Article(id=1233909112006824427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233909111440593385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1597161600000, receivedDateStr=2020-08-12, revisedDate=1610899200000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116457224, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1635091200000, pubDateStr=2021-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116457224, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116457224, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116457224, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233909111440593385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='156', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116457090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116457090, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233909112279454190, articleId=1233909112006824427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Studies of wave-induced stresses under swell-dominated low wind speed condition, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Data measured by ultrasonic anemometer moored at a fixed platform near Maoming City, Guangdong Province from February 15 to May 8, 2012 has been used to analyze turbulence within wave boundary layer. The results confirmed that under swell conditions, there are areas obviously affected by swell in the cospectrum and Ogive curves. Furthermore, the sign change of wave-induced Reynolds stress is related to wave age. This paper presents the statistical distribution of the sign reversal of the Reynolds stress caused by the waves in the along-wind and cross-wind directions with wave age. In addition, this paper extracts the wave-induced Reynolds stress τswell based on cospectrum method, and compares it with the wave-induced Reynolds stress τ*swell calculated by traditional method. The results show that the value of τswell is 2−3 orders of magnitude larger than that of τ*swell, which indicates that the traditional method significantly underestimates the wave-induced Reynolds stress, and the traditional method needs to be improved.

, correspAuthors=Jinbao Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei Pan, Zhongshui Zou, Jinbao Song, Jian Huang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233909113843929611, articleId=1233909112006824427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=低风速涌浪条件下浪致应力的研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于2012年2月15日至5月8日的广东省茂名市附近海上铁塔实测数据,分析了海气边界层的湍流运动。结果证实,在涌浪条件下,协谱和Ogive曲线存在明显受涌浪影响的区域。本文进一步研究,发现浪致雷诺应力的正负符号变化与波龄相关,并给出了顺风向和侧风向浪致雷诺应力正负符号反转时波龄的统计分布。此外,本文基于协谱法提取了浪致雷诺应力τswell,并与传统方法得到的浪致雷诺应力τ*swell做比较。结果表明,整体上τswellτ*swell大2~3个量级,这意味着传统方法显著低估了涌浪的浪致雷诺应力,传统的浪致雷诺应力计算方法还有待改进。

, correspAuthors=宋金宝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋金宝,教授,主要从事小尺度海气相互作用研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=aTtakGzVEDxTgVtfJ8RivA==, magXml=lAXj5ZZuTt7Z1cLtZksIzA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ed4rbNUooH7XSO/SMjfvLQ==, pdfFileSize=1461935, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=A9NeAzHqKMAXTlhYrvoVGw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QoXYrNxHRL0WT75hw1q0tg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

潘伟(1996—),男,浙江省温州市人,主要从事海气边界层的研究。E-mail:

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潘伟(1996—),男,浙江省温州市人,主要从事海气边界层的研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1957, 3(2): 185−204., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233931930635391579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41830533,41806028);中国博士后科学基金(2019M65206), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233931926302675310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931926311063919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, companyId=1233931926302675310, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Physical Oceanography, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931926323646832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, companyId=1233931926302675310, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1浙江大学 物理海洋研究所,浙江 舟山 316021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931926390755700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931926399144310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, companyId=1233931926390755700, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931926403338615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, companyId=1233931926390755700, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所,广东 广州 510640)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233931928894755337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Platform location and structure of measured data[14], figureFileSmall=hl3tTNeNJrNdKTZkvbZV6A==, figureFileBig=rY+eJ2UJFjm5KpFWQImEig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931928999612942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实测数据的平台位置和结构[14], figureFileSmall=hl3tTNeNJrNdKTZkvbZV6A==, figureFileBig=rY+eJ2UJFjm5KpFWQImEig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929158996504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Wind speed at 8 m height above mean sea level and wave age (a), wind direction and wave direction (b), figureFileSmall=mSiOLM36+nuelrXaYF4ELA==, figureFileBig=8/0RC/h1R1HTPH5oIiOTKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929251271196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=CN, label=图2, caption=距平均海平面8 m高度的风速和波龄cp/U8 (a),风向和浪向(b), figureFileSmall=mSiOLM36+nuelrXaYF4ELA==, figureFileBig=8/0RC/h1R1HTPH5oIiOTKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929372906017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Power spectra in three directions and directional wave spectrum

a. Under wind sea at 9 o’clock on March 8 when wave age cp/U8=1.0; b. under swell conditions at 10 o’clock on April 9 when wave age cp/U8=6.6.

The magenta line (Suu), cyan line (Svv), and orange line (Sww) represent longitudinal, lateral, and vertical wind power spectra, respectively.

The black line (Swave) represents wave spectra

, figureFileSmall=isRVb5c5KEBWqRSN60nf9Q==, figureFileBig=1AdYN+QA8vqQHU7lzDnoAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929465180712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3个方向的湍流谱和海浪谱

a. 在3月8日9时,波龄cp/U8=1.0,风浪条件下;b. 在4月9日10时,波龄cp/U8=6.6,涌浪条件下。紫红色的线(Suu)、青色的线(Svv)和橘色的线(Sww)分别代表顺风向、侧风向和垂向的湍流谱,黑色的线(Swave)代表海浪谱

, figureFileSmall=isRVb5c5KEBWqRSN60nf9Q==, figureFileBig=1AdYN+QA8vqQHU7lzDnoAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929561649709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Along-wind (Couw) and cross-wind (Covw) cospectra

a and c. Under wind sea condition at 9 o’clock on March 8; b and d. under swell condition at 10 o’clock on April 9.

The red interval represents the area affected by swell

, figureFileSmall=uMsxaeiD8mw66rJMMnrOnA==, figureFileBig=7dQ2blu++Wr2+4q1gDI0rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929674895921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=CN, label=图4, caption=顺风向(Couw)和侧风向(Covw)的协谱

a和c表示在3月8日9时,风浪条件下;b和d表示在4月9日10时,涌浪条件下。红色的区间代表受涌浪影响的区域

, figureFileSmall=uMsxaeiD8mw66rJMMnrOnA==, figureFileBig=7dQ2blu++Wr2+4q1gDI0rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929775559222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Ogive curve

a. Under wind sea condition at 9 o’clock on March 8; b. under swell condition at 10 o’clock on April 9. The green line (Ogx) and blue line (Ogy) represent longitudinal and lateral Ogive curves. The red interval represents the area affected by swell just like Figure 4

, figureFileSmall=8FruqamREUqE419/ZB4MiQ==, figureFileBig=mWes/5Z5ihYX+VXJZgDl9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931929897194042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233909112006824427, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Ogive曲线

a. 在3月8日9时,风浪条件下;b. 在4月9日10时,涌浪条件下。绿色的线(Ogx)和蓝色的线(Ogy)分别代表顺风向和侧风向的Ogive曲线。红色区间代表受涌浪影响的区域,与图4对应

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低风速涌浪条件下浪致应力的研究
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潘伟 1 , 邹仲水 1 , 宋金宝 1, * , 黄健 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(10): 1-9
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(10): 1-9
低风速涌浪条件下浪致应力的研究
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潘伟1 , 邹仲水1, 宋金宝1, * , 黄健2
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学 物理海洋研究所,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 2中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所,广东 广州 510640
  • 潘伟(1996—),男,浙江省温州市人,主要从事海气边界层的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

宋金宝,教授,主要从事小尺度海气相互作用研究。E-mail:
Studies of wave-induced stresses under swell-dominated low wind speed condition
Wei Pan1 , Zhongshui Zou1, Jinbao Song1, * , Jian Huang2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Physical Oceanography, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 2Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2021-10-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021165
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本文基于2012年2月15日至5月8日的广东省茂名市附近海上铁塔实测数据,分析了海气边界层的湍流运动。结果证实,在涌浪条件下,协谱和Ogive曲线存在明显受涌浪影响的区域。本文进一步研究,发现浪致雷诺应力的正负符号变化与波龄相关,并给出了顺风向和侧风向浪致雷诺应力正负符号反转时波龄的统计分布。此外,本文基于协谱法提取了浪致雷诺应力τswell,并与传统方法得到的浪致雷诺应力τ*swell做比较。结果表明,整体上τswellτ*swell大2~3个量级,这意味着传统方法显著低估了涌浪的浪致雷诺应力,传统的浪致雷诺应力计算方法还有待改进。

涌浪  /  浪致雷诺应力  /  协谱  /  Ogive曲线

Data measured by ultrasonic anemometer moored at a fixed platform near Maoming City, Guangdong Province from February 15 to May 8, 2012 has been used to analyze turbulence within wave boundary layer. The results confirmed that under swell conditions, there are areas obviously affected by swell in the cospectrum and Ogive curves. Furthermore, the sign change of wave-induced Reynolds stress is related to wave age. This paper presents the statistical distribution of the sign reversal of the Reynolds stress caused by the waves in the along-wind and cross-wind directions with wave age. In addition, this paper extracts the wave-induced Reynolds stress τswell based on cospectrum method, and compares it with the wave-induced Reynolds stress τ*swell calculated by traditional method. The results show that the value of τswell is 2−3 orders of magnitude larger than that of τ*swell, which indicates that the traditional method significantly underestimates the wave-induced Reynolds stress, and the traditional method needs to be improved.

swell  /  wave-induced reynolds stress  /  cospectra  /  Ogive curves
潘伟, 邹仲水, 宋金宝, 黄健. 低风速涌浪条件下浪致应力的研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (10) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021165
Wei Pan, Zhongshui Zou, Jinbao Song, Jian Huang. Studies of wave-induced stresses under swell-dominated low wind speed condition[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (10) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021165
海洋和大气是一个紧密的耦合系统,发生在海气界面的动量通量交换对海洋、大气模式的精准预报至关重要,是深刻理解多尺度海气相互作用的关键因素之一。
Monin-Obukhov 相似理论(MOST)[1] 是大气边界层的重要理论,研究者们通常基于MOST将不同观测高度、稳定度的拖曳系数(CD)转换为10 m高度处中性条件下的拖曳系数(CDN)以分析边界层动力学特征。随着观测数据的不断增多,研究发现同风速下不同观测之间的CDN结果存在显著差异,这种差异在低风速下尤其明显。以往的研究认为这是由于风浪的状态(如波龄、波陡等)造成的[2-5]。然而,最新研究表明风浪状态只能部分解释观测所得CDN的离散特性,涌浪和边界层的相互作用是导致CDN离散的另一个可能原因,具体表现在以下几个方面。
(1)涌浪影响动量通量传输过程。海浪与大气边界层之间通过浪致雷诺应力进行动量传输。风浪引起的浪致雷诺应力与局地风平衡,而涌浪的传播速度比局地风速大,在涌浪诱导下,产生新的浪致雷诺应力[6]。涌浪与风浪的浪致雷诺应力叠加在一起,使得同等风速下动量总通量不再是简单的关于风浪波龄、波陡的函数[7]。在涌浪存在的情况下,如果只考虑风浪对动量通量的贡献而忽略涌浪的影响,会给拖曳系数造成很大不确定性。
(2)涌浪影响MOST的适用性。Zou等[8]研究显示,MOST只能刻画边界层由剪切和浮力产生的湍流,而在涌浪存在的情况下,边界层湍流除了受剪切和浮力影响,还受涌浪激发的扰动影响。在此情况下继续采用MOST会引入误差[9-10]
(3)涌浪造成风应力偏离主风方向。Geernaert[11]根据Navier-Stokes方程发现边界层内风应力方向与主风向基本一致,它们之间的夹角小于5º。但涌浪的传播方向可能和风向偏差较大,其诱导的浪致雷诺应力与湍流应力满足矢量合成法则,这将导致总风应力偏离主风方向。所以,如果把主风向上的风应力作为动量通量会带来较大误差[12-14]
(4)涌浪通过调制风浪间接影响边界层。涌浪通过影响海面粗糙度从而间接影响动量通量,动量通量又反过来影响风浪的成长,形成海浪与风的耦合过程。例如Geernaert[11]和Grachev等[12]的研究显示,涌浪可能导致风浪向高频偏移[15]或者平衡域能量降低[16-17],使得海浪与边界层相互作用变得更为复杂。
为了研究涌浪对边界层的影响,目前采用的方法主要是谱方法。例如许多研究显示大气边界层中的湍流谱存在一个与涌浪同频率的谱峰[13-14, 18-19]。除此之外,在涌浪条件下,Högström等[18]、Young[20]和Kahma等[21]的研究发现协谱可以记录涌浪的浪致雷诺应力。据此,人们给出了大量的涌浪向大气传输动量通量的证据。除此外,还有研究显示涌浪的浪致雷诺应力不仅可以为负(海洋向大气传输能量),也可以为正(从大气吸收能量)[14]。而且,Högström等[22]研究发现上述两种情况在风速为4.5 m/s时发生反转。
浪致雷诺应力的正负可以产生不同的效果,如Babanin等[9]研究显示当浪致雷诺应力为正时,海浪边界层内的风速比MOST结果要小;反之,浪致雷诺应力为负时,海浪边界层内的风速比MOST结果要大[23]。因此准确判断浪致雷诺应力的变号条件对海气耦合模式尤为重要。考虑到涌浪与大气边界层的相互作用是一个复杂的过程,而风速并不是浪致雷诺应力变号的唯一条件,本文利用茂名海上综合观测平台实测数据初步探讨浪致雷诺应力变号的条件。除此之外,浪致雷诺应力的大小对海气相互作用的研究也具有重要意义,本文拟从观测数据中提取浪致雷诺应力并检验当前浪致雷诺应力计算模型的准确性。
在贴近海洋表面的大气边界层中,总应力可以分为3部分
${{\tau }} = {{{\tau }}_{{\rm{vis}}}} + {{{\tau }}_{{\rm{turb}}}} + {{{\tau }}_{{\rm{wave}}}},$
式中,τvis是分子黏性应力,由相邻流层间的摩擦产生,用于阻滞流层间的相对运动。在分子黏性子层以外,分子黏性应力远远比湍流应力小,因此在这里可以忽略不计。τturb是由平均风速剪切或者浮力产生的湍流应力,通常为正值,代表着大气向海洋输入能量;τwave是波浪引起的浪致雷诺应力,当海浪从风中吸取动量通量时为正值,当大气从海浪中汲取能量时为负值。
根据Grachev等[12],将海气间的应力写为谱的形式
${{\tau }} = - \int_0^{ + \infty } {{\rho _{\rm{a}}}} C{{{o}}_{uw}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{i}} - \int_0^{ + \infty } {{\rho _{\rm{a}}}} C{{{o}}_{vw}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{j}},$
式中,ρa是空气密度;Co是协谱;f 是频率;uvw代表去除平均风速的三维雷诺脉动;ij分别代表x(顺风向)和y(侧风向)轴的单位矢量。实际上,协谱可能为正也可能为负。Couw为负表示大气向海洋传输能量;Couw为正表示海洋向大气传输能量;Covw为正(负)表示风应力偏向风的右(左)侧。观测[24]显示,贴近海洋表面的湍流中除了剪切和浮力生成的湍流(u′, v′, w′)外,还有海浪诱导的脉动($\tilde u,\tilde v,\tilde w$)。因此式(1)和式(2)进一步写为
${{{\tau }}_{{\rm{turb }}}} = - \int_0^{ + \infty } \rho C{{{o}}_{{u^\prime }{w^\prime }}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{i}} - \int_0^{ + \infty } \rho C{{{o}}_{{v^\prime }{w^\prime }}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{j}},$
${{{\tau }}_{{\rm{wave }}}} = - \int_0^{ + \infty } \rho C{{o}_{\tilde u\tilde w}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{i}} - \int_0^{ + \infty } \rho C{{{o}}_{\tilde v\tilde w}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{j}}.$
在上述公式中,我们忽略了湍流与海浪扰动交叉项,这是因为我们的观测显示该项比湍流应力和浪致雷诺应力小约10个量级,其影响可以忽略不计。
式(2)至式(4)表达的物理意义是海气界面湍流应力和浪致雷诺应力在频率上的分布。因为海浪频率(约0.05~10 Hz)与湍流频率(10−4~10 Hz)相比为窄谱,而海浪诱导的脉动与海浪频率一致,据此可以根据积分公式(2)和式(3)、式(4)研究海浪对湍流应力的影响[14, 22, 25]
根据式(2),我们定义Ogive曲线为协谱从当前频率f到最高频率fmax的积分,表达式如下
${{\boldsymbol{O}}{\bf{g}}}(f) = {{O}}{g_x}{\boldsymbol{i}} + {{O}}{g_y}{\boldsymbol{j}} = \int_f^{{f_{\max }}} C {{{o}}_{uw}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{i}} + \int_f^{{f_{\max }}} C {{{o}}_{vw}}(f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{j}}.$
从上面可见,当协谱(CouwCovw)体现出涌浪对边界层的影响时,Ogive曲线因包含涌浪效应能够更直观的展现出这种影响。
对于浪致雷诺应力,可以通过对海浪谱进行积分来获得总体的浪致应力[26]
${\tau _{{\rm{wave }}}}(0) = \int_0^\infty {{\rho _{\rm{w}}}} \omega \beta \varPhi (\omega ){\rm{d}}\omega ,$
式中,ρw是水的密度;β是波浪的增长/衰减率;Φ(ω)是海浪谱;ω是海浪谱的角频率。研究显示浪致应力随高度呈指数衰减[27]。因此,在不同高度的浪致应力为
${\tau _{{\rm{wave }}}}(z) = {\tau _{{\rm{wave }}}}(0){{\rm{e}}^{ - {A}kz}},$
式中,k是波数;A是衰减系数。一些学者通过实测数据和数值模拟对衰减系数进行了研究[18,28-30],Högström等[18]认为衰减系数范围为1.0~2.1;而Hanley和Belcher[28]则认为衰减系数应取10。在本文中,参考Semedo等[30]A=2,代入式(7)得到
${\tau _{{\rm{wave }}}}(z) = {\tau _{{\rm{wave }}}}(0){{\rm{e}}^{ - 2kz}}.$
根据Belcher和Hunt[31]的推导结果,波浪的增长/衰减率β可以表示为
$\beta = \frac{{{\rm{d}}E/{\rm{d}}t}}{E} = {c_\beta }\omega \frac{{{\rho _{\rm{a}}}}}{{{\rho _{\rm{w}}}}}{\left( {\frac{{{u_*}}}{c}} \right)^2},$
式中,E为海浪能量;cβ为波浪的增长/衰减率系数;u*为摩擦速度;c为波浪相速度。许多研究[31-33]一致认为cβ的取值在16~48范围内,而具体取值在很大程度上取决于实际模型。在本文中我们根据涌浪条件(c/u* > 20),设置cβ=−35,此时式(8)变为
${\tau _{{*_{{\rm{swell }}}}}}(z) = \exp ( - 2kz)\int_0^\infty {{c_\beta }} {\rho _{\rm{a}}}{\omega ^2}{\left( {{u_*}/c} \right)^2}\varPhi (\omega ){\rm{d}}\omega .$
在涌浪的影响下,协谱会在与海浪同频率区间产生明显的峰值,据此可以通过对特定频率区间积分提取出浪致雷诺应力,
${\tau _{{\rm{swell }}}} = \left| { - \int_{{f_1}}^{{f_2}} {{\rho _{\rm{a}}}} C{{o}}_{\tilde u\tilde w}^ \pm (f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{i}} - \int_{{f_1}}^{{f_2}} {{\rho _{\rm{a}}}} C{{o}}_{\tilde v\tilde w}^ \pm (f){\rm{d}}f{\boldsymbol{j}}} \right|,$
式中,f1f2分别代表受涌浪影响的区间的上界和下界,且在该区间内,只取受涌浪影响的部分作为浪致雷诺应力,即当由涌浪引起的谱峰向上时,Co±Co > 0的部分;当由涌浪引起的谱峰向下时,Co±Co < 0的部分。
本文使用的数据来自广东茂名博贺海洋气象观测站,该平台位于南海海域,经纬度为21°26.5′N,111°23.5′E,距离海岸线6.5 km,平均水深约为16 m,平台的结构如图1[14]所示。在铁塔观测中,我们在距平均海平面8 m、20 m、28 m和36 m处各安装了一套涡相关观测系统,包括超声风速仪、CO2/H2O分析仪、红外辐射仪和温湿探头等,用于测量3个方向的风速、超声虚温和水汽等脉动。除此之外,我们在海底布放了一套海浪观测设备(AWAC;Nortek,Rud,Norway)用于观测海浪和海流信息。
本文所使用的风速数据来自8 m高度的超声风速仪,采样频率为20 Hz,朝向为正东。波浪数据来自海底的AWAC,该设备每3 h进行一次观测,采样频率为1 Hz。湍流和波浪数据的时间均从2012年2月15日至5月8日。为确保数据的有效性,在分析数据之前我们对数据进行了预处理,包括去除野点、倾斜校正和去除趋势[34]
经过上述质量控制后,我们总共得到2 758个数据点,每个数据点以半小时为一个单元进行平均处理。图2a给出了观测期间风速、波龄随着时间的变化,其中U8是8 m高度的平均风速,cp/U8代表波龄。由于摩擦速度u*会受到涌浪的影响,此处波龄采用cp/U8而非cp/u*。观测期间大多数情况下风速小于10 m/s,处于低风速条件下。从波龄可以看出,观测期间涌浪(cp/U8>1.2)占优,这为我们研究涌浪对大气边界层的影响提供了条件。图2b给出了风向和浪向(本文中的风向定义为来向)随时间的变化。风向从60°朝180°转向,即由东北向逐渐转为南向;浪向从120°朝180°转向,即由东南向逐渐转为南向。整体上,风向与浪向之间的差值约为30°。
对观测数据进行谱分析后,我们发现湍流谱在风浪和涌浪条件下的表现明显不同。图3a图3b分别给出了风浪条件下(3月8日9时)和涌浪条件下(4月9日10时)的湍流谱。从图3b中可以看出涌浪存在时,湍流谱SuuSvvSww在约0.1 Hz处都具有明显的谱峰,这与前人的研究一致[18, 35-36]图3b还显示水平(uv)和垂向(w)的谱峰大小不一致,其中Sww的峰值更加明显。根据Miles[37]剪切不稳定理论:海浪可以激发3个方向的脉动($\tilde u,\tilde v,\tilde w$),但是不同方向的脉动随高度的衰减系数不同,其中$\tilde u、\tilde v$的衰减系数大而$\tilde w$的衰减系数小。因此Sww的峰值比SuuSvv更加明显。值得一提的是,在该平台上,Chen等[36]在海平面以上17 m处观测到同样的现象,表明涌浪诱导的脉动可以延伸到更高的高度。
协谱给出了湍流通量在各个频率上的分布。为了对比涌浪和风浪条件下动量通量的差异,图4给出了顺风向的协谱Couw和侧风向的协谱Covw,其中图4a图4c的时间与图3a相同,图4b图4d的时间与图3b相同。图4表明,在高频部分(f >0.6 Hz),协谱基本为0。此部分对应的湍流为惯性区间,该区间内湍流满足局地各向同性,因此对动量通量的贡献基本为0。在低频部分(f <0.6 Hz),协谱偏离零值。图4a显示风浪情况下的顺风向的协谱Couw整体上为负值,表明湍流通量从大气向海洋传输。与风浪情况不同,图4b显示涌浪情况下的协谱在0.1 Hz附近出现明显的正值(红色区域),与图3b的谱峰区对应,表示涌浪向大气传输动量通量。图4c显示风浪情况下的侧风向协谱Covw的正值与负值总体上均匀的分布在零值两侧;图4d则显示受涌浪影响,侧风向协谱Covw出现了偏离零值的异常(红色区域)。
为了更好地分析涌浪对总应力的影响,图5a图5b分别给出了风浪情况和涌浪情况下与图4协谱相对应的Ogive曲线Ogx (绿色)和Ogy (蓝色)。在风浪情况下,顺风向的协谱Couw通常整体为负值,伴随着一些随机的正值。由式(4)可知,Ogx随着频率的减小整体上呈现递减的趋势,这与图5a显示的情况一致。由于风应力的偏向不同,侧风向的协谱Covw正值和负值都是可能存在的,但其值比Couw小很多。因此Ogy的整体趋势朝正或者朝负由实际的风向和浪向决定,其值比Ogx小很多。而涌浪情况下,如图5b所示,Ogive曲线的整体趋势与风浪情况一致,但在约0.1 Hz处产生突变,Ogx曲线突然增加,Ogy曲线急剧下降,分别对应协谱中谱峰向上(图4b)和向下(图4d)。这些特征与Zou等[14]的结果相似。但在实际情况中,Ogive曲线是突然增加还是急剧下降取决于浪向与风向的相对位置。浪向与风向小于90°时,顺风向的协谱Couw谱峰向上,Ogx突然增加;浪向与风向大于90°时,顺风向的协谱Couw谱峰向下,Ogx急剧下降。浪向在风向的右侧时,侧风向的协谱Covw谱峰向上,Ogy突然增加;浪向在风向的左侧时,侧风向的协谱Covw谱峰向下,Ogy急剧下降。
图4b显示在涌浪情况下,涌浪会在谱峰处激发向上的动量通量,这意味着风从海浪中获取能量,浪致雷诺应力为负。Zou等[14]的研究显示,这种情况发生在风和涌浪的角度差小于90°时,图4b图4d中风和涌浪的角度相差为77.4°,与Zou等[14]的结果相符。除此之外,Zou等[14]的研究还显示,当风和涌浪的角度差大于90°时,涌浪反而从大气中吸收能量,我们的研究结果中这种情况同样存在。Högström等[22]的研究显示上述两种情况在风速为4.5 m/s时发生反转。然而,考虑到海浪和边界层的相互作用是一个复杂的过程,我们筛选了涌浪条件下浪致雷诺应力符号反转(包括由正变负和由负变正两个过程)时的数据,初步分析符号反转时波龄的统计分布特征。
图6a图6b分别展示了当顺风向浪致雷诺应力和侧风向浪致雷诺应力反转符号时波龄的分布,其中横坐标代表波龄的大小,纵坐标代表数据集中相对应波龄的统计个数。从中可以看出,图6a图6b的统计结果基本服从正态分布,均值(临界值)分别为80和60左右。因此分析可得,当cp/u* ≈ 80时,在顺风方向上浪致雷诺应力符号反转的概率较大;当cp/u* ≈ 60时,在侧风方向上浪致雷诺应力符号反转的概率较大。
本节对比协谱法(式(11))与传统方法(式(10))估算的浪致雷诺应力的差异,图7τswell为协谱法得到的浪致雷诺应力,τ*swell为传统方法得到的浪致雷诺应力。计算结果显示,τswell的大小基本在10−4~10−2之间,τ*swell的大小基本在10−7~10−4之间,整体上τswellτ*swell大2~3个量级,这意味着式(10)可能显著低估了浪致雷诺应力,浪致雷诺应力的传统计算方法还有待改进。
为了更直观地比较两者之间的差异,我们将τ*swell放大500倍后再与τswell进行比较。如图7所示,横坐标为τswell的对数坐标,纵坐标为500τ*swell 的对数坐标,蓝点均匀分布在黑色直线的两侧,且通过计算得到此坐标系下τswellτ*swell的相关系数为0.84,表明两者相关性较强,这也从一定程度上说明基于协谱的估算方法是可靠的。
本文基于中国南海茂名铁塔上的实测数据,通过湍流谱研究了低风速涌浪条件下的海气边界层的湍流运动。分析结果表明,与风浪相比,在涌浪条件下3个方向的湍流谱SuuSvvSww和波浪谱Swave在约0.1 Hz处都具有明显的谱峰。除此之外,本文还给出了顺风向的协谱Couw和侧风向的协谱Covw的变化曲线。对比风浪,涌浪情况下CouwCovw具有向上或向下的突出谱峰,对应于Ogive曲线突然上升或下降的阶段。所有结果都表明,在某一频率区间上,涌浪对大气边界层湍流有显著影响。
浪致雷诺应力的正负与大小对海气相互作用的研究具有重要意义。因此,本文统计了浪致雷诺应力符号反转时的数据,研究了浪致雷诺应力的正负反转时波龄的临界值。结果表明,当cp/u* ≈ 80时,在顺风方向上浪致雷诺应力符号反转的概率较大;当cp/u* ≈ 60时,在侧风方向上浪致雷诺应力符号反转的概率较大。同时,我们还基于协谱法提取了浪致雷诺应力τswell,与传统方法计算的浪致雷诺应力τ*swell做比较。结果表明,τswellτ*swell的相关性较强,这从一定程度上说明基于协谱的估算方法是可靠的。但τswell的数值比τ*swell大2~3个量级,这意味着由传统方法计算出的涌浪能量可能被大大低估了,传统的浪致雷诺应力计算方法还有待改进。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41830533,41806028);中国博士后科学基金(2019M65206)
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2021年第43卷第10期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021165
  • 接收时间:2020-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-08-12
  • 修回日期:2021-01-18
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41830533,41806028);中国博士后科学基金(2019M65206)
作者信息
    1浙江大学 物理海洋研究所,浙江 舟山 316021
    2中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所,广东 广州 510640

通讯作者:

宋金宝,教授,主要从事小尺度海气相互作用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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