Article(id=1233908314640273928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233908308151685504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1610812800000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-17, revisedDate=1621872000000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116267118, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1637769600000, pubDateStr=2021-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116267118, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116267118, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116267118, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233908308151685504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116265571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116265571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233908315227476498, articleId=1233908314640273928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Characteristics of turbulence in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent waters in summer, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using the direct observation data of the MSS90L turbulence profiler obtained in the summer cruise of the Changjiang River Estuary scientific investigation and experimental study (NORC2019-03-02) in July 2019, in this paper, the distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ε and the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient Kz are calculated and analyzed. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate is 1.72×10−10 W/kg to 2.95×10−5 W/kg, and the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient is 3.24×10−7 m2/s to 4.55×10−2 m2/s. The distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient are similar, both of which are the strongest in the upper layer, the next in the bottom layer and the weakest in the middle layer. In the upper layer, due to wind stress, the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient are larger; the stratification is stronger at the thermocline, which suppresses the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and vertical turbulent mixing. The secondary circulation of the salinity front will promote the separation of the low salt water mass, and the vertical circulation caused by the front will enhance the turbulent mixing of the ocean. The energy exchange between the low salt water mass and the outside world is less, and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate is weaker. There are obvious upwelling and downwelling in the Changjiang River Estuary, which are produced by the secondary circulation of the front; the existence of upwelling and downwelling promotes the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent mixing.

, correspAuthors=Bo Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kou Wang, Bo Li, Aiguo Li, Penghao Wang, Shengxin Pei), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233908318926852774, articleId=1233908314640273928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=夏季长江口及其邻近海域湍流特征分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用2019年7月在长江口科学考察实验研究夏季航段(NORC2019-03-02)中获得的MSS90L湍流剖面仪的直接观测数据,本文计算并分析了该断面的湍动能耗散率ε和垂向湍扩散系数KZ的分布情况。湍动能耗散率的大小为1.72×10−10~2.95×10−5 W/kg;垂向湍扩散系数的大小为3.24×10−7~4.55×10−2 m2/s。湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数的分布相似,均为上层最强,底层次之,中层最弱。上层由于风应力的作用,使得湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数较大;温跃层处层化较强,抑制了湍动能的耗散和垂向上的湍混合。盐度锋面的次级环流会促使低盐水团脱离,锋面引起的垂向环流会加强海洋的湍混合。低盐水团与外界的能量交换较少,湍动能耗散率较弱。长江口海区存在明显的上升流和下降流,它们是由锋面的次级环流产生的;上升流和下降流的存在促进湍动能的耗散与湍混合。

, correspAuthors=李博, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李博,男,从事海洋环境动力学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/TufaLGy59VIfCwsHdK3rw==, magXml=FLIDmE/1nAMbIZBfI75K0Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=P0/nKlaoDHIxLarEt03hfg==, pdfFileSize=1668564, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qx5/XEVtBqXyCSsUo4aJxA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PXQTQEfYSv3y28D74ictnQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王寇(1994-),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事海洋湍流混合方面研究。E-mail:

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Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29(24): 10-1−10-4., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233931845159670066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chant R J, Wilson R E. Secondary circulation in a highly stratified estuary[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1997, 102(C10): 23207−23215., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233931839971315851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划重点专项(2017YFA0604904);国家自然科学基金青年基金(41706022);国家自然科学基金(41849903), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233931833092657996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931833117823822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, companyId=1233931833092657996, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931833126212431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, companyId=1233931833092657996, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931833235264340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931833239458645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, companyId=1233931833235264340, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Zhoushan Natural Resources Surveying and Mapping Design Center, Zhoushan 316021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931833247847254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, companyId=1233931833235264340, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2舟山市自然资源测绘设计中心,浙江 舟山 316021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931833361093466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931833369482075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, companyId=1233931833361093466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Nanjing 211100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931833373676380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, companyId=1233931833361093466, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3国防科技大学 气象海洋学院,江苏 南京 211100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233931837219852327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of stations, figureFileSmall=A4VrXq5DLZQJ4hYAA81SsQ==, figureFileBig=KZwECb39kTf/Kz/v9t32Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837337292847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图1, caption=站位分布, figureFileSmall=A4VrXq5DLZQJ4hYAA81SsQ==, figureFileBig=KZwECb39kTf/Kz/v9t32Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837463121971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of the shear power spectrum with the corresponding Nasmyth spectrum

The blue line represents the shear power spectrum; the black line represents the Nasmyth spectrum

, figureFileSmall=lopenn3Ncfxis4Aeo6LiOg==, figureFileBig=pwUHzR9Gu0skCJglwBHmnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837664448566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图2, caption=剪切功率谱与相应的Nasmyth谱的比较

蓝线代表剪切功率谱;黑线代表Nasmyth谱

, figureFileSmall=lopenn3Ncfxis4Aeo6LiOg==, figureFileBig=pwUHzR9Gu0skCJglwBHmnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837802860603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The temperature distribution of Section A4 in summer

The thin black line represents the range of the thermocline calculated with 0.2℃/m as the standard; the thick black line represents the strongest location of the thermocline

, figureFileSmall=vsq/bXEXyA6xx8TdzVBmxw==, figureFileBig=YSeeqgeBn5urVxHUA8aaUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837928689731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图3, caption=夏季A4断面的温度分布

黑细线代表以0.2℃/m为标准计算得到的温跃层范围;黑粗线代表温跃层强度最强的位置

, figureFileSmall=vsq/bXEXyA6xx8TdzVBmxw==, figureFileBig=YSeeqgeBn5urVxHUA8aaUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838041935941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The salinity distribution of Section A4 in summer

The red line is the contour line with a salinity of 31; the black thin dashed line represents the range of the halocline calculated based on the standard of 0.1 m−1; the thick black dashed line represents the location of the strongest halocline

, figureFileSmall=i5Mid9Cgr0T2c31zZKBZhQ==, figureFileBig=slK41EGJ7xmcU1d+b6HBWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838234873930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图4, caption=夏季A4断面的盐度分布

红线为盐度为31的等值线;黑细虚线代表以0.1 m−1为标准计算得到的盐跃层范围;黑粗虚线代表盐跃层强度最强的位置

, figureFileSmall=i5Mid9Cgr0T2c31zZKBZhQ==, figureFileBig=slK41EGJ7xmcU1d+b6HBWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838452977746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The distribution of the buoyancy frequency (lgN2) of Section A4 in summer

The thin black line represents the range of the thermocline calculated with 0.2℃/m as the standard; the thick black line represents the strongest location of the thermocline; the unit of N2 is s−2

, figureFileSmall=BIkXTTH990m6aXTja/RsPQ==, figureFileBig=jbdJ4+WjCEyk7QTroHdjTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838620749914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图5, caption=夏季A4断面的浮性频率(lgN2)分布

黑细线代表以0.2℃/m为标准计算得到的温跃层范围;黑粗线代表温跃层强度最强的位置;N2单位:s−2

, figureFileSmall=BIkXTTH990m6aXTja/RsPQ==, figureFileBig=jbdJ4+WjCEyk7QTroHdjTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838738190429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Schematic diagram of the turbulent energy dissipation rate (lgε) of Section A4 in summer

The red line represents the contour line with a salinity of 31; the black dotted line is the range of the halocline; the black solid line is the range of the thermocline; the unit of ε is W/kg

, figureFileSmall=29q7KAaBsHCX5RrGJhp6PA==, figureFileBig=kxl0E0rw/NqhZY7MFp1YqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838864019555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图6, caption=夏季A4断面的湍动能耗散率(lgε)示意图

红线代表盐度为31的等值线;黑虚线为盐跃层的范围;黑实线为温跃层的范围;ε单位:W/kg

, figureFileSmall=29q7KAaBsHCX5RrGJhp6PA==, figureFileBig=kxl0E0rw/NqhZY7MFp1YqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838952099944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The distribution of vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient (lgKZ) of Section A4 in summer

The red line represents the contour line with a salinity of 31; black dotted line is the halocline range; the black solid line is the thermocline range; the unit of KZ is m2/s

, figureFileSmall=ElNo5GNBuJyHSg1y9ULy6Q==, figureFileBig=GddAjnqzjyvk5aW78y7sog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839052763244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图7, caption=夏季A4断面的垂向湍扩散系数(lgKZ)的分布

红线代表盐度为31的等值线;黑虚线为盐跃层的范围;黑实线为温跃层的范围;KZ单位:m2/s

, figureFileSmall=ElNo5GNBuJyHSg1y9ULy6Q==, figureFileBig=GddAjnqzjyvk5aW78y7sog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839170203759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Horizontal salinity gradient

The range covered by the white line represents the salinity front (0.03 km−1); the red line represents the isosalt with a salinity of 31; the black solid line represents the location of the thermocline; the black dotted line represents the location of the halocline

, figureFileSmall=jaJ6m6RuOutHtRdWyZ9NdQ==, figureFileBig=bDXWfHgqJ+vMoMTsxIo9Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839279255667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图8, caption=水平盐度梯度

红色虚线包含的范围代表盐度锋面(0.03 km−1);红线代表盐度为31的等盐线;黑实线代表温跃层的位置;黑虚线代表盐跃层的位置

, figureFileSmall=jaJ6m6RuOutHtRdWyZ9NdQ==, figureFileBig=bDXWfHgqJ+vMoMTsxIo9Aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839400890486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Schematic diagram of the formation of upwelling (a) and downwelling (b), figureFileSmall=FhNz64TTgiulGIg0R7vL6Q==, figureFileBig=etiJsl/skxrGaQM/yhiw1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839488970874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图9, caption=上升流(a)和下降流(b)的形成示意图, figureFileSmall=FhNz64TTgiulGIg0R7vL6Q==, figureFileBig=etiJsl/skxrGaQM/yhiw1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839602217087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Horizontal temperature gradient

The range covered by the white line represents the temperature front (0.04°C/km); red line represents the isosalt with a salinity of 31; the black solid line represents the location of the thermocline; and the black dotted line represents the location of the halocline

, figureFileSmall=NJLyCTvxRLLKI87+E0JJOA==, figureFileBig=gki93t0D+KlZn9DlsA1ynQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839702880386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314640273928, language=CN, label=图10, caption=水平温度梯度

红线包含的范围代表温度锋面(0.04℃/km);红线代表盐度为31的等盐线;黑实线代表温跃层的位置;黑虚线代表盐跃层的位置

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夏季长江口及其邻近海域湍流特征分析
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王寇 1 , 李博 1, * , 李爱国 2 , 王鹏皓 3 , 裴生鑫 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(11): 22-31
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(11): 22-31
夏季长江口及其邻近海域湍流特征分析
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王寇1 , 李博1, * , 李爱国2, 王鹏皓3, 裴生鑫1
作者信息
  • 1浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 2舟山市自然资源测绘设计中心,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 3国防科技大学 气象海洋学院,江苏 南京 211100
  • 王寇(1994-),女,河北省石家庄市人,主要从事海洋湍流混合方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李博,男,从事海洋环境动力学研究。E-mail:
Characteristics of turbulence in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent waters in summer
Kou Wang1 , Bo Li1, * , Aiguo Li2, Penghao Wang3, Shengxin Pei1
Affiliations
  • 1Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 2Zhoushan Natural Resources Surveying and Mapping Design Center, Zhoushan 316021, China
  • 3College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Nanjing 211100, China
出版时间: 2021-11-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021172
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利用2019年7月在长江口科学考察实验研究夏季航段(NORC2019-03-02)中获得的MSS90L湍流剖面仪的直接观测数据,本文计算并分析了该断面的湍动能耗散率ε和垂向湍扩散系数KZ的分布情况。湍动能耗散率的大小为1.72×10−10~2.95×10−5 W/kg;垂向湍扩散系数的大小为3.24×10−7~4.55×10−2 m2/s。湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数的分布相似,均为上层最强,底层次之,中层最弱。上层由于风应力的作用,使得湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数较大;温跃层处层化较强,抑制了湍动能的耗散和垂向上的湍混合。盐度锋面的次级环流会促使低盐水团脱离,锋面引起的垂向环流会加强海洋的湍混合。低盐水团与外界的能量交换较少,湍动能耗散率较弱。长江口海区存在明显的上升流和下降流,它们是由锋面的次级环流产生的;上升流和下降流的存在促进湍动能的耗散与湍混合。

长江口  /  温跃层  /  湍动能耗散率  /  垂向湍扩散系数  /  盐度锋面

Using the direct observation data of the MSS90L turbulence profiler obtained in the summer cruise of the Changjiang River Estuary scientific investigation and experimental study (NORC2019-03-02) in July 2019, in this paper, the distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ε and the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient Kz are calculated and analyzed. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate is 1.72×10−10 W/kg to 2.95×10−5 W/kg, and the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient is 3.24×10−7 m2/s to 4.55×10−2 m2/s. The distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient are similar, both of which are the strongest in the upper layer, the next in the bottom layer and the weakest in the middle layer. In the upper layer, due to wind stress, the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient are larger; the stratification is stronger at the thermocline, which suppresses the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and vertical turbulent mixing. The secondary circulation of the salinity front will promote the separation of the low salt water mass, and the vertical circulation caused by the front will enhance the turbulent mixing of the ocean. The energy exchange between the low salt water mass and the outside world is less, and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate is weaker. There are obvious upwelling and downwelling in the Changjiang River Estuary, which are produced by the secondary circulation of the front; the existence of upwelling and downwelling promotes the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent mixing.

Changjiang River Estuary  /  thermocline  /  turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate  /  vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient  /  salinity front
王寇, 李博, 李爱国, 王鹏皓, 裴生鑫. 夏季长江口及其邻近海域湍流特征分析. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (11) : 22 -31 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021172
Kou Wang, Bo Li, Aiguo Li, Penghao Wang, Shengxin Pei. Characteristics of turbulence in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent waters in summer[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (11) : 22 -31 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021172
长江口的地理位置独特,有长江冲淡水和钱塘江冲淡水的注入,外海与东海相连,南侧有台湾暖流向北流入,北侧有黄海冷水团向南延伸,其水系结构复杂,营养盐类型丰富。长江口及其邻近海域也是我国海岸带陆海相互作用研究的关键水域之一,长江冲淡水对黄海、东海水文环境有重要影响[1],故研究长江口海区水体结构的变化对于了解长江冲淡水所携带的营养盐和污染物的输运具有重要的科学意义和经济价值。
海洋湍流是一种重要的海水运动形式,是控制海水质量、动量和能量输运的重要因素[2]。海洋中存在各种类型的大、中、小尺度的运动,其能量传递过程一般是由大到小,最终以湍流混合的形式耗散[3]。湍流混合是水体结构及营养盐输运的关键控制因子,对初级生产力有重要影响[4]。层化和混合是海洋动力学研究的热点和难点。Simpson等[5]发现,淡水的输入对河口和邻近海域的海水产生分层影响:淡水输入引起水平梯度,从而驱动河口环流,其中水面较轻的流体向海移动,而较重的流体则向下移动,随着潮汐周期内湍流水平的变化,这种对层结的贡献将随时间而变化。Mackinnon和Gregg[6]在新英格兰大陆架外部进行的微观结构观测和速度测量的结果发现,底边界层内平均耗散率的大小随着潮汐、沿陆架流和低频内波的强度变化而变化。MacDonald和Geyer[7]采用控制体积法计算了弗雷泽河口高度分层状态下近岸海域的湍流动能产生量和浮力通量。Nash等[8]利用哥伦比亚河口羽流的观测资料,将不同时期湍流流量与河流流量进行对比,来检验湍流输入和淡水输入的相对作用,发现在河口内其羽流的性质由淡水输入量和潮汐混合引起的湍流流量的比值控制。国内诸多学者也进行了大量的研究,周磊等[9]在东海陆架坡折海区进行了湍动能耗散率的直接观测;梁鑫峰等[10]在东海陆架坡折海区发现盐指现象导致的温度脉动,其热扩散系数的垂向分布与热耗散率相反;刘志宇和魏皓[11]计算并分析了秋末冬初潮流占优势的陆架浅海潮流底边界层内湍动能耗散率和底应力的特征及其潮周期变化;杨丽芬等[12]研究了南海北部陆架坡折海区的湍动能耗散率、热耗散率和热扩散系数的分布以及盐指现象对混合效率的影响,发现盐指现象的存在提高了湍混合效率;卢著敏等[13]发现,南海北部强混合发生区主要为北部陆架坡折海区,陆架坡折海区和深水区的垂向混合有不同的规律;魏传杰等[14]在南黄海海区观测发现,深水区湍流混合的垂直分布明显地表现出三层结构且风混合和潮混合是黄海湍流混合的主要形式。
以上国内的研究调查都是在东海、黄海和南海进行的,关于长江口的湍流研究调查很少,Zhang和Wu[15]通过在长江口附近的连续站观测,发现在浅层旋转潮流中,剪切产生的相位滞后和湍流耗散的相位滞后随距离海底高度的增加而增加。本文利用MSS90L湍流剖面仪观测的大面站数据,研究了长江口及其邻近海域湍流的空间分布特征,为研究河口地区湍流混合提供了资料。还利用MSS90L湍流剖面仪获得的资料计算了湍动能耗散率的观测,并由湍动能耗散率计算得到垂向湍扩散系数。
于2019年7月11−12日搭载“国家自然科学基金委共享航次计划2018年度长江口科学考察实验研究(NORC2019-03)”航次进行观测,长江口及其邻近海域共享航次覆盖具体地理区域为28.5°~32.5°N,120.5°~124°E,图1给出了观测站位分布,针对A4断面使用德国Sea&Sun Technology公司生产的MSS90L湍流剖面仪进行了湍流的垂向剖面观测。MSS90L湍流剖面仪中的剪切传感器实际上是一个标准的压电陶瓷剪切探头,它可以用来测量湍流的脉动流速,观测范围和精确度分别是0.001~0.500 m/s和5%。MSS90L湍流剖面仪还可以测量水体的温度和电导率,它们的测量精度分别为0.01℃和0.50 mS/cm。它的采样频率是1 024 Hz,数据处理后,采用垂向分辨率为1 m的数据来进行分析。
通过MSS90L湍流剖面仪获得的直接观测资料采用Prandle[16]、Adolf[17]和Roget等[18]的数据处理方法:利用逐步迭代的方法剔除观测信号中的大振幅奇异值,然后利用低通滤波滤除观测信号中的高频噪声,高通滤波滤除信号中的低频脉动。经过处理后的数据可以直接用来计算湍动能耗散率ε。剪切探头首先测得垂向流速脉动剪切值$ \dfrac{\partial u{'}}{\partial \textit{z}} $,根据Taylor提出的湍流冰冻假设[19],当湍流流动形式变化较慢时,时间序列和空间序列可以转换,可以求得:
$ \frac{\partial u{'}}{\partial \textit{z}}=\frac{1}{W}\frac{\partial u{'}}{\partial t}{,} $
式中,W为仪器下降速度;$ u{'} $为水平脉动流速;z为垂向距离;t为时间。湍动能耗散率ε由各向同性湍流[20]计算式得到:
$ \varepsilon =7.5 v \overline {\left(\frac{\partial {u}^{{'}}}{\partial \textit{z}}\right)}=7.5v {\int }_{{k}_{1}}^{k_2}\psi \left(k\right){\rm{d}}k{,} $
式中,v为分子黏性系数;湍动能耗散率$ \varepsilon $由微尺度剪切功率谱$ \psi\left(k\right) $积分求得,积分下限取2 cpm(cycle per minute),由仪器本身的分辨率决定;积分上限为Kolmogorov波数[21],即${{k}_{2}}={\left( {\varepsilon }/{\nu }^{3}\right)}^{{1}/{4}}/{2{\text π}}\;$是湍动能耗散率ε的函数,所以剪切功率谱积分也可通过逐步迭代求得。
仪器下降速度造成的测量误差和剪切探头的校准误差会引起剪切功率谱的漂移,所以在功率谱积分前,将实测剪切功率谱与Nasmyth谱进行比对,Nasmyth谱可很好地表征小尺度湍流在惯性副区内剪切谱的形式。我们在每个站位下放3次微结构剖面仪,选取实测剪切功率谱与Nasmyth谱符合较好的数据来进行研究(图2)。
垂向湍扩散系数由Osborn[22]所提出的计算公式求得:
$ {K}_{Z}={\varGamma }\frac{\varepsilon }{{N}^{2}}{,} $
式中,$ {N}^{2}=-\dfrac{g}{\rho }\dfrac{\partial \rho }{\partial \textit{z}} $N为浮力频率;gg=9.8 m/s2)为重力加速度;$\ \rho $为海水密度,与当地海水的温度和盐度相关;ε为湍动能耗散率;在不同的海域Г 取不同的值,一般Г取0.2,为经验系数[23]
A4断面西侧存在冷水团的涌升,东侧发现高温水的下沉(图3)。A4-7站位的平均温度为23.4℃,A4-10站位的平均温度为24.6℃,东侧高温水的垂向平均温度比西侧低温水高1.2℃。A4断面西侧水温的分布呈三层结构,上层温度分布均匀,上混合层的平均温度为24.87℃;随着深度的增加,温度迅速降低形成温跃层(图3)。《海洋调查规范》[24]规定:浅海中水温梯度超过0.2℃/m的水层为温跃层,温跃层的平均温度为23.12℃;温跃层下为混合均匀的低温冷水层,冷水层的平均温度为21.88℃。A4-6站位的温跃层范围为14~21 m,厚度为7 m,17 m处温跃层强度最强,为1.18℃/m。A4-7站位在8 m处温跃层强度最强,为1.05℃/m,厚度为8 m。A4-8站位温跃层为14~20 m,厚度为6 m,在18 m处强度最强,为0.92℃/m。A4-9站位温跃层最厚,厚度为11 m,范围为12~23 m,强度最强的位置在22 m处,大小为0.40℃/m。A4-10站位出现温跃层的水深较深,上界在24 m处,下界在29 m处,最强的位置在27 m处,大小为0.41℃/m。A4-11站位的温跃层最薄,只有3 m,在18 m处强度最强,为0.60℃/m。
A4断面在A4-8与A4-9站位之间的上层至15 m水深之间存在一个孤立低盐水团(图4),整个水团的平均盐度为30.6,此水团的来源是长江冲淡水。根据实际情况将长江冲淡水海域中盐度梯度超过0.15每米的水层为盐跃层(图4),盐跃层的平均盐度为33.51。盐跃层下方的高盐水混合层的平均盐度为33.86,比盐跃层高0.35。A4-10站位的盐跃层最厚为18 m,范围为11~29 m,在28 m处强度最强,为0.30 m−1。A4-6站位只在19~20 m之间存在盐跃层,强度相同,为0.12 m−1。A4-7站位在8 m处的强度最强,为0.44 m−1,范围为7~13 m,厚度为6 m。A4-8站位和A4-9站位盐跃层的上界都在15 m处,A4-9站位的盐跃层较厚,下界在23 m处,而A4-8站位盐跃层下界在18 m处。但A4-8站位盐跃层的强度强于A4-9站位,A4-8的强度值最大在16 m处,大小为0.91 m−1,A4-9站位的强度最大值为0.75 m−1,在22 m处。A4-11站位的盐跃层厚度为17~19 m,强度最大值为0.43 m−1
整个断面的浮力频率的分布(lgN2)如图5,层化程度较高的地方恰好和温跃层的位置大体相似。N2的最大值分别在17 m、8 m、18 m、22 m、27 m和18 m处,这些位置恰好与温跃层强度最强的位置(图5)相近。温跃层处的层化最强,上混合层的平均层化程度高于下混合层。每个站位上混合层的N2的平均值都在10−4 s−2附近,其中A4-6站位上混合层N2的平均值最小,自西向东逐渐增大,到A4-10站位上混合层N2的平均值最大,层化最强,到A4-11站位平均值减小。温跃层处N2的平均值在10−3 s−2附近,比上混合的平均值高一个量级。下混合层中A4-10站位N2的平均值最大,为1.40×10−3 s−2,层化最强,其余站位的量级在10−4 s−2附近,在A4-7站位的平均值最小,层化最弱。
图6为A4断面的湍动能耗散率(lgε)的示意图,6个观测站位的湍动能耗散率的量级均为10−9~10−4 W/kg。在温盐跃层重合的地方,湍动能耗散率的值较小,其量级为10−9~10−8 W/kg,表明温盐跃层对海洋的湍耗散具有抑制作用。A4-7站位湍动能耗散率较大值在表层至4 m处,量级为10−6 W/kg,最大值在26 m处,为1.04×10−5 W/kg,最小值在10 m处,为5.19×10−10 W/kg。A4-10站位湍动能耗散率仍然是上层较大,最小值在23 m处,为2.49×10−10 W/kg。在A4-10站位温跃层上界与盐跃层上界之间的湍动能耗散率较大。A4断面温跃层上混合层的湍动能耗散率的平均值为1.28×10−6 W/kg,下混合层为1.22×10−7 W/kg,温跃层湍动能耗散率的平均值为2.64×10−8 W/kg,温跃层处的湍动能耗散较小,层结稳定,上混合层的平均耗散较大,其原因可能是风的搅动和太阳辐射的作用。温跃层上混合层中A4-7站位、A4-8站位和A4-11站位的平均湍动能耗散率较大,量级均在10−6 W/kg左右,A4-7站位上混合层较薄,湍动能耗散率主要受太阳辐射和风的影响。下混合层中A4-7站位的平均湍动能耗散率最大,为6.03×10−7 W/kg,且在26 m处湍动能耗散率最大为1.04×10−5 W/kg,是因为低温水向上涌升湍动能耗散较大。
垂向湍扩散系数的分布(lgKZ)如图7所示,与湍动能耗散率的空间分布相似,与浮性频率的分布相反。温跃层上混合层垂向湍扩散系数的平均值为1.60×10−3 m2/s,温跃层垂向湍扩散系数平均值为9.30×10−6 m2/s,下混合层的平均值为2.67×10−4 m2/s。温跃层处的垂向湍扩散系数最小,温跃层抑制了湍流的扩散。所有站位的上混合层处的平均垂向湍扩散系数在A4-7站位、A4-10站位和A4-11站位偏大,量级都在10−3 m2/s左右,温跃层处垂向湍扩散系数平均值的量级为10−7~10−5 m2/s,在下混合层中,A4-7站位的平均垂向湍扩散系数最大,量级为1.30×10−6 m2/s,是因为上升流的存在使得周围海水的湍扩散增大。A4-7站位垂向湍扩散系数在26 m处最大,为2.28×10−2 m2/s,可能是上升流的流速较大,湍扩散系数也较大。A4-10站位的垂向湍扩散系数在表层至9 m的垂向湍扩散系数较大,然后逐渐减小,到15 m处较大,为1.11×10−4 m2/s,自15 m以下垂向湍扩散系数减小。低盐水团的位置恰好在A4-8站位和A4-9站位的盐跃层上混合层,这两个站位盐跃层上混合层的平均垂向湍扩散系数分别为2.68×10−6 m2/s、7.90×10−5 m2/s,二者都偏小,说明低盐水团的湍扩散较小,内部性质稳定,与外界的能量交换较少。
我们在盐度断面图中发现A4-8站位与A4-9站位之间存在1个明显的低盐水团,其盐度低于31,推测其成分为长江冲淡水。夏季长江羽流在外海一侧的边界,水平方向高盐度梯度(0.03 km−1)的狭窄水域把长江冲淡水与周围的海水隔开,我们通过计算每两个相邻站位之间的水平盐度梯度,发现在A4-9站位和A4-10站位形成了盐度锋面(图8)。李博等[25]发现,长江口孤立低盐水团的脱离和输运受到长江径流、风场等的影响,其中大潮引起的强上升流对低盐水团的脱离起到决定性的作用;Wu等[26]认为,大潮导致强烈的上升流产生,有足够的作用力可以将低盐水团从长江冲淡水中剥离出来;Li和Rong[27]研究潮汐对长江冲淡水的影响,发现在潮汐周期中,湍流混合的强烈变化导致长江口羽状流的周期性分离和喷射。低盐水团的脱离发生在小潮到大潮的过渡期,且当潮汐产生的湍流足以破环长江口附近陆架区的层结时才会发生低盐水团的脱离。图7显示,存在两个盐度锋面,低盐水团与周围高盐水之间的盐度梯度较大,产生了A4-7站位和A4-8站位的盐度锋面,在A4-10站位的盐度锋面是长江冲淡水舌与外海高盐水形成的。我们认为,锋面西侧的次级环流提供的作用力使得低盐水团从长江冲淡水中剥离出来,且低盐水团滞留在盐度锋面西侧。
通过观察湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数,发现在盐度锋面附近的湍流耗散较强,垂向湍扩散系数较大,锋面处的次级环流是加强海洋中的湍耗散和湍扩散的主要原因。低盐水团上层的湍动能耗散率较大,是由于夏季风的扰动使能量耗散较多,低盐水团下层的湍动能耗散率较小是因为低盐水团内部与周围水体的能量交换较少。
温度和盐度分布图中分别标出了温跃层和盐跃层的范围,温盐跃层在A4-7站位和A4-10站位分别有明显的凸起和凹陷。在A4-7站位温跃层附近的温度低于周围水体的温度,而盐跃层附近的盐度高于周围水体。在A4-10站位温盐跃层周围水体的分布与A4-7站位相反。我们认为,在A4-7站位存在上升流,上升流将下层的低温高盐水向上抬升,并抬升了温盐跃层的位置。在A4-10站位存在下降流,下降流将表层的高温低盐水带到下层,使温盐跃层的位置降低。在我们调查的邻近区域,赵保仁[28]在长江口海区发现明显的上升流现象。上升流出现的原因可能是由于夏季西南风影响[29],使得表层海水离开海岸,而位于长江口南面底层的台湾暖流水上升。Lü等[30]利用数值模拟的方式研究引起上升流的主要机制,结果表明,潮汐混合作用对上升流起主导作用。在近海水域,强烈的潮汐混合会导致潮汐锋面出现相当大的水平密度梯度,垂向上的密度梯度变化会激发次级环流,上升流和下降流是次级环流的主要特征[31]。次级环流是指与基本气流(地转和静水压力平衡)相关的运动,常发生在海洋中,如由锋面和涡旋驱动的深对流和环流[32]。Chant和Wilson[33]通过对哈德逊河口的观测,讨论了在强分层条件下,海角附近次级环流与分层之间的相互作用。锋面次级环流通过分层进一步加强,并且次级环流可以在涡旋中心产生上升流。
本文认为,上升流和下降流是受锋面次级环流的影响产生的。锋面处的次级环流将低盐水团从长江冲淡水中剥离出来,下层水体向上补充,又因为潮汐的作用,从而产生了上升流。同时由于锋面的环流而产生了下降流。图9展示了上升流和下降流的形成原因。由垂向湍扩散系数分布图可知,A4-7站位和A4-10站位除温盐跃层外,其他位置的垂向湍扩散系数较大,表明锋面引起的垂向环流会加强海洋的湍混合。
本文发现,上升流和下降流会影响温度锋面(图10)的产生。在A4-7站位附近的8~17 m处存在温度锋面,在A4-9站位和A4-10站位的15 m处以下存在温度锋面。温度锋面是由于上升流和下降流带来的水体与周围水体的温度明显不同而产生的,夏季出现的温度锋面一般都可以通过观察海表温度分布而观察出来,但我们所发现的两个温度锋面并不是从表层开始出现的,其所在位置恰好是上升流和下降流的位置,由此推断,此温度锋面是受上升流和下降流影响而产生的。
通过分析夏季航次的MSS90L湍流剖面仪资料,对夏季长江口及邻近海域的水文要素及湍耗散和湍混合的特征进行了研究,在所观测海域得出以下结论:
(1)湍动能耗散率的大小为1.72×10−10~2.95×10−5 W/kg;垂向湍扩散系数的大小为3.24×10−7~4.55×10−2 m2/s。湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数的分布相似,均为表层最强,底层次之,中层最弱。上层由于风应力的作用,使得湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数较大;温盐跃层处层化较强,湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数较小。
(2)盐度锋面的次级环流会促使低盐水团脱离,锋面引起的垂向环流会加强海洋的湍混合,低盐水团与外界的能量交换较少,湍动能耗散率较弱。
(3)长江口海区存在明显的上升流和下降流,它们是由锋面的次级环流产生的;上升流和下降流的存在使得湍动能耗散率与垂向湍扩散系数较大。
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2017YFA0604904);国家自然科学基金青年基金(41706022);国家自然科学基金(41849903)
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2021年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021172
  • 接收时间:2021-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-17
  • 修回日期:2021-05-25
基金
国家重点研发计划重点专项(2017YFA0604904);国家自然科学基金青年基金(41706022);国家自然科学基金(41849903)
作者信息
    1浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山 316022
    2舟山市自然资源测绘设计中心,浙江 舟山 316021
    3国防科技大学 气象海洋学院,江苏 南京 211100

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李博,男,从事海洋环境动力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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