Article(id=1233910822792130650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233910819042414846, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1607356800000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-08, revisedDate=1620230400000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116865108, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1632499200000, pubDateStr=2021-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116865108, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116865108, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116865108, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233910819042414846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116864214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116864214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=137, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233910824838951053, articleId=1233910822792130650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Identification of the mangrove species using UAV hyperspectral images: A case study of Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The composition and distribution of mangrove species are crucial to the protection and restoration of mangrove wetland ecosystems. In this study, mangrove species distribution was identified by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral images from Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve. Spectral characteristics, spectral differential, and spectral continuum removal were analyzed, 17 spectral parameters of 911 group spectral data from different vegetation species were obtained. Furthermore, 13 parameters for decision tree construction were selected by stepwise discriminant analysis. As a result, an accurate distribution map of mangrove species in the study area was obtained through C5.0 decision tree classification model. The vegetation species present different distribution types from top to bottom in the Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve. The upper part of the study area was dominated by the mixed type of Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia obovata. The middle area showed symbiosis status of three different mangrove species Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia obovata. The lower part of the study area was dominated by Avicennia marina, and a small amount of Kandelia obovata. Through the confusion matrix, the overall classification accuracy is 87.95% and the Kappa coefficient is 83.81%, showed a satisfactory precision. Therefore, our mangrove species identification results from UAV hyperspectral images could be used as a reference for ecological protection of regional mangrove wetland, and also as a identification method reference for mangrove species.

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红树林种群的组成和分布对于红树林生态系统的保护和恢复至关重要。本研究以漳江口红树林保护区为研究对象,通过获取无人机高光谱影像,进行光谱特征分析、光谱微分变换和包络线去除,提取了911组17个光谱特征参数,通过逐步判别分析筛选出13个用于决策树构建的特征参数,最终通过C5.0决策树模型获得了研究区红树林种群的分布状况。结果表明,漳江口红树林保护区植被种群呈现自上到下不同类型的分布情况,研究区上部以桐花树和秋茄混合类型为主,中间区域呈现白骨壤、桐花树和秋茄三者共生的现状,研究区下部则以白骨壤分布为主,伴生有少量的秋茄。通过混淆矩阵计算,得到研究区总体分类精度为 87.95%,Kappa系数为 83.81%,具有较好的精度。研究结果可为区域红树林湿地保护提供数据支撑,为红树林种群识别研究提供方法参考。

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周在明(1980—),男,山东省淄博市人,副研究员,主要从事生态环境遥感研究工作。E-mail:

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周在明(1980—),男,山东省淄博市人,副研究员,主要从事生态环境遥感研究工作。E-mail:

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周在明(1980—),男,山东省淄博市人,副研究员,主要从事生态环境遥感研究工作。E-mail:

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keyword=高光谱影像), Keyword(id=1233932002337017917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=种群识别)], refs=[Reference(id=1233932006741037300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王乐, 时晨, 田金炎, 等. 基于多源遥感的红树林监测[J]. 生物多样性, 2018, 26(8): 838−849., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233932006841700599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Le, Shi Chen, Tian 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1, caption=The location of Zhangjiangkou mangrove in the study area, figureFileSmall=rGP1kEEmyOPZxyHLcxLiDQ==, figureFileBig=8xySugfMmTByZtYfzaEwLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233932002945192024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=图1, caption=漳江口红树林研究区位置, figureFileSmall=rGP1kEEmyOPZxyHLcxLiDQ==, figureFileBig=8xySugfMmTByZtYfzaEwLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233932003121352799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral image (a) and RGB image (b) in the study area, figureFileSmall=2tsOqp2U1vuN/UtC9qOThA==, figureFileBig=t+9rJyVII5DPAe1sp93CQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233932003222016098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区无人机高光谱影像图(a)和普通光学影像(b), 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233932004828434593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=图7, caption=研究区植被类型分类识别结果, figureFileSmall=lnwNLqgKJwym4QZPmQhxxA==, figureFileBig=qITxBLPWdLOcTA5oyr7S2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233932004996206761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The information sheet of sample of the typical vegetation species in the study area

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植被类型桐花树白骨壤秋茄互花米草
训练样本数458188102163
验证样本数121948395
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005117841587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区典型植被类型样本情况表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型桐花树白骨壤秋茄互花米草
训练样本数458188102163
验证样本数121948395
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005306585271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Three sides spectral parameters of the typical vegetation species in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型DbDyDrSbSySr
桐花树0.002−0.0140.726−0.239−0.1898.892
白骨壤0.006−0.0310.791−0.398−0.31210.313
秋茄0.009−0.0350.827−0.458−0.30710.292
互花米草0.026−0.0010.245−0.076−0.0983.047
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005415637182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究区典型植被类型“三边”参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型DbDyDrSbSySr
桐花树0.002−0.0140.726−0.239−0.1898.892
白骨壤0.006−0.0310.791−0.398−0.31210.313
秋茄0.009−0.0350.827−0.458−0.30710.292
互花米草0.026−0.0010.245−0.076−0.0983.047
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005528883395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The maximum kurtosis of the typical vegetation species in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型650~700 nm700~720 nm720~750 nm
K1B1K2B2K3B3
  注:K1、K2、K3分别为各波段范围内的最大峰度值;B1、B2、B3分别为各峰度对应的波段值。
桐花树0.019 96900.024 87180.031 6738
白骨壤0.027 86900.019 47140.029 6738
秋茄0.029 16900.023 17140.032 4730
互花米草0.009 36900.009 37180.015 4742
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005642129607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究区典型植被类型最大峰度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型650~700 nm700~720 nm720~750 nm
K1B1K2B2K3B3
  注:K1、K2、K3分别为各波段范围内的最大峰度值;B1、B2、B3分别为各峰度对应的波段值。
桐花树0.019 96900.024 87180.031 6738
白骨壤0.027 86900.019 47140.029 6738
秋茄0.029 16900.023 17140.032 4730
互花米草0.009 36900.009 37180.015 4742
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005738598605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Spectral absorption parameters after continuum removal of typical species in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型H1H2AL1AL2A1A2S1S2
  注:H1、AL1、A1、S1为450~550 nm波段范围内的参数值;H2、AL2、A2、S2为550~750 nm波段范围内的参数值。
桐花树0.446 70.916 015.061 086.550 724.359 9127.111 50.618 30.680 9
白骨壤0.420 40.849 313.791 876.755 424.419 1112.484 60.564 80.682 4
秋茄0.507 40.893 815.476 284.054 630.705 8119.929 10.504 00.700 9
互花米草0.114 70.479 62.587 436.971 96.328 556.787 70.408 90.651 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005864427734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

研究区典型植被类型包络线去除光谱吸收参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被类型H1H2AL1AL2A1A2S1S2
  注:H1、AL1、A1、S1为450~550 nm波段范围内的参数值;H2、AL2、A2、S2为550~750 nm波段范围内的参数值。
桐花树0.446 70.916 015.061 086.550 724.359 9127.111 50.618 30.680 9
白骨壤0.420 40.849 313.791 876.755 424.419 1112.484 60.564 80.682 4
秋茄0.507 40.893 815.476 284.054 630.705 8119.929 10.504 00.700 9
互花米草0.114 70.479 62.587 436.971 96.328 556.787 70.408 90.651 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233932005973479640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Confusion matrix of classification results of the typical vegetation species in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桐花树白骨壤秋茄互花米草总计用户精度/%
  注:−代表空值。
桐花树131312014689.72
白骨壤31084612189.25
秋茄124113313285.60
互花米草274869986.86
总计14812213395498
生产精度/%88.5188.5284.9690.52
), ArticleFig(id=1233932006095114466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233910822792130650, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

研究区典型植被分类结果混淆矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
桐花树白骨壤秋茄互花米草总计用户精度/%
  注:−代表空值。
桐花树131312014689.72
白骨壤31084612189.25
秋茄124113313285.60
互花米草274869986.86
总计14812213395498
生产精度/%88.5188.5284.9690.52
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基于无人机高光谱特征的红树林种群识别研究
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周在明 1 , 陈本清 1 , 徐冉 2 , 方维 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(9): 137-145
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(9): 137-145
基于无人机高光谱特征的红树林种群识别研究
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周在明1 , 陈本清1, 徐冉2, 方维3
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋声学与遥感实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 2福建农林大学 林学院,福建 福州 350002
  • 3福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区,福建 云霄 363000
  • 周在明(1980—),男,山东省淄博市人,副研究员,主要从事生态环境遥感研究工作。E-mail:

Identification of the mangrove species using UAV hyperspectral images: A case study of Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve
Zaiming Zhou1 , Benqing Chen1, Ran Xu2, Wei Fang3
Affiliations
  • 1Ocean Acoustics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
  • 3Zhangjiangkou Mangrove National Nature Reserve, Yunxiao 363000, China
出版时间: 2021-09-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021136
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红树林种群的组成和分布对于红树林生态系统的保护和恢复至关重要。本研究以漳江口红树林保护区为研究对象,通过获取无人机高光谱影像,进行光谱特征分析、光谱微分变换和包络线去除,提取了911组17个光谱特征参数,通过逐步判别分析筛选出13个用于决策树构建的特征参数,最终通过C5.0决策树模型获得了研究区红树林种群的分布状况。结果表明,漳江口红树林保护区植被种群呈现自上到下不同类型的分布情况,研究区上部以桐花树和秋茄混合类型为主,中间区域呈现白骨壤、桐花树和秋茄三者共生的现状,研究区下部则以白骨壤分布为主,伴生有少量的秋茄。通过混淆矩阵计算,得到研究区总体分类精度为 87.95%,Kappa系数为 83.81%,具有较好的精度。研究结果可为区域红树林湿地保护提供数据支撑,为红树林种群识别研究提供方法参考。

红树林  /  漳江口  /  无人机  /  高光谱影像  /  种群识别

The composition and distribution of mangrove species are crucial to the protection and restoration of mangrove wetland ecosystems. In this study, mangrove species distribution was identified by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral images from Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve. Spectral characteristics, spectral differential, and spectral continuum removal were analyzed, 17 spectral parameters of 911 group spectral data from different vegetation species were obtained. Furthermore, 13 parameters for decision tree construction were selected by stepwise discriminant analysis. As a result, an accurate distribution map of mangrove species in the study area was obtained through C5.0 decision tree classification model. The vegetation species present different distribution types from top to bottom in the Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve. The upper part of the study area was dominated by the mixed type of Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia obovata. The middle area showed symbiosis status of three different mangrove species Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum and Kandelia obovata. The lower part of the study area was dominated by Avicennia marina, and a small amount of Kandelia obovata. Through the confusion matrix, the overall classification accuracy is 87.95% and the Kappa coefficient is 83.81%, showed a satisfactory precision. Therefore, our mangrove species identification results from UAV hyperspectral images could be used as a reference for ecological protection of regional mangrove wetland, and also as a identification method reference for mangrove species.

mangrove  /  Zhangjiangkou  /  unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)  /  hyperspectral images  /  species identification
周在明, 陈本清, 徐冉, 方维. 基于无人机高光谱特征的红树林种群识别研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (9) : 137 -145 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021136
Zaiming Zhou, Benqing Chen, Ran Xu, Wei Fang. Identification of the mangrove species using UAV hyperspectral images: A case study of Zhangjiangkou mangrove national nature reserve[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (9) : 137 -145 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021136
红树林是生长在热带及亚热带海岸潮间带上的生态群落,其生产力高、固碳能力强,对保护海岸带生物多样性具有十分重要的价值,是国际湿地生态保护和生物多样性保护的重要对象,是国际湿地公约中的重要分类系统[1-3]。而红树林种群的分类和识别对红树林生态系统的保护和恢复及对红树林的深入研究至关重要[4-5]
在遥感数据的应用方面,由于光谱和空间分辨率的影响,中低分辨率多光谱遥感影像可在大尺度上实现红树林制图,但较少应用于红树林种群的分类研究[6]。Wang等[7]从红树林分布研究、生态参数提取、生态系统过程表征3个方面系统梳理了红树林遥感相关研究的进程,并阐明了红树林遥感与陆地森林遥感的阶段差异和相似性。高空间分辨率遥感影像通过空间纹理特征的分析,可应用于红树林种群的分类研究中[8]。Wang等[9]首次应用高空间分辨率IKONOS多光谱和全色影像实现了巴拿Magaleta红树林种群的分类研究。在此之后,相关的研究逐渐兴起,其数据源多以高空间分辨率影像为主[10-11]。Xia等[12]通过多光谱卫星影像GF-1和Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS比较分析了淹没红树林识别指数—SMRI指数的适用性。
随着卫星遥感技术的发展,高光谱遥感将表征地物属性特征的连续光谱信息与表征地物几何位置特征的空间信息有机结合,使得地物的精确定量分析与细节提取成为可能[13]。在红树种群识别分类研究中,高光谱影像逐渐显示出优越性,Kumar等[14]应用EO-1Hyperion数据在支持向量机SVM方法的基础上实现了印度Bhitarkanika国家公园红树林高精度的种群识别。Jia等[5]综合EO-1 Hyperion高光谱影像和SPOT-5影像,应用面向对象的分类方法实现了香港米铺红树林的分类研究。随着新型传感器的在轨运行,学者们也进行了相关研究,Wan等[15]应用GF-5高光谱数据对香港米铺的红树林进行了分类研究,展示了GF-5高光谱数据的应用效果。在航空高光谱方面,Hati等[16]比较了航空高光谱AVIRIS-NG和卫星高光谱Hyperion与多光谱Landsat 8 OLI及Sentinel-2在红树林种群分类研究中的效果,显示出航空AVIRIS-NG数据在种群分类中的高精度性能。近年来,无人机平台遥感技术快速发展,在红树林遥感监测中也逐渐开展。刘凯等[17]基于面向对象分类的最邻近分类器与随机森林分类器对红树林树种进行精细分类和对比分析,并探讨了不同类型无人机平台在红树林资源调查应用中的优缺点。Cao等[18]通过无人机高光谱影像结合数字表面模型,利用最邻近法和支持向量机分类方法对广东淇澳红树林种群进行了分类研究。
基于无人机平台的高光谱传感器可以提供丰富的地物信息,且其灵活高效,是区域精细化数据获取的必要手段,运用高光谱技术对湿地植被光谱特征进行分析研究是近年来的热点和重点内容,也是红树林理化信息获取的重要依据[19-20]。然而,目前相关的研究并不多见,本研究以无人机高光谱影像为基础对滨海湿地红树林种群进行识别分类,为区域红树林湿地保护提供数据支撑,为红树林种群研究提供方法参考。
漳江口红树林保护区位于福建省云霄县漳江入海口(23°53′45″~23°56′00″N,117°24′07″~117°30′00″E)(图1),总面积为2 360 hm2,是以红树植物、湿地水鸟、珍稀水产种质资源为主要对象的湿地类型自然保护区,是我国北回归线北侧种类最多、生长最好的红树林天然群落,为国家级自然保护区,并被列入《国际重要湿地名录》。漳江口红树林保护区属于亚热带海洋性季风气候,气候温暖湿润,年均气温为21.2℃,年均降水量为1 714.5 mm。
本研究于2019年10月28日,应用纵横CW-10垂直起降固定翼无人机,通过稳定云台搭载德国Cubert S185画幅式高光谱成像仪,选择晴朗无风的中午时段进行研究区控制飞行试验,飞行前进行研究区航线规划、光谱仪白板校准,飞行过程中对区域特征点位进行了地面控制测量,飞行高度为120 m。
CW-10兼顾固定翼和旋翼机的功能,最大起飞重量为12 kg,任务载荷为1~2 kg,巡航速度为20 m/s,最大续航时间为1.5 h,抗风能力为6级,差分定位精度水平为1 cm,垂直精度为3 cm。 S185成像光谱仪的光谱范围为450~950 nm,采样间隔为4 nm,光谱分辨率为8 nm,光谱通道有125个。
对获取的无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV)高光谱影像利用Cubert-Pilot软件进行图像融合,利用PhotoScan软件进行影像拼接,基于地面控制点进行几何校正,最终裁剪生成研究区高光谱影像图(图2a)。在高光谱影像获取的同时应用索尼a7RⅡ普通数码相机获取了研究区5 cm空间分辨率的普通光学正射影像(图2b)。
根据野外调查并结合研究区主要植被类型的实际分布情况,本研究选取红树植被桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)和滨海盐沼互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)4种典型植被类型进行分析。根据野外调查植被种群的GPS位置信息和高光谱影像的纹理特征,选取单种植被覆盖度大于80%的1 304个点位为样本点,其中,训练样本911个,验证样本393个(表1)。
根据训练样本点位在影像上提取光谱信息,并对同类样点光谱进行均值和平滑处理,最终得到研究区4种植被类型的光谱反射率曲线(图3)。由图3可见,桐花树、白骨壤和秋茄3种植被类型在可见光和近红外波段表现出典型绿色植物的主要光谱响应特征。在可见光波段,植物光谱主要受叶绿素含量的影响,470 nm蓝光波段和670 nm红光波段附近叶绿素吸收辐射能形成吸收谷,在550 nm绿光波段附近吸收相对减少,形成绿色反射峰。受叶片内部细胞组织对近红外波段强反射的影响,670~780 nm之间“红边”反射迅速增高。近红外波段受叶片内部的细胞结构和叶冠结构对光强烈反射的影响,780~950 nm近红外波段内表现出高反射率特征,且由于植被种群间叶子内部结构的变化,不同植被种群近红外波段光谱反射率差异较可见光波段明显。
对互花米草而言,不同于红树植被的常绿特性,其光谱特征主要受季节性生长规律的影响,10月漳江口互花米草植株生长进入末期,并出现枯萎和倒伏,叶片叶绿素含量降低,导致可见光波段的光谱反射率显著提高[21]。而在近红外波段受叶片细胞结构和叶片含水量的影响,使得光谱反射率相对较低[22-23]
光谱特征的选择对湿地植被的识别精度和效率有着直接的影响[24],为了进一步突出植被的光谱信息,增大植被光谱差异性,需要放大植被的光谱特征。本研究对原始光谱进行一阶微分变换FD(公式(1))、二阶微分变换SD(公式(2))、包络线去除CR(公式(3))3种变换。
$FD({\lambda _i}) = [r({\lambda _{i + 1}}) - r({\lambda _{i - 1}})]/(2\Delta \lambda) ,$
$SD({\lambda _i}) = [r({\lambda _{i + 2}}) - 2r({\lambda _i}) + r({\lambda _{i - 2}})]/(4\Delta {\lambda ^2}),$
$\left\{\begin{split}& CR({\lambda _i}) = r({\lambda _i})/h({\lambda _i}), \\& h({\lambda _i}) = r({\lambda _{{\rm{start}}}}) + k({\lambda _i} - {\lambda _{{\rm{start}}}}) , \\& k = ({r_{{\rm{end}}}} - {r_{{\rm{start}}}})/({\lambda _{{\rm{end}}}} - {\lambda _{{\rm{start}}}}) , \\ \end{split} \right.$
式中,$r({\lambda _{i + 1}})$$r({\lambda _{i - 1}})$$r({\lambda _{i + 2}})$$r({\lambda _i})$$r({\lambda _{i - 2}})$分别是各波段对应位置的光谱反射率;$\Delta \lambda $为相邻波长间的增量;$h({\lambda _i})$${\lambda _i}$波段对应的包络线外壳值;$k$是起点波段和终点波段之间的斜率;${\lambda _{{\rm{start}}}}$${\lambda _{{\rm{end}}}}$为起点和终点波长。
一阶微分反映光谱曲线的响应速度,能够减弱背景噪声[25]。本研究对一阶微分变换后的光谱反射率曲线,引入“三边”参数,即蓝、黄、红“三边”斜率$Db$$Dy$$Dr$和“三边”面积SbSySr进行定量表达[26]表2)。由表2可见,4种植被的“三边”参数中,蓝边斜率$Db$和黄边斜率$Dy$值之间虽然有一定的区分但相差不大,红边斜率$Dr$之间的相差值为0.036~0.582,表现出相对较好的区分度。在“三边”面积中,白骨壤和秋茄两者的“三边”面积SbSySr值相对接近,而其他种群间蓝、黄、红“三边”面积相差值分别为0.159~0.382、0.091~0.214和1.400~7.266,因此“三边”面积能进行3种植被类型的区分,其中红边面积Sr的区分度相对较好。
二阶微分光谱可放大不同植被的形态、水分和叶绿素含量信息,并能削弱太阳角、地形因素、云层覆盖等对图像亮度的影响[27]。本研究根据二阶微分变换曲线分别统计峰、谷波段内4种植被二阶微分绝对值的最大值即最大峰度值K表3)。可见,650~700 nm波段的最大峰度值K1由大到小依次为秋茄、白骨壤、桐花树、互花米草,700~720 nm波段的最大峰度值K2由大到小依次为桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤、互花米草,720~750 nm波段的最大峰度值K3由大到小依次为秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤、互花米草。650~700 nm波段白骨壤和秋茄最大峰度值相差较小,为0.001 3,其他种群间最大峰度值相差值为0.007 9~0.0198。700~720 nm、720~750 nm波段桐花树和秋茄最大峰度值相差较小,分别为0.001 7、0.000 8,其他种群间最大峰度值相差分别为0.003 7~0.015 5和0.002 0~0.017 0。因此,综合应用650~750 nm波段二阶微分变换后的最大峰度K值可适当进行植被种群类型的区分。
包络线去除能有效地增强地物吸收和反射特征,该方法将反射率归一化,进而将地物吸收特征归一化到统一的光谱背景中,实现多种地物光谱的特征对比[28]。由图4可见,4种植被类型的包络线去除曲线具有一致的光谱吸收特征,在吸收谷中表现出一定的差异性,为了进一步比较其差异性,分别计算450~550 nm和550~750 nm两个波段范围的吸收深度H、吸收峰面积A、左吸收峰面积AL和对称度S表4)。
表4可以看出,4种植被在450~550 nm波段范围内的吸收深度H1、左吸收峰面积AL1、吸收峰面积A1明显小于其在550~750 nm波段内的吸收深度H2、左吸收峰面积AL2、吸收峰面积A2,而两个波段范围内的对称度S基本相似。两个不同波段范围内的吸收特征均表现出吸收深度、左吸收峰面积、吸收峰面积3个特征参数在红树植被上的值均明显高于其在互花米草上的参数值。桐花树、白骨壤和秋茄对应的H1值为0.42040.5074AL1值为13.791 8~15.476 2、A1值为24.359 9~30.705 8、H2值为0.84930.9160AL2值为76.755 4~86.550 7、A2值为112.484 6~127.111 5;互花米草相应的参数H1值为0.114 7、AL1值为2.587 4、A1值为6.328 5、H2值为0.479 6、AL2值为36.971 9、A2值为56.787 7。总体上,4种植被类型间的吸收深度、吸收峰面积、左吸收峰面积数值上都具有一定的差别,相差分别为H1值0.026 3~0.392 7、AL1值0.415 2~12.888 8、A1值0.059 2~24.377 3、H2值0.022 2~0.436 4、AL2值2.496 1~49.578 8、A2值7.444 5~70.323 8,其中两个吸收峰面积A1和A2在4种植被种群间的差别相对较大,可较好地用于植被种群间的区分。
为了有效地筛选出具有较好植被类型识别能力的光谱特征参数,本研究对一阶微分变换、二阶微分变换和包络线去除后提取的DbDyDrSbSySrK1、K2、K3、H1、AL1、A1、S1、H2、AL2、A2、S2共911组17个光谱参数进行基于马氏距离的逐步判别分析。结果表明,通过两个典型功能判别函数入选13个光谱参数,经检验,4种植被类型样本的交叉验证总体识别精度可达到95.5%,筛选出的13个光谱参数分别是DbDrSbSySrK1、K2、H1、AL1、A1、H2、AL2、A2判别分析结果如图5所示。
应用C5.0经典决策树模型算法构建决策树,C5.0决策树算法是由QUINLAN提出的ID3算法不断改进形成,是以信息熵的下降速度作为选取最佳分支变量和分割阈值的判定依据[29]。去除研究区的水体信息,将通过逐步判别分析方法入选的13个光谱特征参数作为测试变量,桐花树、白骨壤、秋茄和互花米草4种典型植被类型作为目标变量,最终通过阈值判断、优化和修剪构建了具有14个节点,深度为8的决策树模型(图6)。
由于用于本研究的高光谱数据具有125个波段,数据量较大,因此,本研究选取区域范围内从上至下4个代表性区块a、b、c、d进行识别。通过图像参数计算和图像波段合并后,利用上述决策树模型进行植被种群分类识别,其分类识别结果见图7所示。
图7可知,研究区上部a区块以桐花树和秋茄混合生长类型为主,中间b和c区块呈现白骨壤、桐花树和秋茄三者的共同生长现状,研究区下部d区块则以白骨壤分布为主,伴有少量的秋茄分布,而近水域部分则以互花米草的分布为主,c区块在互花米草分布区的边缘有成片桐花树分布。
为了分析基于高光谱特征的红树种群分类结果的准确性,本研究以同期获取的研究区5 cm空间分辨率无人机普通光学正射影像为基础并结合部分现场调查资料进行精度检验。在a、b、c、d 4个区块中随机选取498个1 m×1 m样方,对无人机普通光学正射影像上的样点进行专家目视解译,建立混淆矩阵(表5),最终计算得到总体分类精度为87.95%,Kappa系数为83.81%,表明本研究结果具有较好的分类识别精度。
漳江口红树林保护区植被种群呈现自上到下不同类型的分布格局,研究区上部以桐花树和秋茄混合生长类型为主,中间呈现白骨壤、桐花树和秋茄三者的共生现状,研究区下部则以白骨壤分布为主,伴有少量的秋茄分布,而近水域部分以互花米草分布为主。
以同期5 cm空间分辨率影像和地面调查资料为真实值,通过混淆矩阵计算得到研究区总体分类精度为 87.95%,Kappa系数为83.81%,表明本研究的红树林种群分类结果具有较好的精度。
在高光谱识别分类过程中,红树林与水体交界的区域,受浑浊水体的影响,光谱特征对分类结果会有一定的影响,容易产生误判。
本研究以高光谱影像获取时段的数据为基础进行基于光谱特征的种群识别研究,获得了不同红树植被种群的分类结果,但由于不同物候季节中植被种群的光谱存在一定的差异,因此,在日后的工作中应加强红树林不同物候生长季节的光谱特征和光谱区分度研究,以实现更好的红树林种群识别。
  • NSFC-山东联合基金(U1806203)
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2021年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021136
  • 接收时间:2020-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-08
  • 修回日期:2021-05-06
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NSFC-山东联合基金(U1806203)
作者信息
    1自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋声学与遥感实验室,福建 厦门 361005
    2福建农林大学 林学院,福建 福州 350002
    3福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区,福建 云霄 363000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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