma }{{\rm{d}}t}=\frac{\overline {\omega }}{H+\xi },$
式中,uv$ \overline {\omega } $为粒子在xyz的速度分量(单位:m/s);H为该位置海水深度(单位:m);$ \xi $为海表高度(单位:m)。$ \overline {\omega } $w的关系定义为
$\overline {\omega }=w-\left(2+\sigma \right)\frac{{\rm{d}}\xi }{{\rm{d}}t}-\sigma \frac{{\rm{d}}H}{{\rm{d}}t},$
式中,wh水深处海水在z坐标方向的垂直速度(单位:m/s);$ \sigma $一般在[−1,0]之间,为无单位量纲,其求解公式为
$\sigma =-h/(H+ \xi ),$
式中,h为实际深度(单位:m)[11, 17]
海洋在有风的环境里,风生流和风生波同时进行,且波流相互影响相互作用,FVCOM波浪模型采用FVCOM内置的SWAVE模块(FVCOM-SWAVE),它由第三代表面波模型(Simulating Waves Nearshore, SWAN)发展而来[18]。第三代表面波模型SWAN由Booij等[19]研发获得,并由SWAN研究组改进[20-21]。该模型通过求解波动平衡方程来表现表面波的特性,包含由于底摩擦、三重波和四重波等波−波相互作用以及浅水波浪破碎引起的能量耗散,详见FVCOM模型手册[17]。同时在有风输入的前提下,本研究将在风和波流耦合的共同作用下的模拟流场与仅仅在风强迫下的风生流模拟流场的水平流速之差,来探讨单强迫波对水平速度的影响作用。
浒苔的漂移过程不易于记录,不便于深入研究及对模拟结果进行验证,而装有GPS或者LBS定位系统的漂流瓶,其漂移轨迹便于记录。经研究证实,山东半岛南部海域聚集的浒苔起源于苏北海域[22-23]。本研究于2018浒苔生长成大片绿潮的时期—2018年5月25日13:00至2018年5月28日12:00期间,在研究海域即浒苔起源区内投放漂流瓶78个。漂流瓶为圆柱状,直径为13 cm,高度为19 cm,内装定位设备后,露出水面6 cm。经过室内模拟漂流实验,在研究海域年际5月、6月平均流场风场中,使其漂移速度接近浒苔的漂移速度(图3a)。漂流瓶投放于浒苔发源区(图3b),漂流瓶内设备每间隔10 min发射1次位置信息,可通过GPS或者LBS定位系统接收到位置信息。
漂流信号时有间断,本文采用点图反映漂流轨迹,有信号的位置以绿点表示,无信号的位置为空白。所投78个漂流瓶,实际接收到位置信号的有75个,漂流时间长短不一,其中漂流时间超过2018年7月的有8个,最短的仅漂流数小时就失去信号,漂流时间最长的8个中,有的滞留在投放区域,有的停在中途,有3个漂流瓶漂移到山东半岛南部海域。实际漂移总轨迹及按漂流时间划分分区如图4a所示,为A、B、C 3个区。A区为苏北海域,对应漂流时间为5月25日至6月10日;B区为废河口,对应漂流时间为6月11−30日;C区为山东半岛南部海域,对应漂流时间为7月1−3日。漂流瓶漂流时间与2011−2018年浒苔从苏北漂到山东半岛南部的漂移时间基本一致[22]
可以看出,漂流瓶在从苏北沿岸向北漂移,紧贴废黄河三角洲向海州湾漂移,零星轨迹漂至山东半岛南岸海域,最远漂移至青岛以东海域。漂流期计时范围从2018年5月25日13:00至7月3日23:00,共计947 h,如研究区32°~37°N,119°~122°E每日平均风速风向图(图5)所示,第1~39天,南风占绝对优势。此次漂流瓶漂流过程与2010年浒苔影响区域的MODIS卫星图片(图4b1图 4b4[8]吻合度很高,2010年6月7日卫星图片显示,浒苔漂移至废河口,漂流瓶2018年6月10−11日漂至废河口,2010年6月22日至7月6日卫星图片显示,浒苔已遍及山东半岛南部海域,2018年7月3日漂至山东半岛南部海域。
模型运行结果与来自黄、渤海多个站位(图2)的实测流速、水位、波高、波周期进行了验证,本文所用验证数据均来自作者团队实际测量,一部分数据已发表于文章之中,另一部分尚未发表。其中有来自山东S1站位的流速、水位、温度、盐度及S2站位的波高和波周期,流速、水位、波高、波周期由ADCP测得,温度、盐度用CTD仪器测得,其详细信息及数据来源见参考文献[24]。黄河口B3站位的波高与波周期由ADCP获得,苏北斗龙港和大丰港的水位资料由潮位仪直接测量[25];V3与V6站位流速、流向资料分别来自于苏北近岸S1和S2站位,为使用安哥拉海流计观测各个层位流速所获得[24];山东半岛东端S1站位(37°11′30.66″N,122°54′49″E,水深为30 m)2017年8月17日21:00至2017年8月27日03:00实测流速与模型流速对比及实测水位与模型水位对比分别如图6a图6b所示,流速实测值在极值处幅度稍大于模拟值,水位模拟值与实测值吻合度更高;周期高度吻合,验证结果理想。S1站模拟温度、盐度与实测对比如图6c图6d所示,盐度模拟值比实测低0.2~0.5,温度模拟值比实测值低0~2℃,但趋势相同。黄河口B3站位(37°57′17″N,119°19′14″E,水深为14 m)实测波高和波周期与模拟对比如图6e图6f所示,模拟值在整体幅度上与实测值吻合度较高,小范围内实测值有锯齿状波动而模拟值相对平滑。S2站位(36°55′04″N,122°40′10″E)实测波高和波周期与模拟对比如图6g图6h所示,波高模拟值在整体幅度上与实测值吻合度较高,波周期前3/4实测值与模拟值吻合度较高,后1/4实测值偏低。苏北海域大丰港(33°17′03″N,120°48′37″E)、斗龙港(33°28′31″N,120°47′25″E)2014年7月水位模拟实测值如图6i图6j所示,周期严格吻合,大丰港水位幅度吻合度较高,斗龙港模拟水位幅度略大于实测水位,对该海域V3站位(33°02′47″N,121°01′13″E)、V6站位(32°43′08″N,121°44′02″E)进行了速度的流速流向验证(图6k图6l),两站位实测与模拟流速流向基本吻合,由多站位的模拟值与实测值对比的综合评价可知,该模型模拟吻合度较高。
该模型所模拟黄、渤海2017年2月和8月表层和底层的平均流场、温度场、盐度场见图7,其中2月高温高盐呈舌状的黄海暖流,自黄海南部(图7b1图7c1)底层流入,沿山东半岛沿岸向北流动(图7a1)、8月山东半岛东端表层向南的沿岸流(图7a2)、黄海底层冷水团(图7c2)、苏北低盐水团(图7b2)等水文特征均能够清晰的显示,其基本特征与该区前人海洋学观测研究结果相符[26-29]
与已经验证了温盐、水位、流速、波浪的黄、渤海模型相同,实验5流场考虑了潮、风、环流、温盐及波流耦合等多因素,模拟结果最接近真实流场(图8),其初始场包括的温盐、流速、水位,为已验证模型运行得出的热启动文件,接近同时间真实海洋场,因此选取此流场下水面粒子模拟路径与漂流瓶实测轨迹进行对比,其中图8d模拟时长与实际漂流时长相当,模拟水面粒子运移至废河口以北海域并向东偏转,而漂流瓶已运移至山东南部海域,可知漂流瓶的速度大于模拟水面粒子。图8e加大了0.3倍的模拟时长,水面粒子已运移至山东半岛南部海域,与实际漂流瓶漂流区域及以往浒苔漂流至山东南部的事实具有很大的一致性[30]。在苏北沿海模拟路径与实际漂流路径皆沿岸向北,在废河口模拟路径与实际路径皆发生向东偏转。二者又存在不同,首先在苏北沿海一带就东西方向的分布范围相比,实际漂流瓶路径明显大于模拟路径,推测因为漂流瓶密度小于水体,漂流瓶与水体的摩擦要小于水体之间的摩擦,因此漂流瓶在水体中的自由度要大于水质点;其次,图8d为采用与漂流时间图相当的1 000 h所得的模拟路径,短于实际漂流路径,而向北路径范围却不超过实际漂流轨迹路径;另外实际路径因信号接收不全而有缺失部分,模拟路径为全时段全粒子,可以看出实际路径比模拟路径达到更北的位置。上述两种情况皆说明,实际漂流瓶向北的漂移速度大于模拟水质点,这与漂流瓶露出水面的部分多受南风(图5)推送吻合;另外,漂流瓶在废河口向西大幅偏转,沿废河口北岸向海州湾漂移,而模拟路径仅向西北发生小幅偏转而后向东偏转,查证资料表明,漂流瓶6月10日到达老黄河口,而此时至此后10 d,风向偏转为东南风,受到东南风的影响,漂流瓶沿岸偏转至海州湾内,由于此时模拟水团速度较慢,还在苏北沿岸沿岸漂移,待模拟水团漂移至老黄河口后,风向转变为西南风,而且其受海流影响较大,向东发生偏转。另外图8f为对单一漂流瓶轨迹和对应模拟水面粒子的对比,模拟时间同图8e的时间,可以看出,单一漂流瓶和实际轨迹与其模拟路径重合度很高。
在浒苔漂流期间,苏北海域风向稳定,以南风为主,海流流场流向比较稳定。浒苔、水面粒子、漂流瓶在海面漂移,主要受海域的表层流及风的控制,三者速度有差别,水面粒子无海面出露、浒苔贴近海面而漂流瓶高于海面,三者受风的影响程度不同,但从图5看出,2018年研究海域研究时段无台风,因此三者由风引起速度差别不会很大。因地形的半封闭性及流场流向比较稳定,漂流瓶和水面粒子漂流速度虽不同,但延长水面粒子模拟时间0.3倍,漂流路径(图8f)大致相近,二者具良好的可比性。
实验5为真实流场模拟实验,在此对其流场从表层余流、温度、盐度3个方面在黄、渤海大范围海域和本研究区苏北海域做详细描述。首先,在表层海流方面,苏北沿岸海域海流沿岸线向西北流动,流速为0.1 m/s左右;到废河口附近向东偏转,流速增大,可达0.15 m/s;及至山东半岛南部海域,流向基本与岸线平行,流速为0.15 m/s左右,与以往的研究吻合(图1b)。山东半岛东端流向为东南偏转(图8a)。其次,在盐度方面,漂流期内,苏北海域表层盐度较低,为24~29,海州湾、废河口西北及山东半岛南岸海域盐度略有升高,为30左右,在黄海范围内,本研究区盐度整体最低(图8b);苏北沿海及山东半岛南岸海域表层温度为19~23°C,仅在废河口西北海域及苏北外围海域等区域温度略有降低,为17~19°C(图8c),在黄、渤海范围内,漂流海域表层平均温度整体与南黄海一致,高于渤海和北黄海大部分区域。所得的模拟路径如图8d图8f
由于1 300 h的真实流场模拟实验路径与漂流瓶轨迹吻合较好,因此,为了进行路径对比前,4组实验模拟时间也采用了1 300 h。前5组实验分别获得表层余流流场(图9a1图9a5)与对应的模拟路径(图9b1图9b5)。
潮的流场(图9a1)余流流速很小,在投放区域流场流向呈环状,如前人的研究[9],没有定向性,这与对应的图9b1所示在潮的作用下模拟路径吻合,即在投放区有限范围内震荡,有向北漂流和向东南漂流的路径分支,但总位移很小。潮和风流场(图9a2)与潮流场(图9a1)对比,流速在苏北海域增大,并且流向一致向北或东北,有定向性,在苏北沿海运移海域速度增大,在废河口外围海域向东南延伸一带及山东半岛南部海域流速均明显变大,与其对应的路径(图9b2)吻合,在潮和风的作用下,水质点向北漂移,没有了东南向分支,整体向北漂移,但路径前端没有超过废河口。潮+风+温盐流场(图9a3)与潮+风(图9a2)对比,流速在苏北运移海域略增加并且流向一致向北,在废河口外围海域向东南延伸一带及山东半岛南部区域流速明显变大,大于0.1 m/s;在潮和风的基础上加入温盐,研究海域流速明显提高,对比路径图9b3与图9b2可见,加入温盐后路径略增长,前端已超过废河口,由图可见,苏北海域流速略有增长,山东半岛南部区域流速大幅增加。但漂流瓶及水面粒子所在的靠近海岸的漂流区域流速增幅较小,故路径仅略有增长。潮+风+温盐+环流流场(图9a4)与潮+风+温盐流场(图9a3)对比,图9a4在最南端开边界处有明显的流速提升,其他地区流速变化不明显,路径图9b4与图9b3对比可知,在开边界加入环流之后,水面粒子路径略向东偏离岸线方向并略微缩短,但这个结果仅对比两个流场图难以明确解释;实验5模拟真实海洋流场(图9a5)与实验4流场(图9a4)相比,整个海域流速增大,尤其是废河口及山东半岛南部海域,与之对应的路径图9b5图9b4模拟时长相同为1 300 h,但图9b5路径大幅明显增长,向东北偏转更远,波的作用似乎很大。
为了更准确地反映某一种外界强迫对研究区流场的贡献,利用前5组实验不同组余流流场差异及第6组实验余流场,得到潮汐、风、环流、温盐、波浪等单一外界迫强影响下的流场图,进而分析其对浒苔运动的影响区域及影响程度。影响区域分为苏北、废河口、山东半岛南部海域,对应浒苔运移早、中、晚期。外界强迫流场图对应的实验余流场或余流场差异如表2
实验1~5具有相同的初始场,差异所得风、环流、温盐、波浪等单强迫因素的流场已扣除初始场等背景因素的影响,而实验1潮带有初始场的影响,因此设计实验6(纯潮)来讨论潮流强迫的影响作用。如此所得潮汐、风场、环流、温盐、波浪等外界单一强迫流场皆扣除了背景因素的影响,与模拟路径的变化有很好的对应性。如图10a所示纯潮余流场图,苏北海域余流呈顺时针环状,而且没有定向性,在废河口沿岸处有较大的东南向流速,对粒子向北漂移形成阻碍;模拟漂流路径(图9b1)如前所述在投放地周围震荡,对苏北浒苔向北远距离漂移贡献微弱。如图10b所示风生流场,在苏北和废河口海域流向一致向北,风在5个单一强迫中影响量级高于其他因素,在沿岸海域流速较小,在外围海域流速变大,在浒苔漂移区有明显的东北向和东向加速作用,与图9b2水面粒子整体向北漂移吻合,较图9b1没有了东南向分支,这皆表明风生流在此起了明显的北向推动作用,这点也与这期间苏北海域风场主要是南风的事实相符合(图5),在以上5种外界强迫影响所生流场中,风生流场最强,这也与前人认识一致,风对于苏北浒苔漂移起了主要作用[8, 31-32]。如图10c所示温盐生流场,在苏北沿海附近运移区内仅有微弱的北向流速,在海州湾及山东半岛南岸海域沿岸有较大的东北向流速,向南流向逐渐偏转为东向,而由图9b3与图9b2对比可见,加温盐强迫后路径较之前略增长,前沿已超过废河口,温盐影响下的路径变化与温盐流场图有较好的对应,从图10c判断,温盐对浒苔在山东半岛南部海域的运移有较大加速作用。如图10d所示环流流场图,仅在研究海域南端开边界处有较大北向流速,这也应是除了风的因素之外,浒苔不南漂的原因,其在其他区域整体微弱,在苏北沿岸模拟运移区域,有微弱的北向流,向北逐渐右偏,至废河口偏转到东南向,在废河口沿岸具有相对大的东南向流速,这点符合前人观点即长江羽流的一个分支在夏季和秋季的一小部分左转沿江苏沿岸延伸[31],而由图9b4与图9b3对比可知,在开边界加入环流之后,水面粒子路径并未向北延伸而是发生离岸向右偏转且无增长,反映受该区域逐渐向右偏转的东南向环流的影响。如图10e所示波生流场图,在苏北沿岸海域,有明显的北向流,速度较风生流场小,但远大于其他单一强迫对苏北海区的影响,推测在漂流早期,风、波是北向漂流的主要因素。在废河口附近海域有较大的离岸流[29]亦称地转流(由冷水团锋面两侧海表高度不同引起的地转流)[15],在山东半岛南岸有东北向和东向海流,在这两个海域波强迫的影响小于风,大于潮和环流,与温盐影响相当,由图9b5与图9b4对比可知,实验5在实验4的基础上加了波浪强迫,路径明显增长,向东北偏转更远,如果不综合其他单强迫影响,往往会归因于波浪本身的影响,而这不仅仅因为波浪在废河口有较大速度的离岸流,还因为在相同模拟时长内水面粒子前段路径较实验4漂移略快,得以进入了山东半岛南部海域,而这里流速大增,进而路径明显加长,可见图10e图9a5图9b5具有很好的吻合。综上所述,各单一外强迫影响流场,可以分别明确解释潮路径(图9b1)有南北分支, 潮+风路径(图9b2)比潮路径(图9b1)整体向北运移,潮+风+温盐路径(图9b3)比潮+风路径(图9b2)向北运移略增加,潮+风+环流+温盐路径(图9b4)比潮+风+温盐路径(图9b3)路径偏离岸线且不增长,潮+风+环流+温盐+波流耦合路径(图9b5)比潮+风+环流+温盐路径(图9b4)路径大幅加长。
根据本研究水动力模型结果在漂流区及其对应的漂流时间段(图4a)所绘制的表层平均温盐分布(图11)可知,自南向北除B区废河口西北的低温区,随着漂流时间推移,温度呈逐渐升高趋势(图11a),盐度在A区自南向北呈增高趋势,B、C区盐度波动小(图11c),各个漂流区的表层平均温盐范围及浒苔最宜生长的温盐范围[1]分别如表3所示。从表中可见,各个漂流区域的温盐皆处于浒苔最宜生长的温盐范围内,另外,研究区南邻长江口,长江冲淡水北流[33],这是该区盐度偏低的原因之一。每年的5月、6月,太阳日照强度渐强,降水增多,其他条件也达到浒苔最适宜的生长范围,另外浒苔绿潮起源及漂移途经的黄海南部近岸海域为我国近海典型的富营养化海域,为浒苔生长提供了丰富的营养物质[34-37]。在西南夏季风吹送下,浒苔沿岸向北漂流,受地球偏转的影响,水流向右偏转[31],有向东的离岸流的存在,相应地有上升流来补充,进一步带来营养盐,给浒苔的边漂流边快速生长创造了良好条件。
利用高分辨率三维FVCOM数值模型和拉格朗日粒子离线追踪方法模拟了浒苔运移路径,发端于苏北沿岸的浒苔先沿着苏北沿岸向北运移至废河口,之后向东北方向偏转继续运移,一直到山东半岛南部海域。模拟结果与漂流瓶运移轨迹吻合良好。
影响苏北浒苔向北远距离漂移路径的主要外界强迫是风,比其他因素高1个量级。其次是温盐、波浪、环流,潮流仅在局地影响浒苔做旋转运动,不发生远距离漂移。在苏北海域,风、波浪、温盐皆生成沿岸北向流,影响流速大小依次降低,环流在苏北海域微弱,流向也为沿岸北向但逐渐向右偏转,至废河口一带,偏转为东南向;在废河口海域,风、温盐、波浪皆生成辐射状离岸流,流速依次减小,流向略有不同,风生流、波生流偏西北向或东北向,温盐生离岸流为东北向,更偏东;在山东半岛南部海域,单一强迫风、温盐、波、环流的影响依次降低,环流在此区影响最弱。
从模拟结果看,漂流区在漂流期表层温度为18~24℃,表层盐度为28~31,温盐条件在浒苔最宜生长范围内,这是浒苔能边漂移边繁殖大面积暴发的原因之一。
致谢:感谢南方科技大学徐景平教授对本研究给予的建设性建议和提供的验证站位实测资料的支持,特别感谢青岛国家实验室超算平台对本研究所用模型提供的超算支持与服务。两位匿名专家对本文提出了宝贵、中肯的意见,对本文质量的提升起了很大的作用,在此对他们及他们的评审工作表示由衷的感谢和敬意。
  • 国家重点研发计划(16YFA0600904);国家自然科学基金(41530966);NSFC−山东省联合基金(U1606401)
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2021年第43卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021056
  • 接收时间:2020-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-11-04
  • 修回日期:2021-01-08
基金
国家重点研发计划(16YFA0600904);国家自然科学基金(41530966);NSFC−山东省联合基金(U1606401)
作者信息
    1中国海洋大学 海洋地球科学学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    4中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    5青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋动力过程与气候功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

通讯作者:

迟万清(1975—),男,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,研究员,主要从事数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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