Article(id=1233909113218986264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233909111440593385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1598889600000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-01, revisedDate=1618416000000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116457513, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1635091200000, pubDateStr=2021-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116457513, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116457513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116457513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233909111440593385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116457090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116457090, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=149, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233909113550336284, articleId=1233909113218986264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=A fine classification method for sea ice based on random forest combining texture feature and NDVI, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accurate classification of sea ice is of great significance for mastering the growth and development of sea ice and ensuring the safety of navigation. Due to the influence of data sources and classification methods, the improvement of sea ice classification accuracy is limited. In this paper, for high spatial resolution optical remote sensing images, an accurate sea ice classification method based on texture features and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was proposed, and a random forest classifier was used to construct a sea ice classification method. Taking Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao as the experimental area and GF-2 as the experimental data, the sea ice types were extracted and compared with other classification methods. The results show that for GF-2 high-resolution optical remote sensing data, compared with the traditional random forest, support vector machine, automatic classification and regression tree methods and maximum likelihood classification method of combining texture features, the overall classification accuracy was improved by 13.70%, 11.60%, 19.22% and 29.37%, respectively. The Kappa coefficient was increased by 0.16, 0.13, 0.22 and 0.44, respectively. Compared with the random forest method based on texture features and normalized difference water index, the overall classification accuracy was improved by 9.67% and Kappa coefficient was increased by 0.09. It shows that the sea ice classification method constructed in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy of sea ice classification, and provide an effective technical means for the accurate classification of sea ice.

, correspAuthors=Mengyue Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhiyong Wang, Mengyue Zhang, Yaran Yu, Ping Ni), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233909114850570573, articleId=1233909113218986264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=一种融合纹理特征与NDVI的随机森林海冰精细分类方法, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海冰的精准分类对于掌握海冰生长发育状况,保障航海安全等具有重要意义。由于受数据源和分类方法等影响,使得海冰分类精度提高受限。本文面向高空间分辨率的光学遥感影像,提出了一种融合纹理特征和归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)的海冰精准分类方法,运用随机森林分类器构建海冰分类方法。以青岛胶州湾为实验区,高分二号(GF-2)为实验数据,进行了海冰类型提取,并与其他分类方法进行对比。结果显示:针对GF-2高分辨率光学遥感数据,融合纹理特征和NDVI的随机森林方法,相比于传统的随机森林、支持向量机、自动决策树和融合纹理特征的最大似然分类方法,总体分类精度分别提高13.70%、11.60%、19.22%、29.37%。Kappa系数分别提高0.16、0.13、0.22、0.44。相比于融合纹理特征和归一化水指数(NDWI)的随机森林方法,总体分类精度提高了9.67%,Kappa系数提高了0.09。这表明本文构建的海冰分类方法可有效提高海冰分类精度,为海冰的精确分类提供了一种有效的技术手段。

, correspAuthors=张梦悦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张梦悦(1996-),硕士生,主要从事光学海冰分类方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MXPyv9OX8jD0aKstke4KMw==, magXml=h/h9P8Ra8iz9YM7hFOZItg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=R1nDCjChoiLIXLARAZlYNQ==, pdfFileSize=1075212, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7F2iBckdGtUv6nbntQ8tLQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SRvqj/ri41/4Fh+0D5d46A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王志勇(1978-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,副教授,主要从事雷达干涉测量、海洋遥感等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王志勇(1978-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,副教授,主要从事雷达干涉测量、海洋遥感等方面的研究。E-mail:

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王志勇(1978-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,副教授,主要从事雷达干涉测量、海洋遥感等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Shanghai: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233931932996784816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41876202);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2017MD020), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233931928198500833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931928206889441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, companyId=1233931928198500833, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931928215278050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, companyId=1233931928198500833, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233931931285508726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Flow chart, figureFileSmall=9c6Gjv7lG3SIEcx+69k/9Q==, figureFileBig=g36wbYk2f6uRO8AU7dLylQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931373589116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=CN, label=图1, caption=流程图, figureFileSmall=9c6Gjv7lG3SIEcx+69k/9Q==, figureFileBig=g36wbYk2f6uRO8AU7dLylQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931524584069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Location of study area, figureFileSmall=IWZ7EHXaLDxsTZyI5dvhQA==, figureFileBig=U7hDRG4HTAzNl8qS07iy9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931621053065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区域位置, figureFileSmall=IWZ7EHXaLDxsTZyI5dvhQA==, figureFileBig=U7hDRG4HTAzNl8qS07iy9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931721716362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The gray-level co-occurrence matrix characteristic line chart of different sea ice types, figureFileSmall=+jC7Qy5cdpNuqV/RdNFebA==, figureFileBig=JbfjT6AYzSAcCEt0QW4AxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931843351182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同海冰类型的灰度共生矩阵特征折线图, figureFileSmall=+jC7Qy5cdpNuqV/RdNFebA==, figureFileBig=JbfjT6AYzSAcCEt0QW4AxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931960791696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison results of six classification algorithms, figureFileSmall=1ipDjKP3+J557Egv9kdidw==, figureFileBig=Xbvru3OMaKcOkx05s1tMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931932086620820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=CN, label=图4, caption=6种分类算法结果对比, figureFileSmall=1ipDjKP3+J557Egv9kdidw==, figureFileBig=Xbvru3OMaKcOkx05s1tMfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931932208255638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Sea ice classification and partial enlargement, figureFileSmall=57BPqqIbpUIMhMAIamzEtQ==, figureFileBig=w3Q/9wxXSZwZd+tfnTjuEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931932334084760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=CN, label=图5, caption=海冰分类局部放大图, figureFileSmall=57BPqqIbpUIMhMAIamzEtQ==, figureFileBig=w3Q/9wxXSZwZd+tfnTjuEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931932438942366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Results of principal component analysis

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PC特征值累计特征值百分比/%特征值百分比/%
13.848 896.2296.22
20.146 799.893.67
30.004 299.990.10
40.000 4100.000.01
), ArticleFig(id=1233931932547994274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主成分分析结果

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PC特征值累计特征值百分比/%特征值百分比/%
13.848 896.2296.22
20.146 799.893.67
30.004 299.990.10
40.000 4100.000.01
), ArticleFig(id=1233931932657046179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Accuracy of different classification algorithms

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方法海冰
类别
制图
精度/%
用户
精度/%
总体
精度/%
Kappa
系数
融合纹理特征和
NDVI的RF
冰皮26.5010.3684.680.73
灰冰94.8344.84
白冰92.3499.88
海水84.7694.08
融合纹理特征和
NDWI的RF
冰皮89.3320.9875.010.64
灰冰86.9642.21
白冰92.6290.45
海水62.4598.24
传统RF冰皮97.2022.6670.980.57
灰冰96.159.78
白冰98.76100.00
海水58.5699.78
SVM冰皮92.9115.2073.080.60
灰冰88.3528.57
白冰98.54100.00
海水60.8899.17
CART冰皮99.2314.8565.460.51
灰冰99.5814.55
白冰98.70100.00
海水57.5899.92
融合纹理特征的ML冰皮90.1713.1855.310.29
灰冰67.9559.58
白冰100.0054.24
海水55.2467.33
), ArticleFig(id=1233931932774486696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909113218986264, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同分类算法精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法海冰
类别
制图
精度/%
用户
精度/%
总体
精度/%
Kappa
系数
融合纹理特征和
NDVI的RF
冰皮26.5010.3684.680.73
灰冰94.8344.84
白冰92.3499.88
海水84.7694.08
融合纹理特征和
NDWI的RF
冰皮89.3320.9875.010.64
灰冰86.9642.21
白冰92.6290.45
海水62.4598.24
传统RF冰皮97.2022.6670.980.57
灰冰96.159.78
白冰98.76100.00
海水58.5699.78
SVM冰皮92.9115.2073.080.60
灰冰88.3528.57
白冰98.54100.00
海水60.8899.17
CART冰皮99.2314.8565.460.51
灰冰99.5814.55
白冰98.70100.00
海水57.5899.92
融合纹理特征的ML冰皮90.1713.1855.310.29
灰冰67.9559.58
白冰100.0054.24
海水55.2467.33
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一种融合纹理特征与NDVI的随机森林海冰精细分类方法
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王志勇 1 , 张梦悦 1, * , 于亚冉 1 , 泥萍 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(10): 149-156
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(10): 149-156
一种融合纹理特征与NDVI的随机森林海冰精细分类方法
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王志勇1 , 张梦悦1, * , 于亚冉1, 泥萍1
作者信息
  • 1山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 王志勇(1978-),男,山东省青岛市人,博士,副教授,主要从事雷达干涉测量、海洋遥感等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张梦悦(1996-),硕士生,主要从事光学海冰分类方面的研究。E-mail:
A fine classification method for sea ice based on random forest combining texture feature and NDVI
Zhiyong Wang1 , Mengyue Zhang1, * , Yaran Yu1, Ping Ni1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2021-10-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021167
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海冰的精准分类对于掌握海冰生长发育状况,保障航海安全等具有重要意义。由于受数据源和分类方法等影响,使得海冰分类精度提高受限。本文面向高空间分辨率的光学遥感影像,提出了一种融合纹理特征和归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)的海冰精准分类方法,运用随机森林分类器构建海冰分类方法。以青岛胶州湾为实验区,高分二号(GF-2)为实验数据,进行了海冰类型提取,并与其他分类方法进行对比。结果显示:针对GF-2高分辨率光学遥感数据,融合纹理特征和NDVI的随机森林方法,相比于传统的随机森林、支持向量机、自动决策树和融合纹理特征的最大似然分类方法,总体分类精度分别提高13.70%、11.60%、19.22%、29.37%。Kappa系数分别提高0.16、0.13、0.22、0.44。相比于融合纹理特征和归一化水指数(NDWI)的随机森林方法,总体分类精度提高了9.67%,Kappa系数提高了0.09。这表明本文构建的海冰分类方法可有效提高海冰分类精度,为海冰的精确分类提供了一种有效的技术手段。

海冰分类  /  GF-2影像  /  随机森林  /  纹理特征  /  NDVI

The accurate classification of sea ice is of great significance for mastering the growth and development of sea ice and ensuring the safety of navigation. Due to the influence of data sources and classification methods, the improvement of sea ice classification accuracy is limited. In this paper, for high spatial resolution optical remote sensing images, an accurate sea ice classification method based on texture features and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was proposed, and a random forest classifier was used to construct a sea ice classification method. Taking Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao as the experimental area and GF-2 as the experimental data, the sea ice types were extracted and compared with other classification methods. The results show that for GF-2 high-resolution optical remote sensing data, compared with the traditional random forest, support vector machine, automatic classification and regression tree methods and maximum likelihood classification method of combining texture features, the overall classification accuracy was improved by 13.70%, 11.60%, 19.22% and 29.37%, respectively. The Kappa coefficient was increased by 0.16, 0.13, 0.22 and 0.44, respectively. Compared with the random forest method based on texture features and normalized difference water index, the overall classification accuracy was improved by 9.67% and Kappa coefficient was increased by 0.09. It shows that the sea ice classification method constructed in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy of sea ice classification, and provide an effective technical means for the accurate classification of sea ice.

sea ice classification  /  GF-2 image  /  random forest  /  texture feature  /  NDVI
王志勇, 张梦悦, 于亚冉, 泥萍. 一种融合纹理特征与NDVI的随机森林海冰精细分类方法. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (10) : 149 -156 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021167
Zhiyong Wang, Mengyue Zhang, Yaran Yu, Ping Ni. A fine classification method for sea ice based on random forest combining texture feature and NDVI[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (10) : 149 -156 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021167
胶州湾是一个伸入内陆的浅水海湾,每年都有不同程度的冰冻现象。胶州湾冬季的冰冻现象,对沿岸居民的生产生活、工程建设乃至经济发展都有十分不利的影响。因此,胶州湾海冰的监测及精确识别海冰类型,对于掌握其冰情状况,保障海上作业以及适应海冰防灾减灾工作需要等具有重要意义。
近年来,国内外研究人员利用不同类型的遥感影像和分类方法解决海冰分类问题,并取得了一系列的研究成果。Su等[1]利用MODIS影像,结合灰度共生矩阵提取海冰信息;Han等[2]于2020年利用EO-1以及Landsat-8影像,提出了一种基于压缩和激励网络(Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks, SENet)、卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN)和支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)的遥感海冰图像分类方法,实现了小样本遥感海冰图像的高分类精度;Zhang等[3]提出了一种将卡尔曼滤波、灰度共生矩阵(Gray-level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM)和SVM相结合的方法,对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)数据进行海冰分类,有效提高了海冰分类精度;Lohse等[4]基于决策树(Classification And Regression Tree, CART)算法,以SAR数据为例进行海冰分类;Liu等[5]利用Radarsat-2双极化数据,采用SVM和决策树分类方法,结合海冰纹理特征信息处理开阔水和平整冰,得到海冰浓度参数,为海冰分类提供了一种有效的方法;Han等[6]利用深度学习分类器,对高光谱海冰图像进行分类;李宝辉等[7]运用“北京一号”小卫星影像,建立海冰分类模型,对冬季渤海海冰进行了监测;王姝力等[8]采用CART自动决策树和融合纹理特征的最大似然(Maximum Likelihood, ML)分类算法,分别对Landsat-8数据和Sentinel-1A SAR数据进行海冰分类;韩彦岭等[9]于2019年利用Landsat-8数据,基于主动学习与半监督技术相结合的方法进行海冰图像分类;张明等[10]结合纹理特征,采用SVM的算法,对SAR数据进行海冰分类研究;屈猛等[11]采用MODIS数据、热红外亮温和Radarsat-2双极化后向散射等多源数据,建立决策树,综合各种参数来判断海冰类型。
综合上述国内外研究成果,针对遥感影像海冰分类问题,研究数据源多集中于SAR数据,对其开展的研究也较为深入。但SAR数据存在波段相对单一,所含信息有限且数据昂贵的缺点。光学遥感数据具有时效性强、投资少、光谱信息丰富的优势,但目前针对光学遥感海冰分类研究较少,且研究的数据源多为MODIS数据、北京一号和Landsat-8数据等中高分辨率数据,此类影像分辨率多在10 m级以上,其中高分辨率的Landsat-8分辨率也为30 m。受限于分辨率问题,上述中高分辨率遥感数据均无法实现海冰的精细分类。在分类方法上,现有的分类方法大多适用于SAR数据,对高分辨率光学遥感海冰分类算法研究较少,常见的分类方法有决策树、支持向量机以及卷积神经网络等分类方法。上述分类方法往往只关注影像的光谱信息,未能充分利用海冰的特征信息,影响海冰的分类精度。
因此,本文采用空间分辨率优于1 m的高分二号(GF-2)数据,研究针对亚米级光学遥感数据的海冰分类问题。提出一种融合纹理特征和归一化差分植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)的随机森林海冰分类方法,充分利用高分辨率影像的纹理特征信息对胶州湾海冰进行精细分类,为亚米级光学遥感数据海冰分类提供一种可能的技术手段。
本研究利用高分辨率光学影像构建海冰精细分类的方法,通过主成分变换对影像进行降维和压缩,基于灰度共生矩阵确定纹理特征参数,然后分别与NDVI指数、归一化水指数(Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI)相融合,利用随机森林分类器进行海冰类型的提取。
GLCM是Haralick等[12]于1973年提出的一种描述纹理特征的统计方法。灰度共生矩阵可以反映纹理的微观信息,因而广泛应用于遥感图像分类之中。
NDVI主要反映红光波段与近红外波段反射与背景之间的差异[13],具体表达式为
${\rm{NDVI}}=\frac{{\rm{NIR}}-{\rm{R}}}{{\rm{NIR}}+{\rm{R}}},$
式中,NIR为近红外波段的反射值;R为红光波段的反射值。NDVI常用于土地利用分类、作物估产和干旱监测等方面。此外,研究表明海冰生长演化时期,红光波段和近红外波段反照率相较于其他波段对海冰更为敏感[14-15]
NDWI常用于遥感图像凸显水体信息[16],具体表达式为
${\rm{NDWI}}=\frac{{\rm{Green}}-{\rm{NIR}}}{{\rm{Green}}+{\rm{NIR}}},$
式中,Green为绿光波段的反射值;NIR为近红外波段的反射值。
主成分变换(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)是一种图像增强技术,可将多波段的图像信息压缩少数几个转换波段中,且波段信息更有效[17]
随机森林(Random Forest, RF)是用于使用树型分类器集成方法的总称,它可以创建多个类似决策树的树型,这就比单棵CART的抗干扰能力更强,可以有效避免抗干扰能力低和“过拟合”现象。随机森林分类多用于处理高维数据,并取得良好的泛化能力[18]
本文基于融合纹理特征和NDVI的随机森林方法进行海冰精细分类,流程图如图1所示。
具体流程过程包括:(1)对遥感影像进行辐射定标、大气校正、正射校正和数据融合等预处理步骤。(2)将处理后的影像进行水陆分离,确定后续处理范围。(3)经过大量实验选取最适合海冰分类的纹理特征参数。本文选取均值、方差和对比度这3个特征值,选择像素位移值为1,灰度量化级为32,作为最佳参数组合。(4)由于数据本身有4 个波段,故在纹理特征提取之前要先进行主成分分析。本文提取第一主成分进行纹理特征提取,后将纹理特征分别与NDVI和NDWI融合,丰富遥感影像特征信息,增强地物之间的差异,进而提高分类精度。(5)基于随机森林分类器,利用融合影像进行海冰分类,将分类结果与传统分类方法进行比较。
青岛胶州湾(35°58′~36°18′N,120°04′~120°23′E)位于黄海中部、胶州半岛南岸,是一个半封闭的天然海湾。它的北部和西北部为平原,东部毗邻崂山山脉,西南和南部是小珠山山脉[19]。胶州湾水域面积广阔,渔业经济十分发达,区域位置如图2所示。
高分二号(GF-2)卫星是我国在2014年8月19日发射的,搭载有两台高分辨率为1 m全色、4 m多光谱相机的光学遥感卫星。其空间分辨率优于1 m,星下点空间分辨率可达0.8 m[20]。据卫星遥感和岸基监测获取的冰情数据,青岛胶州湾海冰严重冰期一般出现在1月下旬至2月上旬,本研究采用的是2016年1月27日胶州湾GF-2数据,进行高分辨率光学数据海冰类型提取。
本文利用灰度共生矩阵进行纹理特征提取。在窗口大小参数选取上,本文共试验3×3到19×19的9种窗口大小,最终选择最优窗口为13×13。常用的纹理特征参数有均值、方差、均质性、对比度、相异性、熵、角二阶矩、相关性等[21]。为获得更为准确的纹理特征值,本文从遥感影像中每类各选取3幅100×100像素的样本,共12幅影像,分别统计上述纹理特征参数,统计结果如图3所示。
图3可知,对于不同海冰类型,均值、方差和对比度3个特征值相比其他特征值,数值变化较大。因此,本文选择这3个特征为主要纹理特征值。其他参数参照文献[22]并考虑时间效率等因素,选择像素位移值为1,灰度量化级为32。
由于GF-2影像有4个波段,提取纹理特征会产生大量的特征信息,纹理特征较多不利于后续融合处理,因此要进行主成分(PC)分析。本文将GF-2影像进行主成分变换,得到各个主分量所占的信息量百分比,如表1所示。
表1可得,第一主分量占了96.22%的信息量,几乎涵盖了所有信息。对遥感影像的第一个主分量进行均值、方差和对比度纹理特征提取,得到最后的纹理特征影像。
本研究为胶州湾2016年1月27日GF-2海冰遥感影像图,训练样本数目为海水10处、白冰30处、冰皮50处、灰冰40处。验证数据为随机产生的907处随机点,目视解译随机点。采用融合纹理特征和NDVI的随机森林进行分类,为了验证算法的有效性,使用融合纹理特征和NDWI指数的随机森林(RF)以及未融合特征的随机森林(RF)、支持向量机(SVM)、自动决策树(CART)和融合纹理特征的最大似然(ML)5种方法进行对照实验。
图4为6种分类方法结果对比,由图可知CART分类算法对海冰识别较为粗糙,部分海冰没有识别出。SVM和RF分类算法对白冰识别效果较好,但对海水识别效果较差。融合纹理特征的ML分类算法对灰冰和海水的识别都较差,对冰皮识别一般,但对白冰识别较好。融合纹理特征和NDWI的RF分类结果对冰皮识别较好,但对海水识别不佳。融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF分类结果,对海水的识别效果最好。
表2为6种海冰分类算法结果对比,其中SVM和CART为研究中常用的分类方法。由表2可知,融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF分类算法总体精度为84.68%,Kappa系数为0.73,显著高于其他5种分类方法。针对具体的分类类别中,融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF分类算法在海水的制图精度上远高于其他分类算法,相较于融合纹理特征和NDWI的RF分类、传统RF分类、SVM、CART和融合纹理特征的ML分类算法,制图精度分别提高了22.31%、26.20%、23.88%、27.18%和29.52%,但该算法仍存在对冰皮分类精度较低的问题。对于RF分类算法,其在对白冰的制图精度上略高于其他几种分类算法,但对海水的制图精度较低。此外,对于CART 和SVM常用的两种分类算法,其对灰冰和冰皮制图精度高,但在海水制图精度上较低。针对融合纹理特征的ML分类算法,其对白冰的制图精度高,但对灰冰和海水制图精度较低。
图5为融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF、融合纹理特征和NDWI的RF以及传统RF的海冰分类局部放大图。对比图5可知,融合纹理特征和指数的遥感影像,可以较为精确地识别冰间水道,而传统RT几乎无法识别冰间水道。这表明融合纹理特征和指数的遥感影像,可增强海水与海冰之间的差异,识别冰间水道。此外,对比图5a图5b可知,融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF相比融合纹理特征和NDWI的RF,对冰间水道的识别更细致。
综上所述,融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF分类可得到更好的海冰分类结果,它充分利用高分辨率遥感影像特征,更适用于海冰精细分类。
本文基于GF-2遥感图像,提出了一种有效的针对高分辨率遥感影像的海冰分类方法。该方法利用GLCM提取特征值,通过选择样本实验得到适于海冰分类的纹理特征组合,并与NDVI相融合。在此基础上利用随机森林分类器,构建海冰分类方法,来开展海冰精细分类。可得以下结论:
(1)均值、方差和对比度这3个纹理特征组合可应用于海冰分类中,此特征组合与NDVI相融合可有效提高海冰分类精度;
(2)本文使用的融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF分类模型可实现对海水、白冰、冰皮和灰冰等类型海冰的有效识别,与融合纹理特征和NDWI的RF分类以及传统的海冰分类随机森林、支持向量机、自动决策树和融合纹理特征的最大似然分类方法相比,总体分类精度分别提高9.67%、13.70%、11.60%、19.22%、29.37%,Kappa系数分别提高0.09、0.16、0.13、0.22、0.44,表明本文构建的海冰分类方法可有效提高海冰分类精度;
(3)在冰间水道识别中,融合纹理特征和NDVI的RF分类算法大幅度提高了海水的识别精度。因此,该模型可较为精确地识别冰间水道,这表明本研究构建的分类模型充分发挥了高分辨率光学数据的优势。
因此,针对GF-2高分辨率光学遥感数据,融合纹理特征和NDVI的随机森林分类器构建海冰分类方法,来开展胶州湾海冰精细分类是可行的。该方法为GF-2等亚米级光学遥感数据的海冰精细分类提供了一种可能的技术手段。同时,本研究也存在不足之处:由于缺乏实际海冰验证样本,本文采用随机选取样本点,运用目视解译的方式进行验证,结果可能存在误差;由于研究区域冰期短、卫星重访周期长,仅获取研究区域的有海冰的1景GF-2遥感数据,采用了多种方法进行对比实验,以增强结果的可靠性;由于研究仅在胶州湾区域开展,研究方法可能存在一定的局限性,但随着高分辨率光学遥感卫星的发射升空,会获取更多的遥感数据,本文的研究方法将为海冰精细分类提供一种选择。后续研究中,将尽可能获取多区域的多景高分辨率光学遥感影像数据,对海冰分类方法进行进一步的完善,得到精度更高更可靠的研究成果。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41876202);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2017MD020)
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2021年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021167
  • 接收时间:2020-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-01
  • 修回日期:2021-04-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(41876202);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2017MD020)
作者信息
    1山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590

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张梦悦(1996-),硕士生,主要从事光学海冰分类方面的研究。E-mail:
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