Article(id=1233908316334772764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233908308151685504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1619452800000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-27, revisedDate=1622390400000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116267522, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1637769600000, pubDateStr=2021-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116267522, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116267522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116267522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233908308151685504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116265571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116265571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=70, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233908317328822852, articleId=1233908316334772764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics of 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb in the surface snow of the Arctic Ocean, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The radionuclides 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb transported by the atmosphere can be used as important tracers for studying the material deposition flux of the Arctic Ocean’s atmosphere, modern ocean sedimentation and the transport of materials into the sea ice. They have been widely used in the study of air mass movement, soil erosion, and particle circulation processes in water systems. This paper reports the activities of 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb in the surface snow of the high-latitude ice floes of the Arctic Ocean in 2018. The activity concentrations of 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb are 33.6−632.68 mBq/L, 36.2−87.5 mBq/L, and 30.9−194.49 mBq/L, respectively. The activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in the surface snow of the Arctic Ocean are lower than those in the mid-latitude continental areas. The results show that the activity concentrations of 7Be in snow increased with the increase of latitude. The activity ratio of 210Po/210Pb ranged from 0.70 to 1.48 (with an average of 0.93), 210Po is almost in equilibrium with 210Pb. It indicates that the age of the surface snow is “older”.

, correspAuthors=Dekun Huang, Tao Yu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chuyue Liu, Qiangqiang Zhong, Dekun Huang, Suiyuan Chen, Hao Wang, Tao Yu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233908318566142606, articleId=1233908316334772764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北冰洋表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的分布特征, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大气输送的放射性核素7Be、210Po和210Pb,可以作为研究北冰洋大气沉降通量、海洋现代沉积以及海冰中物质传输的重要示踪剂,已被广泛应用于包括气团运动、土壤侵蚀以及水系统中颗粒物循环过程的研究。本文报道了2018年北极高纬度浮冰区表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的活度特征。7Be、210Po和210Pb的比活度变化范围分别为33.6~632.68 mBq/L、36.2~87.5 mBq/L、30.9~194.49 mBq/L。本文的研究发现,北冰洋表层积雪中7Be和210Pb比活度小于中纬度大陆地区。研究区域表层积雪中7Be的比活度随着纬度的增加而增加。此外,表层积雪中210Po/210Pb活度比值范围为0.70~1.48 (平均为0.93),210Po与210Pb活度已基本达到平衡,表明积雪样品年龄可能较“老”。

, correspAuthors=黄德坤, 于涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
黄德坤,男,副研究员,主要研究方向为同位素海洋学。E-mail:
于涛,女,研究员,主要研究方向为海洋化学。E-mail:
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刘楚越(1996-),男,浙江省衢州市人,主要研究方向为海洋科学。E-mail:

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Atmospheric deposition flux of 7Be and 210Pb at different area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域采样时间纬度经度来源7Be 比活度/(Bq·L−1)210Pb 比活度/(mBq·L−1)数据来源
  注:−表示文献无报道。
北冰洋2018年8月79.22°~84.72°N169.4°~156.1°W降雪0.034~0.6330.9~194本文
北冰洋2011年9月84.07°~84.39°N164.2°W~166.4°E降雪0.43~2.5[13]
新墨西哥州索科罗1992年12月降雪0.3741.2[28]
格陵兰岛1988年11月至1989年2月65.17°N40.73°W降雪0.23~2.164.07~109[29]
格陵兰岛1989年6−7月65.17°N40.73°W降雪0.4~1.044.1~110[30]
格陵兰岛1989年6−7月72.33°N38.75°W降雪0.04~1.271.85~111.4[30]
上海2006−2011年31.22°N121.38°E降雨1.260.31×103[2]
日本,筑波 2000−2001年36.05°N140.13°W降雨0.860.14×103[31]
德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿1988年12月至1992年2月29.3°N94.8°W降雨0.09~20.7(0.031~3.6)×103[32]
德克萨斯州大学城1988年12月至1992年2月30.58°N96.37°W降雨0.26~4.96(0.036~0.428)×103[32]
西班牙韦尔瓦2009年4月至2010年8月37.27°N6.92°E降雨0.03~7.42(0.005~1.07)×103[33]
摩纳哥1998年1月至2010年12月43.83°N7.5°E降雨0.4~8.6(0.02~1.9)×103[34]
加州圣克鲁斯2009年10月至2010年9月37°N122°W降雨1.3~4.4[35]
纽约石溪2008年4月至2009年12月40.9°N73.12°W降雨1.3~4.555~255[36]
), ArticleFig(id=1233931836385186809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908316334772764, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同地区的7Be和210Pb的沉降通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域采样时间纬度经度来源7Be 比活度/(Bq·L−1)210Pb 比活度/(mBq·L−1)数据来源
  注:−表示文献无报道。
北冰洋2018年8月79.22°~84.72°N169.4°~156.1°W降雪0.034~0.6330.9~194本文
北冰洋2011年9月84.07°~84.39°N164.2°W~166.4°E降雪0.43~2.5[13]
新墨西哥州索科罗1992年12月降雪0.3741.2[28]
格陵兰岛1988年11月至1989年2月65.17°N40.73°W降雪0.23~2.164.07~109[29]
格陵兰岛1989年6−7月65.17°N40.73°W降雪0.4~1.044.1~110[30]
格陵兰岛1989年6−7月72.33°N38.75°W降雪0.04~1.271.85~111.4[30]
上海2006−2011年31.22°N121.38°E降雨1.260.31×103[2]
日本,筑波 2000−2001年36.05°N140.13°W降雨0.860.14×103[31]
德克萨斯州加尔维斯顿1988年12月至1992年2月29.3°N94.8°W降雨0.09~20.7(0.031~3.6)×103[32]
德克萨斯州大学城1988年12月至1992年2月30.58°N96.37°W降雨0.26~4.96(0.036~0.428)×103[32]
西班牙韦尔瓦2009年4月至2010年8月37.27°N6.92°E降雨0.03~7.42(0.005~1.07)×103[33]
摩纳哥1998年1月至2010年12月43.83°N7.5°E降雨0.4~8.6(0.02~1.9)×103[34]
加州圣克鲁斯2009年10月至2010年9月37°N122°W降雨1.3~4.4[35]
纽约石溪2008年4月至2009年12月40.9°N73.12°W降雨1.3~4.555~255[36]
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北冰洋表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的分布特征
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刘楚越 1, 2 , 钟强强 2 , 黄德坤 2, * , 陈随缘 2 , 王浩 1, 2 , 于涛 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(11): 70-76
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(11): 70-76
北冰洋表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的分布特征
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刘楚越1, 2 , 钟强强2, 黄德坤2, * , 陈随缘2, 王浩1, 2, 于涛1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
  • 2自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋放射性技术与环境安全评估实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 刘楚越(1996-),男,浙江省衢州市人,主要研究方向为海洋科学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

黄德坤,男,副研究员,主要研究方向为同位素海洋学。E-mail:
于涛,女,研究员,主要研究方向为海洋化学。E-mail:
Distribution characteristics of 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb in the surface snow of the Arctic Ocean
Chuyue Liu1, 2 , Qiangqiang Zhong2, Dekun Huang2, * , Suiyuan Chen2, Hao Wang1, 2, Tao Yu1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2Laboratory of Marine Isotopic Technology and Environmental Risk Assessment, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2021-11-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021138
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大气输送的放射性核素7Be、210Po和210Pb,可以作为研究北冰洋大气沉降通量、海洋现代沉积以及海冰中物质传输的重要示踪剂,已被广泛应用于包括气团运动、土壤侵蚀以及水系统中颗粒物循环过程的研究。本文报道了2018年北极高纬度浮冰区表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的活度特征。7Be、210Po和210Pb的比活度变化范围分别为33.6~632.68 mBq/L、36.2~87.5 mBq/L、30.9~194.49 mBq/L。本文的研究发现,北冰洋表层积雪中7Be和210Pb比活度小于中纬度大陆地区。研究区域表层积雪中7Be的比活度随着纬度的增加而增加。此外,表层积雪中210Po/210Pb活度比值范围为0.70~1.48 (平均为0.93),210Po与210Pb活度已基本达到平衡,表明积雪样品年龄可能较“老”。

北冰洋  /  积雪  /  7Be  /  210Po  /  210Pb  /  大气沉降

The radionuclides 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb transported by the atmosphere can be used as important tracers for studying the material deposition flux of the Arctic Ocean’s atmosphere, modern ocean sedimentation and the transport of materials into the sea ice. They have been widely used in the study of air mass movement, soil erosion, and particle circulation processes in water systems. This paper reports the activities of 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb in the surface snow of the high-latitude ice floes of the Arctic Ocean in 2018. The activity concentrations of 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb are 33.6−632.68 mBq/L, 36.2−87.5 mBq/L, and 30.9−194.49 mBq/L, respectively. The activity concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb in the surface snow of the Arctic Ocean are lower than those in the mid-latitude continental areas. The results show that the activity concentrations of 7Be in snow increased with the increase of latitude. The activity ratio of 210Po/210Pb ranged from 0.70 to 1.48 (with an average of 0.93), 210Po is almost in equilibrium with 210Pb. It indicates that the age of the surface snow is “older”.

Arctic Ocean  /  snow  /  7Be  /  210Po  /  210Pb  /  atmospheric deposition
刘楚越, 钟强强, 黄德坤, 陈随缘, 王浩, 于涛. 北冰洋表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的分布特征. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (11) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021138
Chuyue Liu, Qiangqiang Zhong, Dekun Huang, Suiyuan Chen, Hao Wang, Tao Yu. Distribution characteristics of 7Be, 210Po and 210Pb in the surface snow of the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (11) : 70 -76 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021138
北极对全球地理演化和气候具有重要影响,北极环境的变化也是了解全球气候变化的重要指示因子。北极地区环境变化主要体现在温度、降雪、冰川融化、气流和洋流变化等。20世纪80年代以来,由于北极周边国家的工业排放,北冰洋上空的对流层中污染物浓度逐年增加,对北极生态环境产生了恶劣的影响,也由此掀起了北极大气化学的研究热潮。因此,一些国际全球变化研究计划——世界气候研究计划、北极气候系统研究、北极系统科学研究等均对北极大气沉降的研究十分重视[1]
大气中的放射性核素主要有3种来源:(1)通过宇宙射线生成的放射性核素,即宇生放射性核素(7Be、32,33P、10Be等);(2)来源于陆地的天然放射性核素(210Pb、210Bi、210Po等);(3)人类核活动产生的人工放射性核素[2]7Be和210Pb具有不同的来源,在它们产生之后的很短时间内,就会迅速附着在气溶胶颗粒上,并通过大气干、湿沉降到达地球表面。两种核素都可以用于研究不同时间尺度上的大气过程和地球表面过程[3]
7Be (T1/2=53.3 d)作为最常用的宇生放射性核素之一,它是由平流层和对流层上层中的氧原子和氮原子在宇宙射线的作用下发生核反应生成的[4]。其中,大约2/3在平流层生成,剩下的1/3生成在对流层[5]。由于半衰期短,平流层中产生的大部分7Be只在春季(主要在中、高纬度地区)到达对流层,在其他季节几乎不会到达对流层。原因在于,在中、高纬度地区,春季时平流层大气受到对流层大气流动的侵扰,其中大量的7Be和其他宇生放射性核素则会从平流层运输到对流层[6]
大气中的210Pb(T1/2=22.1 a)主要来自于陆地表面222Rn释放进入大气后的放射性衰变[7]。由于离地面越远,222Rn的浓度越低,因此上层大气中210Pb的浓度也随着高度的增加而降低。大气中210Pb的主要清除机制是通过降水冲刷沉降。尽管干沉降通量通常约为整体沉降通量的10%,但已有报道显示[8]210Pb的干沉降通量在总沉降通量中的占比仍有较大的变化范围(4%~49%)。大气中210Po(T1/2=138.4 d)主要由210Pb的衰变产生,由于对流层气溶胶停(滞)留时间较短,由210Pb衰变生成的210Po难以与母体210Pb达到放射性平衡,因此运用210Po/210Pb比值可以反推大气气溶胶的停留时间,而停留时间可以用于示踪研究大气污染物的扩散与迁移[9-11]
由于210Pb主要存在于对流层底层,7Be产于平流层和对流层高层,因此它们被广泛用于研究气团的混合、运输途径以及判断气溶胶的来源[12]。此外,大气中的7Be/210Pb活度比可用作研究大气中垂直运输路径的工具。随大气沉降到达地表后,两种放射性核素都被颗粒物迅速吸附,到达水体的放射性核素最终从水体中除去并转移到沉积物中。作为颗粒活性核素,7Be、210Pb和210Po已被广泛用于研究河口/海岸及其邻近海域不同时间尺度上悬浮颗粒物和沉积物的来源和动态过程[13-14]
来源于人为活动排放的污染物(Pb、Se、Hg等)的大气沉降可能是北极环境污染物的主要来源[15-16],同时,大气输入的痕量金属(Fe)对北极海域生物地球化学过程起着决定性作用[17]。开展北冰洋大气沉降中放射性核素活度水平及沉降通量的研究,有助于了解和研究大气、表层水体中化学要素的停留时间、海气交换通量等[16, 18]。由于北冰洋的特殊地理位置及采样难度,近年来,北冰洋7Be、210Po、210Pb大气沉降数据的报道依然较少。Kadko等[16]利用放射性核素7Be示踪北极地区大气输送路径和沉降通量;Mezina等[19]对西伯利亚西部北极地区冬季降水中的7Be、210Pb和137Cs进行分析,研究了雪水中悬浮颗粒物组分对放射性核素总含量的贡献。本文利用中国第九次北极科学考察期间在短期冰站采集的表层积雪样品,分析了北极表层积雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的活度水平,揭示了其空间分布特征,为开展北冰洋气团运动、水体颗粒物输送、沉积记录等提供重要的基础参数。
在2018年中国第九次北极科学考察期间,于北冰洋79°~85°N之间浮冰区进行了表层积雪样品采集,具体采样站位图如图1所示。共采集表层积雪样品8个(站位编号依次为Snow-01至Snow-08,以下简称S01至S08),经度在(165°±3°)W左右。北极的气候特点是冬季寒冷漫长,夏季短暂凉爽,且冬夏两季都会经历极端的日照变化。样品采集时间为8月中旬(8月10−23日),正处于北极的夏季,昼长夜短。样品采集区域处于高纬度地区79°N以上,平均气温更低。由于样品采集区域处于极地高气压带,气候主要受极地东风的影响,气流由极地高压区吹往副极地低压区,独特的地理位置让北极很少受到周围地区其他气团的影响。
现场用干净的工兵铲采集覆盖于浮冰上层0~5 cm的表层积雪样品于手提塑料桶中,带回船上实验室。将样品转移到经过预清洁的圆形塑料桶中,用2 mol/L HNO3冲洗手提塑料桶两次,以将吸附在收集器壁上的7Be和210Pb除去,并将冲洗溶液与样品合并。待积雪融化后,加入209Po溶液作为内标,同时加入稳定的Pb和Be测定化学产率。根据样品体积(每升)向样品中加入已知量的FeCl3形式的Fe3+(5 mg),静置,加入氨水将溶液的pH调节至8左右,使Fe(OH)3沉淀沉降,通过倾析和离心分离法分离上清液和沉淀物,收集沉淀物。
将沉淀物冷冻干燥并定量转移到塑料测量盒(70 mm×35 mm)中,通过具有超低背景铅屏蔽的HPGe伽马射线探测器系统(35%相对效率,Canberra Be3830)测量样品中210Pb和7Be的活度。探测器的能量范围为10 keV至2 MeV。测量时间为6~24 h,210Pb和7Be活度分别通过46.5 keV(4.25%)和477.6 keV(10.5%)计算。效率校准曲线由LabSOCS获得,7Be的效率不确定度小于7%,210Pb的效率不确定度小于10%[20-21]。在测量之前,将残余物冷冻干燥,通过电热原子吸收光谱法(ET-AAS)分析Be和Pb以获得化学效率[20]
210Pb和7Be活度测量完成后,将沉淀溶解,通过盐酸和氨水将溶液的pH调节到2左右,在90℃和160 r/min的条件下将Po核素自沉积到镍片上。将镍片放入α能谱仪(Canberra 7200-08)中测量209Po和210Po的活度,测量时间为24~48 h,209Po和210Po活度分别通过4 883 keV(约100%)和5 304 keV(约100%)计算,最终通过计算获得采样时刻的210Po活度。
从S01站点到S08站点,8月中旬北极表层冰雪中7Be、210Po、210Pb的比活度(每个站点不同核素的放射活度除以样品体积)变化范围(图2),分别为33.6~632.68 mBq/L(平均值为262.2 mBq/L)、36.2~87.5 mBq/L(平均值为64.5 mBq/L)和30.9~194.49 mBq/L(平均值为81.1 mBq/L)。7Be的比活度随纬度的增加而增加,表现出较为明显的纬度效应,7Be比活度的最大值出现在站点S08,为632.68 mBq/L;而210Po和210Pb的比活度随着纬度的变化不明显,但是其比活度最大值都出现在站点S05的位置,分为87.5 mBq/L和194.49 mBq/L。
图3可以看出,7Be的比活度由北向南逐渐降低,说明7Be与纬度有着一定的相关性。7Be是宇宙射线轰击大气中的氮或者氧产生的,由于地磁场的作用,南北极对宇宙射线的阻挡作用最弱,因此北极平流层产生的7Be比其他中、低纬度地区更多。因此,北冰洋积雪中7Be的活度随着纬度的增高而增高,其中,太阳辐射或宇宙射线起到了主导作用。
图3所示,本次采集的表层积雪中210Pb与纬度的变化关系不明显。大气中210Pb主要来自陆地土壤中222Rn的衰变。北极地区被冰面和海水覆盖,因此北冰洋的表层积雪中210Pb活度偏低。本次采集的积雪样品均处于北冰洋高纬度区域,并且纬度变化范围较小,表层积雪中210Pb活度与纬度之间没有明显的关系。
表层积雪中210Po/210Pb的活度比值变化范围(图4)为0.70~1.48,平均值为0.93,其中S04(1.48)和S07(1.35)两个站点的210Po/210Pb活度比值最高。其活度比的差异系数CV(CV为标准偏差与平均值的比值)为95.1%。7Be/210Pb和7Be/210Po的活度比值范围分别为0.53~8.21和0.68~10.03,平均值分别为3.46和3.85。7Be/210Pb和7Be/210Po的活度比值的差异系数分别是99.0%和102%。Baskaran和Shaw[22]分析了阿拉斯加州气溶胶中的210Po/210Pb活度比值和7Be/210Pb活度比值,分别为0~0.177和2.2~14.0,其中210Po/210Pb比值与本研究差异较大,7Be/210Pb活度比值与本研究较为相近。
大气沉降中放射性核素的比值可以示踪大气气溶胶的来源和停留时间[2, 11, 23]。大气沉降中的210Po主要来源于210Pb的衰变,表层积雪中210Po、210Pb活度的变化趋势基本一致(最小值出现在S03,最大值出现在S05),同时,7Be/210Pb和7Be/210Po的活度比值变化趋势也基本一致。表层积雪中210Po/210Pb活度比值变化较小,整体接近1,表明210Po与210Pb活度已基本达到平衡。210Po和210Pb的分布与大气的来源、输送路径等有关,其母体222Rn是由土壤中的238U经过一系列衰变产生的,因此来自陆地气团中210Po、210Pb的活度较高[13, 24]。北极大气气溶胶的主要来源是北美和欧亚大陆[25],因此,本文研究区域中大气210Po、210Pb主要来自于北美和欧亚大陆的远距离传输。另外,已有研究发现[26-27],大气气溶胶中210Po/210Pb活度比值约为0.1,本文采集的是覆盖在浮冰上的表层积雪样品,因此表层积雪中210Po/210Pb活度比值高达0.70~1.48,基本接近平衡,因此可以推测,采集的积雪样品年龄可能较“老”(通常210Po/210Pb活度比值从0.1增长至0.95需要经历2 a左右的时间),新鲜降雪占比较少。
表1总结了世界各地不同经纬度地区站点收集的7Be和210Pb比活度值。对比同在高纬度地区的格陵兰岛两个站点降雪的7Be和210Pb比活度变化范围,可以发现,北冰洋高纬度海区积雪中7Be的比活度上限(0.63 Bq/L)明显低于格陵兰岛两个站点积雪中7Be的活度(1.27 Bq/L和1.04 Bq/L),而210Pb的比活度上限(194 mBq/L)要略高于两个站点(109 mBq/L和110 mBq/L)。北极和格陵兰岛都是极地东风的影响区域,北极位于极地高压带,欧亚大陆和美洲大陆的气压较北极低,气流上升,通过对流层上层通道进入北极,在极地地区沉降下来,因此210Pb的浓度与同在高纬度的格陵兰岛基本相当。从数据上来看,北极地区的7Be比活度低于格陵兰岛,与7Be的纬度效应相反;然而,此次北极地区7Be和210Pb的比活度校正到了采样时刻,而非降雪时刻,因此该北极地区与格陵兰岛地区的对比并不能证明纬度效应不存在。北极地区不同站位的7Be比活度数据结果与纬度效应相符。
其他的中纬度地区,两种放射性核素的比活度变化上限都高于北极地区,与其他研究相符[19]。中纬度地区的大陆,210Pb是由从大陆扩散进入大气的222Rn衰变产生的,北极主要被冰川和海水覆盖,大陆区域低层大气中222Rn的比活度高于北极地区大气层中222Rn的比活度,因此,大陆地区大气沉降中的210Pb浓度比北极地区高。Schell[37]总结海洋大气210Pb沉降通量数据发现,北半球210Pb沉降通量随纬度增加先升高后降低,本文采集的北极积雪210Pb活度也符合这个规律。
据研究,大气湿沉降是大气中去除7Be的主要方式。虽然北极大气中的7Be比活度比中纬度地区的气溶胶中的要高,但是极地地区的降水量远小于中纬度地区,因此中纬度地区的湿沉降要多于北极地区,大气沉降中7Be的比活度也会比极地地区要高。本研究中,降雪中的7Be浓度被校正到采集时刻,但还未被校正到降雪时刻,由于7Be的半衰期只有53.3 d,这段时间内衰变的7Be也会对结果造成误差,使得实测值偏小。由于无法得知北极地区乃至北冰洋地区的降雨量,因此本文暂时无法评估北极地区7Be和210Pb等的大气沉降通量。
本文分析了2018年中国第九次北极科学考察期间北冰洋高纬度地区表层降雪的7Be、210Po、210Pb比活度随纬度的变化情况,主要结论总结如下:
(1)北极表层冰雪中7Be、210Po和210Pb的比活度不全随纬度的变化而变化。在79°N以北,7Be的比活度随纬度的上升呈指数性增长(最大值为632.68 mBq/L);而研究区域内,210Pb、210Po的比活度与纬度的相关性不大,随纬度的上升无明显变化。
(2)北冰洋高纬度地区表层冰雪中210Po/210Pb活度比值接近1,说明北冰洋夏季表层冰雪年龄较“老”,210Po/210Pb活度比值可以用来区分冰雪的新旧。
(3)纬度越高的地区平流层受到的太阳辐射就越强烈,而太阳辐射是7Be的主要产生来源,这导致了7Be在高纬度地区富集。北冰洋没有大陆,地表被海冰覆盖,因此北冰洋高纬度地区表层积雪中210Po、210Pb的比活度偏低。
致谢:感谢自然资源部极地考察业务化与科研项目的支持;感谢“雪龙”船及其相关工作人员提供的科考保障;感谢第九次北极科学考察张飞、鞠茂伟、王俊及其他队友在冰站冰雪样品采集中的帮助;感谢华东师范大学杜金洲教授及RIC组成员在样品分析中提供的技术支持。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC14050003);福建省社会发展引导性(重点)项目(2018Y0059);广西壮族自治区科技计划(2017AB30024);自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项(海三科2018029)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021138
  • 接收时间:2021-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-27
  • 修回日期:2021-05-31
基金
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC14050003);福建省社会发展引导性(重点)项目(2018Y0059);广西壮族自治区科技计划(2017AB30024);自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项(海三科2018029)
作者信息
    1上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
    2自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋放射性技术与环境安全评估实验室,福建 厦门 361005

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黄德坤,男,副研究员,主要研究方向为同位素海洋学。E-mail:
于涛,女,研究员,主要研究方向为海洋化学。E-mail:
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