Article(id=1233909115269993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233909111440593385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1593964800000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-06, revisedDate=1618588800000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116458003, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1635091200000, pubDateStr=2021-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116458003, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116458003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116458003, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233909111440593385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116457090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116457090, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233909117241315923, articleId=1233909115269993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Characteristics of stratification in the Jiaojiang Estuary, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The elevation, current, salinity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data were observed during spring and neap tides in the Jiaojiang Estuary. The spatial and temporal characteristics of tides, salinity and SSC in the main tidal channel of the estuary were studied, and the stratification physical mechanism under the action of high turbidity and strong tides was explained, using the field data. SSC and salinity during spring tides were higher than those during neap tides, and SSC during ebb periods was higher than the flood periods along the main channel. Salinity varied with the tidal currents, and the salinity water front appeared around the Station S2. A turbidity maximum zone appeared near the salt water front. SSC decreased and the salinity increased towards the sea. SSC and salinity increased with the water depth. According to the Richardson number and mixing parameters, stratification caused by salinity and SSC changes with tides. Stratification during flood periods was stronger than during ebb periods. Stratification lasted the longest time and was more extensive during neap tides. The mixing parameter varied with the tidal periods, and the value was high/below the critical value of 1.0 during spring/neap tides. The tidal strain term was an important role for the change rate of the potential energy anomaly. The stratified state changed to a mixed state during neap tides, while the opposite change occurred during flood tides.

, correspAuthors=Li Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanming Yao, Yiqun Zheng, Xinyu Zhao, Jinxiong Yuan, Li Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233909119418159833, articleId=1233909115269993006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=椒江河口层化动力特性研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于椒江河口大、小潮期间水位、流速、盐度和悬沙浓度观测数据,研究了椒江河口主潮汐通道的水动力、盐度和悬沙浓度的时空变化特征,解释了高浊度强潮作用下的层化物理机制。椒江河口大潮期悬沙浓度和盐度均大于小潮期,主潮汐通道区域落潮期悬沙浓度大于涨潮期;盐度随潮变化,盐水锋面出现在S2测站,锋面附近出现最大浑浊带;自陆向海,悬沙浓度递减,盐度递增;随水深增加,悬沙浓度与盐度递增。Richardson数与混合参数显示,盐度和悬沙引起的层化现象,是随着潮汐的变化而变化,涨潮时的层化均强于落潮,小潮时的层化持续时间最长,区域更广。混合参数随潮周期变化,大潮期高于临界值1.0,小潮期低于临界值1.0。小潮期水体层化强于大潮期;潮汐应变项是影响势能差异变化率的重要因素;落潮期间层化向混合状态转化,涨潮相反。

, correspAuthors=李莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李莉(1982-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事河口动力与泥沙动力学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IwH7amO34Po/8ZheibN2nA==, magXml=PSvpz5zqGPwVif8VypZ4sA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=j8ZZKKP4DenLA4jGFaOejQ==, pdfFileSize=1792603, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hagch8FZR6kid3JHPT/ibg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=WDw9e7xaIJ8CLfAM0o4xTg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

姚炎明(1964-),男,浙江省嘉兴市人,主要从事河口泥沙动力学研究。E-mail:

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姚炎明(1964-),男,浙江省嘉兴市人,主要从事河口泥沙动力学研究。E-mail:

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姚炎明(1964-),男,浙江省嘉兴市人,主要从事河口泥沙动力学研究。E-mail:

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caption=5个测站大小潮期(上为大潮期,下为小潮期)垂向盐度剖面时间序列, figureFileSmall=D7vVd1SwzixuZdRr5PK3iQ==, figureFileBig=c025VzUZfYFHpiSTNLQ1kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931936620671776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Along channel distribution of current speed (a), salinity (b) and suspended sediment concentration (c) during spring tide

The vectors indicate current directions and speeds. The starting point of the x-axis is station 1

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矢量表示当前的方向和速度。x轴的起点是1号站

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Considering only salinity in the calculation of water density (black lines), and considering suspended sediment concertration and salinity in the calculation of water density (red lines)

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黑色线为只考虑盐度计算水体密度,红色线为考虑盐度和悬沙浓度计算水体密度

, figureFileSmall=crP5kB1Mtd3zxqLIPDJuOw==, figureFileBig=+/BCrMZKXrNdTnvYtleWyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931937228845879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

References of stratification mechanism research

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者(年份)名称公式注释
Holzman[8](1943)梯度 Richardson 数(Ri$Ri = - \dfrac{g}{\rho } \cdot \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial z}} \cdot {\left( {\dfrac{{\partial u}}{{\partial z}}} \right)^{ - 2}}$反映层化与剪切之间的平衡关系和水体的整体稳定性(Monismith[9](2010))
Linden[10](1979)通量 Richardson 数(Rif${Ri_f} = \dfrac{{g\overline {{\rho '}{w'}} }}{{\rho u_*^2\partial U/\partial Z}}$可利用湍动能中转化为层化势能的比例,衡量混合效率
Bowden[11](1981)整体 Richardson 数(Rio$R{i_o} = - \dfrac{{g\Delta \rho h}}{{\rho {{\left( {\Delta u} \right)}^2}}}$湍流卷挟强度与Rio关系紧密
Simpson和
Bowers [12](1981)
势能差异(Potential Energy Anomaly)$\phi {\rm{ = } }\dfrac{1}{h}\displaystyle\int_{ - h}^0 {(\overline \rho - \rho )} gz{\rm{d}}z$$\overline \rho = \dfrac{1}{h}\displaystyle\int_{ - h}^0 \rho {\rm{d}}z$使水体在垂向上达到完全混合状态所需要的能量,量化层化的强度
Simpson等[13](1990)一维势能差异方程$\begin{aligned}\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}} =& {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{strain}}}} + {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{cir}}}} - \\&{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{stir}}}} - {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{wind}}}}\\ = &0.031gh\overline {{u_t}} \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} + 0.003\;1\dfrac{{{g^2}{h^4}}}{{A\rho }}{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}}\right)^2} -\\& \varepsilon k\rho \dfrac{{{{\left| {\overline u } \right|}^3}}}{h} - \delta {k_s}{\rho _a}\dfrac{{{{\overline W }^3}}}{h}\end{aligned}$影响河口水体层化的多种物理机制,定量分析河口水体层化的形成与衰退
Monismith和Fong[14](1996)Simpson 数(Si
(或水平Richardson 数(Rix))
$Si = \dfrac{{\beta g{h^2}}}{{{C_D}U_T^2}}\dfrac{{\partial S}}{{\partial x}}$表征潮汐应变与湍流混合平衡关系的无量纲参数
Verspecht等[15](2009)改进的水平Richardson 数(Rix$R_x^{wt} = - \dfrac{g}{\rho }\dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}}\dfrac{{{H^2}}}{{u_{wt}^2}}$${u_{wt}} = {\left( {u_{\max }^2 + \dfrac{{{\rho _a}}}{{{\rho _0}}}{W^2}} \right)^{1/2}}$包含潮汐和风的共同作用。可以较好的指示层化发展和破坏的时间,但不能准确的判断层化的强度
Burchard和Hofmeister[16](2008)三维势能差异方程$\begin{aligned}{\partial _t}\phi =& - {\nabla _h}\left( {\overline u \phi } \right) + \dfrac{g}{D}{\nabla _h}\overline \rho \cdot \int_{ - H}^\eta z \overline u {\rm{d} }z - \\ &\dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} \overline u \cdot {\nabla _h}\overline \rho {\rm{d} }z-\\ & \dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} \overline w \cdot {\partial _z}\overline \rho {\rm{d} }z + \dfrac{ { {\rho _0} } }{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta { {P_b}{\rm{d} }z} -\\ & \dfrac{ { {\rho _0} } }{2}\left( {P_b^s + P_b^b} \right)+ \dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} Q{\rm{d} }z + \\ & \dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} {\nabla _h}\left( { {K_h}{\nabla _h}\rho } \right){\rm{d} }z\end{aligned}$包含了经验方程中未包含但能够对势能差异产生影响的其他机制(平流、深度平均应变、非平均应变、垂向对流、垂向混合)
Song等[17](2013)考虑泥沙对水体层化的影响$\begin{aligned}{\varphi _{{\rm{tot}}} } =& \dfrac{1}{D}\int_{ - h}^\eta {\left( {\overline { {\rho _w} } - {\rho _w} } \right)} gz{ {\rm{d} } }z + \dfrac{1}{D}\int_{ - h}^\eta {\left( {\overline C - C} \right)} gz{\rm{d} }z - \\& \dfrac{1}{ { {\rho _s}D} }\int_{ - h}^\eta {\left( {\overline { {\rho _w}C} - {\rho _w}C} \right)} gz{\rm{d}}z\end{aligned}$将泥沙浓度考虑进水体密度,进而影响势能
Pu等[18](2015)改进的纵向一维势能
差异方程
$\begin{aligned}\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}} =& {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{strain}}}} + {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{river}}}} + {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{cir}}}} - \\&{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{stir}}}} - {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{wind}}}}\\ =& 0.035gh\overline {{u_t}} \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} + 0.035gh\overline {{u_r}} \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} +\\& 0.003\;1\dfrac{{{g^2}{h^4}}}{{{N_z}\rho }}{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}}\right)^2} - \varepsilon k\rho \dfrac{{{{\left| {\overline u } \right|}^3}}}{h} - \delta {k_s}{\rho _a}\dfrac{{{{\overline W }^3}}}{h}\end{aligned}$考虑河口效应对层化的影响
Li等[19](2018)考虑泥沙对水体层化的影响,消除水深对势能差异的影响$\begin{aligned}& {\rho _{ss}} = {\rho _0}\left( {1 + \beta {S_w}} \right) + \left[ {1 - \dfrac{{{\rho _0}\left( {1 + \beta {S_w}} \right)}}{{{\rho _s}}}} \right]C\\& Ri = - \dfrac{g}{{{\rho _{ss}}}} \cdot \dfrac{{\partial {\rho _{ss}}}}{{\partial z}} \cdot {\left( {\dfrac{{\partial u}}{{\partial z}}} \right)^{ - 2}}\end{aligned}$
$Sr = \dfrac{\varphi }{ {\overline \varphi } } \cdot 100 {\text %} = \dfrac{ {\dfrac{1}{h}\int_{ - h}^0 {\left( {\overline { {\rho _i} } - {\rho _i} } \right)gz{\rm{d}}z} } }{ {\dfrac{1}{h}\int_{ - h}^0 { {\rho _i}gz{\rm{d}}z} } } \cdot 100 {\text %}$
将泥沙浓度考虑进水体密度,影响RiSr以及势能差异等
), ArticleFig(id=1233931937329509178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

关于层化机制研究的部分相关文献

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者(年份)名称公式注释
Holzman[8](1943)梯度 Richardson 数(Ri$Ri = - \dfrac{g}{\rho } \cdot \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial z}} \cdot {\left( {\dfrac{{\partial u}}{{\partial z}}} \right)^{ - 2}}$反映层化与剪切之间的平衡关系和水体的整体稳定性(Monismith[9](2010))
Linden[10](1979)通量 Richardson 数(Rif${Ri_f} = \dfrac{{g\overline {{\rho '}{w'}} }}{{\rho u_*^2\partial U/\partial Z}}$可利用湍动能中转化为层化势能的比例,衡量混合效率
Bowden[11](1981)整体 Richardson 数(Rio$R{i_o} = - \dfrac{{g\Delta \rho h}}{{\rho {{\left( {\Delta u} \right)}^2}}}$湍流卷挟强度与Rio关系紧密
Simpson和
Bowers [12](1981)
势能差异(Potential Energy Anomaly)$\phi {\rm{ = } }\dfrac{1}{h}\displaystyle\int_{ - h}^0 {(\overline \rho - \rho )} gz{\rm{d}}z$$\overline \rho = \dfrac{1}{h}\displaystyle\int_{ - h}^0 \rho {\rm{d}}z$使水体在垂向上达到完全混合状态所需要的能量,量化层化的强度
Simpson等[13](1990)一维势能差异方程$\begin{aligned}\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}} =& {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{strain}}}} + {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{cir}}}} - \\&{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{stir}}}} - {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{wind}}}}\\ = &0.031gh\overline {{u_t}} \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} + 0.003\;1\dfrac{{{g^2}{h^4}}}{{A\rho }}{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}}\right)^2} -\\& \varepsilon k\rho \dfrac{{{{\left| {\overline u } \right|}^3}}}{h} - \delta {k_s}{\rho _a}\dfrac{{{{\overline W }^3}}}{h}\end{aligned}$影响河口水体层化的多种物理机制,定量分析河口水体层化的形成与衰退
Monismith和Fong[14](1996)Simpson 数(Si
(或水平Richardson 数(Rix))
$Si = \dfrac{{\beta g{h^2}}}{{{C_D}U_T^2}}\dfrac{{\partial S}}{{\partial x}}$表征潮汐应变与湍流混合平衡关系的无量纲参数
Verspecht等[15](2009)改进的水平Richardson 数(Rix$R_x^{wt} = - \dfrac{g}{\rho }\dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}}\dfrac{{{H^2}}}{{u_{wt}^2}}$${u_{wt}} = {\left( {u_{\max }^2 + \dfrac{{{\rho _a}}}{{{\rho _0}}}{W^2}} \right)^{1/2}}$包含潮汐和风的共同作用。可以较好的指示层化发展和破坏的时间,但不能准确的判断层化的强度
Burchard和Hofmeister[16](2008)三维势能差异方程$\begin{aligned}{\partial _t}\phi =& - {\nabla _h}\left( {\overline u \phi } \right) + \dfrac{g}{D}{\nabla _h}\overline \rho \cdot \int_{ - H}^\eta z \overline u {\rm{d} }z - \\ &\dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} \overline u \cdot {\nabla _h}\overline \rho {\rm{d} }z-\\ & \dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} \overline w \cdot {\partial _z}\overline \rho {\rm{d} }z + \dfrac{ { {\rho _0} } }{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta { {P_b}{\rm{d} }z} -\\ & \dfrac{ { {\rho _0} } }{2}\left( {P_b^s + P_b^b} \right)+ \dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} Q{\rm{d} }z + \\ & \dfrac{g}{D}\int_{ - H}^\eta {\left( {\eta - \dfrac{D}{2} - z} \right)} {\nabla _h}\left( { {K_h}{\nabla _h}\rho } \right){\rm{d} }z\end{aligned}$包含了经验方程中未包含但能够对势能差异产生影响的其他机制(平流、深度平均应变、非平均应变、垂向对流、垂向混合)
Song等[17](2013)考虑泥沙对水体层化的影响$\begin{aligned}{\varphi _{{\rm{tot}}} } =& \dfrac{1}{D}\int_{ - h}^\eta {\left( {\overline { {\rho _w} } - {\rho _w} } \right)} gz{ {\rm{d} } }z + \dfrac{1}{D}\int_{ - h}^\eta {\left( {\overline C - C} \right)} gz{\rm{d} }z - \\& \dfrac{1}{ { {\rho _s}D} }\int_{ - h}^\eta {\left( {\overline { {\rho _w}C} - {\rho _w}C} \right)} gz{\rm{d}}z\end{aligned}$将泥沙浓度考虑进水体密度,进而影响势能
Pu等[18](2015)改进的纵向一维势能
差异方程
$\begin{aligned}\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}} =& {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{strain}}}} + {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{river}}}} + {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{cir}}}} - \\&{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{stir}}}} - {\left(\dfrac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{wind}}}}\\ =& 0.035gh\overline {{u_t}} \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} + 0.035gh\overline {{u_r}} \dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} +\\& 0.003\;1\dfrac{{{g^2}{h^4}}}{{{N_z}\rho }}{\left(\dfrac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}}\right)^2} - \varepsilon k\rho \dfrac{{{{\left| {\overline u } \right|}^3}}}{h} - \delta {k_s}{\rho _a}\dfrac{{{{\overline W }^3}}}{h}\end{aligned}$考虑河口效应对层化的影响
Li等[19](2018)考虑泥沙对水体层化的影响,消除水深对势能差异的影响$\begin{aligned}& {\rho _{ss}} = {\rho _0}\left( {1 + \beta {S_w}} \right) + \left[ {1 - \dfrac{{{\rho _0}\left( {1 + \beta {S_w}} \right)}}{{{\rho _s}}}} \right]C\\& Ri = - \dfrac{g}{{{\rho _{ss}}}} \cdot \dfrac{{\partial {\rho _{ss}}}}{{\partial z}} \cdot {\left( {\dfrac{{\partial u}}{{\partial z}}} \right)^{ - 2}}\end{aligned}$
$Sr = \dfrac{\varphi }{ {\overline \varphi } } \cdot 100 {\text %} = \dfrac{ {\dfrac{1}{h}\int_{ - h}^0 {\left( {\overline { {\rho _i} } - {\rho _i} } \right)gz{\rm{d}}z} } }{ {\dfrac{1}{h}\int_{ - h}^0 { {\rho _i}gz{\rm{d}}z} } } \cdot 100 {\text %}$
将泥沙浓度考虑进水体密度,影响RiSr以及势能差异等
), ArticleFig(id=1233931937488892735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Hydrological, sediment observation parameters and time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站观测时间观测参数
  注:①流速流向观测均采用6点法:表层,0.2H,0.4H,0.6H,0.8H,底层。②盐度采用三点法:表层,0.6H,底层。悬沙浓度采用3点法:表层,0.6H,底层。③采样时间为大潮期(8月26日08:00至8月27日11:00)和小潮期(9月3日08:00至9月4日11:00)。
H1, H28月16日至9月15日,8月11日至9月15日潮位
S1−S5大、小潮期流速流向、悬沙浓度、盐度、
底床泥沙
), ArticleFig(id=1233931937581167427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水文、泥沙观测参数及时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站观测时间观测参数
  注:①流速流向观测均采用6点法:表层,0.2H,0.4H,0.6H,0.8H,底层。②盐度采用三点法:表层,0.6H,底层。悬沙浓度采用3点法:表层,0.6H,底层。③采样时间为大潮期(8月26日08:00至8月27日11:00)和小潮期(9月3日08:00至9月4日11:00)。
H1, H28月16日至9月15日,8月11日至9月15日潮位
S1−S5大、小潮期流速流向、悬沙浓度、盐度、
底床泥沙
), ArticleFig(id=1233931937686025033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Observation instruments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称类型用途
直读海流仪、
水文绞车
SLC9-2、HY-100型定点海流观测
DGPS测量系统DGPS-MAX测站定位
自记式水位计TGR-2050型潮位观测
横式采样器XCL型2升悬沙、悬移质、盐度取样
), ArticleFig(id=1233931937790882635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

观测仪器

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称类型用途
直读海流仪、
水文绞车
SLC9-2、HY-100型定点海流观测
DGPS测量系统DGPS-MAX测站定位
自记式水位计TGR-2050型潮位观测
横式采样器XCL型2升悬沙、悬移质、盐度取样
), ArticleFig(id=1233931937925100367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main characteristics of the tidal constituents at stations H1 and H2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮H1(8月16日至9月15日)H2(8月11日至9月15日)
振幅/m迟角/(°)振幅/m迟角/(°)
K10.23230.970.253 8229.06
O10.23183.970.236 8172.36
M21.82256.801.693 9246.79
S20.83308.500.767 9293.60
M40.14103.620.014 283.61
MS40.13136.970.010 657.05
M60.01324.320.020 4290.71
), ArticleFig(id=1233931938017375059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各潮位站主要全日、半日和浅海分潮的特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分潮H1(8月16日至9月15日)H2(8月11日至9月15日)
振幅/m迟角/(°)振幅/m迟角/(°)
K10.23230.970.253 8229.06
O10.23183.970.236 8172.36
M21.82256.801.693 9246.79
S20.83308.500.767 9293.60
M40.14103.620.014 283.61
MS40.13136.970.010 657.05
M60.01324.320.020 4290.71
), ArticleFig(id=1233931938113844053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Tidal characteristics calculated by harmonic constants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目H1(8月16日
至9月15日)
H2(8月11日
至9月15日)
潮汐性质(HK1+HO1)/HM20.250.29
主要半日分潮振幅比(HS2/HM20.460.45
主要浅水分潮与主要半日分潮振幅比(HM4/HM20.080.01
主要半日、全日分潮迟角差:G(M2)−[G(K1)+G(O1)]201.86°205.37°
主要半日和浅海分潮迟角差:2G(M2)−G(M449.98°49.97°
主要浅海分潮振幅和(M4+MS4+M627.92 cm4.52 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1233931938193535832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

由调和常数计算的潮汐性质和潮汐特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目H1(8月16日
至9月15日)
H2(8月11日
至9月15日)
潮汐性质(HK1+HO1)/HM20.250.29
主要半日分潮振幅比(HS2/HM20.460.45
主要浅水分潮与主要半日分潮振幅比(HM4/HM20.080.01
主要半日、全日分潮迟角差:G(M2)−[G(K1)+G(O1)]201.86°205.37°
主要半日和浅海分潮迟角差:2G(M2)−G(M449.98°49.97°
主要浅海分潮振幅和(M4+MS4+M627.92 cm4.52 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1233931938319364958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Residual currents during spring and neap tides at the 5 field stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站层次大潮小潮
流速/(m·s−1)流向/(°)流速/(m·s−1)流向/(°)
S1表层0.1151680.105138
中层0.1191740.063259
底层0.1261770.066242
S2表层0.3921370.237149
中层0.3071510.166185
底层0.1651570.106226
S3表层0.4991090.203105
中层0.3831060.068109
底层0.0671010.054269
S4表层0.4211120.094110
中层0.2931060.057108
底层0.1241110.055297
S5表层0.2342150.15212
中层0.0671850.078217
底层0.0181050.017229
), ArticleFig(id=1233931938403251041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

5个测站大、小潮余流计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站层次大潮小潮
流速/(m·s−1)流向/(°)流速/(m·s−1)流向/(°)
S1表层0.1151680.105138
中层0.1191740.063259
底层0.1261770.066242
S2表层0.3921370.237149
中层0.3071510.166185
底层0.1651570.106226
S3表层0.4991090.203105
中层0.3831060.068109
底层0.0671010.054269
S4表层0.4211120.094110
中层0.2931060.057108
底层0.1241110.055297
S5表层0.2342150.15212
中层0.0671850.078217
底层0.0181050.017229
), ArticleFig(id=1233931938503914341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Contributions of salinity and suspended sediment concentration to the stratification during spring and neap tides at the 5 field stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站大潮期小潮期
盐度贡献/%悬沙浓度贡献/%盐度贡献/%悬沙浓度贡献/%
最大最小平均最大最小平均最大最小平均最大最小平均
S189.613.755.886.310.444.298.291.895.78.21.84.3
S285.035.763.764.315.036.397.391.695.38.42.84.7
S387.042.773.557.313.026.598.189.895.910.21.94.1
S488.726.154.573.911.345.596.858.587.941.53.212.1
S586.66.634.293.413.465.887.046.370.053.713.030.0
), ArticleFig(id=1233931938642326377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909115269993006, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各测站大小潮期盐度、悬沙浓度对层化的贡献占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站大潮期小潮期
盐度贡献/%悬沙浓度贡献/%盐度贡献/%悬沙浓度贡献/%
最大最小平均最大最小平均最大最小平均最大最小平均
S189.613.755.886.310.444.298.291.895.78.21.84.3
S285.035.763.764.315.036.397.391.695.38.42.84.7
S387.042.773.557.313.026.598.189.895.910.21.94.1
S488.726.154.573.911.345.596.858.587.941.53.212.1
S586.66.634.293.413.465.887.046.370.053.713.030.0
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椒江河口层化动力特性研究
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姚炎明 1 , 郑逸群 1 , 赵新宇 2 , 袁金雄 1 , 李莉 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(10): 23-37
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(10): 23-37
椒江河口层化动力特性研究
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姚炎明1 , 郑逸群1, 赵新宇2, 袁金雄1, 李莉1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 2台州市港航事业发展中心,浙江 台州 318001
  • 姚炎明(1964-),男,浙江省嘉兴市人,主要从事河口泥沙动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李莉(1982-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事河口动力与泥沙动力学研究。E-mail:
Characteristics of stratification in the Jiaojiang Estuary
Yanming Yao1 , Yiqun Zheng1, Xinyu Zhao2, Jinxiong Yuan1, Li Li1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 2Taizhou Port and Shipping Administration Bureau, Taizhou 318001, China
出版时间: 2021-10-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021135
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基于椒江河口大、小潮期间水位、流速、盐度和悬沙浓度观测数据,研究了椒江河口主潮汐通道的水动力、盐度和悬沙浓度的时空变化特征,解释了高浊度强潮作用下的层化物理机制。椒江河口大潮期悬沙浓度和盐度均大于小潮期,主潮汐通道区域落潮期悬沙浓度大于涨潮期;盐度随潮变化,盐水锋面出现在S2测站,锋面附近出现最大浑浊带;自陆向海,悬沙浓度递减,盐度递增;随水深增加,悬沙浓度与盐度递增。Richardson数与混合参数显示,盐度和悬沙引起的层化现象,是随着潮汐的变化而变化,涨潮时的层化均强于落潮,小潮时的层化持续时间最长,区域更广。混合参数随潮周期变化,大潮期高于临界值1.0,小潮期低于临界值1.0。小潮期水体层化强于大潮期;潮汐应变项是影响势能差异变化率的重要因素;落潮期间层化向混合状态转化,涨潮相反。

悬沙浓度  /  盐度  /  层化  /  混合  /  椒江河口

The elevation, current, salinity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data were observed during spring and neap tides in the Jiaojiang Estuary. The spatial and temporal characteristics of tides, salinity and SSC in the main tidal channel of the estuary were studied, and the stratification physical mechanism under the action of high turbidity and strong tides was explained, using the field data. SSC and salinity during spring tides were higher than those during neap tides, and SSC during ebb periods was higher than the flood periods along the main channel. Salinity varied with the tidal currents, and the salinity water front appeared around the Station S2. A turbidity maximum zone appeared near the salt water front. SSC decreased and the salinity increased towards the sea. SSC and salinity increased with the water depth. According to the Richardson number and mixing parameters, stratification caused by salinity and SSC changes with tides. Stratification during flood periods was stronger than during ebb periods. Stratification lasted the longest time and was more extensive during neap tides. The mixing parameter varied with the tidal periods, and the value was high/below the critical value of 1.0 during spring/neap tides. The tidal strain term was an important role for the change rate of the potential energy anomaly. The stratified state changed to a mixed state during neap tides, while the opposite change occurred during flood tides.

suspended sediment concentration  /  salinity  /  stratification  /  tidal mixing  /  Jiaojiang Estuary
姚炎明, 郑逸群, 赵新宇, 袁金雄, 李莉. 椒江河口层化动力特性研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (10) : 23 -37 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021135
Yanming Yao, Yiqun Zheng, Xinyu Zhao, Jinxiong Yuan, Li Li. Characteristics of stratification in the Jiaojiang Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (10) : 23 -37 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021135
河口海湾泥沙侵蚀和沉积过程,根据其尺度,往往表现出对环境响应的复杂行为[1]。随着人类活动的进行,这种复杂性就会急剧增加。近些年来沿海建筑物的发展和建设,使受潮汐与河口径流相互作用影响的河口悬沙动力学变得极为复杂。
层化是河口最重要的过程之一,它影响河口垂向混合,继而影响悬浮微粒物质的运输和生态系统[2]。层化抑制河口水体的混合,是影响河口悬浮泥沙浓度和残余泥沙输移的关键因素之一[3],继而影响最大浑浊带的形成和维持。由于盐水楔控制絮凝和分层的化学和物理过程,所以当出现盐水楔时,水体也会被强烈层化[4]。Figueroa等[5]通过实测资料得出河口处的纵向盐度梯度变化会造成周期性层化,且周期性层化与落潮不对称性、深度平均的悬沙浓度(SSC)和絮体大小有关。当同时考虑盐度和悬沙浓度对水体密度的影响,水体密度分层会进一步增强,且小潮期强于大潮期,涨潮期强于退潮期[6]
1871年Thomson[7]发现了单一连续流体中速度剪切或二层相邻流体中速度差异造成不稳定现象,即Kelvin-Helmholtz 不稳定性。20世纪80年代后,大量研究表明:在高度层化的河口,由于潮汐相对较弱,Kelvin-Helmholtz 不稳定性对垂向水体的混合有着重要的作用,某些情况下甚至可以主导垂向的混合过程。为了量化河口水体层化的程度,众多学者提出了一系列的计算方法,如表1所示。
椒江河口地处浙江省台州市,被台州湾、南洋海涂和台州浅滩所包围,椒江是浙江第三大入海河流。椒江河口受径流和潮流双向作用,多年平均流量为163 m3/s,年平均径流量为66.6×108 m3[20]。椒江径流多年平均年输沙量为123.4×104 t,悬沙中值粒径的范围大致在0.005~0.008 mm之间[21]。椒江河口在口门内发育有最大浑浊带,其大致范围在石仙妇与口门牛头颈之间,纵向跨度约为20 km,核心部分在栅浦与海门之间,垂线平均悬沙浓度一般大于5 kg/m3,悬沙浓度随水深增加而增加[22]。椒江河口咸、淡水混合强烈,小潮时水体容易出现层化现象。在洪季小潮时,从河口上端石仙妇至口外台州湾的36 km范围,盐度从0.1增至26;其中盐度在3~22之间,纵向水平梯度大,在栅浦至牛头颈间会形成跨度为15 km的盐水楔[5]
近30年来,众多学者对椒江河口进行了大量的实地观测,对河口的水动力特征、悬浮泥沙浓度分布规律、悬浮泥沙输移机制和絮凝沉降等方面进行了较多研究,但是对椒江河口盐度、悬浮泥沙和水体层化的相关性以及层化物理机制方面还有进一步探索的空间,因此本文基于椒江河口的水流、盐度和泥沙的观测数据,研究主潮汐通道动力的三维特征,以及水体层化混合的物理机制,为深入了解椒江河口海陆相互作用的特点和进一步研究椒江河口细颗粒泥沙动力过程提供基础数据。
椒江河口水域潮位流速泥沙盐度测验站分布如图1所示,水文观测参数如表2所示。沿主潮汐通道轴线选取S1−S5测站,用于获取从海门到外海的潮位、潮流、盐度、浊度垂向剖面数据。在海门和琅矶山设置潮位测站H1和H2,获取长期潮位数据。
椒江河口的潮位观测采用自记式水位计(TGR-2050型),采样间隔为1 h。潮流观测采用直读海流记(SLC9-2)搭配水文绞车(HY-100型),采样间隔为10 min。观测期间采用DGPS定位系统(DGPS-MAX)进行地理定位。悬沙浓度、盐度数据是基于横式采样器(XCL型2升)所采水样进行实验室分析得到。底床泥沙样品是采用蚌式采样器(曙光HNM-2型)获取。水文、泥沙观测仪器如表3所示。
在浅海 (如河口、浅滩) 中,对悬沙浓度和盐度进行定量观测是研究悬沙浓度和盐度时空分布的重点,传统的观测方法是在垂向上采集3~6层水样,然后采用滤膜过滤或静置沉淀干燥的方法以获取悬沙浓度和盐度[23],通过插值平滑处理[24],可获得垂向剖面数据。
水体密度是影响河口海岸地区水动力的重要因子之一。通常水体密度随水深的增加而逐渐增大,密度大的海水会沉降在密度小的淡水下面,下重上轻,从而使水体在垂向上成层分布[25]。水体垂向混合和层化的程度可以通过水体密度的垂向分布来反映。
在河口区域,压强对水体密度的影响较小,水体密度主要是由温度与盐度决定的。在不考虑压强时,可通过Geyer和Maccready[26]给出的公式估算海水密度
$\rho = {\rho _{\rm{w}}}\left( {1 + \beta {S_{\rm{w}}}} \right),$
式中,盐度收缩系数β=7.8×10−4[27]Sw为水体盐度;ρw为纯海水密度,可用Biggd的公式进行计算[28]
${\rho _{\rm{w}}} = {{{a}}_0} + {{{a}}_1}t + {{{a}}_2}{t^2} + {{{a}}_3}{t^3} + {{{a}}_4}{t^4} + {{{a}}_5}{t^5},$
式中,a0=999.842 594;a1=6.793 952×10−2a2=–9.095 290×10−3a3=1.001 685×10−4a4=–1.120 083×10−6a5=6.536 332×10−9
式(2)适用于盐度在0.5~43和温度在0~40℃范围的水体,标准误差为3.6×10−3 kg/m3[14],并常被用于数学模型中河口和大陆架浅海水体密度的计算。由于本文所研究的水域(图1)温度、盐度符合条件,因此可采用该估算公式。但是当水体中悬沙浓度较大时,水体密度可用体积法来估算[29]
${\rho _{{\rm{ss}}}} = \rho + \left( {1 - \frac{\rho }{{{\rho _{\rm{s}}}}}} \right)C,$
式中,ρss为考虑含沙量后的密度;ρs为泥沙密度,取ρs=2 650 kg/m3C为含沙量(单位:kg/m3)。
椒江河口水体密度除了受到温度与盐度的影响外,含沙量对水体密度的影响也不能忽略,所以可根据式(1)至式(3)估算水体密度。2014年8–9月,椒江河口水体温度约为28℃。
为了了解水体混合、层化随水深的变化规律,可通过Richardson数Ri来衡量:
$Ri = - \frac{g}{\rho }\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial z}}{\left( {\frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial z}}} \right)^{ - 2}},$
式中,$\partial $ρ$\partial $u可用某一水层的密度差值(单位:kg/m3)和流速差值(单位:m/s)近似计算;ρ为垂向平均密度(单位:kg/m3);$\partial $z可用某一水层的水深(单位:m)近似计算。基于线性稳定理论,水体混合的临界值为Ri=0.25,当Ri≤0.25时,水体发生混合。许多研究还以Ri=0.25作为河口剪切失稳发生的必要条件。
为了估计潮汐混合的有效性,可用Geyer和Maccready给出的混合参数M进行计算[18]
${M^2} = \frac{{{C_{\rm{d}}}U_T^2}}{{\omega {N_0}{h^2}}},$
式中,阻力系数Cd=2.5×10−3UT是垂向平均流速的振幅(单位:m/s);ω=2π/TT是潮汐周期;h是水深(单位:m);N0是河口分层水体中表层–底层最大盐度值的浮力频率。
${N_0} = \sqrt {\beta g{S_{{\rm{ocean}}}}/h} ,$
式中,Socean是河口水体的表层–底层盐度差值。
为了进一步分析水体层化的时/空变化及其物理机制,可以采用Pu和Shi等[18]改进的纵向一维势能差异方程对椒江河口水域层化物理机制进行定量研究。
$\phi {\rm{ = }}\frac{1}{h}\int_{ - h}^0 {(\overline \rho - \rho )} gz{\rm{d}}z,$
$\overline \rho = \frac{1}{h}\int_{ - h}^0 \rho {\rm{d}}z,$
式中,$、 \rho $为水体密度;$\overline \rho $为垂向水深平均密度;$\phi $为势能差异,可以理解为水体达到垂向均一混合状态所需要的功,$\phi $值越大表明水体层化越强。
考虑到影响椒江河口势能差异大小的主要机制,可以用$\phi $的时间导数来描述,
$\begin{split} \frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}} &= {\left(\frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{strain}}}} + {\left(\frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{river}}}} + {\left(\frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{cir}}}} - {\left(\frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{stir}}}} - {\left(\frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial t}}\right)_{{\rm{wind}}}}\\ & = 0.035gh\overline {{u_{\rm{t}}}} \frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} + 0.035gh\overline {{u_{\rm{r}}}} \frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}} + 0.003\;1\frac{{{g^2}{h^4}}}{{{N_z}\rho }}{\left(\frac{{\partial \rho }}{{\partial x}}\right)^2} - \\&\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \varepsilon k\rho \frac{{{{\left| {\overline u } \right|}^3}}}{h} - \delta {k_{\rm{s}}}{\rho _{\rm{a}}}\frac{{{{\overline W }^3}}}{h}.\\[-15pt]\end{split}$
此式即为改进后的势能差异方程,等式右边各项分别反映潮汐应变、河流效应、重力环流、潮汐搅动和风搅动对势能差异值的影响,$\varepsilon $=0.003 7和$\delta $=0.023为混合系数;k=2.5×10−3ks=6.4×10−5分别为底层和表层的拖曳系数;W为风速;$\,{\rho _{\rm{a}}}$为空气密度;$\overline {{u_{\rm{t}}}}$$\overline {{u_{\rm{r}}}}$分别表示深度平均的纯潮流流速和河流流速,可通过巴特沃斯过滤器低通过滤分离出$\overline {{u_{\rm{t}}}}$$\overline {{u_{\rm{r}}}}$;涡流粘度${N_z}$的计算如下
${N_z} = 0.000\;5 + 0.000\;025h\left| {\overline u } \right|{(1 + 7Ri)^{ - 0.25}}.$
为了确定基于潮汐混合和应变诱导约束之间平衡的应变致周期性层化(SIPS)的产生,可以通过对Simpson数Si的估算来判断[30]
$Si = \frac{{\beta g{h^2}}}{{{C_D}U_T^2}}\frac{{\partial S}}{{\partial x}},$
式中,阻力系数CD=2.5×10−3UT垂向平均流速的振幅(单位:m/s);$\partial S/\partial x$为沿河口方向的盐度梯度;Si=8.8×10−2为完全混合态与SIPS的临界值,而Si=8.4×10−1为SIPS和持续性层化的临界值,据此可以定量分析出水体具体所处的混合与层化状态。
椒江河口潮型为不规则半日潮,台州湾则是典型的正规半日潮,潮波自外海传入台州湾,又经喇叭形河口传入椒江。根据H1、H2站的潮位数据时间序列(图2),最大、最小和平均潮差,皆由北向南、由湾口至湾内呈逐步增大的分布。H2站最大潮差为586 cm,至H1站为602 cm,由湾口至湾内增大了2.7%,最小潮差或平均潮差等特征值亦有类似的分布。椒江河口外航道海域涨、落潮最大潮差都在586 cm以上,且由海域外侧逐渐向河口、岸侧增大,最大潮差在海门附近达602 cm,各站平均潮差都在355 cm以上。各站的最高潮位和平均高潮位、最低潮位和平均低潮位,由湾口至湾内呈逐步增大的分布,H2站与H1站相比,抬升了8.8%。H1站涨、落潮平均历时差达1 h 31 min,H2站涨、落潮历时基本相同,这可能是受椒江河口内纳潮量和河道径流下泄的影响,使H1站涨潮历时减短、落潮历时增长。两个验潮站数据的调和分析结果显示(表4表5),主要全日分潮K1、O1的振幅之和与主要半日分潮M2振幅之比值,(HK1+HO1)/HM2,主要在0.25~0.29之间,均小于0.50,故各站皆属正规半日潮。H2站的主要浅水分潮M4与主要半日分潮M2的振幅之比为0.01,潮汐性质可归属为“规则半日潮”类型,H1站因比值HM4/HM2已达0.07大于0.04,可归属为“不规则半日浅海潮”类型。经计算两个验潮站的HS2/HM2的值均大于0.4,故各站潮高日不等现象显著;两个站的半日潮与全日潮相位差值在180°~270°之间,故各站潮汐均表现为低、高潮日不等现象。
根据5个潮流站的观测资料,从各潮汛的平均历时来看,在椒江河口主潮汐通道东外侧的S5站从大潮期至小潮期,落潮流历时增长,涨潮流历时减短,而在椒江河口主潮汐通道上的S1、S2、S3、S4站恰好相反,另外大、小潮期涨潮的持续时间比落潮分别短约2 h和1.5 h,如图3图4所示。
从时间尺度上分析,大潮期各流速站潮位的变化幅度约达4.8 m,小潮期各流速站潮位的变化幅度约达3.3 m。大潮期最大涨、落潮流速均大于小潮期的最大涨、落潮流速。小潮期的最大涨潮流速为大潮期的40%~96%。小潮期的最大落潮流速约为大潮期的28%~84%。即大潮潮流强于小潮,该特征与徐海等[31]对椒江河口2013年的观测资料分析结果一致。在涨潮期间,最大潮流出现在S1站表层,达2.6 m/s,S2站次之(2 m/s)。位于椒江主潮汐通道水域中心的S2、S3、S4站无论大小潮期,均是落潮流速大于涨潮流速,且这3个测站落、涨潮流速差为0.2 m/s、0.4 m/s、0.3 m/s;位于椒江口门外较平坦水域的S5站,涨、落潮流速值相差不大;而位于椒江口主潮汐通道最狭窄处的S1站受地形影响,落潮流通道瞬间变宽,涨潮流通道瞬间变窄,使涨潮流能量增大,其大、小潮均表现为最大涨潮流速大于落潮流速,涨、落潮流速差为0.4 m/s。最大涨、落潮流速出现在涨憩落憩之间。
从空间尺度上分析,位于椒江河口主潮汐通道水域上的S1−S5站流速依次减小,S5站的流速峰值(0.75 m/s)只能达到主航道第一个测流站S1的80.2%。从流速的垂向上分析,由于受底部摩擦力和河流径流的影响,各站点表层流速均大于底层流速,总体来看,底层流速约为表层流速的67%。5个测流站大小潮期流速方向及其时空变化可由图3图4中的流速矢量进行分析,受潮汐和地形的控制,河口水流多为往复流,位于椒江河口主潮汐通道水域的S1、S2、S3、S4站,涨潮流指向偏西方向(SWW−WNW),落潮流指向偏东方向(ENE−SSE);位于椒江河口主潮汐通道东外侧的S5站涨潮流指向西北偏西方向(WNW),落潮流指向东南方向(SE)。5个测流站从表层到底层的流速方向基本一致。有关潮流特性结果本文与刘伟等[32]对椒江河口2016年的观测资料分析结果一致。
根据潮流的调和分析计算,可获得各测站大、小潮期表层–中层–底层的余流大小和方向,如表6所示。各测站余流流速均小于0.5 m/s,最大余流流速出现在大潮期S3站表层,达0.5 m/s,最小余流流速出现在小潮期S5站底层,为0.02 m/s。在椒江河口主潮汐通道的余流随大、小潮演变而变化,即大潮大于小潮。从余流的垂向上分析,各测站大、小潮期的余流流速均是从表层向底层逐渐减弱,就余流方向而言,其规律不明显,但总地来说,各测站余流方向以向海方向为主。
根据5个泥沙测站的观测资料绘制出悬沙浓度剖面的时间序列图(图5),最大含沙量出现在S2站大潮期垂线落潮流中的底层,达5.0 kg/m3,最小含沙量出现在S5站小潮期涨潮流中的表层,为0.1 kg/m3,整个水域垂线平均含沙量介于0.1~3.5 kg/m3之间。2014年在S2站的最大含沙量为5.0 kg/m3,而刘伟等[31]对椒江河口2016年的观测资料则为18 kg/m3,其原因可能是本文取样深度为底床以上1 m的深度,未涉及近底床高浊度浮泥层。
从时间尺度上分析,在大潮期,S1、S3、S5 3个测站涨潮流的平均含沙量小于落潮流的平均含沙量,差值在0~0.1 kg/m3 之间;S2、S4站涨潮流的平均含沙量大于落潮流的平均含沙量,差值在0~0.05 kg/m3之间(图5上)。在小潮期,除S4站落潮流的含沙量稍大外,其他水域涨潮含沙量略大于落潮含沙量(图5下)。大潮期垂线平均含沙量约为小潮期的8倍,如S3站大潮期垂线平均含沙量为1.6 kg/m3,而小潮期垂线平均含沙量为0.2 kg/m3。根据测站全潮的总体情况显示,本次观测基本上表现为涨潮含沙量略大于落潮含沙量,但两者差异不大,仅维持在10−3~10−2的量级上。
从空间尺度上分析,各泥沙测站垂线的含沙量均大体相近,大潮期的垂线平均含沙量分别介于0.9~3.2 kg/m3(S1)、1.2~3.5 kg/m3(S2)、1.0~2.7 kg/m3(S3)、0.6~2.8 kg/m3(S4)和1.1~2.8 kg/m3(S5)之间,并且小潮期亦具有较类似的分布特征,故本水域含沙量的分布较为均匀。含沙量的垂向分布亦具有良好的特征,即随着深度的增加而逐渐增高。含沙量具明显的半日潮周期的变化分布特征。该结果与徐海等[32]的椒江河口2013–2014年悬沙浓度的时空分布分析结果一致。
根据5个盐度测站的观测资料可以绘制出垂向各层盐度的时间序列图(图6),椒江河口盐度的最大值,出现在椒江河口主潮汐通道东外侧S5站大潮期垂线涨憩时段底层,达26.4,盐度的最小值出现在椒江河口主潮汐通道S1站小潮期垂线表层,为0.4。从时间尺度上分析,整个测区的平均盐度,小潮期为15.4、大潮期为16.8,故测区盐度随潮汛的变化总体上具有较好的规律,即大潮稍高,小潮稍低。
从空间尺度上分析,在由口门外向口门内布设的S5、S4、S3、S2、S1站的5条垂线上,小潮期平均盐度分别为24.4、14.2、12.8、7.6和5.6,大潮期平均盐度分别为25.7、18.2、13.4、9.9和6.3,故总体上呈现为由口门外向口门内递减的趋势。椒江河口测区各站的盐度均表现为由表层向底层逐渐增高的垂向分布。
为了研究盐度和泥沙随潮汐的变化,本文对主潮汐通道水域的S1、S2、S3、S4和S5站大小潮期间水位、流速、盐度和悬沙浓度的时空变化进行分析。由于椒江河口主潮汐通道的控制作用,河口水流多为往复流。
在大潮期,S1站表层和底层的流速最大值出现在涨潮过程中,分别为2.6 m/s和2.1 m/s,而S5站表层和底层流速最大值出现在落潮过程中,分别为0.9 m/s和0.6 m/s,S3站与S5站类似,表底层流速最大值出现在落潮过程中,分别为1.8 m/s和1.3 m/s。5个测站在小潮期表、底层流速最大值分布与大潮期相似,仅流速值比大潮期略小。由于椒江径流影响,各测站落潮流速有所加强。S1站和S3站表层的盐度值分别在0.4~8.0和1.7~20.5之间,底层的盐度值分别在0.8~9.3和3.7~21.2之间,并且盐度最大值都是出现在涨憩前后,由于海水入侵的缘故,底层盐度值高于表层盐度值,而S5站由于位于椒江主航道东外侧,靠近外海,故表底层盐度梯度较小。5个测站在小潮期表底层盐度值分布与大潮期相似,但盐度值比大潮期大一些。S1站表底层的悬沙浓度分别为0.7~1.8 kg/m3和1.2~3.2 kg/m3;并且该测站的悬沙有明显的分层现象(图5)。S2−S5站的悬沙浓度值与S1站类似,但悬沙浓度值较低,泥沙分层现象较弱。这5个测站悬沙浓度最大值都是出现在两个潮周期的涨憩和落憩之间。在小潮期,S1−S5站表底层的悬沙浓度都小于0.5 kg/m3
S5站的最低潮位出现的比较早,其后为S4、S3、S2及S1站。在这5个测站中,流速最大值出现在S1站表层(图3图4)。在S1−S4站的两个潮周期中,水流呈现往复流的特性,但在S5站,流速方向略有旋转(图3图4)。从S5−S1站的盐度值降低可以看出(图6)盐水入侵发生在椒江河口主潮汐通道至S1站。S1站的悬沙浓度值和在垂直方向的差异均大于S2−S5站,并且悬沙浓度最大值出现在流速最大值之后(图5)。
为了研究椒江河口主潮汐通道的河口特征,绘制出了大潮期涨憩、落急、落憩、涨急4个特征时刻流速、盐度、悬沙浓度的纵向分布(图7)。从S1站至S5站,流速在各个特征时刻都是逐渐减小的(图7a)。从图7b可以看出,椒江河口有明显的盐水楔出现,盐水楔是指河口淡水从表层泄入海中,密度较大的海水从底部侵入的一种现象[33]。盐淡水分界面的水平距离大约为3~10 km,主要位于S3站附近。在涨憩和涨急时盐淡水分层比较明显,而在落急和落憩时不明显。
根据图7c可得,在观测期间出现泥沙分层现象,最大浑浊带出现在落急和涨急时的S1和S3之间,最大悬沙浓度分别达到3.41 kg/m3和3.65 kg/m3
由各测站的Ri值的时间序列可以看出,Richardson数值(式(4))随潮汐高度有显著的变化,如图8所示。当只考虑盐度(图8中的黑线)时,大潮期内,椒江河口主潮汐通道的S1−S5站均出现过Ri<0.25(即图8中的黑线低于0);小潮期内,5个测站的Ri值均大于0.25。在大潮期内,除去S1站各测站的Richardson数值最大值都是在涨憩附近出现,在小潮期内,S5站的Richardson数值最大值出现在落憩,其余测站是出现在涨憩,故涨潮时的层化强于落潮。当同时考虑悬沙浓度和盐度的影响时,大小潮期的Ri值(图8中的红线)和只考虑盐度时有相似的结果,但是Ri值要稍微大一些。
为了比较椒江河口盐度和浊度对水体层化的贡献率,分别选取大潮、小潮各一个周期,选取表−中−底层盐度和悬沙浓度数据,基于式(4)计算S1−S5测站盐度和悬沙浓度对梯度Ri计算的占比(表7)所示。结果显示,大潮期间,盐度对层化的贡献率在落急时刻(流速为1.77 m/s)S1站位达到最大,为89.6%,悬沙浓度在落憩–涨急之间(流速为0.47 m/s)S5站达到最大,为93.4%。小潮期间,盐度对层化的贡献率在涨憩–落急之间(流速为0.37 m/s)S1站位达到最大,为98.2%,悬沙浓度在落急时刻(流速为0.30 m/s)S5站达到最大,为53.7%。潮平均数据显示,大潮期间盐度和悬沙浓度对水体层化的贡献占比分别平均为56.3%和43.7%;小潮期盐度和悬沙浓度对水体层化的贡献占比分别平均为89.0%和11.0%。
由于河道上游主要以椒江径流为主,故仅对河口附近的混合参数(M)进行估算,得出大潮期M为1.47~2.18,小潮期M为0.46~0.8,M具有显著的大小潮变化,M在小潮期低于临界值1.0,在大潮期高于临界值1.0,表明大潮期水体混合状态大于小潮期。
为了进一步分析不同混合过程和不同时间尺度分层的主要机制,根据S2、S3站(位于盐淡水分界面附近)的观测数据,计算了势能差异、潮汐应变、河流效应、重力环流、潮汐搅动和势能差异的总时间导数;另外为了得到沿主潮汐通道的水体层化特性,计算了Simpson数(log10Si)),如图9所示。
当只考虑盐度来计算水体密度时(图9黑线),势能差异 ϕ在S3站均随潮汐高度的变化而变化,大潮期 ϕ值在0~100 J/m3之间,小潮期 ϕ值在0~200 J/m3之间,因为 ϕ值越大水体层化越强,故小潮期水体层化强于大潮期;由潮汐应变引起的$\partial \phi /\partial t$值与深度平均流速的趋势一致,大潮期值为–2.5×10−3~2.5×10−3 W/m3,小潮期值为–1.8×10−3~1×10−3 W/m3;来自河流效应的$\partial \phi /\partial t$值大小潮期范围分别为0~5×10−4 W/m3和0~4×10−4 W/m3,其峰值与潮位峰值一致;由重力环流引起的$\partial \phi /\partial t$值大潮期最大值为2.5×10−4 W/m3,在小潮期最大值为4.8×10−5 W/m3,在$\partial \phi /\partial t$的各项中最小;由潮汐搅动引起的$\partial \phi /\partial t$值其变化呈现一定的半日变化。大潮期 ϕ的平均总时间导数从–0.01 W/m3至0.01 W/m3不等,小潮期取值在–2×10−3~1×10−4 W/m3之间。综上可得潮汐应变是影响势能差异变化率的重要机制。log10(Si)值随着涨落潮出现周期性变化,即落潮期间从层化状态向混合状态变化,涨潮期间相反。
当同时考虑盐度和悬沙浓度对水体密度的影响时(图9红线),无论大小潮,势能差异、潮汐应变、河流效应、重力环流、潮汐搅动、势能差异的总时间导数和Simpson数(log10Si))变化趋势与只考虑盐度时相一致,仅势能差异ϕ值比只考虑盐度的值稍大;由于横向悬沙浓度变化引起的水体密度变化与横向位置的变化相比较小,故导致是否考虑悬沙浓度的Si差异小。
基于椒江河口2014年8–9月观测数据,分析河口的流速、盐度和泥沙的三维特征,并分析盐度和泥沙对水体层化混合的影响,主要结论如下:
(1)强潮不对称现象显著,潮流、盐度悬沙浓度潮周期变化显著,时空分布不均;潮流以往复流为主,余流以海向为主;盐水入侵锋面出现在S2站附近,锋面附近出现泥沙最大浑浊带。
(2)受盐水入侵与高浊度影响,椒江河口主潮汐通道水体层化显著。理查森数和混合参数显示,小潮期水体层化区域范围大于大潮期,且盐度对水体层化的贡献率大于浊度,另外小潮期盐度对水体层化的贡献率大于大潮期。混合参数M具有显著的大小潮变化,大潮期水体混合状态大于小潮期。
(3)潮汐应变、潮汐搅动、重力环流和河流效应是影响椒江河口水体垂向混合的关键因素,它们之间的平衡关系决定了水体的混合状态。S3站小潮期水体层化强于大潮期;潮汐应变项相较于其他项最大;Si数随涨落潮出现周期性变化,即落潮期间从层化状态向混合状态变化,涨潮时相反。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD0900803);国家自然科学基金(41976157);中央高校基本科研业务费;浙江省基金(2020C03012)
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2021年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021135
  • 接收时间:2020-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-06
  • 修回日期:2021-04-17
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD0900803);国家自然科学基金(41976157);中央高校基本科研业务费;浙江省基金(2020C03012)
作者信息
    1浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
    2台州市港航事业发展中心,浙江 台州 318001

通讯作者:

李莉(1982-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事河口动力与泥沙动力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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