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The scatterometer onboard China-France oceanography satellite (CFOSAT) uses rotating fan beams to measure sea surface radar backscatter values at different incidence and azimuth angles. The backscatter measurements of CFOSAT scatterometer (CSCAT) are with relatively high spatial resolution. Therefore, it presents unprecedented opportunities for retrieving offshore wind fields. This paper introduces the main procedures as well as the key techniques of the coastal wind retrieval for CSCAT. In particular, a box-window is used to aggregate the high-resolution backscatters (namely slices in the level 1B data) into a certain wind vector cell (WVC) before performing the wind inversion. The coastal winds derived from the advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) and the QuikSCAT scatterometer are then used to verify the results of CSCAT coastal wind retrieval. It shows that the CSCAT winds are of good quality over the sea surface with offshore distance larger than 40 km, but degrades rapidly in quality for WVCs with offshore distance below 40 km. Further analysis indicates that the degraded statistical scores are mainly caused by some outliers that may be contaminated by the sea ice. In general, the CSCAT offshore winds are in good agreement with both the model forecasts and the buoy winds.

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中法海洋卫星散射计(CSCAT)使用扇形波束旋转扫描体制,能够以多角度测量同一海面的雷达后向散射系数,并具有空间分辨率较高的特点。这为近海岸海面风场反演提供了新的机遇。本文介绍了CSCAT近海岸海面风场处理的主要流程和关键技术。特别地,在风场反演之前,利用一种矩形窗算术平均的方法将L1B级的高分辨率条带数据组合平均到相应的风矢量单元中,从而实现近海岸风场反演的快速预处理。通过对比CSCAT、欧洲先进散射计(ASCAT)以及美国QuikSCAT的近海岸风场,发现CSCAT风场的质量在离岸40 km以外区域具有良好的一致性,而在离岸40 km以内显著恶化。分析表明,CSCAT近海岸区域风场统计特征恶化的原因可能是由潜在的海冰污染引起的。总体而言,CSCAT的近海岸风场与模式背景风场和浮标风场都具有良好的一致性。

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林文明(1984-),男,福建省仙游县人,教授,研究方向为海洋微波遥感、先进数据处理方法、雷达定标技术、以及海面风场遥感及应用。E-mail:

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林文明(1984-),男,福建省仙游县人,教授,研究方向为海洋微波遥感、先进数据处理方法、雷达定标技术、以及海面风场遥感及应用。E-mail:

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林文明(1984-),男,福建省仙游县人,教授,研究方向为海洋微波遥感、先进数据处理方法、雷达定标技术、以及海面风场遥感及应用。E-mail:

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Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2019, 12(7): 3573−3594., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233931935282680580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401005);国家自然科学基金青年基金(41706197);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0302), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233931929553261100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931929561649711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, companyId=1233931929553261100, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931929570038318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, companyId=1233931929553261100, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931929679090225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931929687478834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, companyId=1233931929679090225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931929691673139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, companyId=1233931929679090225, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931929775559224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931929783947831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, companyId=1233931929775559224, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931929788142136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, companyId=1233931929775559224, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233931933269414585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Preprocessing flow of the coastal wind retrieval for CFOSAT scatterometer, figureFileSmall=ld+C2eRbmYcEXCn42cYpQA==, figureFileBig=0jYro376lu9kPkNUPVdPag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931933353300671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CFOSAT散射计近海岸风场反演的预处理流程, figureFileSmall=ld+C2eRbmYcEXCn42cYpQA==, figureFileBig=0jYro376lu9kPkNUPVdPag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931933474935493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The radar footprints (black contours), the raw range-gated resolution (namely slices, color contours) of CFOSAT scatterometer at four different azimuth angles (a) and illustration of the slice aggregation (b)

Black dots represent the slices’ center, and black square indicates the grid center position. Only the slices whose center are inside the square are averaged during the preprocessing flow of CFOSAT coastal wind retrieval

, figureFileSmall=JtoR9/cI/0zu+4+8qGJNsg==, figureFileBig=Cd+G7Q4gE4OsZI3dF0kM3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931933571404490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CFOSAT散射计在4个不同方位角的雷达足迹(黑色等高线),原始分辨单元(条带,彩色等高线)示意图(a)和条带组合示意图(b)

黑色圆点表示条带的中心位置,黑色方块表示网格的中心位置。CFOSAT散射计近海岸风场预处理时,只有中心位置位于网格方框内的条带才被用于组合平均

, figureFileSmall=JtoR9/cI/0zu+4+8qGJNsg==, figureFileBig=Cd+G7Q4gE4OsZI3dF0kM3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931933701427917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=CFOSAT scatterometer wind field (Typhoon Vongfong) with 25 km grid resolution. The acquisition date and time are May 12th 2020, at UTC 22:41 (a); the same as a, but for the coastal wind product with resolution of 12.5 km (b); ASCAT coastal wind field (Typhoon Vongfong) with resolution of 12.5 km. The acquisition date and time are May 14th 2020, at UTC 00:50 (c), figureFileSmall=nUbNjKLzS3Ch4KYnHW47FQ==, figureFileBig=7VOdGGK+99UqOcZDxh/zDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931933869200083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CFOSAT散射计于2020年5月12日UTC22时41分观测的台风“黄蜂”,网格分辨率为25 km(a);同时间的CFOSAT散射计近海岸海面风场,网格分辨率约为12.5 km(b);ASCAT散射计于5月14日UTC0时50分观测的台风“黄蜂”,网格分辨率为12.5 km的近海岸风场(c), figureFileSmall=nUbNjKLzS3Ch4KYnHW47FQ==, figureFileBig=7VOdGGK+99UqOcZDxh/zDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934032777944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The normalized number of wind observations as a function of the distance to coastline for ASCAT, CFOSAT scatterometer (CSCAT), and QuikSCAT, respectively, figureFileSmall=ImusU6m/pk24Gg5qHWrRYw==, figureFileBig=kO20OBeCnmmHrLH4NLzxng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934154412764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=CN, label=图4, caption=近海岸区域ASCAT、CFOSAT散射计(CSCAT)以及QuikSCAT散射计观测数据量的分布特征, figureFileSmall=ImusU6m/pk24Gg5qHWrRYw==, figureFileBig=kO20OBeCnmmHrLH4NLzxng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934309602017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The wind speed bias (a) and standard deviation errors (b) as a function of the distance to coastline for ASCAT, CFOSAT scatterometer (CSCAT), and QuikSCAT, respectively, figureFileSmall=cSM+oGA97+f1hhnlpO4+yw==, figureFileBig=F1rdkt9y47Q4aZxPxQLHgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934448014053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=CN, label=图5, caption=近海岸区域ASCAT、CFOSAT散射计(CSCAT)以及QuikSCAT散射计的风速偏差(a)和风速标准差(b)统计特征, figureFileSmall=cSM+oGA97+f1hhnlpO4+yw==, figureFileBig=F1rdkt9y47Q4aZxPxQLHgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934527705834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The ASCAT (a), CSCAT(b), and QuikSCAT (c) wind vectors versus model background winds for the observations with distance to coastline < 40 km

CC, Bias, and SD reprenst correlation coefficient, bias and standard deviation, respectiuely

, figureFileSmall=Eyp+GJ1bO1HsVLns2dgD6g==, figureFileBig=aX6b9l/cgNyuiIEiyL97ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934628369129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=CN, label=图6, caption=离岸40 km以内的ASCAT(a),CSCAT(b),以及QuikSCAT(c)海面风场与模式背景风场的对比

CC、Bias、SD分别代表散射计风场与背景风场相关系统,偏差和标准差

, figureFileSmall=Eyp+GJ1bO1HsVLns2dgD6g==, figureFileBig=aX6b9l/cgNyuiIEiyL97ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934729032430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Geographic histograms of the abnormal CSCAT observations (e.g., wind speed bias larger than 6 m/s with respect to ECMWF) which distance to coastline are less than 40 km, figureFileSmall=twG1gW5AFaPaccUWQmZHgg==, figureFileBig=PVuBdxug+UucD7dxNQqbXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934804529906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=CN, label=图7, caption=离岸40 km以内,CSCAT风速偏差(相对于ECMWF)大于6 m/s的异常值的分布直方图, figureFileSmall=twG1gW5AFaPaccUWQmZHgg==, figureFileBig=PVuBdxug+UucD7dxNQqbXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931934905193206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909117123875408, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Scatter plots of CSCAT wind speed and direction versus global moored buoy winds. 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中法海洋卫星散射计近海岸海面风场反演研究
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林文明 1 , 郎姝燕 2, 3 , 赵晓康 1 , 刘建强 2 , 李秀仲 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(10): 115-123
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(10): 115-123
中法海洋卫星散射计近海岸海面风场反演研究
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林文明1 , 郎姝燕2, 3, 赵晓康1, 刘建强2, 李秀仲1
作者信息
  • 1南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
  • 3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
  • 林文明(1984-),男,福建省仙游县人,教授,研究方向为海洋微波遥感、先进数据处理方法、雷达定标技术、以及海面风场遥感及应用。E-mail:

Coastal wind retrieval from the China-France oceanography satellite scatterometer
Wenming Lin1 , Shuyan Lang2, 3, Xiaokang Zhao1, Jianqiang Liu2, Xiuzhong Li1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
出版时间: 2021-10-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021157
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中法海洋卫星散射计(CSCAT)使用扇形波束旋转扫描体制,能够以多角度测量同一海面的雷达后向散射系数,并具有空间分辨率较高的特点。这为近海岸海面风场反演提供了新的机遇。本文介绍了CSCAT近海岸海面风场处理的主要流程和关键技术。特别地,在风场反演之前,利用一种矩形窗算术平均的方法将L1B级的高分辨率条带数据组合平均到相应的风矢量单元中,从而实现近海岸风场反演的快速预处理。通过对比CSCAT、欧洲先进散射计(ASCAT)以及美国QuikSCAT的近海岸风场,发现CSCAT风场的质量在离岸40 km以外区域具有良好的一致性,而在离岸40 km以内显著恶化。分析表明,CSCAT近海岸区域风场统计特征恶化的原因可能是由潜在的海冰污染引起的。总体而言,CSCAT的近海岸风场与模式背景风场和浮标风场都具有良好的一致性。

中法海洋卫星  /  散射计  /  近海岸  /  风场反演  /  统计特征

The scatterometer onboard China-France oceanography satellite (CFOSAT) uses rotating fan beams to measure sea surface radar backscatter values at different incidence and azimuth angles. The backscatter measurements of CFOSAT scatterometer (CSCAT) are with relatively high spatial resolution. Therefore, it presents unprecedented opportunities for retrieving offshore wind fields. This paper introduces the main procedures as well as the key techniques of the coastal wind retrieval for CSCAT. In particular, a box-window is used to aggregate the high-resolution backscatters (namely slices in the level 1B data) into a certain wind vector cell (WVC) before performing the wind inversion. The coastal winds derived from the advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) and the QuikSCAT scatterometer are then used to verify the results of CSCAT coastal wind retrieval. It shows that the CSCAT winds are of good quality over the sea surface with offshore distance larger than 40 km, but degrades rapidly in quality for WVCs with offshore distance below 40 km. Further analysis indicates that the degraded statistical scores are mainly caused by some outliers that may be contaminated by the sea ice. In general, the CSCAT offshore winds are in good agreement with both the model forecasts and the buoy winds.

China-France oceanography satellite  /  scatterometer  /  off-shore  /  wind inversion  /  statistical scores
林文明, 郎姝燕, 赵晓康, 刘建强, 李秀仲. 中法海洋卫星散射计近海岸海面风场反演研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (10) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021157
Wenming Lin, Shuyan Lang, Xiaokang Zhao, Jianqiang Liu, Xiuzhong Li. Coastal wind retrieval from the China-France oceanography satellite scatterometer[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (10) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021157
星载微波散射计是目前获取全球海面风场最主要的传感器。自1978年SEASAT-A卫星上第一个业务化散射计即海洋卫星散射计(SASS)运行以来[1],美国、欧洲、印度和中国先后发射了多个业务化运行的微波散射计,这些散射计的风场数据在海洋气象灾害监测、数值天气预报模式以及海气相互作用科学研究中得到广泛且深入的应用[2-5]。然而,过去和当前所有卫星散射计业务化海面风场的典型分辨率为25~50 km,无法满足近海岸区域、中小尺度海面动力过程等一些较高分辨率应用的需求。
美国、欧洲等散射计科研团队从21世纪初陆续开展星载微波散射计近海岸海面风场反演研究,旨在通过改进风场反演处理算法、提高雷达空间分辨率等方法,实现空间分辨率优于12.5 km的海面风场产品研制。Long等[6]为Ku波段笔形波束扫描散射计(SeaWinds)开发了基于图像重构技术的高分辨率风场,风场离岸最近距离可达10 km以内。由于重构后高分辨单元后向散射系数的测量误差大,反演风场的风速偏差和风向误差明显大于25 km分辨率的风场,而且风场质量依赖于风单元所处的刈幅位置,从而限制了其应用价值。Fore等[7]首先计算Ku波段散射计每个雷达分辨单元的陆地污染率(LCR),然后剔除陆地污染率过大(LCR > 0.01)的后向散射测量,进而反演12.5 km网格分辨率的海面风场。Fore等[7]指出,基于LCR对海陆边界的雷达后向散射测量进行校正处理,可进一步提高散射计在近海岸区域的数据获取率。Verhoef等[8]通过减小后向散射测量的平均窗口尺寸,开发了空间分辨率为12.5 km的C波段固定扇形波束散射计(即ASCAT)近海岸海面风场产品。近年来,Vogelzang和Stoffelen[9]又基于LCR开发了5~6 km网格分辨率的ASCAT风场产品。然而ASCAT原始后向散射测量的分辨率约为10 km×25 km,改进算法研制的高分辨风场的真实分辨率约为17 km,风场离岸最近距离约为20 km。
目前,我国在轨运行的卫星散射计有海洋二号(HY-2)A/B星搭载的Ku波段笔形波束扫描散射计和中法海洋卫星搭载的Ku波段扇形波束扫描散射计。前者雷达分辨单元的大小约为25 km×35 km,并可利用脉冲压缩技术将俯仰向的分辨率提高到10 km左右;后者雷达分辨单元的大小约为10 km×12.5 km,是目前原始空间分辨率最高的在轨运行微波散射计[10-11]。因此,本文针对中法海洋卫星(CFOSAT)散射计开展近海岸海面风场反演研究,旨在研制一种网格分辨率为12.5 km的近海岸海面风场产品,为近海岸区域和中小尺度海面动力过程等较高分辨率应用提供数据支撑。
过去40年,研究人员开发了多种星载微波散射计的海面风场反演方法。其中,基于贝叶斯原理的风场反演是目前被世界上各个卫星地面处理系统所广泛采用的方法[12]。具体而言,完整的海面风场处理包括雷达后向散射系数预处理、最大似然估计风场反演、风场去模糊以及质量控制等步骤。CFOSAT微波散射计的近海岸风场处理流程与业务化的卫星散射计风场反演基本一致,所不同的是前者在进行雷达后向散射系数预处理时需要在近海岸区域尽量多地保留海面上的后向散射测量信息,从而使反演的风场更接近海岸线。
由于CFOSAT微波散射计使用扇形波束旋转扫描体制,其天线旋转速度(3.4周/min,即3.4 rpm)远小于以往的笔形波束扫描散射计(18 rpm)。缓慢旋转的天线和较高的脉冲重复频率(150 Hz)保障了雷达能够对同一地面区域实现多次重复观测,从而拥有足够多的观测样本数。因此,本文没有使用Fore等[7]针对笔形波束散射计开发的近海岸风场处理方法,而是通过判断每个原始分辨单元(10 km×12.5 km)中心位置的海陆标识和离岸距离,进而对观测入射角和方位角相近的原始分辨单元进行算术平均来实现后向散射系数预处理。这种方法虽然损失了一定数量的有用信息,但避免了计算每个分辨单元LCR,可节省近海岸处理的计算机资源(重处理一年的QuikSCAT近海岸风场需消耗170 d的CPU时间[7]),更加适用于业务化的卫星地面处理系统。具体而言,CFOSAT微波散射计的近海岸风场反演的预处理流程如图1所示。
首先,根据风场反演输入的一级数据(L1B)中的卫星轨道信息,把CFOSAT散射计的观测刈幅沿着顺轨方向和垂直于星下点地面轨迹(交轨)方向划分为12.5 km×12.5 km的规则网格,并按顺序赋予每个网格行号和列号。其次,依次计算L1B数据中每个分辨单元(称之为“条带”,如图2a所示)所处的规则网格的行号和列号,并根据条带的经纬度判断其是否位于海面以及离岸线的距离。如果条带位于海面且离岸距离大于7.5 km,则将其用于条带组合。条带组合的原理是把位于同一个网格单元、极化方式相同、且入射角和方位角相近的条带进行组合平均(算术平均),从而获取该网格一个视角的观测信息;每个网格单元通常有4~16个观测视角,具体取决于网格在刈幅交轨方向的位置。图2b是条带组合的示意图,对于CFOSAT散射计,只有中心位置位于网格方框之内的条带才用于组合平均。这与ASCAT近海岸的处理有所不同,后者将中心位置离网格点小于15 km的条带用于组合平均(如图中虚线圆所示)。最后,计算每个网格内多个观测视角的平均经纬度,并用于表征该风矢量单元的地理位置。
CFOSAT散射计近海岸海面风场反演也使用最大似然估计方法,即
${\rm{MLE = }}\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\frac{{{{\left( {\sigma _{m,i}^0 - \sigma _{s,i}^0} \right)}^2}}}{{\operatorname{var} \left( {\sigma _i^0} \right)}}} ,$
式中,N表示观测视角的个数,N的值为4~16;$\sigma _{m,i}^0$是第i个视角测量的雷达后向散射系数;$\sigma _{s,i}^0$是通过Ku波段散射计地球物理模式函数(GMF)仿真的第i个视角的后向散射系数;$\operatorname{var} \left( {\sigma _i^0} \right)$表示第i个视角雷达后向散射系数的测量方差。这里使用的GMF是荷兰皇家气象研究所(KNMI)改进的NSCAT-4模型[13]
考虑只有位于12.5 km×12.5 km网格内的条带才用于组合平均,单个风矢量单元的噪声较大,因此CFOSAT散射计近海岸风场处理采用多模糊解和二维变分分析去模糊的方法,确保反演的风场具有较好的空间一致性。多模糊解是指,每个风矢量单元的风场模糊解个数设定为144(间隔2.5°)。对于每个风向值,寻找一个风速值使式(1)最小化,那么该风速和风向构成一个模糊解。每个模糊解对应的残差(即MLE值)表征该模糊解是真实解的概率,残差越大则该模糊解是真实解的概率就越小。二维变分分析则是指,给定一组散射计观测数据$ {\boldsymbol{x}}_{\rm{o}}^k $x表示向量,k表示第k个模糊解)和背景风场矢量xb,通过最小化下列目标函数得到变分分析风场的矢量x
$\min \left[ {J\left( {{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\rm{o}}^k,{\boldsymbol{x}},{{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\rm{b}}}} \right)} \right] = {J_{\rm{o}}}\left( {{\boldsymbol{x}}_{\rm{o}}^k,{\boldsymbol{x}}} \right) + {J_{\rm{b}}}\left( {\boldsymbol{x}} \right),$
式中,JoJb分别表示观测项和背景风场项,具体参考文献[14]。最后,选择风向最接近变分分析风场的散射计模糊解作为反演风场的解。
与CFOSAT散射计业务化地面处理系统的风场反演一样,近海岸海面风场处理利用风场质量敏感因子即反演的残差(MLE值)来进行风场质量控制。本文直接使用业务化地面处理系统的质量控制方案[11]
本节通过个例展示和统计分析的方法详细评估CFOSAT散射计近海岸海面风场(3.0版本)的数据特征。统计分析使用的数据是CFOSAT散射计和ASCAT在2019年3月的观测数据,以及QuikSCAT在2009年3月的观测数据。由于这3个散射计的任务周期或升交点地方时明显不同,无法通过直接匹配数据的方式进行交叉比对。因此,这里把每个散射计的观测风场与数值天气预报模式的背景场进行对比,间接分析不同散射计近海岸风场的数据特征。背景风场均为欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的预报风场,通过时空插值匹配到各个散射计的观测位置和时间点,并且已经包含在数据文件中。
为了突出近海岸风场数据特征分析,本节主要对离岸线150 km之内的海面风场进行分析,而且所分析的散射计风场均为经过质量控制(由L2数据中的质量标识符判定)之后的风场。
图3a图3b分别表示CFOSAT散射计25 km网格分辨率的业务化风场数据和12.5 km网格分辨率的近海岸风场数据,图3c表示ASCAT的12.5 km近海岸风场数据。需要注意的是,CFOSAT散射计和ASCAT的观测时间不同,图3只是选取相同的地理位置来直观展示CFOSAT近海岸风场的分布特征。可以看出,与ASCAT近海岸风场一致,CFOSAT近海岸处理明显可以获取比业务化产品更接近海岸线的海面风场数据。
图4对比了离岸150 km范围内ASCAT、CFOSAT散射计(CSCAT)、以及QuikSCAT散射计的观测数据量随离岸距离变化的趋势。可见,CFOSAT散射计在近海岸区域观测数据量的分布与ASCAT基本一致,但两者风场的离岸距离总体上大于QuikSCAT的近海岸风场。这主要是因为QuikSCAT近海岸处理较精确地估计了陆地对海陆边界后向散射测量的影响,尽可能多地保留了雷达测量的后向散射系数。需要注意的是,离岸距离只是近海岸风场产品的一种关键指标,离海岸线越近散射计风场反演受陆地影响的概率越大,反演风矢量的精度越低。下面章节进一步分析散射计近海岸风速和风向的统计特征。
近海岸区域的海面状况比开阔大洋更加复杂。对微波散射计而言,近海岸区域频繁出现的船只、潜在的小岛礁以及海陆相互作用引起的风场易变性都可能影响雷达的后向散射系数,进而影响散射计风场的质量。
图5展示ASCAT、CSCAT和QuikSCAT的风速相对于背景风场的偏差和标准差随离岸距离变化的趋势。可以看出,所有散射计反演风速的偏差和标准差都随着离岸距离的减小而增大。ASCAT的近海岸风速的精度最稳定,只有在离岸距离小于20 km时风速误差才显著上升。QuikSCAT的近海岸风速偏差虽然比CSCAT小,但离岸距离大于80 km时存在负的风速偏差,这可能是由于QuikSCAT近海岸数据的定标处理仍存在一定的后向系数偏差。离岸距离大于40 km时,CSCAT的风速偏差和标准差都具有较好的一致性和精度,但随着离岸距离减小,这两项指标都显著恶化。
为了进一步分析散射计近海岸风场的特征,图6展示了离岸40 km以内ASCAT、CSCAT以及QuikSCAT风场与模式背景风场的二维分布图。与ASCAT和QuikSCAT相比,CSCAT风场总体上与背景风场具有更好的一致性,除了图6b左边存在一些异常值。正是这些异常值使图6左上角的统计值以及图5中CSCAT在近海岸区域的风速偏差和标准差统计值显著上升。如果定义风速偏差大于6 m/s(即常用精度指标2.0 m/s的3倍)的统计样本为异常观测,那么去除这些异常值之后,图6b中风速偏差减小为0.43 m/s,风速和风向的标准差则分别减小至1.99 m/s和20.9°。考虑近海岸海面风场反演的特点,产生上述异常值的主要原因有以下几个方面:首先,上述异常值发生的区域多集中在两极附近(如图7所示),是海冰较为集中区域。由此推测,目前CSCAT风场反演使用的海冰掩膜仍有较大的误差,导致一小部分被海冰污染的数据被判别为海面测量的数据。如果只考虑南北纬60º之间的近海岸风场,则图6b中的风速偏差减小至0.17 m/s,风速和风向的标准差分别减小至1.83 m/s和19.1º。其次,CSCAT近海岸风场处理时可能仍有一些受到陆地污染的后向散射测量通过了预处理并进入风场反演流程,其原因是目前CSCAT L1B数据中雷达分辨单元的地理位置精度较低(约7.3 km),导致一小部分被陆地污染的数据被判别为海面测量的数据[15]。最后,目前的质量控制是一种基于反演残差的经验方法,并没有针对近海岸区域进行阈值优化[16]。有必要在风场反演的预处理阶段先剔除异常的后向散射测量值,再进行后续的处理。
最后,图8对比了离岸40 km以内CSCAT与全球固定浮标(主要是美国国家资料浮标中心(NDBC)的浮标)的风场。由于近岸的浮标数量有限,在研究时间段内只获取了112个CSCAT和浮标的匹配点(空间距离小于25 km、时间差小于半小时)。总得来说,近海岸风场与浮标的风场具有较好的一致性,左图中风速相关系数大于0.7,风速精度优于2.0 m/s。右图中除了180°风向模糊的散点,风向精度优于20°。
中法海洋卫星散射计(CSCAT)是世界上首个在轨运行的扇形波束扫描微波散射计,其新颖的观测体制可以实现对海面同一风单元进行多入射角和多方位角观测。另一方面,CSCAT具有较高空间分辨率的原始分辨单元,这些都为微波散射计近海岸海面风场的研究和开发提供了新的机遇。本文针对CSCAT提出一种适用于扇形波束扫描散射计的近海岸风场处理的流程,充分发挥该散射计观测样本数多的优势,即利用一种简单的条带组合方法进行近海岸数据预处理,一方面提高近海岸区域海面风场处理的效率,另一方面使其近海岸风场具有与ASCAT近海岸风场相似的空间分布特征。研究表明,与ASCAT、QuikSCAT的近海岸风场相比,CSCAT离岸40 km以外的风场总体上具有良好的质量和空间一致性;离岸40 km以内,得益于CSCAT较高的原始空间分辨率,其风场与模式预报风场和浮标风场相比,总体上具有更好的一致性。但是由于潜在的陆地污染、质量控制原因,特别是海冰污染,CSCAT在离岸40 km以内也存在一些风速偏差特别大的异常反演结果,导致统计特征显著恶化。这种显著的异常反演结果,另一方面也为海冰识别提供了新的思路。
下一步我们将在目前研究的基础上,改进CSCAT原始分辨单元的定位精度、继续优化近海岸风场的预处理,特别是用于条带组合平均的窗口设计和质量控制,进而提高近海岸区域、尤其是离岸40 km以内海面风场的质量。此外,我国即将发射的风云三号E星双频测风雷达也使用了扇形波束旋转扫描体制[17],因此本文的研究结果对这种新型散射计的近海岸风场反演也具有重要的参考价值。
致谢:本文使用的ASCAT近海岸风场数据由欧洲气象卫星组织(EUMETSAT)海洋与海冰卫星应用设施(OSI SAF)、QuikSCAT近海岸风场数据由海洋数据存档中心(PODAAC)提供,这两种数据都可以通过https://podaac-tools.jpl.nasa.gov/drive/网址获取。浮标数据由ECMWF气象存档与检索系统(MARS)提供,并由荷兰皇家气象研究所的散射计团队转换成海面10 m高度的等效中性风。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401005);国家自然科学基金青年基金(41706197);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0302)
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2021年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021157
  • 接收时间:2020-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-16
  • 修回日期:2021-01-25
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国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401005);国家自然科学基金青年基金(41706197);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0302)
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    1南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
    3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
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