Article(id=1233909112317202927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233909111440593385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1586534400000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-11, revisedDate=1608912000000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116457299, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1635091200000, pubDateStr=2021-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116457299, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116457299, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116457299, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233909111440593385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116457090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116457090, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233909112606609906, articleId=1233909112317202927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The effects of north wind speed in winter on saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using the 3-D numerical model Ecom-si, saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary and water take in the Qingcaosha Reservoir under different wind speeds are studied. Model results show that the high saline water in Subei is transported southward to the Changjiang Estuary. Ekman transport drives a surge along the coast and a horizontal circulation in the Changjiang Estuary, which enters the North Channel (NC) and exit through the South Channel. This process increases salinity in the NC. Under the mean river discharge in the dry season (11 900 m3/s), the net water flux across the mouth of the NC is landward when wind speed exceeds 10 m/s, and the saltwater in the NC can spill over into the South Channel when wind speed exceeds 11 m/s. When wind speed is 0, the 15-day averaged salinity in the NC is only 0.97 and the elevation at the mouth of the NC is only 0.13 m. When wind speed increases to 14 m/s, salinity in the NC increases to 27.4 and the elevation at the mouth of the NC increases to 0.42 m. North wind reduces the number of days that the Qingcaosha Reservoir could take water from Changjiang within a month. When wind speed is 0, the number of days is 29.4 and when wind speed exceeds 10 m/s, the number of days is 0. The salinity in the NC increases with the strength of north wind, which is unfavorable to water take in the Qingcaosha Reservoir.

, correspAuthors=Jianrong Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Linjiang Li, Jianrong Zhu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233909114548572700, articleId=1233909112317202927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=冬季北风风速对长江河口盐水入侵的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文应用三维数值模式ECOM-si,研究冬季不同北风风速对长江河口盐水入侵和青草沙水库取水的影响。数值实验结果表明,北风驱动苏北高盐水向南往长江口输运,在埃克曼输运作用下,长江河口形成北港进南港出水平环流,加剧北港盐水入侵。在枯季平均径流(11 900 m3/s)条件下,当北风风速超过10 m/s,北港口门水通量朝陆净输运,当风速超过11 m/s,北港盐水倒灌至南港。无风时,北港半月平均盐度仅为0.97,北港口门半月平均水位仅为0.13 m;当风速增加到14 m/s时,盐度和水位分别增长到27.4和0.42 m。北风减少了青草沙水库的取水天数。无风时青草沙水库30 d内可取水天数共有29.7 d;当风速高于10 m/s,30 d内可取水天数降为0 d。北风风速增强能够显著增加北港盐水入侵,不利于青草沙水库取水。

, correspAuthors=朱建荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
朱建荣,教授,主要从事河口近海动力学研究。E-mail:
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李林江(1989-),男,四川省广安市人,博士,主要从事近海动力研究。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2010, 28(3): 700−712., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233931935098131197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王绍祥, 朱建荣. 不同潮型和风况下青草沙水库取水口盐水入侵来源[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015(4): 65−76., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233931935253320449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Shaoxiang, Zhu Jianrong. Saltwater intrusion sources at the water intake of Qingcaosha Reservoir in different tidal pattern and wind case[J]. Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), 2015(4): 65−76., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233931935395926789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Scully M E, Friedrichs C, Brubaker J. Control of estuarine stratification and mixing by wind-induced straining of the estuarine density field[J]. Estuaries, 2005, 28(3): 321−326., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233931932434748062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=珠海市基础与应用基础课题研究项目(ZH22017003200004PWC);国家自然科学基金(41676083), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233931927577743803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931927586132411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, companyId=1233931927577743803, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931927598715325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, companyId=1233931927577743803, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1复旦大学 大气与海洋科学系/大气科学研究院,上海 200438)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931927686795710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931927695184319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, companyId=1233931927686795710, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931927703572928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, companyId=1233931927686795710, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931927804236227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931927808430532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, companyId=1233931927804236227, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Innovation Center of Ocean-Atmosphere System Observation and Prediction, Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 518057, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931927816819141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, companyId=1233931927804236227, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3珠海复旦创新研究院 海气系统监测与预测创新中心,广东 珠海 518057)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233931929926554172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Topography of the Changjiang River Estuary (a) and wind rose of weather station at the Chongming eastern shoal (b)

The water intake of the Qingcaosha Reservoir is marked by a black triangle, and weather station at the Chongming eastern shoal is marked by a red dot. Cross-sectional fluxes are calculated through sections “sec1”, “sec2”, “sec3” and “sec4”. Wind rose for the winter season (December, January, February) based on the 2005−2019 period at the weather station

, figureFileSmall=PIiubuWRdPBn7B4LwUARYQ==, figureFileBig=4exGm+dScwKLYZ25cp/aNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930035606081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图1, caption=长江河口形势(a)及崇明东滩气象站观测风玫瑰图(b)

黑色三角形为青草沙水库取水口位置,红点为崇明东滩气象站位置,sec1−sec4为模型计算断面通量的位置。风玫瑰图统计时段为2005−2019年,统计每年的12月、1月和2月

, figureFileSmall=PIiubuWRdPBn7B4LwUARYQ==, figureFileBig=4exGm+dScwKLYZ25cp/aNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930169823815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution of 15-day (day 38 to day 53) averaged salinity

The salinity is depth averaged. Red dot indicates the location of water intake of the Qingcaosha Reservoir

, figureFileSmall=dZ07i/xdW6pgHYIlgaKRXg==, figureFileBig=RE//aEmmNowlDrXgYMl21g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930421482063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图2, caption=半月(第38 d到第53 d)平均盐度分布

盐度为垂向平均。红点为青草沙水库取水口的位置

, figureFileSmall=dZ07i/xdW6pgHYIlgaKRXg==, figureFileBig=RE//aEmmNowlDrXgYMl21g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930513756755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of 15-day (day 38 to day 53) averaged unit water transport

Arrows only indicate direction of transport, color indicate magnitude of transport

, figureFileSmall=HEg+af+ZkZf3W0XGZoPaAw==, figureFileBig=X219b9CWJZBNqkPk3OkbDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930606031449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图3, caption=半月(第38 d到第53 d)平均单宽水体输运分布

箭头仅表示方向,颜色表示大小

, figureFileSmall=HEg+af+ZkZf3W0XGZoPaAw==, figureFileBig=X219b9CWJZBNqkPk3OkbDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930748637791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The temporal variation in tidal amplitude (a), water (b) and salt (c) fluxes across the section at the mouth of the North Channel

Positive and negative values indicate seaward and landward, respectively. The location of the section is marked in Fig. 1

, figureFileSmall=ZnZwjFZxOwRwo0sa3kBv+A==, figureFileBig=ea5y+rZERlLY997hHv2pbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930857689697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图4, caption=北港口门断面潮差(a)、水通量(b)和盐通量(c)随时间变化

正值为朝海,负值为朝陆。北港口门断面的位置见图1中sec1

, figureFileSmall=ZnZwjFZxOwRwo0sa3kBv+A==, figureFileBig=ea5y+rZERlLY997hHv2pbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931930924798564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Modeled 15-day (day 38 to day 53) averaged water flux (a), salt flux (b), water level (c) across section at the mouth of the North Channel and volume-averaged salinity in the North Channel (d) under various wind speed

Positive and negative values indicate seaward and landward, respectively. The location of the section is marked in Fig. 1

, figureFileSmall=v+tu9/OKXeCnS/B3Y/PzuQ==, figureFileBig=ifBnmDbtzZjBAS0iCvP5wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931004490348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同风速作用下北港口门断面半月(第38 d到第53 d)平均水通量(a)、盐通量(b)、水位(c)和整个北港半月平均盐度(d)

正值为朝海,负值为朝陆。北港口门断面的位置见图1中sec1

, figureFileSmall=v+tu9/OKXeCnS/B3Y/PzuQ==, figureFileBig=ifBnmDbtzZjBAS0iCvP5wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931109347950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Modeled 15-day (day 38 to day 53) averaged water flux across section at sec2 (a), sec3 (b) and sec4 (c) versus wind speed

The green dashed line in the middle panel indicates the value of 11 900 m3/s

, figureFileSmall=vC/dAFJE5fBr32Sr7qgZxA==, figureFileBig=UZVu2BT2GXdwU1guoDC3WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931218399860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同风速条件下断面sec2(a)、sec3(b)和sec4(c)半月(第38 d到第53 d)水通量

中间绿色虚线表示水通量值为11 900 m3/s

, figureFileSmall=vC/dAFJE5fBr32Sr7qgZxA==, figureFileBig=UZVu2BT2GXdwU1guoDC3WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931373589114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Temporal variation in salinity at the intake of the Qingcaosha Reservoir under different wind speeds

Different color lines indicate results from different wind speeds experiments. Blue dashed line indicates salinity is 0.45. Times of peak spring and neap tides are marked with ‘‘S’’ and ‘‘N’’ (according to Fig. 4a)

, figureFileSmall=hjNWhYIuwS7L6X3JLmyvEw==, figureFileBig=MSR26+9NdKcApyDB5lRN6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931499418242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同风速作用下青草沙取水口盐度随时间变化

不同颜色实线代表不同风速作用下盐度,蓝色虚线代表盐度0.45。图中最上边S代表北港口门断面潮差最大的时刻,N代表北港口门断面潮差最小的时刻(根据图4a

, figureFileSmall=hjNWhYIuwS7L6X3JLmyvEw==, figureFileBig=MSR26+9NdKcApyDB5lRN6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931604275846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Temporal variation in salinity at the intake of the Qingcaosha Reservoir under different wind directions and speeds

Blue dashed line indicates salinity is 0.45. Times of peak spring and neap tides are marked with ‘‘S’’ and ‘‘N’’ (according to Fig. 4a)

, figureFileSmall=2mnV6GeDPMy8c9whiTv1pQ==, figureFileBig=bTvpb7KOvMFWxo4/qjuIsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931725910667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同风速和风向作用下青草沙取水口盐度随时间变化

蓝色虚线代表盐度0.45。图中最上边S代表北港口门断面潮差最大的时刻,N代表北港口门断面潮差最小的时刻(根据图4a

, figureFileSmall=2mnV6GeDPMy8c9whiTv1pQ==, figureFileBig=bTvpb7KOvMFWxo4/qjuIsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931843351181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Differences in salinity between north wind and other directions

Left panels are averaged during late neap tide, right panels are averaged during spring tide

, figureFileSmall=w3zP98gjVEkVdnwyL7lO+Q==, figureFileBig=jMCwFt7Hqtd5KccHsDC2YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931931960791695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同风向和正北风盐度场差值

左边为小潮后期平均,右边为大潮平均

, figureFileSmall=w3zP98gjVEkVdnwyL7lO+Q==, figureFileBig=jMCwFt7Hqtd5KccHsDC2YQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931932095009428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The longest continuous days unsuitable and total days suitable for water intakes within 30 days under different wind speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天数/d风速/(m·s−1)
02468101214
共可取水天数29.729.528.620.88.9000
最长不宜取水天数0.10.10.23.28.0303030
), ArticleFig(id=1233931932216644248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112317202927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

30 d内不同风速下最长不宜取水天数和共可取水天数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天数/d风速/(m·s−1)
02468101214
共可取水天数29.729.528.620.88.9000
最长不宜取水天数0.10.10.23.28.0303030
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冬季北风风速对长江河口盐水入侵的影响
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李林江 1, 2, 3 , 朱建荣 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(10): 10-22
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(10): 10-22
冬季北风风速对长江河口盐水入侵的影响
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李林江1, 2, 3 , 朱建荣2, *
作者信息
  • 1复旦大学 大气与海洋科学系/大气科学研究院,上海 200438
  • 2华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062
  • 3珠海复旦创新研究院 海气系统监测与预测创新中心,广东 珠海 518057
  • 李林江(1989-),男,四川省广安市人,博士,主要从事近海动力研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

朱建荣,教授,主要从事河口近海动力学研究。E-mail:
The effects of north wind speed in winter on saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary
Linjiang Li1, 2, 3 , Jianrong Zhu2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
  • 3Innovation Center of Ocean-Atmosphere System Observation and Prediction, Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 518057, China
出版时间: 2021-10-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021099
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本文应用三维数值模式ECOM-si,研究冬季不同北风风速对长江河口盐水入侵和青草沙水库取水的影响。数值实验结果表明,北风驱动苏北高盐水向南往长江口输运,在埃克曼输运作用下,长江河口形成北港进南港出水平环流,加剧北港盐水入侵。在枯季平均径流(11 900 m3/s)条件下,当北风风速超过10 m/s,北港口门水通量朝陆净输运,当风速超过11 m/s,北港盐水倒灌至南港。无风时,北港半月平均盐度仅为0.97,北港口门半月平均水位仅为0.13 m;当风速增加到14 m/s时,盐度和水位分别增长到27.4和0.42 m。北风减少了青草沙水库的取水天数。无风时青草沙水库30 d内可取水天数共有29.7 d;当风速高于10 m/s,30 d内可取水天数降为0 d。北风风速增强能够显著增加北港盐水入侵,不利于青草沙水库取水。

长江河口  /  盐水入侵  /  北风  /  盐通量  /  水通量

Using the 3-D numerical model Ecom-si, saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary and water take in the Qingcaosha Reservoir under different wind speeds are studied. Model results show that the high saline water in Subei is transported southward to the Changjiang Estuary. Ekman transport drives a surge along the coast and a horizontal circulation in the Changjiang Estuary, which enters the North Channel (NC) and exit through the South Channel. This process increases salinity in the NC. Under the mean river discharge in the dry season (11 900 m3/s), the net water flux across the mouth of the NC is landward when wind speed exceeds 10 m/s, and the saltwater in the NC can spill over into the South Channel when wind speed exceeds 11 m/s. When wind speed is 0, the 15-day averaged salinity in the NC is only 0.97 and the elevation at the mouth of the NC is only 0.13 m. When wind speed increases to 14 m/s, salinity in the NC increases to 27.4 and the elevation at the mouth of the NC increases to 0.42 m. North wind reduces the number of days that the Qingcaosha Reservoir could take water from Changjiang within a month. When wind speed is 0, the number of days is 29.4 and when wind speed exceeds 10 m/s, the number of days is 0. The salinity in the NC increases with the strength of north wind, which is unfavorable to water take in the Qingcaosha Reservoir.

Changjiang Estuary  /  saltwater intrusion  /  north wind  /  salt flux  /  water flux
李林江, 朱建荣. 冬季北风风速对长江河口盐水入侵的影响. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (10) : 10 -22 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021099
Linjiang Li, Jianrong Zhu. The effects of north wind speed in winter on saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (10) : 10 -22 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021099
盐水入侵是河口地区最重要的现象之一,不仅与河口环流、泥沙输运和生态环境有关,还关系到河口淡水资源的利用,对其研究具有重要理论和现实意义。河口盐水入侵受多种动力因子的影响,其中径流[1]和潮汐[2-3]对河口盐水入侵有着显著的影响,但风应力[4]也起着重要的作用。世界上许多河口盐水输运都受到了风应力的影响。例如,Wang[5] 发现在切萨皮克湾,沿岸风导致的埃克曼输运显著改变了河口的余水位进而影响水体和盐分的余输运。不少研究也关注到了强风天气如台风以及寒潮对河口盐水入侵的影响。例如,Li等[6]发现在飓风作用下,庞恰特雷恩河口的盐通量大幅增加,其中北河道盐通量高达200 t/s,南河道盐通量可达16 t/s。研究河口盐水入侵对不同风速的响应,有利于加深了解河口物理过程。
长江河口是一个大型多分汊河口(图1)。崇明岛将其分为南支和北支,南支被长兴岛分为北港和南港,南港被九段沙分汊为南槽和北槽。长江河口临近国际大都市上海,为满足上海市对淡水资源的需求,上海市政府于北港上段、长兴岛西北侧修建了青草沙水库(图1)。青草沙水库向上海日供水量在550万吨左右,占全市总用水的70%。但枯季长江河口存在盐水入侵的现象,不利于青草沙水库的取水工作,当取水口盐度高于0.45时候,则关闭闸门,停止取水。
长江河口盐水入侵已有许多研究,主要集中在径流[1, 7]、潮汐[8-9]和地形[10-11]对盐水入侵的影响。关于风应力对长江河口盐水入侵的影响也有部分研究。例如,Wu等[8]通过数值模拟研究发现,北风导致长江口形成北港进南港出的净风生水平环流,增加了北港盐水入侵。Li等[12]通过观测发现,冬季寒潮天气下强北风(>10 m/s)能增加北支盐水倒灌。Zhang等[13]近期研究发现1994–2008年期间长江河口盐水入侵增多是由冬季寒潮频率增加所致。
图1b所示为长江河口崇明东滩气象站(位置见图1a)风速风向观测资料玫瑰图。玫瑰图中各方向扇形中不同颜色的区域表示不同的风速分级,其径向长度与该扇形的半径的比值即表示这段风速所在此方位的频率大小,在右下角给出了不同颜色所代表的风速范围,每个扇形外侧对应着此方位的平均风速大小。玫瑰图显示冬季长江口以北风风向为主,不过风速变化较大,变化范围主要在0~10 m/s,超过10 m/s的频率约为9.5%。目前,长江河口盐水入侵对不同北风风速的响应尚未有系统研究,本文利用数值模式研究不同北风风速对长江河口盐水入侵的影响。
本文采用的数值模式为作者所在研究小组长期应用和改进的ECOM-si模式,该模式已在长江河口水动力过程和盐水入侵等方面的研究中得到了充分验证并取得了众多成果[14-15]。模式使用水平曲线非正交网格[16],范围包括整个长江河口、杭州湾,上游开边界设在枯季潮区界大通水文站,网格在北港等关键区域网格分辨较高。模式垂向采用σ坐标,分为10层。水深采用2009年实测资料。为节省篇幅,关于模式网格,初始条件、边界条件以及验证可参考文献[10]。本文采用枯季1–2月平均径流为11 900 m3/s驱动模型,海表采用不同的风场驱动模型,共采用8种不同的风速驱动模型,分别为正北风0 m/s、2 m/s、4 m/s、6 m/s、8 m/s、10 m/s、12 m/s、14 m/s。从图1b来看,长江口冬季西北风和东北风也有较高的比例。因此再增加4组实验,分别为东北风6 m/s和12 m/s,以及西北风6 m/s和12 m/s。每组实验风场恒定不变,持续60 d,前面30 d作为调整,输出后面30 d用作分析。
为了量化不同风速下水体和盐分的输运,定义水体单宽输运为
$ \overrightarrow{R_{\rm{w}}}=\frac{1}{T}{\int }_{0}^{T}{\int }_{-1}^{0}(h+\zeta )\overrightarrow{V}{\rm{d}}\sigma {\rm{d}}t, $
式中,$ h $是水深;$ \zeta $是水位;$ \overrightarrow{V} $是水体速度矢量;$ T $是用来做时间平均的周期;$ \sigma $是相对深度,表层是0,底层是−1。将水体输运进行断面积分可得到断面水体通量为
$ {F}_{q}=\left\langle \int u{\rm{d}}A \right\rangle =\left\langle {\int }_{0}^{L}{\int }_{-1}^{0}(h+\zeta )u{\rm{d}}\sigma {\rm{d}}y \right\rangle , $
式中,$ \left\langle {\;} \right\rangle $表示40 h低通滤波;$ A $是断面面积,随着潮汐变化;$ L $是河道宽度;$ u $ 是垂直截面方向流速。同理可得断面盐通量为
$ {F}_{{\rm{s}}}=\left\langle \int uS{\rm{d}}A \right\rangle =\left\langle {\int }_{0}^{L}{\int }_{-1}^{0}(h+\zeta )uS{\rm{d}}\sigma {\rm{d}}y \right\rangle , $
式中,S表示盐度。
利用数值模式计算从第38 d到第53 d半月(约等于1个大小潮周期14.7 d)平均盐度分布,并对盐度垂向平均,各组不同北风风速实验结果如图2所示。当风速为0 m/s的时候,北港的盐度明显低于南港(图2a),这与孔亚珍等[17]的观测和Wu等[8]的模拟结果一致。其中北港上段青草沙取水口附近盐度低于0.45,北港口门盐度为2左右。在北港口门外,长江淡水与盐水形成较强的盐度锋面[18]。另外,在南北支分汊口到121.25°E附近有一低盐水团,该盐水团来自于北支盐水倒灌。图2显示,随着北风风速变大,北港盐度随之增加。当北风风速增加到6 m/s的时候,北港上段青草沙取水口附近盐度超过0.45,北港口门盐度增加到5左右,南港和北港盐度大小较为接近(图2d)。另外,北支倒灌盐水影响范围扩大到南支下段121.5°E附近。这与 Li等[12]和Zhang等[13]研究发现北风增加北支倒灌的结论一致。当北风风速为8 m/s的时候,北港盐度略大于南港(图2e)。当北风风速为12 m/s的时候,整个北港被盐度超过15的高盐水覆盖(图2g)。北港口外锋面全部进入北港和南支,口外30等盐度线在向陆埃克曼输运作用下限制在123°E以西。图2g还显示在强北风作用下,相对低盐水体主要集中在南支和南港的南岸,但北港高盐水能跨过南北港分汊口增加南港上段、长兴岛南侧盐度。当北风风速为14 m/s的时候,青草沙取水口盐度接近25,整个北港被超过20的高盐水覆盖,盐度锋面往上移动离开北港(图2h)。
图3所示为不同北风风速实验半月(第38 d到第53 d)平均水体输运(式(1))分布。无风状态下,受径流影响,南支、北港和南港水体输运都向海,其中北港朝海水体输运可达2 m2/s。在南槽,出现了水体朝陆净输运的现象,这是由于潮汐和南槽浅滩地形相互作用产生朝陆的斯托克斯漂移输运作用造成的[8]。受此影响,南槽盐水上溯至南港,导致南港盐度高于北港(图2a)。另外在苏北海域附近,存在朝北的水体输运,这是由于朝北的潮汐输运导致的[19]。随着北风风速增加,北港朝海的水体输运逐渐减小。如图3d所示为当北风风速为 6 m/s的时候水体输运,结果显示北港朝海的水体输运比起无风的时候有所减小(颜色变浅),量值约为 1 m2/s,相反南港朝海水体输运有所增强。另外在苏北海域,朝北的潮致输运水体减弱,部分区域消失并转为朝南输运。当北风风速为8 m/s的时候,苏北海域水体输运在北风作用下全部朝南。当北风风速大于等于10 m/s的时候,北港朝海的水体输运消失,水体转而朝陆输运(图2f图2h),形成北港进南港出的水平环流。且随着风速的增加,北港朝陆的输运逐渐增强,在北风14 m/s的作用下,朝陆水体输运超过2 m2/s,而南港朝海的水体输运超过3 m2/s,这与图2所示强北风作用下北港盐度增加并大幅超过南港的结论相符。
为了量化河口与外海之间的交换,在北港口选取一断面(位置如图1a sec1)计算不同北风风速下断面水通量(式(2))和盐通量(式(3))结果如图4所示。为了显示河口潮汐的影响,图4叠加了北港口门sec1断面的潮差。如图4b所示,无风时sec1断面水通量持续朝海,最高可达11 000 m3/s,可占入海总径流的90%以上。但在小潮期间,朝海水通量显著减小,最小约为5 700 m3/s,这是因为,小潮期间潮差较小,潮汐在南槽产生朝陆斯托克斯漂移输运较小[8],从而更多径流从南港下泄入海,因此北港入海水通量减小。风速的变化并不改变水通量的大小潮变化特征,但随着风速增加存在整体朝陆移动的趋势。当北风风速不超过6 m/s的时候,整个大小潮期间水体始终是朝海,说明风应力的作用尚未超过径流的作用。但当北风风速为8 m/s的时候,小潮期间sec1断面水通量出现为朝陆输运的现象,最大可达–2 300 m3/s(用负表示朝陆,下同,包括盐通量)。随着北风风速增加,朝陆输运逐渐增加。而当风速为14 m/s的时候,整个大小潮周期水体始终朝陆输运,最高可达–21 600 m3/s,出现在小潮期间。
水通量引起的盐通量变化可见图4c。当风速为0时,北港断面的盐通量持续向海,其盐分主要来源可能是北支倒灌。当北风风速增加到2 m/s的时,盐通量和无风时相差不大。当北风风速增加到4 m/s时,虽然大潮期间盐分依旧朝口外输运,但在小潮期间出现了朝陆的盐分输运,最大约为–4 t/s。这是由于小潮期间潮汐混合减弱,盐度垂向分层和河口环流增强,从而增加了朝陆的盐分垂向切变输运[20],这个现象在珠江口[3]以及哈德逊[2, 21]等部分混合河口也有出现。这种小潮进大潮出的盐分净输运维持了河口的盐度平衡。随着北风风速的增加,朝陆输运的时间也逐渐增加。当北风风速为14 m/s的时候,北港口门盐分持续朝陆输运,小潮期间最高可达–639 t/s。在此强北风条件下,由北港进入的盐分最后经由南港流入大海。
不同北风风速条件下北港口门sec1断面半月平均水通量和盐通量分别由图5a图5b所示。无风时,半月平均的北港口门断面水体通量约为9000 m3/s,高于径流的一半,这个结论与Li等[22]通过模型计算的北港分流比超过50%的结论一致。当北风风速为6 m/s的时候,朝海的水通量降为6 200 m3/s,大约为径流的一半。当北风风速大于10 m/s时,北港口门水通量转为朝陆净输运。当北风风速为14 m/s,朝陆水通量高达–10 000 m3/s。图5b所示,当北风风速只需超过7 m/s,北港口门盐度即朝陆净输运,而图5a显示水通量朝陆净输运则需要北风风速超过10 m/s驱动。其原因是由于河口环流导致底层高盐水朝陆输运,表层低盐水体朝海输运,即使垂向积分后水体朝海净输运,但盐分也可以朝陆净输运。在强北风(>10 m/s)作用下,盐分还可以通过水体平流进入北港从而大幅增加北港盐通量。如图5b所示,当北风风速为14 m/s的时候,朝陆的盐通量高达–306 t/s。盐分的来源主要是苏北的高盐水在北风作用下往南输运至长江口。
随着北风的增大,在向陆埃克曼输运的影响下,苏北沿岸以及长江河口水位有所抬升。图5c展示了不同风速作用下,北港口门断面的半月平均水位。当风速为0 m/s的时候,北港口门水位只有0.13 m。当风速增大到8 m/s时,北港口门水位超过 0.2 m。随着风速增大,北港口门水位快速增加。风速为12 m/s时,北港口门水位超过 0.3 m。当风速增大到14 m/s时,北港口门水位增加到 0.42 m。由于风速的增大,北港口门水位抬升,使得径流导致的坡降减小,朝海水通量减小,随着水位的继续抬升,最终可使得水体朝陆净输运,如图5a所示。
图5d显示了不同风速作用下,北港半月平均的盐度。盐度采用北港口门至北港上游南北港分汊口所有网格点的体积平均盐度。当风速在0~4 m/s之间变化的时候,北港盐度变化微弱,且盐度较低都在1以下。当风速为 6 m/s的时候,盐度增大到2.6。随着风速继续增大,盐度迅速上升。这主要有两方面的原因,一是北风将苏北高盐水输送到了长江口,二是北风减小了北港下泄径流。当风速增大到12 m/s的时候,北港盐度为24.1。随着北港被高盐水所覆盖,盐度增加放缓,当风速增大到14 m/s,北港盐度为27.8。
图6展示了长江口更多断面的半月平均水通量随北风风速变化。结果显示,当北风风速超过11 m/s时,北港上段sec2断面水通量朝陆净输运,而南港上段sec3断面的水通量超过径流量的11 900 m3/s。由于北支sec4倒灌的水通量比起南北港小至少1个数量级,因此北支倒灌对南北港水通量贡献较小,南港多余的水通量必然来自北港高盐水倒灌进入南港。说明在强北风(>11 m/s)作用下,从北港口门进入的水通量和盐通量部分从南北港分汊口倒灌进入南港,最后通过南港平流进入大海,增加了南港朝海的水通量(图3)。
为了保证上海淡水资源的利用,有必要预测在不同风速情形下盐水入侵对青草沙水库取水时间的影响。本文利用模型,输出不同风速条件下,青草沙水库取水口的盐度,统计30 d内可取水天数和最长不宜取水天数。如图7所示,当风速不超过4 m/s的时候,青草沙水库取水口的盐度1月内绝大部分时间都没有超过0.45。其中无风时,最长不宜取水天数为0.1 d,共可取水天数为29.7 d(表1)。当风速增大到4 m/s的时候,相较于无风情形变化不大,最长不宜取水天数为0.2 d,共可取水天数为28.6 d。随着风速继续增大,最长不宜取水天数显著增加,总可取水天数显著减少。当风速超过10 m/s的时候,青草沙取水口盐度一直在0.45以上,水库持续无法取水。对于这种情形,应当引起注意。历史上,在2014年2月由于持续的强北风,导致水库连续23 d未能取到淡水,对上海的淡水资源造成了威胁[23]
图1b显示长江口冬季西北风和东北风两种风向也有较高的比例。为此,本文另有4组数值实验分别是东北风6 m/s和12 m/s,以及西北风6 m/s和12 m/s驱动。不同风向条件下青草沙水库取水口盐度模拟结果见图8。结果显示当风速为6 m/s的时候,不同时段风向的影响是不同的(图8a)。小潮后期(41~45 d,潮差见图4a),取水口盐度在西北风驱动下最强,东北风驱动下最小。其原因可能是由于小潮后期青草沙水库盐分主要是受北港盐水正面入侵影响,其盐分向上游输运机制为垂向切变输运[20],这与其他部分混合河口类似(如珠江口,哈德逊河口)。Scully等[24],Chen和Sanford[4]研究发现,沿河道向上的风所对应的风应变能够减小垂向切变和分层,沿河道向下的风相反能增加垂向切变和分层。因此猜测西北风能够增加长江口北港垂向切变输运,而东北风则减小北港垂向切变输运。如图9a图9c所示分别为小潮后期东北风6 m/s和西北风6 m/s与正北风6 m/s的盐度场差值。结果显示在东北风情形下,整个北港从下到上盐度有所减小,最高北港口门盐度减小6(图9a)。而西北风情况正好相反,北港从下到上盐度增加,最高口门盐度增加3(图9c)。在大潮以及大潮后期,青草沙取水口在东北风驱动下盐度最高,西北风驱动下最低(图8a)。其原因可能是由于大潮期间,青草沙盐度主要受北支倒灌影响。北支不同于北港,其水深较浅(<5 m),长江径流分配少,潮汐作用强,所以北支盐度和流速垂向结构均一。而东北分能直接拖曳北支水体朝上游输运,增加北支倒灌。如图9b图9d所示分别为大潮期东北风6 m/s 和西北风6 m/s 与正北风6 m/s的盐度场差值。结果显示在东北风情形下,大潮期间从南北支分汊口到青草沙水库整个南支河段盐度略微有所增加(图9b),其增加的盐分主要来源为北支增加的倒灌盐水从南支往下游平流输运。东北风仍然减小了大潮期北港下游的盐度,但比起小潮下降幅度明显减小(图9b图9a,注意盐度标尺)。西北风减小了北支倒灌和南支上段盐度,并导致大潮期间青草沙取水口盐度降低(图9d)。同理,大潮期西北风仍然增加了北港下游的盐度,但比起小潮增加幅度明显减小(图9d图9c)。
当风速为12 m/s的时候,无论任何潮型青草沙取水口盐度都是正北风最强,西北风次之,东北风最弱。其原因可能是由于在强北风作用下,北港锋面向上游移动离开北港(图2g图2h),且在强风搅动下,北港分层大幅减弱,所以其盐分朝陆输运机制主要是朝陆的平流输运,垂向切变输运贡献次之[20]。平流输运的盐分来源主要来自苏北向南输运的高盐水。无论是西北风还是东北风,经向风分量只有8.5 m/s,远小于正北风 12 m/s。所以同样的风速下,正北风能导致苏北更多的高盐水输运至长江口,进而平流进入北港的盐分更多。因此如图9e图9h所示,相比正北风,其他两个风向盐度都降低了。唯一例外是小潮期间,西北风12 m/s显著增强了南槽盐度(图9g)。其原因在于北风导致的北港进南港出的水平环流增加了南港下泄径流,南槽盐度锋面(图2)和盐度分层使得朝陆的垂向切变输运随之加强,而西北风能进一步增加南槽的垂向切变输运。另外,西北风相比东北风,盐度整体要高的原因也是由于风的应变作用。关于长江口河口环流和风应变之间的相互作用后期还需更加深入细致的研究。
本文采用三维数值模式ECOM-si,模拟冬季长江口盐水入侵对不同北风风速的响应。研究结果表明,北风风速提高能够显著增加北港盐度,不利于青草沙水库取水。无风时,北港半月平均盐度小于1,明显小于南港;长江口南北港两汊道水体净输运都朝海,北港盐分持续朝海净输运。当北风风速增加到4 m/s,北港小潮期出现朝陆的盐分净输运。北风风速为6 m/s时,南北港盐度接近,北港半月平均盐度约为2.6。北风风速超过7 m/s时,北港半月平均盐通量开始朝陆净输运。北风风速为8 m/s时,小潮期北港出现朝陆的水通量,北港盐度明显大于南港。北风风速超过10 m/s时,半月平均水通量朝陆净输运。北风风速超过11 m/s时,北港盐水倒灌至南港。北风风速为14 m/s时,北港水通量持续朝陆,半月平均水通量和盐通量分别为−10 000 m3/s和−306 t/s;整个北港被外海进入的高盐水覆盖,平均盐度高达27.8。
北风风速变化也对青草沙水库的可取水时间造成了影响。当风速低于4 m/s的时候,青草沙取水时间宽裕,1个月内共可以取水时间超过28 d,最长不宜取水天数不超过1 d。当风速超过 10 m/s,青草沙水库1个月共可取水时间降为0 d。北风风速增强对青草沙取水极为不利,未来随着气候变化,极端天气事件可能越来越多,出现强北风的频率也会加大,其对淡水资源的影响应该引起更多研究和重视。
  • 珠海市基础与应用基础课题研究项目(ZH22017003200004PWC);国家自然科学基金(41676083)
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2021年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021099
  • 接收时间:2020-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-11
  • 修回日期:2020-12-26
基金
珠海市基础与应用基础课题研究项目(ZH22017003200004PWC);国家自然科学基金(41676083)
作者信息
    1复旦大学 大气与海洋科学系/大气科学研究院,上海 200438
    2华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062
    3珠海复旦创新研究院 海气系统监测与预测创新中心,广东 珠海 518057

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朱建荣,教授,主要从事河口近海动力学研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2021099
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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