Article(id=1233910820464283910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233910819042414846, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1614787200000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-04, revisedDate=1622995200000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116864553, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1632499200000, pubDateStr=2021-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116864553, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116864553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116864553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233910819042414846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116864214, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116864214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233910820787245327, articleId=1233910820464283910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Recent advances reflected in the 12th International Marine Biotechnology Conference, columnId=1200807624443818795, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Marine biotechnology refers to the applied science and technology for large-scale production marine bioproducts and provision of services for industry and community based on sustainable utilization and management of marine bioresources. The 1st International Marine Biotechnology Conference was held in Tokyo, Japan in 1989. Over the last 30 years, the global marine biotechnology had progressed rapidly in promoting the sustainable and healthy development of marine aquaculture, the development of novel marine bioproducts, the conservation of marine environment and bioresources, and the construction of “harmonic ocean” etc. It served not only the upgrade of traditional marine bioindustry of fisheries and aquaculture, but also the growth of many newly emerging industries such as marine pharmaceuticals, marine biomaterials and marine functional foods. The theme of 12th International Marine Biotechnology Conference held in Shizuoka, Japan on 9−13 September 2019, with “the next generation of marine biotechnology” as the theme. The conference served to strengthen the platform for the global exchange of new advances in marine biotechnology and the effective development of cooperations for government, academy and industry. This conference had promoted heavily on the roles of young scientists and entrepreneurs for the advances in marine biotechnology. This review, based on new advances reflected in the conference, proposes notable key directions in marine biotechnology for China over the next 5−10 years, and suggests the priorities of training young talents especially those integrated with entrepreneurs’ skills and to developing the leading strategic position in fostering new industries.

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海洋生物技术是规模化生产和利用海洋生物资源获取海洋生物产品和服务的系统工程技术。自1989年日本东京第一届国际海洋生物技术会议以来,国际海洋生物技术在促进海水养殖业健康可持续发展、开发海洋生物制品、保护海洋环境、保护海洋生物多样性以及建设“和谐海洋”等领域得到迅猛发展,不仅促进了传统海洋生物产业的转型升级,还催生了包括海洋天然药物、海洋生物材料等许多新的产业生长点。第十二届国际海洋生物技术会议于2019年9月9−13日在日本静冈召开,会议以“下一代的海洋生物技术”为主题,旨在全球范围内交流海洋生物技术研究和开发的最新进展,强化一个国际层面的“政府−学术−产业”之间的交流与合作平台。这次会议最大的特点是把青年科学家、企业家和政策制定者推向了大会交流的一线。本文针对本次会议反映的新进展,提出我国未来5~10年特别值得关注的重点方向,建议把青年人才特别是学术、工程和产业融合型人才的培养放到最重要的位置,及时布局下一代海洋生物技术的原始创新和新兴产业孵化的战略制高点。

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秦松(1968-),研究员,山东省曲阜市人,主要从事分子海藻学研究。E-mail:

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秦松(1968-),研究员,山东省曲阜市人,主要从事分子海藻学研究。E-mail:

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第十二届国际海洋生物技术大会反映的新进展
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秦松 1, 2 , 王寅初 1, 2 , 张卫 3 , 陈松林 4 , 隋正红 5 , 张博 6 , 包永波 7
海洋学报 | 综述 2021,43(9): 1-7
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海洋学报 | 综述 2021, 43(9): 1-7
第十二届国际海洋生物技术大会反映的新进展
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秦松1, 2 , 王寅初1, 2, 张卫3, 陈松林4, 隋正红5, 张博6, 包永波7
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,山东 烟台 264003
  • 2中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071
  • 3澳大利亚弗林德斯大学,澳大利亚 阿德莱德 SA5042
  • 4中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071
  • 5中国海洋大学 海洋生命学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 6南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东 湛江 524025
  • 7浙江万里学院 生物与环境学院,浙江 宁波 315100
  • 秦松(1968-),研究员,山东省曲阜市人,主要从事分子海藻学研究。E-mail:

Recent advances reflected in the 12th International Marine Biotechnology Conference
Song Qin1, 2 , Yinchu Wang1, 2, Wei Zhang3, Songlin Chen4, Zhenghong Sui5, Bo Zhang6, Yongbo Bao7
Affiliations
  • 1Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
  • 2Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3Flinders University, Adelaide SA5042, Australia
  • 4Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 5College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 6Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524025, China
  • 7College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
出版时间: 2021-09-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021148
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海洋生物技术是规模化生产和利用海洋生物资源获取海洋生物产品和服务的系统工程技术。自1989年日本东京第一届国际海洋生物技术会议以来,国际海洋生物技术在促进海水养殖业健康可持续发展、开发海洋生物制品、保护海洋环境、保护海洋生物多样性以及建设“和谐海洋”等领域得到迅猛发展,不仅促进了传统海洋生物产业的转型升级,还催生了包括海洋天然药物、海洋生物材料等许多新的产业生长点。第十二届国际海洋生物技术会议于2019年9月9−13日在日本静冈召开,会议以“下一代的海洋生物技术”为主题,旨在全球范围内交流海洋生物技术研究和开发的最新进展,强化一个国际层面的“政府−学术−产业”之间的交流与合作平台。这次会议最大的特点是把青年科学家、企业家和政策制定者推向了大会交流的一线。本文针对本次会议反映的新进展,提出我国未来5~10年特别值得关注的重点方向,建议把青年人才特别是学术、工程和产业融合型人才的培养放到最重要的位置,及时布局下一代海洋生物技术的原始创新和新兴产业孵化的战略制高点。

海洋生物技术  /  海水养殖  /  海洋生物产业  /  组学  /  生物制品  /  环境保护  /  产业政策

Marine biotechnology refers to the applied science and technology for large-scale production marine bioproducts and provision of services for industry and community based on sustainable utilization and management of marine bioresources. The 1st International Marine Biotechnology Conference was held in Tokyo, Japan in 1989. Over the last 30 years, the global marine biotechnology had progressed rapidly in promoting the sustainable and healthy development of marine aquaculture, the development of novel marine bioproducts, the conservation of marine environment and bioresources, and the construction of “harmonic ocean” etc. It served not only the upgrade of traditional marine bioindustry of fisheries and aquaculture, but also the growth of many newly emerging industries such as marine pharmaceuticals, marine biomaterials and marine functional foods. The theme of 12th International Marine Biotechnology Conference held in Shizuoka, Japan on 9−13 September 2019, with “the next generation of marine biotechnology” as the theme. The conference served to strengthen the platform for the global exchange of new advances in marine biotechnology and the effective development of cooperations for government, academy and industry. This conference had promoted heavily on the roles of young scientists and entrepreneurs for the advances in marine biotechnology. This review, based on new advances reflected in the conference, proposes notable key directions in marine biotechnology for China over the next 5−10 years, and suggests the priorities of training young talents especially those integrated with entrepreneurs’ skills and to developing the leading strategic position in fostering new industries.

marine biotechnology  /  marine aquaculture  /  marine bio-industry  /  omics  /  bioproducts  /  environmental conservation  /  industrial policy
秦松, 王寅初, 张卫, 陈松林, 隋正红, 张博, 包永波. 第十二届国际海洋生物技术大会反映的新进展. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (9) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021148
Song Qin, Yinchu Wang, Wei Zhang, Songlin Chen, Zhenghong Sui, Bo Zhang, Yongbo Bao. Recent advances reflected in the 12th International Marine Biotechnology Conference[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (9) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021148
第十二次国际海洋生物技术会议于2019年9月9−13日在日本静冈召开,本次会议由国际海洋生物技术学会(International Marine Biotechnology Association, IMBA)和亚太海洋生物技术学会(Asia-Pacific Marine Biotechnology Society, APMBS)主办,由日本海洋生物技术学会(Japanese Society for Marine Biotechnology, JSMB)承办,并和第十二届亚太海洋生物技术会议联合举办。会议主题是“下一代的海洋生物技术”,来自27个国家和地区的500多名代表参加了本次盛会。本文在介绍本次会议反映的国际海洋生物技术新进展的基础上,重点指出我国未来5~10年应该特别关注的发展方向及对策。
国际海洋生物技术学会致力于使世界各地的学生、科学家和技术人员、决策者和行业领导者、行业和政府受益并为其提供信息[1]。在1989年东京召开的第一届国际海洋生物技术大会上,日本东京大学Miyachi教授和中国科学院海洋研究所曾呈奎教授等一起,提出了海洋生物技术的发展设想。30年以后,静冈第十二届会议把“和谐海洋”作为最重要的议题,第一个大会报告针对亚太地区和全球的海洋微塑料污染,提示我们理应从科技到产业,管理层面应承担起更大的责任[1]
目前,已有科学证实,塑料是海洋的主要和持久污染物之一,微塑料通过海洋食物链累积,会富集在包括人在内的动物体内[2]。目前,尽管没有在人体血液中发现任何尺寸的微塑料,但其对海洋生态环境和生物健康的影响作为国际关注的海洋焦点议题,事关“人类命运共同体”和“一带一路”建设。国际社会和我国都在制定严格的管理策略,一是推动使用泡沫塑料的替代产品,二是禁止丢弃渔网、渔具并开展收集。国际上已经有许多国家在个人护理用品中“禁塑”,我国也即将出台有关政策。特别是,我国海洋科学界正在呼吁国际社会联合起来,加强海洋微塑料对亚太区域海洋生态系统和生物多样性影响的研究。
第二个大会报告聚焦海洋生物多样性,介绍了美国蒙特雷湾水族馆在海洋生物保护方面的很多好的做法。蒙特雷湾水族馆位于美国加州蒙特雷半岛,于1987年10月开馆,是为了纪念伟大的海洋生物学家Ed Ricketts而建立的,水族馆占地3万多平方米,涵盖6500多个物种,30万份各类海洋生物和海鸟标本,每年前来参观的人数多达200万人次。蒙特雷湾水族馆与企业、政府、学术机构和非政府组织合作,为健康的海洋生态保护提供解决方案(包括免受近海开发和气候变化的影响),同时保持繁荣的沿海经济(如可持续渔业、水产养殖和旅游业)。蒙特雷湾水族馆基于科学的可持续管理以及区域创新,创建解决方案以帮助实现联合国全球可持续发展目标,和民众及社会团体的密切合作,推动和促进海洋环境和生物多样性保护,值得我们学习和借鉴。
1989年第一届国际海洋生物技术会议于日本东京召开,曾呈奎教授代表中国参加了本次会议,并在会议上介绍了中国海水养殖“蓝色革命”的发展成就,指出“发展海洋生物技术的目的是促进海水养殖业的发展,而不是取代海水养殖产业”。30年过去了,会议专家认为,促进海水养殖业可持续健康发展,仍是国际海洋生物技术服务的首要目标[1]
面对当前水产病害频发的现状,本次大会设立了“水产养殖病害与免疫”分会场,多名中、青年学者的报告致力于阐明和解决水产养殖病害,促进海水养殖业的健康发展。另一方面,避免种质退化、促进水产养殖动物生长和繁育是海水养殖业的主要课题,本次大会发挥海洋生物技术的学科专长,发展水产动物的生殖与发育调控技术。
第一个分会场就是“水产养殖病害与免疫”,报告者来自日本、韩国、泰国、美国和中国(包括台湾省),特点是中、青年报告多,面向生产一线解决问题,特别强调学科融合。
我们和国际上的差别在于,我们是直接用水生经济动物开展研究,而国外是先借助模式动物,例如先建立青鳉(Oryzias latipes[3]和斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio[4]两个模式系统,完善“模式动物+多组学+细胞培养+免疫机制+基因编辑”完整的技术平台,然后深入聚焦病理过程的分子免疫机制,非常值得我们借鉴。在分子免疫方面,国外同行已经在一些海洋动物细胞中实现了原代培养,个别海洋动物细胞平台已经能够进行CRISPR-CAS9系统的基因编辑操作[5]
以色列本古立安大学Sagi团队聚焦十足目甲壳动物的性别调控机制,该类群具有明显的性别二态性,性控育种具有潜在的经济价值。他们用了近10年的时间,找到了调控这个类群性别的关键分子开关,即IAG(insulin-like androgenic hormone)[6],通过AG细胞过表达和RNA干扰技术实现了对该甲壳动物类群性别的定向调控,诱导产生了伪雄鱼(WW)和超雌鱼(WW),并利用诱导性反转并结合同型染色体交配,进一步构建了拥有WW和ZZ的染色体核型的全雌和全雄繁育系,并实现了育种的商业化运用。团队于2013年创立了两家生物技术育种公司,以30多年的研究积累为依托,成功实现了虾类全雌养殖商业化苗种的繁育和生产,于2016年和2017年相继推出了罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)和凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)全雌化养殖。其中,Enzootic公司也是全球第一个通过细胞移植和RNA干扰技术将甲壳动物性别控制育种技术商业化的公司。这种从基础、应用到孵化一体化的产学研模式以及长期坚持不懈的研发精神特别值得我们学习、借鉴。
在性别标记研究方面,东京大学和上海海洋大学的研究人员分别在精原干细胞分子标记和鱼类精浆外泌体小RNA标记物方面贡献了研究亮点。精原干细胞标记的发现对于鱼类细胞类型鉴定和生殖细胞发育的示踪具有潜在应用价值;而精浆外泌体的发现在鱼类中尚属首次,利用内部包裹的小RNA作为性别指示的标记物,为多种水生种类的标记开发和应用提供了可参考的方法。
水生动物突变体的构建困难长久以来一直是基因功能验证的制约因素。然而,在模式生物中,相关工作要容易得多。其中,有两项研究因利用基因敲除的模式鱼突变体而成为亮点。一项通过敲除促性腺激素释放受体基因,证明了一种新的神经肽Vip(vasoactive intestinal peptide)的类激素作用[7];另一项工作则是由美国马里兰大学杜少军团队利用斑马鱼突变系,研究了肌肉细胞融合过程中两个基因JamBJamC的重要作用,尤其是在初级纤维融合中的作用。另一项有意思的工作是在日本鲭(Scomber japonicas)这种经济鱼类中开展的。研究者发现并证明了AVTR-Vla2基因可能是影响该物种幼鱼相互蚕食的一个重要基因,敲除该基因的突变体,其蚕食行为显著减少,该研究结果对于人工养殖中减少幼体损失具有重要的意义。
来自英国爱丁堡大学Roslin研究所育种专家的报告,指出了代孕技术和核移植技术在可持续渔业中的应用前景。
比目鱼的体色及眼睛不对称问题,一直是鱼类发育的重要科学问题。上海海洋大学的鲍宝龙团队阐明了以视黄酸为核心的代谢通路可能是决定比目鱼眼睛移位和身体发育不对称的原因。比目鱼类左右两侧体色不对称的产生、成体型色素细胞前体的成活、分化、迁移与增殖等都与视黄酸通路存在密切关系,即通过两侧体表视锥系统视蛋白感受两侧光线的不同,导致两侧体表视黄酸水平出现差异,进而决定了两侧成体色素细胞的命运。此外,他们通过转录组分析还找到了多个能够指示牙鲆体色异常的SNP位点,对于淘汰异常亲鱼和优亲筛选控制具有重要意义。日本大学的研究团队运用全基因组关联分析(GWAS),也在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)中找到了一个与眼睛异常定位有关的SNP位点,在单组100样本的对照验证中,具有较好的指示作用。总之,针对比目鱼体色和眼睛发育异常的机制阐述,为牙鲆分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。
东京海洋科技大学的研究者利用dnd基因突变虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss),在短期内产生了大鳞大马哈鱼(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)的卵子和精子,证实了生殖系操作育种在鲑鳟鱼类中的可行性。
本次会议组学分会场的口头报告有来自我国和美国、日本、南非等国家的学者,解析了蟹类、贝类、鱼类等水产动物的发育过程和胁迫响应机制,为海洋生物资源的保护与利用提供了理论基础。来自美国马里兰大学的Chung团队,采用基因组与转录组学技术,深入探究了青蟹(Callinectes sapidus)在激素控制下的变态过程[8],包括脱毛、壳硬化以及能量代谢、繁育、性分化与环境生理学研究,已经完成的青蟹基因组N50达到了7.7 Mbp,12个Contig,并发现其基因组中含大量的简单重复序列。南非开普敦大学的Carroll团队分析了鲍鱼(Haliotis midae)血淋巴在酸化情况下的蛋白组[9],提出吞噬相关的功能可能是应急反应;筛选了nexin、Fascin、MAPK1、CAMK1等生物标志物,为鲍鱼胁迫响应提供了新的证据。来自中国海洋大学的王师等采用基因组数据为双壳类进化过程中的难题“成体还是幼体在先(先有鸡还是先有蛋)”提供了支持证据,他们发现了幼体起源的关键细胞信号交流基因。来自东京大学的Kijima团队则选择不同生存寿命的鲤鱼科鱼进行基因组分析,显示了对某些基因(如NF-kB抑制子)的选择倾向,而在生存周期较短的物种中存在遗传突变和基因缺失,可激活细胞或导致DNA损伤。来自东京大学的Frith团队对基因组分析过程中参数选择对结果的影响进行了深入讨论。本分会场有些墙报通过海洋生物基因组的解析,阐释了海洋微生物与共生珊瑚、寄居海胆肠道的相互作用。本次会议还显示,海洋环境宏基因组研究及组学技术可能是支撑“下一代海洋生物技术”发展的重要平台。
人们一直认为,在实验室条件下只能培养出不超过所有海洋微生物类群1%的类群[10]。但是,最近的发现表明,根据环境的不同,大约有13%~78%的海洋微生物的属可被培养[11]。由于非人类环境中的许多微生物属于新的门,因此,新的海洋微生物类群发掘和利用技术可能是“下一代”海洋生物技术[7]
从新的海洋生物类型中发掘了一大批新型的代谢产物,展现出独特的新颖结构和广泛的生物活性,引起了科学界的普遍关注[12-13]。欧盟的2018年《蓝色增长战略》显示,该方向符合“欧洲可持续生物经济:加强经济、社会与环境之间的联系”的战略。该战略旨在建立一个更具创新性、资源节约型和竞争性的社会,在保护环境的同时,将药物开发和粮食安全与可再生资源一并考虑,实现工业上的可持续生产和经济上的可行性运营。
参会专家认为,海洋生物技术将应用海洋科学、工程、分子生物学和信息技术的先进知识和工具来理解海洋栖息地和代表海洋系统总体多样性的生物,以获得科学信息和新的技术产品应用[1]
本次会议上,来自瑞士和沙特阿拉伯的学者们使用微生物群落的新分析方法,成功实现了海绵微生物群落和红海海水与沉积物中新型天然产物和新型酶的发现。瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院的学者Piel等利用宏基因组和单细胞技术,从不可培养的海绵共生微生物中鉴定了新化合物结构,揭示了独特的生物合成途径。阿卜杜拉国王科技大学的Mineta团队进行了红海生物勘探工作,进行了时间序列比较基因组学研究,已从海水和沉积物中采集了900多个宏基因组样本,推断出群落和功能的多样性以及时间序列,并通过基因组学技术鉴定了红海环境中的新酶。
日本早稻田大学Nishikawa等实现了微流控液滴全基因组扩增技术,在珊瑚共生细菌单细胞基因组分析中的应用。日本早稻田大学另一团队Ando等对微生物样品进行了拉曼光谱无标记定量分子成像。借助这两种新方法,大大提高了微生物群落分析的效率。澳大利亚和美国的联合团队Nguyen等发现,大西洋鲑鱼(Salmo salar L.,1758)肠道微生物群与鱼肉色素沉着相关。Yu等对日本刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)肠再生后肠道菌群变化的基线分析及肠道菌群培养,发展了肠道菌群的基因组学和亚基因组学整合的研究方法,提高了微生物群落鉴定的准确性。
会议上,来自日本北海道大学的Sakai团队报告了海水某海绵(Spongosorites sp.)的一种强力毒素Soritesidine,并推测该毒素的酶活性是其具有毒性的原因,并利用荧光标记技术证实了这种可能性。东京大学Matsunaga等和爱尔兰Galway大学的Marchese等都研究了海绵等深海生物的活性天然产物。北海道大学Okino团队对马来西亚沙巴海洋蓝藻(Moorea bouillonii)产的含卤表面活性剂进行了研究。东京大学Nishikawa团队介绍了海兔毒素及其新分离的类似物的合成方法和衍生物的生物活性。
美国马里兰大学Hill团队通过使用质谱和高效液相色谱的化学分析,进行了海洋放线菌抗结核活性的生物勘探。美国学者俄勒冈州立大学Mahmud定位了海洋生物产生防晒活性物质的一些生物合成基因,试图采用生物技术方法生产高附加值产品。
全球的龙虾产业规模非常大,50%~70%的龙虾生物质是废弃物[14],澳大利亚学者开发了成套的龙虾废弃物生物炼制全利用清洁生产技术,制备包括高附加值蛋白和多肽、富含Omega的油脂、高钙生物材料、高品质几丁质和壳聚糖高附加值生物制品。美国学者就利用几丁质生物合成高硬度、轻质生物材料的海洋生物材料仿生生物合成技术方法[15]进行了介绍,是值得关注的下一代海洋生物技术的重点方向。日本学者发现了一些海洋弧菌具有高产氢的能力[16],并对其机制进行了研究,为氢能源的开发利用提供了一种新的生物能源途径。藻类凝集素[17]是一种具有独特结构和生物学功能的多糖识别分子,具有一定的应用价值,这些方向均值得我们关注。
预计到2030年世界人口将超过85亿,随着人口的增长,对食品和药品的其他新来源的需求不断增长,但陆地生物资源以及陆地可用于种植和制造的面积却在不断减少。因此,公众希望从海洋中获得创新、高效、安全、可持续的解决方案,并在世界范围内促进网络和跨学科合作。联合国提出的17个全球可持续发展目标中,第14项是关于海洋与海洋资源的保护与可持续利用,强调了基于海洋环境保护的“蓝色生物经济”的重要性。
海洋酸化已经是全球面临的海洋环境问题之一,多国和全球性合作公关是本次大会反映的趋势。例如英国、意大利和日本的联合团队Hall-Spencer等研究了海洋酸化带来的影响,并对亚洲海洋环境的变化提出了预警。在二氧化碳渗入海床的地区进行的实验表明,酸化对浮游生物、海藻、幼虫沉降、生物矿化和鱼类繁殖有深远的影响[18]。同时,这项研究还揭示了推动沿海系统变化的生态临界点。日本、新西兰和英国的联合团队Harvey等研究了海洋酸化条件下成坪硅藻如何成为优势类群及其在群落演替中的作用,提出人们必须加深对导致这些群落演替的反馈系统和相互作用的理解,因为它们可能会对生态系统管理构成重大挑战。
如何创新性地利用海洋生物技术来表征全球变化的海洋生物效应,发展生物指示物,是本次会议反映的一个重要趋势。日本筑波大学 Shiraiwa团队利用烯烃指示物建立了海洋环境研究中可靠的生物分子温度计,可以反演古海洋环境的变化。Shiraiwa认为定鞭藻akd1基因将有助于深入了解烯酮响应温度发生脱饱和的机制。日本国立海事研究所的Kojima等使用长囊水云(Ectocarpus siliculosus)对防污涂料的防污效果进行实验室生物测定,在这些结果的基础上,结合贻贝和藤壶的试验结果,提出了试验方法标准。
澳大利亚昆士兰大学学者Degnan等基于基因组和蛋白质组对大堡礁的棘冠海星(Acanthaster planci)生物防治进行了研究,从组学角度破译了分泌的蛋白质,期望通过这些蛋白质诱导调控棘冠海星的行为。中国台湾学者Wu等分析了作为检测内分泌干扰物质唯一生物标记物的雄性罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼卵黄原蛋白表达,结果表明,vtg 基因的mRNA可作为内分泌干扰物的监测指标,但同时也需要监测17β−雌二醇含量和雌激素受体水平。
会议认为,海洋生物过程和生态系统,从整个生物体到分子和遗传水平,可以转化为新的产品和方法,有利于广泛的行业、海洋生物保护以及全球海洋的可持续化管理[1]
国际海洋生物技术学会已在全球成功举办了 11 次国际海洋生物技术会议,学会成员在许多国家制定海洋生物技术政策方面发挥了至关重要的作用[1]
本次大会上,法国学者Bowler的Tara海洋研究计划介绍了对海洋生态系统中不同物种进行大尺度DNA测序,研究其生物互作、生态生理并进行整合分析,从生理生化角度来理解海洋生态结构,整个研究调查全球尺度上的海洋微生物生态格局,视角独特,具有极强的创新性,研究成果已发表在Nature杂志上[19]。日本学者Gojobori通过宏基因组方法比较分析了日本近海和红海之间海洋微生物随年份、季节变化的差异,从独特的视角探索了不同海区微生物差异和海洋环境可持续的关联。在渔业政策改革方面,Miyahara介绍日本从2018年开始对渔业政策和法规进行了两个重要调整,一是建立主要水产物种的评估和恢复,确保渔业资源的可持续发展;二是加强国际渔业组织的合作和交流,推动水产人工繁育技术的发展。日本这一渔业政策改革对其他国家的渔业可持续发展也具有借鉴意义。如何揭示地球生命系统的演化历史及其与环境的相互作用一直是进化生物学与地球科学所面临的一个巨大的挑战,日本学者Inagaki从深海底栖生物群落演化对海洋−地球−生命系统进化进行了阐释。另外,Tsunoda等学者呼吁在联合国框架下推动生物多样性保护的国际大讨论,有助于从各国政府和国际社会层面推动海洋生物多样性保护。
正如联合国教科文组织海洋10年高级别会议(2018年)[20]所概述的那样,有必要鼓励科学家和决策者之间的合作。此外,需要制定知识产权战略并就其进行研究,并根据伦理建议进行研究,以便在公海和《关于获得遗传资源和公平公正分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》[21]所涵盖的国家管辖范围以外的地区进行海洋生物资源的保护、开发和利用。
这次会议最大的特点之一是把青年科学家和企业家推向了大会交流的一线,这一趋势体现了对未来人才培养和产业发展的高度重视。对于青年科学家,除了常规的大会发言、分组报告外,会议要求所有提供墙报的青年学者在全体会议上简短介绍自己墙报的核心内容。对于企业家,会议在中餐和晚餐时间设立了产业相关的大会报告,请企业家代表介绍和交流自己公司的产业化经验和创新产品。
根据本次会议反映的新进展,我国未来5~10年应特别关注以下几个重点方向:
(1)以促进海水养殖业持续健康发展为海洋生物技术的首要服务目标,融会迅猛发展的多组学手段和基因编辑技术,在夯实实验模型的基础上,以生殖与发育调控为突破口,以水产养殖病害防治为重要服务目标,理论联系实际,提升产业转化的效率。
(2)着眼于海洋新生命类型的发掘,尤其是海洋微生物资源,开发出更多具有生物活性的新化合物和仿生生物材料并强化产业应用,同时注重海洋生物技术在海洋环境保护中的应用,逐步实现保护、开发和利用的一体化。
(3)增强“蓝色生物经济”的科学政策和公众认知,充分借鉴发达国家的蓝色经济模式,促进政府、企业界和学术界一起推动我国海洋生物技术产业的升级和国际竞争力。
以上几个方向全方位反映了海洋生物技术不仅在产业上更迫切需要技术的升级、不同行业领域的深度合作,而且对全球和区域范围海洋环境保护和“和谐海洋”建设合作提出了新要求。特别是人才资源是第一资源,建议把青年人才特别是学术、产业融合人才的培养放到最重要的位置,及时布局孵化新兴产业所需的人才储备和技术制高点。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41676091)
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2021年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021148
  • 接收时间:2021-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-04
  • 修回日期:2021-06-07
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国家自然科学基金(41676091)
作者信息
    1中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,山东 烟台 264003
    2中国科学院海洋大科学研究中心,山东 青岛 266071
    3澳大利亚弗林德斯大学,澳大利亚 阿德莱德 SA5042
    4中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东 青岛 266071
    5中国海洋大学 海洋生命学院,山东 青岛 266003
    6南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东 湛江 524025
    7浙江万里学院 生物与环境学院,浙江 宁波 315100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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