Article(id=1233908314250203641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233908308151685504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1607011200000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-04, revisedDate=1611590400000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116267024, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1637769600000, pubDateStr=2021-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116267024, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116267024, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116267024, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233908308151685504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116265571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116265571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233908314581553669, articleId=1233908314250203641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Projectied longterm trend of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water under climate change scenarios, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the outputs of eight earth system models involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), this study assessed the simulation skill of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water (SEISAMW) of these models by comparing with observations. Moreover, this study investigated the projected long-term trends in subduction rate, volume and properties of the SEISAMW under medium and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios (i.e., SSP245, SSP585). The results show that the CMIP6 models generally have produced artificially greater mixed layer depth and smaller upper layer potential density in comparison with those of the Argo observation. Consequently, the simulated SEISAMW in the CMIP6 models are generally with larger subduction rate and smaller potential density. Meanwhile, the subduction regions of the SEISAMWs show significant differences among the analyzed CMIP6 models, which are attribute to lateral induction in the mixed layer. Furthermore, in the historical, SSP245 and SSP585 outputs, the SEISAMWs show consistent decreasing trends in subduction rate and volume, increasing trend in temperature, and decreasing trends in salinity and potential density. The long-term trends of the SEISAMWs are largest under SSP585 scenario, followed by the SSP245 scenario and historical simulation. The projected trends of SEISAMW can be explained by the following mechanism: the temperature and freshwater flux in the southeastern Indian Ocean upper layer tend to increase under enhanced radioactive forcing, resulting in shoaling in mixed layer and flattening of the mixed layer gradient. As a result, the trends of SEISAMWs in subduction rate, volume and water properties show larger values in accordance with stronger radioactive forcing.

, correspAuthors=Tengfei Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zishan Qiu, Tengfei Xu, Zexun Wei, Xunwei Nie), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233908319350477508, articleId=1233908314250203641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=气候变化情景下东南印度洋亚南极模态水的演变趋势研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于参与第六次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)的8个地球系统耦合模式所输出的历史模拟结果,本文通过与观测对比,评估了CMIP6模式对东南印度洋亚南极模态水的模拟能力,并预估了在中等强迫情景和高强迫情景下,该模态水潜沉率、体积及性质的变化趋势。结果表明:与Argo观测相比,CMIP6模式中南印度洋混合层偏深且上层海洋的位势密度偏小,因此其模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率偏大而位势密度偏小。不同CMIP6模式之间模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉区存在差异,混合层侧向输入是导致这一差异的主要原因。此外,在历史模拟和两种情景试验中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水均呈现出潜沉率和体积减小、温度升高、盐度和密度降低的趋势。其中,在高强迫情景下,变化趋势最大,中等强迫情景次之,历史模拟中的变化趋势最小。这表明,辐射强迫越强,东南印度洋海表温度升高和淡水输入增加的趋势越大,导致混合层变浅及其南北梯度减小的趋势越快,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率、体积和性质变化的趋势也随之增大。

, correspAuthors=徐腾飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐腾飞(1986—),副研究员,主要从事大洋环流与水团研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=USva3d5jFYoMYDW1/CVJRA==, magXml=Pmcm8rOwqeG7D4204rhldw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dbEk5aWFL3LOkjfpYX36xw==, pdfFileSize=3929467, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fwPxOv7vv8MwhDMJP5FWeQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EXu0dahSoT8ZvxnwrVGtkQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

邱子珊(1996—),女,重庆市江津区人,主要从事大洋水团研究。E-mail:

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邱子珊(1996—),女,重庆市江津区人,主要从事大洋水团研究。E-mail:

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邱子珊(1996—),女,重庆市江津区人,主要从事大洋水团研究。E-mail:

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3Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China
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2Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266001, China
3Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China
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3山东省海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
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a. The deep mixed layer and SEISAMW subduction in September; b. the shallow mixed layer and subducted SEISAMW in December; horizontal surface presents the mixed layer depth (shaded) and isopycnals of 26.6 kg/m3 and 26.9 kg/m3 (solid lines); vertical section indicates the potential vorticity minima region (shaded) and isopycnals (solid lines); drawn by the climatological results based on Argo observations over the period of 2005 to 2018

, figureFileSmall=aXdRiKgPmcEIgJBji97HGQ==, figureFileBig=8b0yDSlClULi+s3SFfAKHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931831733703415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图1, caption=东南印度洋亚南极模态水形成示意图

a. 混合层加深及东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉(9月);b. 混合层变浅及东南印度洋亚南极模态水完全潜沉(12月);水平表面为混合层深度(填色)和26.6 kg/m3与26.9 kg/m3的等位势密度线(实线);垂向断面为位势涡度极小值区域(填色)和位势密度等值线(实线);基于2005–2018年Argo数据的气候态结果绘制

, figureFileSmall=aXdRiKgPmcEIgJBji97HGQ==, figureFileBig=8b0yDSlClULi+s3SFfAKHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931831867921150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Seasonal variability of mixed layer depth in the Southeast Indian Ocean (30°–52°S,60°–120°E) derived from Argo and CMIP6 historical simulations, figureFileSmall=+NLh0UjkXJ42OkPRrlBnYw==, figureFileBig=eByO61tugElaTNVkeyDFYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931831964390150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CMIP6历史模拟结果和Argo观测东南印度洋(30°~52°S,60°~120°E)混合层深度的季节变化, figureFileSmall=+NLh0UjkXJ42OkPRrlBnYw==, figureFileBig=eByO61tugElaTNVkeyDFYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832056664848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Monthly mean mixed layer depth in the Southern Indian Ocean in September derived from Argo and CMIP6 historical simulations

Mixed layer depth in September derived from Argo (a) and CMIP6 (b) multi-model mean; c. the difference of mixed layer depth in September between CMIP6 multi-model mean and Argo; d. the standard deviation of mixed layer depth in September among CMIP6 models

, figureFileSmall=mheY6jF0RHFze1BIay+bnQ==, figureFileBig=pWjS8TZzISUC9SFgrQEltw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832174105366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Argo和CMIP6历史模拟时期南印度洋9月混合层深度分布

Argo(a)和CMIP6(b)模式平均9月混合层深度;c. CMIP6与Argo 9月混合层深度之差;d. CMIP6模式间9月混合层深度标准差

, figureFileSmall=mheY6jF0RHFze1BIay+bnQ==, figureFileBig=pWjS8TZzISUC9SFgrQEltw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832274768667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The long-term average annual subduction rate in the Southern Indian Ocean derived from Argo and CMIP6 historical simulations

The region between isopycnals in the red solid boxes represent the formation region of Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water

, figureFileSmall=44+ydx9VxMYIhOaWihoSjg==, figureFileBig=2AN0N8Jpr4PbBFlLnRpP/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832379626273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Argo和CMIP6历史模拟时期南印度洋的长期平均潜沉率分布

红框内位于等位势密度线之间的区域为东南印度洋亚南极模态水的生成海域

, figureFileSmall=44+ydx9VxMYIhOaWihoSjg==, figureFileBig=2AN0N8Jpr4PbBFlLnRpP/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832593535787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The difference of subduction rate calculated by geostrophic current in the Southern Indian Ocean derived from Argo and CMIP6 models

a. The difference of subduction rate between CMIP6 multi-model mean and Argo; b–i. the difference of subduction rate between CMIP6 models and Argo; the region between isopycnals in the red boxes represent the formation region of Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water

, figureFileSmall=w35CprAjtNs05+zryIJKkg==, figureFileBig=VfHbF7IqUwneGphKPoQmig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832677421874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CMIP6模式和Argo地转流计算的南印度洋潜沉率之差

a. CMIP6模式平均与Argo潜沉率之差;b–i. 各CMIP6模式与Argo的潜沉率之差;红框内位于等位势密度线之间的区域为东南印度洋亚南极模态水的生成海域

, figureFileSmall=w35CprAjtNs05+zryIJKkg==, figureFileBig=VfHbF7IqUwneGphKPoQmig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832786473783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The distribution of annual subduction rate trend in the Southern Indian Ocean derived from CMIP6 models

The left column are the results in the historical simulations from 1850 to 2014; the middle and right columns are the results of SSP245 and SSP585 from 2015 to 2100 respectively; the shaded region indicate significant trends at 95% confidence interval

, figureFileSmall=1iC+zB9tI4IwIAZv6XQMqQ==, figureFileBig=xI1NGkmI1m03yGBKfo4ZtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931832908108606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图6, caption=CMIP6模式中南印度洋潜沉率趋势分布

左列为历史模拟结果(1850–2014年);中列(SSP245)和右列(SSP585)为情景试验结果(2015–2100年);填色区域通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=1iC+zB9tI4IwIAZv6XQMqQ==, figureFileBig=xI1NGkmI1m03yGBKfo4ZtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833000383303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The distribution of mixed layer depth trend in the Southern Indian Ocean in September derived from CMIP6 models

The left column are the results in the historical simulations from 1850 to 2014; the middle and right columns are the results of SSP245 and SSP585 from 2015 to 2100 respectively; the shaded region indicate significant trends at 95% confidence interval

, figureFileSmall=o7XWHWgAYAJJJ68E+NqqsA==, figureFileBig=7FGMKYrvU736TA9KLPqjbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833117823823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CMIP6模式中南印度洋9月混合层深度趋势分布

左列为历史模拟结果(1850–2014年);中列(SSP245)和右列(SSP585)为情景试验结果(2015–2100年);填色区域通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=o7XWHWgAYAJJJ68E+NqqsA==, figureFileBig=7FGMKYrvU736TA9KLPqjbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833226875731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=CMIP6 multi-model mean trend of meridional gradient of mixed layer depth in the Southern Indian Ocean in September derived from CMIP6

a. The results in the historical simulations from 1850 to 2014; b,c. the results under two scenarios of SSP245 and SSP585 from 2015 to 2100; the shaded region indicate significant trends at 95% confidence interval

, figureFileSmall=dgnCAHmOYUKT1AkeaKhUkg==, figureFileBig=vp/x4a4tXLHYLSIqRzZFmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833361093465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图8, caption=CMIP6模式平均南印度洋9月混合层深度南北梯度趋势分布

a. 历史模拟结果(1850–2014年);b、c. SSP245和SSP585情景试验结果(2015–2100年);填色区域通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=dgnCAHmOYUKT1AkeaKhUkg==, figureFileBig=vp/x4a4tXLHYLSIqRzZFmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833457562462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Longterm variation of annual subduction rate of SEISAMW and mixed layer depth in SEISAMW formation region derived from CMIP6 models

The Δy that mark in the lower left corner of each subpanels represent this Y-axis should shift by the value of Δy refer to the Y-axis in the leftmost subpanels, i. e., in the lower corner of b showing the variation of subduction rate, Δy=−15 indicates the subduction rate is 15×106 m3/s smaller than the value shown in Y-axis

, figureFileSmall=KROBLGeAbP8O2L1FZ8R2Vg==, figureFileBig=9k0y2Gg5Lg9HLYAenbMBFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833528865640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图9, caption=CMIP6模式中东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率和其生成区混合层深度的长期变化

左下角Δy为纵坐标相对于第一列模式的平移量,如b中潜沉率变化的左下角Δy=−15表示比图中显示的纵坐标数值小15×106 m3/s

, figureFileSmall=KROBLGeAbP8O2L1FZ8R2Vg==, figureFileBig=9k0y2Gg5Lg9HLYAenbMBFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833629528942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Temperature and salinity (T-S) diagram of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water (identified as water column with potential vorticity smaller than a threshold value) derived from CMIP6 models

The left column are the results in the historical simulations from 1850 to 2014, the threshold values (unit: 10−11 m−1/s) are marked in the lower right corner of the subpanel; the middle and right columns are the results under of SSP245 and SSP585 from 2015 to 2100 respectively; the color bar indicates the related volume of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water

, figureFileSmall=JQyD+WYfQK+oxEKmHY9Yqw==, figureFileBig=64Ie2VGEdB0TcSAhEjY7Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833734386550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图10, caption=CMIP6模式中东南印度洋亚南极模态水(PV小于某一阈值)的温盐(T-S)图

左列为历史模拟结果(1850−2014年),PV阈值标于图中右下角(单位:10−11 m−1/s);中列(SSP245)和右列(SSP585)为情景试验结果(2015−2100年);图中填色代表具有不同温盐密特征的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的体积

, figureFileSmall=JQyD+WYfQK+oxEKmHY9Yqw==, figureFileBig=64Ie2VGEdB0TcSAhEjY7Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833856021374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Longterm variation of annual subduction rate and properties of Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water derived from CMIP6 models

The Δy that mark in the lower left corner of each subpanels represent this Y-axis should shift by the value of Δy refer to the Y-axis in the leftmost subpanels, i. e., in the lower corner of b showing the variation of subduction rate, Δy=−15 indicates the subduction rate is 15×106 m3/s smaller than the value shown in Y-axis

, figureFileSmall=KKqc5JWFp8MTrTuABXizeQ==, figureFileBig=2DxqZE2P56YpruHfw0SRUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833965073284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图11, caption=CMIP6模式中东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率及其性质的长期变化

左下角Δy为纵坐标相对于第一列模式的平移量,如b中潜沉率变化的左下角Δy=−15表示比纵坐标数值小15×106 m3/s

, figureFileSmall=KKqc5JWFp8MTrTuABXizeQ==, figureFileBig=2DxqZE2P56YpruHfw0SRUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931834174788491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Trend of subduction rate and properties of Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water simulated by CMIP6 models

Green, orange and purple bars indicate the variation of Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water properties in historical simulations, under SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, respectively (every 100 a); a. the darker and lighter bars indicate lateral induction and subduction rate, respectively

, figureFileSmall=6t2DSc0nypoxKU/Pt1u+9Q==, figureFileBig=jQSGwUFuFe9X761pEqIkQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931834329977748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图12, caption=CMIP6模式东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉率及其性质的变化趋势

绿色、橙色和紫色分别对应东南印度洋亚南极模态水在历史模拟、SSP245和SSP585情景试验中的变化趋势(每100 a);a. 深色和浅色部分分别对应侧向输入和潜沉率的变化趋势

, figureFileSmall=6t2DSc0nypoxKU/Pt1u+9Q==, figureFileBig=jQSGwUFuFe9X761pEqIkQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931834392892313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Longterm variation of the CMIP6 multi-model mean subduction rate and properties of Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water simulated by CMIP6 models

Orange, green and blue lines indicate the variation of Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water properties in the historical simulations, under SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, respectively (every 100 a); the values of k that marked on the right of each subpanels represent the linear trends with the color corresponding to each experiment; light color shade indicate the 0.5 times of standard deviation of the CMIP6 models

, figureFileSmall=rWEo3TxmnuuTFIcM9wXpSQ==, figureFileBig=RLqZQVJ4zohNoAA+v3wNpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931834506138528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=图13, caption=CMIP6模式平均东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉率及其性质的长期变化

橘红线、绿线和蓝线分别为东南印度洋亚南极模态水在历史模拟、SSP245和SSP585情景试验中的变化;右侧k值代表变化趋势(每100 a),不同颜色代表不同试验,与实线相对应;浅色阴影部分为CMIP6模式平均值±0.5倍标准差

, figureFileSmall=rWEo3TxmnuuTFIcM9wXpSQ==, figureFileBig=RLqZQVJ4zohNoAA+v3wNpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931834585830311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of CMIP6 models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式名称垂向层数水平分辨率(50°S)位势涡度/(10−11 m−1 ·s−1
NESM3461°×0.65°3.5
CESM2-WACCM601.125°×0.53°8
IPSL-CM6A-LR751°×0.65°8
CAMS-CSM1-0501°×1°4.5
FIO-ESM-2-0601.125°×0.53°8
MRI-ESM2-0611°×0.5°4.5
CIESM601.125°×0.53°6
CanESM5451°×0.65°3
), ArticleFig(id=1233931834757796785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CMIP6模式信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式名称垂向层数水平分辨率(50°S)位势涡度/(10−11 m−1 ·s−1
NESM3461°×0.65°3.5
CESM2-WACCM601.125°×0.53°8
IPSL-CM6A-LR751°×0.65°8
CAMS-CSM1-0501°×1°4.5
FIO-ESM-2-0601.125°×0.53°8
MRI-ESM2-0611°×0.5°4.5
CIESM601.125°×0.53°6
CanESM5451°×0.65°3
), ArticleFig(id=1233931834866848694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Water properties of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water in Argo observations and CMIP6 models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式名称最大混合
层深度/m
潜沉率/
(106 m3·s−1
潜沉率(地转)/
(106 m3·s−1
侧向输入/
(106 m3·s−1
侧向输入(地转)/
(106 m3·s−1
垂向抽吸/
(106 m3·s−1
位势密度/
(kg·m−3
温度/℃盐度
  注:−代表Argo没有基于流速计算的潜沉率,只有基于地转流计算的潜沉率。
Argo388 9.89  −6.693.2026.6~26.98.7~12.734.6~35.2
NESM356728.4316.0420.468.077.9726.9~27.210.5~12.535.2~35.7
CESM2-WACCM34117.6112.3510.044.787.5726.2~26.85.0~12.033.8~34.7
IPSL-CM6A-LR46627.2118.7019.8811.377.3326.3~26.69.8~13.534.4~35.1
CAMS-CSM1-065549.8427.2138.1415.5111.7026.2~26.99.0~14.534.5~35.3
FIO-ESM-2-031015.1511.808.575.226.5826.2~26.95.0~11.833.9~34.6
MRI-ESM2-060342.6926.3530.7214.3511.9726.6~26.99.2~13.334.7~35.3
CIESM40721.3714.6113.817.057.5626.4~26.95.5~14.034.1~35.3
CanESM552835.9523.2624.5411.8511.4126.3~26.68.9~12.034.2~34.7
), ArticleFig(id=1233931835026232252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908314250203641, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Argo观测和CMIP6模式中东南印度洋亚南极模态水性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式名称最大混合
层深度/m
潜沉率/
(106 m3·s−1
潜沉率(地转)/
(106 m3·s−1
侧向输入/
(106 m3·s−1
侧向输入(地转)/
(106 m3·s−1
垂向抽吸/
(106 m3·s−1
位势密度/
(kg·m−3
温度/℃盐度
  注:−代表Argo没有基于流速计算的潜沉率,只有基于地转流计算的潜沉率。
Argo388 9.89  −6.693.2026.6~26.98.7~12.734.6~35.2
NESM356728.4316.0420.468.077.9726.9~27.210.5~12.535.2~35.7
CESM2-WACCM34117.6112.3510.044.787.5726.2~26.85.0~12.033.8~34.7
IPSL-CM6A-LR46627.2118.7019.8811.377.3326.3~26.69.8~13.534.4~35.1
CAMS-CSM1-065549.8427.2138.1415.5111.7026.2~26.99.0~14.534.5~35.3
FIO-ESM-2-031015.1511.808.575.226.5826.2~26.95.0~11.833.9~34.6
MRI-ESM2-060342.6926.3530.7214.3511.9726.6~26.99.2~13.334.7~35.3
CIESM40721.3714.6113.817.057.5626.4~26.95.5~14.034.1~35.3
CanESM552835.9523.2624.5411.8511.4126.3~26.68.9~12.034.2~34.7
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气候变化情景下东南印度洋亚南极模态水的演变趋势研究
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邱子珊 1, 2, 3, 4 , 徐腾飞 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 魏泽勋 1, 2, 3, 4 , 聂珣炜 1, 2, 3, 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(11): 1-21
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(11): 1-21
气候变化情景下东南印度洋亚南极模态水的演变趋势研究
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邱子珊1, 2, 3, 4 , 徐腾飞1, 2, 3, 4, * , 魏泽勋1, 2, 3, 4, 聂珣炜1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部第一海洋研究所, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 2自然资源部海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 3山东省海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
  • 4青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 邱子珊(1996—),女,重庆市江津区人,主要从事大洋水团研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

徐腾飞(1986—),副研究员,主要从事大洋环流与水团研究。E-mail:
Projectied longterm trend of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water under climate change scenarios
Zishan Qiu1, 2, 3, 4 , Tengfei Xu1, 2, 3, 4, * , Zexun Wei1, 2, 3, 4, Xunwei Nie1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Frist Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266001, China
  • 3Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 4Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2021-11-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021127
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基于参与第六次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)的8个地球系统耦合模式所输出的历史模拟结果,本文通过与观测对比,评估了CMIP6模式对东南印度洋亚南极模态水的模拟能力,并预估了在中等强迫情景和高强迫情景下,该模态水潜沉率、体积及性质的变化趋势。结果表明:与Argo观测相比,CMIP6模式中南印度洋混合层偏深且上层海洋的位势密度偏小,因此其模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率偏大而位势密度偏小。不同CMIP6模式之间模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉区存在差异,混合层侧向输入是导致这一差异的主要原因。此外,在历史模拟和两种情景试验中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水均呈现出潜沉率和体积减小、温度升高、盐度和密度降低的趋势。其中,在高强迫情景下,变化趋势最大,中等强迫情景次之,历史模拟中的变化趋势最小。这表明,辐射强迫越强,东南印度洋海表温度升高和淡水输入增加的趋势越大,导致混合层变浅及其南北梯度减小的趋势越快,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率、体积和性质变化的趋势也随之增大。

CMIP6  /  东南印度洋  /  亚南极模态水  /  潜沉率  /  气候变化  /  情景试验

Based on the outputs of eight earth system models involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), this study assessed the simulation skill of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water (SEISAMW) of these models by comparing with observations. Moreover, this study investigated the projected long-term trends in subduction rate, volume and properties of the SEISAMW under medium and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios (i.e., SSP245, SSP585). The results show that the CMIP6 models generally have produced artificially greater mixed layer depth and smaller upper layer potential density in comparison with those of the Argo observation. Consequently, the simulated SEISAMW in the CMIP6 models are generally with larger subduction rate and smaller potential density. Meanwhile, the subduction regions of the SEISAMWs show significant differences among the analyzed CMIP6 models, which are attribute to lateral induction in the mixed layer. Furthermore, in the historical, SSP245 and SSP585 outputs, the SEISAMWs show consistent decreasing trends in subduction rate and volume, increasing trend in temperature, and decreasing trends in salinity and potential density. The long-term trends of the SEISAMWs are largest under SSP585 scenario, followed by the SSP245 scenario and historical simulation. The projected trends of SEISAMW can be explained by the following mechanism: the temperature and freshwater flux in the southeastern Indian Ocean upper layer tend to increase under enhanced radioactive forcing, resulting in shoaling in mixed layer and flattening of the mixed layer gradient. As a result, the trends of SEISAMWs in subduction rate, volume and water properties show larger values in accordance with stronger radioactive forcing.

CMIP6  /  Southeast Indian Ocean  /  subantarctic mode water  /  subduction rate  /  climate change  /  scenario experiments
邱子珊, 徐腾飞, 魏泽勋, 聂珣炜. 气候变化情景下东南印度洋亚南极模态水的演变趋势研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (11) : 1 -21 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021127
Zishan Qiu, Tengfei Xu, Zexun Wei, Xunwei Nie. Projectied longterm trend of the Southeast Indian subantarctic mode water under climate change scenarios[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (11) : 1 -21 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021127
模态水是具有低位势涡度的水团,具体特征为温度、盐度、密度等性质垂向均匀分布[1]。模态水形成的过程称为潜沉:晚冬海洋表层浮力损失导致上层海洋层化减弱、混合层加深;随后,位于混合层底部的水体被次年春季形成的季节性温跃层阻隔,与表层分离,最终进入永久性密度跃层并形成模态水[2-3]。模态水的形成过程与混合关系密切,其中混合过程受到海气浮力通量[4-9]、风应力驱动的埃克曼输运、埃克曼抽吸[10-12]、海洋涡旋[13-17]和跨等密度面混合[18-19]等因素的共同影响。通过模态水的形成,晚冬上层海洋的大气强迫信息得以传递到海洋次表层,接着随着海流运输到其他海域,并在若干年后重新回到海洋表层,对当地海表面以及气候产生影响[20-22]
亚南极模态水(Subantarctic Mode Water,SAMW)形成于南大洋的亚南极锋和亚热带锋之间[23]。它的形成对大气中的热量、碳和淡水储存起了重要的作用[24-29]。最暖最轻的亚南极模态水形成于南大西洋的西部,它的核心温度大约为15℃,盐度大约为35.8,密度大约为26.5 kg/m3;最冷最重的亚南极模态水形成于南太平洋东南部,它的核心温度为4~5℃,盐度大约为34.2,密度大约为27.1 kg/m3;形成于南印度洋的亚南极模态水的核心温度、盐度、密度位于以上两者之间,分别为9~14℃、34.6~35.5和26.5~26.9 kg/m3[23, 30-31]。亚南极模态水在南印度洋的分布范围从50°E以东的亚南极带开始,向东延伸至澳大利亚南部,越往东其密度越大、厚度越大[31]。在南印度洋东南部,强涡流场、海表冷却、埃克曼输运、风应力以及地形等因素共同作用,使其混合层加深,利于模态水形成[32],在这个海域形成的模态水称为东南印度洋亚南极模态水(Southeast Indian Subantarctic Mode Water,SEISAMW)。如图1所示,在晚冬9月,混合层在南印度洋60°E以东,海表位势密度在26.6~26.9 kg/m3的范围内达到最深,约为400 m,为东南印度洋亚南极模态水的形成创造了条件。在沿40°S的断面上,该模态水在60°~110°E范围内潜沉进入海洋内部,并向东移动;沿断面105°E,该模态水在38°~45°S之间潜沉,并沿着26.6~26.9 kg/m3的等位势密度面向赤道移动(图1a)。到了12月,混合层变浅,东南印度洋亚南极模态水完全潜沉,可见,沿着经度方向向东,该水团的核心位势密度在逐渐增大。在60°~80°E范围内模态水的核心位势密度范围位于26.5~26.7 kg/m3之间,80°~100°E范围内模态水的核心位势密度范围位于26.6~26.8 kg/m3之间,而在100°E以东的南印度洋海域,其核心位势密度范围为26.7~26.9 kg/m3图1b)。东南印度洋亚南极模态水的生成和消亡与海气通量以及海洋内部的跨等密度面混合密切相关[18]。该模态水形成后会随着副热带环流向西北运输,或者随着南极绕极流运输到南太平洋[31, 33-34]
由于与大气直接接触的面积较大,东南印度洋亚南极模态水对气候变化十分敏感[3536]。20世纪末以来,南半球环状模(Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode,SAM)呈现显著的上升趋势,标志着西风应力增强以及西风带向极地移动[37-41]。这种变化趋势会使穿过亚南极带的北向埃克曼输运增强,将更多来自极地的低温、低盐海水带到亚南极模态水生成区,从而影响其温度和盐度变化[10]。与此同时,风应力的变化也会直接影响亚南极模态水的潜沉过程[42-44]。基于再分析资料,刘成彦[45]发现全球潜沉率和浮露率在20世纪也都呈现增长趋势。最近基于Argo的研究表明,近年来随着亚南极模态水潜沉率的增长,其体积也呈现增大趋势,同时伴随着该模态水逐渐变深变暖,这种变化趋势与风应力旋度的增强以及混合层的加深有关[46-49]。然而,若将东南印度洋亚南极模态定义为位势涡度小于5×10–11 m–1/s的水团,呈现的结果为该水团体积在2004–2018年期间减少了约10%,这主要是混合层变浅导致的[50]。他们研究结果不一致的原因可能来源于3个方面:(1)亚南极模态水在各个海盆中的分布不均匀且密度范围不同[22, 34];(2)印度洋和太平洋在亚南极模态水形成区的混合层对风应力的响应机制不同[42];(3)在南印度洋亚南极模态水的生成区,多种混合过程(如湍流热损失、涡旋引起的输运、混合和热扩散等)共同作用,会对亚南极模态水的形成过程产生影响[9, 12, 15, 33]
多个气候模式模拟亚南极模态水的研究表明,在辐射强迫增强的背景下,气候模式预估未来的亚南极模态水会减少,其主要原因是海表热通量和淡水通量的变化,使海水获得净浮力,海洋层化加强,混合层变浅,不利于亚南极模态水形成[51-55],与Argo观测的亚南极模态水的变化趋势相反[46, 49]。这与气候耦合模式对海洋混合层的模拟能力不足有关[56-59]。在南大洋,无论是在夏季还是冬季,大部分气候模式模拟的混合层普遍偏浅[54, 58],一方面可能由模式对垂向混合模拟能力不足导致,亚南极带风应力旋度增强对混合层的影响不明显;另一方面可能是因为在模式中,过多的淡水通量(包括来自大气和埃克曼输运)进入深混合层海域,抑制模式中的冬季深对流过程。在气候变化情景下,冬季海洋热损失的减少和局地降水的增多会进一步抑制混合层加深,从而抑制亚南极模态水形成[54];而在观测中,近年来西风增强和风应力旋度增大,使海洋充分混合,加深混合层,从而使亚南极模态水潜沉率增大[49]。此外,Argo观测的时间尺度较小(十几年),亚南极模态水可能正处于其年代际变化的上升阶段,且相对于长时间尺度来说,气候变暖对海洋混合层的影响不明显;而模式模拟的时间尺度较大(百年以上),尤其是在辐射强迫增强的情景下,海表温度迅速上升,直接影响亚南极模态水的形成过程和性质变化,可以更清晰地呈现出亚南极模态水在未来的变化趋势。因此,有必要单独将位于南印度洋的亚南极模态水在未来气候变暖情景下的变化趋势进行分析,这对了解未来气候变化情况有重要的参考意义。第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, CMIP6)提供了历史模拟(Historical)试验和基于不同的共享社会经济路径(Shared Socioeconomic Paths,SSPs)及最新的人为排放数据的气候预估情景试验数据(如SSP245和SSP585),为分析未来不同情景下亚南极模态水的变化趋势创造了条件。
综上,关于东南印度洋亚南极模态水在模式和观测中的不同体现在哪些方面以及该水团在不同模式、不同辐射强迫情景中的变化趋势如何,此类问题的研究对预估未来气候变化起着重要作用,而CMIP6为此研究提供了条件。因此,本文的目的是基于CMIP6模式的历史模拟试验以及SSP245和SSP585两种未来排放情景试验,预估CMIP6模式中的东南印度洋亚南极模态水在不同情景下的变化趋势。
Argo计划于1998年提出,从2000年开始布放。目前,全球海洋中漂浮着3 000多个Argo浮标,平均而言,约3°×3°的网格内,就有1个Argo浮标[60]。本文使用的温度和盐度观测数据来自于亚太数据研究中心(Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center,APDRC)的网格化Argo数据,它隶属于美国夏威夷大学国际太平洋研究中心(International Pacific Research Center,IPRC),其水平分辨率为1°×1°,垂向共27层(0 m、5 m、10 m、20 m、30 m、50 m、75 m、100 m、125 m、150 m、200 m、250 m、300 m、400 m、500 m、600 m、700 m、800 m、900 m、1 000 m、1 100 m、1 200 m、1 300 m、1 400 m、1 500 m、1 750 m、2 000 m)。本文选取了从2005–2018年的月平均温度和盐度数据,用于计算南印度洋潜沉率以及分析东南印度洋亚南极模态水的性质。
风场数据来源于美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction /National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)大气再分析资料,水平分辨率约为2.5°×2.5°。数据的空间范围几乎覆盖全球,时间范围从1948年至今[61]。本文使用了2005–2018年的月平均海表风场数据,主要用于对南印度洋潜沉率的计算。
为了更好地了解在自然强迫或辐射强迫变化的情景下,过去、现在和未来的气候变化情况,并对全球海气耦合模式进行比较,世界气候研究计划(World Climate Research Programme’s,WCRP)耦合模拟工作组(Working Group on Coupled Modelling,WGCM)已经组织了5次国际耦合模式比较计划[62-64](Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,CMIP)。CMIP以“推动模式发展和增进对地球气候系统的科学理解”为目标,开展了有效工作,不仅使气候科学研究进入一个新时代,而且已经成为国家和国际气候变化评估的核心要素[65-66]。目前,CMIP正处于第六阶段(MIP6),在此次比较计划中,参加对比的气候模式都是地球系统模式[67]。CMIP6的试验设计有3个层次,包括核心DECK试验、历史模拟试验和CMIP6批准的模式比较子计划(Model Intercomparison Projects,MIPs)计划中的试验[66, 68]
历史模拟试验是模式加入CMIP6的必做试验,即基于观测的、随时间变化的人为强迫和自然强迫下,进行工业革命以来的历史气候模拟。历史模拟试验是评估模式模拟能力的重要基准[66, 68]。排放情景是对辐射有潜在作用的物质(如温室气体、气溶胶)的未来排放趋势的合理描述[69]。为了更好地衡量社会经济与未来气候变化之间的关系,CMIP6批准了情景模式比较计划(Scenario Model Intercomparison Project,ScenarioMIP)。ScenarioMIP是模式比较子计划之一,其中的气候预估情景是不同SSP与辐射强迫的矩形组合[70]。SSPs描述了在没有气候变化或者气候政策的影响下未来社会可能的发展,它包括5种路径,SSP1是可持续发展、SSP2是中度发展、SSP3是局部发展、SSP4是各国之间或国内各部门之间一定程度的不均衡发展、SSP5是化石燃料驱动的发展[7071]。较之CMIP5中代表性浓度路径(Representative Concentration Pathways,RCPs)情景试验中的4种辐射强迫路径(RCPs是一系列综合的浓缩和排放情景,包括一个高排放情景(8.5 W/m2, RCP8.5),两个中等排放情景(4.5 W/m2, RCP4.5;6.0 W/m2, RCP6.0)和一个低排放情景(2.6 W/m2,RCP2.6)),ScenarioMIP采用了多个综合评估模型(Integrated Assessment Models,IAM),在未来可能发生的各种社会经济发展情景基础上生成了相应的土地利用和排放路径变化,更加强调未来辐射强迫情景与共享社会经济情景的一致性[68, 7072]。其中,SSP245是更新后的RCP4.5情景,在此情景下2100年辐射强迫稳定在4.5 W/m2左右,是中等强迫情景;SSP585是更新后的RCP8.5情景,在此情景下2100年辐射强迫稳定在8.5 W/m2左右,是高强迫情景[70]
本文主要选取CMIP6气候模式的历史模拟、SSP245和SSP585情景试验中的数据,所使用的变量包括流速、温度、盐度和风应力。本文中计算的线性趋势均为一阶线性拟合得到。由于CMIP6正在进行中,大部分模式没有完整的情景试验数据,而其中SSP245和SSP585是输出相对较为完整的情景试验,因此本文使用了目前已完全输出的这两组情景试验数据的8个模式来对亚南极模态水进行研究,模式具体信息如表1所示。本文采用的是输出最完整的“r1i1p1f1”的数据。
本文将东南印度洋亚南极模态水定义为位势涡度(Potential Vorticity,PV)小于某一阈值的水团[23, 30]。PV的计算公式为
${\rm{PV}} = (f/{{g}}){N^2},$
式中,PV表示位涡;f 是科氏参数; g 是重力加速度;N 表示浮力频率,是衡量垂向层化的判据,计算公式为
${N^2} = - \frac{g}{\rho }\frac{{{\rm{d}}\rho }}{{{\rm{d}}\textit{z}}},$
式中,ρ是参考密度,按照两层密度的平均值来计算;z代表水深。由于CMIP6各个模式之间存在系统误差,因此模式中东南印度洋亚南极模态水定义的低位涡值不同,主要根据CMIP6历史模拟时期平均的低位涡值来选取,具体数值如表1所示。
潜沉率指模态水的形成速率,被定义为1 a中来自混合层、穿过季节性密跃层,不可逆地进入永久性密跃层的总水量。潜沉率计算公式[73]
${S_{{\rm{ann}}}} = \overline { - \left( {{{{w}}_{{\rm{Ek}}}} - \frac{\beta }{f}\int\limits_{ - {h_m}}^0 v {\rm{d}}z} \right)} - \frac{1}{T}\left( {{{{h}}_{m,1}} - {{{h}}_{m,0}}} \right),$
式中,wEk是根据风应力计算得到的埃克曼抽吸速度;β是地转参数f随纬度的变化;v为经向流速;$\dfrac{\beta }{f}\int\limits_{ - {h_m}}^0 v {\rm{d}}z$表示地转运动对混合层底垂向速度的贡献;T为1 a的周期;hm,0hm,1分别表示水质点从第一年晚冬开始潜沉时的混合层深度和经过1 a运动后第二年晚冬的混合层深度。右端$\overline { - \left( {{{{w}}_{{\rm{Ek}}}} - \dfrac{\beta }{f}\int\limits_{ - {h_m}}^0 v {\rm{d}}z} \right)}$为垂向抽吸项,与风应力引起的埃克曼抽吸有关;$\dfrac{1}{T}\left( {{{{h}}_{m,1}} - {{{h}}_{m,0}}} \right)$为侧向输入项,表示由于混合层的倾斜以及背景流场的作用下对潜沉过程的贡献。本文在计算Argo潜沉率的侧向输入时,利用了温度和盐度数据计算了地转流(参考深度为2 000 m)和埃克曼抽吸的垂向速度(基于NCEP/NCAR风场计算),追踪了混合层底部水质点从第一年9月至第二年9月的运动轨迹,计算结果与Qu等[49]基本一致;在计算CMIP6模式潜沉率的侧向输入项时,本文利用模式输出的流速数据追踪水质点进行计算。同时,为了与Argo观测对比,本文还利用CMIP6模式历史模拟的温度和盐度计算得到的地转流对潜沉率进行了估算。混合层深度定义为比距海表10 m处的位势密度高0.03 kg/m3的深度[50, 54, 74]。本文中的CMIP6模式潜沉体积是在给定的东南印度洋区域(30°~52°S,60°~120°E)内,将海表位势密度限定为模态水的核心密度范围进行面积积分得到。由于东南印度洋亚南极模态水在情景试验SSP245和SSP585中的密度变化较大,若将积分密度范围定义为一个固定区间可能会低估该水团潜沉率,因此本文根据位涡估算得到的模态水平均密度ρ且模态水的密度大小一般为0.4 kg/m3,将计算潜沉率的海表密度积分范围定义为(ρ−0.2)~(ρ+0.2)kg/m3
晚冬深对流区域形成的深混合层与模态水的形成直接相关,基于Argo区域(30°~52°S,60°~120°E)平均的混合层深度表现出显著的季节变化(图2):从南半球夏季(1–3月)至冬季(7–9月),混合层逐渐加深,并在晚冬9月达到最深,约为155 m,为春季模态水的形成创造了条件;随后混合层迅速变浅,对应于模态水的形成过程。CMIP6模式模拟的冬季混合层深度均比Argo观测的更深,且不同的CMIP6模式模拟的混合层深度差异也较大,9月混合层最深可以达约360 m(CAMS-CSM1-0),最浅约为170 m(IPSL-CM6A-LR)。尽管存在这些差异,但是8个CMIP6模式模拟的混合层深度相位变化均与Argo观测一致,能够较好地模拟出与观测一致的季节变化。由于各个模式模拟的混合层深度不同,其模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水所能到达的深度也存在差异,但是8个CMIP6模式均能再现该模态水的形成过程。
前人研究表明[54],CMIP5模式模拟的混合层偏浅,与之相反,在几乎整个南印度洋,CMIP6模式历史模拟期间的9月混合层与Argo观测的相比均偏深(图2图3c)。在澳大利亚西南部,CMIP6模拟混合层比Argo观测的深200 m以上;在70°E以东,45°S以南以及70°E以西,30°~45°S之间的海域内,CMIP6模拟混合层比Argo观测的深50~100 m(图3c)。在Argo观测中,南印度洋东南部深混合层范围为40°~45°S,70°~120°E,而在CMIP6模式中,深混合层范围为35°~55°S,70°~120°E(图3a图3b)。可见,CMIP6模拟的南印度洋东南部深混合层在纬向上的范围比Argo观测的更大(图3a图3b)。在澳大利亚西南部和50°E以东,30°~45°S之间的海域内,CMIP6模式间混合层标准差最大,为100~200 m(图3d),可见CMIP6模式间混合层深度的差异很大,因此东南印度洋亚南极模态水的生成区也存在明显差异。
基于Argo和NCEP/NCAR风场计算的潜沉率分布显示,在南印度洋的东南部(35°~45°S,55°~115°E)存在较强的潜沉区,与混合层深度南北梯度较大的海域位置相对应(约40°S,图3a)。可见,混合层深度南北梯度最大的位置与潜沉区的位置密切相关。该海域的潜沉率为12~145 m/a,与东南印度洋亚南极模态水的形成有关(图4a)。Argo观测显示,东南印度洋亚南极模态水的核心位势密度范围为26.6~26.9 kg/m3,温度范围为8.7~12.7°C,盐度范围为34.6~35.2,与Hong等[50]基本一致(表2)。因此,我们在给定红框区域(30°~52°S,60°~120°E)内,对在26.6~26.9 kg/m3等密度线之间的潜沉率进行了积分,其中侧向输入和垂向抽吸的年平均速率分别为6.69×106 m3/s和3.20×106 m3/s,对潜沉率的贡献分别为67.7%和32.3%(表2)。这表明,混合层底部的平流是东南印度洋亚南极模态水形成的主要驱动因素。
CMIP6模式历史模拟试验中的南印度洋潜沉率分布与观测大致相似,在混合层深度南北梯度较大的海域位置(约38°S,60°~105°E;图3b),潜沉率也相对较大,潜沉核心区基本位于南印度洋30°~45°S之间,对应于亚南极模态水的形成(图4b图4i)。但是由于在不同的CMIP6模式中,模拟的亚南极锋、亚热带锋和深混合层的纬向位置有差异,其中部分模式模拟的深混合层会向赤道偏移。与Argo观测的相比,CMIP6模式模拟的平均深混合层向赤道方向延伸更远,可以延伸至38°S左右(Argo为40°S左右),在澳大利亚西南部,深混合层位置可以向北延伸至35°S左右。由于CMIP6模式模拟混合层深度的南北梯度最大位置向赤道偏移,其模拟潜沉核心区也会向赤道偏移(图4),在CMIP5模式中也存在这种潜沉区向赤道偏移的偏差[54]。由于CMIP6模式模拟混合层深度以及混合层深度的南北梯度差异较大(图3d),所以不同模式模拟的南印度洋东部的潜沉率核心区位置也不同(图4b图4i)。与混合层深度南北梯度最大的位置所对应,CMIP6模式在南印度洋东部的潜沉率核心区主要呈现出了两种分布形态,一种为集中于东部约35°S,108°E位置的分布形态(CESM2-WACCM,FIO-ESM-2-0,CIESM);另一种则基本沿纬向(约38°S)均匀分布于55°~120°E的经度范围内(NESM3,IPSL-CM6A-LR,CAMS-CSM1-0,MRI-ESM2-0,CanESM5),这种分布形态与Argo观测相似。本文分析的所有CMIP6模式模拟东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率都比观测更大,潜沉更强(表2)。在这8个CMIP6模式中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉都主要由侧向输入导致,与Argo一致(表2)。
本文根据CMIP6模式历史模拟的温度和盐度数据计算地转流之后,再基于地转流计算结果进一步计算得到了潜沉率与Argo潜沉率分布之差(图5)。可以看出,与Argo潜沉率相比,CMIP6模式平均潜沉率在靠近赤道的纬向上(30°~35°S)和澳大利亚西南部(105°~110°E)附近偏大,而在40°~45°S附近偏小(图5a)。单个CMIP6模式与Argo潜沉率之差的分布也存在类似的特点(图5b图5i)。在潜沉核心区集中于东部(约35°S,108°E)的模式中(CESM2-WACCM,FIO-ESM-2-0,CIESM),潜沉率偏大的位置主要位于澳大利亚西南部附近;在潜沉率呈沿纬向均匀分布形态的模式中(NESM3,IPSL-CM6A-LR,CAMS-CSM1-0,MRI-ESM2-0,CanESM5),潜沉率偏大的位置主要位于38°S纬线附近。另外,在CMIP6模式中,基于地转流计算的侧向输入与基于模式流场计算的侧向输入相比明显偏小,在最大混合层深度相对较小的模式中(CESM2-WACCM和FIO-ESM-2-0),基于地转流计算的侧向输入小于Argo,而在其他CMIP6模式中则大于Argo。但是,CMIP6模式中基于地转流计算得到的东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率与Argo潜沉率相比仍然偏大(表2)。
表2中可以看出,在模拟混合层深度较大的模式中(CAMS-CSM1-0和MRI-ESM2-0,最大混合层深度分别为655 m和 603 m),平均潜沉率也明显大于其他模式(分别为49.84×106 m3/s和42.69×106 m3/s)。同样,在模拟最大混合层较浅的CESM2-WACCM和FIO-ESM-2-0中,平均潜沉率与其他CMIP6模式相比更小,分别为17.61×106 m3/s和15.15×106 m3/s。在历史模拟期间,NESM3模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水位势密度明显大于Argo和其他CMIP6模式(为26.9~27.2 kg/m3),这主要是由于其模拟的盐度偏大;在MRI-ESM2-0中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水的核心位势密度范围为26.6~26.9 kg/m3,与Argo中位势密度范围一致;然而,其他CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水位势密度均小于Argo,这与图4中该模态水潜沉区的海表密度范围所对应。
前人研究表明[55],与观测相比,大部分CMIP5气候模式模拟南大洋的海水温度偏高且盐度偏小,所以密度偏小,这可能是模式中偏强的降水导致[54]。海表过多的淡水输入会加强海水的层化,抑制冬季深对流和混合层的形成[54]。CMIP6模式在混合层模拟上有所改善,大部分CMIP6模式模拟的最大混合层深度都与观测相近或者更大,而模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的盐度都比观测略小,温度相差不大,因此CMIP6模式模拟该水团密度的偏差主要来源于偏小的盐度(表2),这可能是模式高估了模态水生成区的降水[75]。另外,不同CMIP6模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的性质差异也很大,其原因可能来源于多个方面,如模式对风场和浮力强迫、南大洋吸收和储存热量、次中尺度混合过程模拟能力不同以及中纬度海域跨等密度面混合参数化方案不同等[27, 51]。虽然CMIP6模式之间存在以上偏差,但在辐射强迫增强的情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水性质变化趋势基本一致,这将在下一章进行分析。
图4中可以大致得出东南印度洋亚南极模态水在CMIP6模式中的生成区位置,将生成区位置对应于图6图7,则能看出东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率趋势和对应位置混合层深度趋势的水平分布。本文将显著水平设为0.05,对应的置信水平为95%,对潜沉率、混合层深度和混合层深度南北梯度长期趋势均进行了Mann-Kendall检验,并已去除未通过显著性检验和变化趋势不明显的网格点。在CMIP6模式的历史模拟试验中,NESM3的东南印度洋亚南极模态水形成于30°~40°S,70°~110°E,且位于海表密度为26.6~26.9 kg/m3之间的海域。将此区域对应于图6a图6c中可发现,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率的增大趋势在历史模拟期间占主导地位;而在SSP245情景下,潜沉率减小趋势的范围明显增大;在SSP585情景下,潜沉率减小趋势的范围几乎遍布了整个30°~40°S的南印度洋海域。在其他CMIP6模式中也能看出类似特点:在东南印度洋亚南极模态水生成区,潜沉率趋势在历史模拟期间偏小,在SSP245情景下居中,在SSP585情景下最大(图6),即辐射强迫越强,东南印度洋亚南极模态水生成区的潜沉率减小越快。CMIP6模式模拟的南印度洋潜沉率趋势也呈现出两种分布形态:3个CMIP6模式中的潜沉率趋势总体偏小(CESM2-WACCM,FIO-ESM-2-0,CIESM),且其潜沉率减小趋势最大的区域位于约100°E以东的位置;5个CMIP6模式中的潜沉率趋势总体偏大(NESM3,IPSL-CM6A-LR,CAMS-CSM1-0,MRI-ESM2-0,CanESM5),其潜沉率减小趋势最大的区域主要位于30°~45°S之间,可达1.5 m/a2。值得注意的是,在CAMS-CSM1-0,MRI-ESM2-0,CanESM5中,潜沉率趋势的分布在30°~40°S间沿着纬度方向出现了明显分界,在边界以南潜沉率增大,在边界以北潜沉率减小,而且随着辐射强迫增强,边界会更加明显(图6)。
南印度洋混合层趋势的水平分布也呈现出类似的规律,与潜沉率趋势分布形态对应较好(图6图7):在大部分CMIP6模式中,在混合层变浅(深)的区域,潜沉率会相应减小(增加);在辐射强迫增强的情景试验中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水生成区的混合层变浅更快,潜沉率减小加快。其原因可能来自两个方面:一是在气候模式中,随着辐射强迫增加,海表温度增加;二是在东南印度洋亚南极模态水生成区的淡水输入增加。两种效应都使得海水获得浮力,海洋层化加强,混合层变浅,抑制了东南印度洋亚南极模态水的形成[5253, 75]。然而,NESM3与其他模式有着明显差异:在NESM3的历史模拟期间,东南印度洋亚南极模态水生成区的混合层深度呈现上升趋势(约0.5 m/a);在SSP245情景下,混合层深度呈上升趋势的海域面积比历史模拟更大,只有邻近澳大利亚西南部的混合层变浅;而在SSP585情景下,混合层深度在东部集中减小很快,该减小趋势可达3 m/a(图7a图7c)。模拟混合层偏弱的模式模拟的混合层深度变化趋势明显小于其他模式(CESM2-WACCM,FIO-ESM-2-0,CIESM,最大混合层深度分别为341 m、310 m和407 m,表2);而模拟混合层偏强的模式模拟的混合层变化更加明显(NESM3,CAMS-CSM1-0,MRI-ESM2-0,CanESM5,最大混合层深度分别为567 m、655 m、603 m和528 m,表2)。也就是说,CMIP6气候模式模拟混合层越深,其中混合层深度在未来排放情景下的变化趋势越明显。
CMIP6多模式平均南印度洋9月混合层深度南北梯度趋势的水平分布显示,在CMIP6模式历史模拟期间,澳大利亚西南部以及30°~35°S,40°~100°E海域范围内混合层深度的南北梯度呈缓慢减小趋势,约为−2×10−3 m/(km·a),与东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉区相对应(图8a);在SSP245情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉区混合层深度南北梯度的减小趋势更加显著,可达−5×10−3 m/(km·a)以上(图8b);而在SSP585情景下,混合层深度的南北梯度呈减小趋势的海域范围在澳大利亚东南部(30°~43°S,90°~110°E)明显增大,减小趋势可达−8×10−3 m/(km·a)(图8c)。可见,辐射强迫的增强加速了混合层深度南北梯度的减小,导致东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率减小速度加快。
为了研究东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率的长期变化,本文将潜沉率在该水团的生成区进行积分,并计算了混合层深度在该水团生成区的平均值面积,计算结果如图9所示。在CMIP6模式的历史模拟时期(1850–2014年),潜沉率变化较为平缓。在NESM3中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率呈缓慢上升趋势,这主要是由于侧向输入引起的(约72.7%),而垂向抽吸对潜沉率趋势贡献相对较小,约为27.3%(图9a);在CESM-WACCM中,模态水潜沉率变化不大(图9b);在IPSL-CM6A-LR中,模态水潜沉率随着侧向输入和垂向抽吸变化,起伏很大,在1910年以前呈波动下降趋势(约9.98×106 (m3·s–1)/(100 a)),之后呈缓慢上升趋势,约为0.29×106 (m3·s–1)/(100 a)(图9c)。该变化与混合层深度的变化对应较好,尤其是在1890年前后,混合层深度与潜沉率同时在下降后上升至极大值(约226 m和33.29×106 m3/s),随后迅速下降,1910年以后再缓慢波动上升。与除此之外的其他CMIP6模式模拟的潜沉率均呈现缓慢的下降趋势(图9d图9h)。
在SSP245情景下,NESM3模拟的模态水潜沉率在2060年之前呈下降趋势(约9.80×106 (m3·s–1)/(100 a)),随后迅速上升,上升趋势约为26.18×106(m3·s–1)/(100 a)(图9a),这主要由侧向输入的增加引起(约82.1%),而垂向抽吸的贡献较小(约17.9%)。侧向输入与混合层深度的变化有密切联系,在2060年以后,混合层的上升趋势可以达到84.5 m/(100 a)。与其他模式相比,IPSL-CM6A-LR模拟的模态水潜沉率变化在SSP245情景下仍然很大。2015−2060年,潜沉率呈波动上升趋势,至2060年达到极大值,随后迅速下降。模态水的侧向输入、垂向抽吸以及生成区混合层深度的变化也有类似特点(图9c);除此之外的其他CMIP6模式在情景试验中模拟东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉率、侧向输入、垂向抽吸和混合层深度也均呈下降趋势,且下降速度比历史模拟更快,尤其是在SSP585情景试验中下降最快(图9)。
因为CMIP6模式之间存在系统偏差,因此它们模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水在温−盐(T-S)图中也会呈现不同的分布(图10)。历史模拟期间东南印度洋亚南极模态水的平均温度、盐度和密度范围列于表2中,与图10第一列图相对应。在SSP245情景下,模式模拟东南印度洋亚南极模态水的T-S分布与历史模拟相比偏左上方,即模态水密度比历史模拟更小,体积也明显减小;在SSP585情景下,模式模拟的模态水密度更小,体积也更小。可见,辐射强迫越强,模式模拟东南印度洋亚南极模态水的密度越小,体积也越小。此外,CESM2-WACCM、FIO-ESM-2-0、CIESM在SSP245情景下模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水分成了两个部分。从T-S图中可以看出,这两个水团之间的温度、盐度和密度差别很大—位于右上角的水团呈高温高盐性质,位于左下角的呈低温低盐性质(图10e图10n图10t)。这可能是因为它们的潜沉区域不同,导致潜沉下来的水团储存了不同的海表信息。在SSP585情景下,这两部分水团分得更开,且体积更小(图10f图10o图10u)。
对比潜沉率的变化与完全潜沉之后的东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积和性质的变化后发现,在CMIP6历史模拟时期,所有CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的体积与潜沉率的变化对应较好(图11)。大部分CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积在这一时期缓慢减小(图11)。NESM3模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积随着潜沉率的增大而增大,在1940–2000年期间尤其明显,约为7.1×1015 m3/(100 a);IPSL-CM6A-LR模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积随着潜沉率变化,在1940年以前呈下降趋势(约0.98×1015 m3/(100 a)),随后缓慢上升,上升趋势约为0.55×1015 m3/(100 a)(图11c)。在情景试验中(2015–2100年),东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积减小速度加快,在SSP585情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积减少最多。部分模式预估,到2100年时,东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积甚至接近0(图11)。
与此同时,在历史模拟时期,除了NESM3之外,其余7个CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的密度均减小,其中,CIESM模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水密度减小最快(−0.10 (kg·m−3)/(100 a))。在情景试验中,所有CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水密度加速减小(图11g)。虽然部分模式在历史模拟时期模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水趋于变冷(NESM3、IPSL-CM6A-LR、MRI-ESM2-0),但在几乎所有模式情景试验中(除了NESM3的SSP245情景试验),东南印度洋亚南极模态水温度均呈增加趋势,且在SSP585情景下增加趋势最大(图11)。与温度相比,CMIP6模式模拟东南印度洋亚南极模态水的盐度变化趋势比较不规则。在NESM3的SSP585情景试验中,该水团盐度下降很快,从约35.5降至约35.2,而在CIESM的SSP585情景试验中,该水团盐度呈现增加趋势(图11a图11g)。因此,东南印度洋亚南极模态水密度的减小主要是温度的增加导致的。
图12中也可以看出,在大部分CMIP6模式中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉率、体积、密度和温度在3组不同试验中的趋势均呈现随着辐射强迫增强不断递增的特点,变化趋势在历史模拟时最小,在SSP245情景下居中,在SSP585情景下最大,而其盐度的变化趋势则较为不规则。东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉率趋势在历史模拟试验中很小(绝对值),且在除了NESM3和CESM2-WACCM之外的CMIP6模式中均为负数(图12a),在辐射更强的情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率的减小加快。侧向输入和垂向抽吸对潜沉率的趋势贡献在不同模式不同试验中有差别(图12a)。如在FIO-ESM-2-0的SSP245和SSP585情景试验中,垂向抽吸对潜沉率趋势的影响占主导作用;在NESM3的SSP245情景试验中,垂向抽吸对潜沉率趋势的影响更大,而在SSP585情景下,侧向输入对潜沉率趋势的贡献更大(图12a)。但是,在大部分CMIP6模式中,无论在历史模拟,还是在SSP245和SSP585情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率趋势主要由侧向输入控制(图12a)。同样也可以看出,混合层深度在大部分CMIP6模式中呈变浅的趋势,且在SSP585情景下变浅速率最快(图12b)。与潜沉率和混合层深度的下降趋势对应,东南印度洋亚南极模态水的体积在CMIP6模式中呈现下降趋势,且在MRI-ESM2-0的SSP585情景试验中下降最快,约3.68×1015 m3/(100 a)(图12c)。
同时,大部分CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的密度在历史模拟试验中均呈下降趋势;在中等辐射强迫情景的SSP245试验中密度下降趋势会更大;在高强迫情景的SSP585试验中,密度减小最快,尤其是CIESM模拟的模态水密度在此情景试验中从26.4 kg/m3降到25.8 kg/m3,趋势约为0.97 (kg·m−3)/(100 a)(图11g图12d)。东南印度洋亚南极模态水的温度在历史模拟中变化趋势不大,部分模式在SSP245情景下变化趋势也不明显(NESM3、IPSL-CM6A-LR、FIO-ESM-2-0、MRI-ESM2-0)。在SSP585情景下,虽然每个CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的温度上升趋势有大(如CIESM,约5.59℃/(100 a))有小(如NESM3和MRI-ESM2-0,分别为0.77℃/(100 a)和0.91℃/(100 a)),但是与其他试验相比,其温度都加速上升(图11图12e)。与温度的变化相比,盐度的变化趋势在CMIP6模式之间的差异更大。在NESM3、CESM2-WACCM和MRI-ESM2-0中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水的盐度在历史模拟和情景试验中均呈减小趋势,且在辐射强迫增强情景下,盐度的减小趋势更明显,可达0.39(100 a)−1(NESM3的SSP585情景试验中);与之相反,CIESM模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的盐度变化呈增加趋势;除此之外的其他CMIP6模式模拟的东南印度洋亚南极模态水的盐度变化趋势不明显,且与辐射强迫关系不大(图12f)。
CMIP6多模式平均东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉及性质的长期变化情况如图13所示。虽然各个模式之间的系统偏差很大,但是它们的长期变化趋势特点相似。在历史模拟时期,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率减小趋势比较缓慢(约1.52×106 (m3·s−1)/(100 a)),侧向输入和垂向抽吸也呈现缓慢减小趋势(分别为1.28×106 (m3·s−1)/(100 a)和0.23×106 (m3·s−1)/(100 a)),对潜沉率趋势的贡献分别约为84.2%和15.8%;在SSP245情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率加速减小(约为5.15×106 (m3·s−1)/(100 a)),其中侧向输入和垂向抽吸对其贡献分别约为71.1%和28.9%;在SSP585情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉率减小最快(约为11.1×106 (m3·s−1)/(100 a)),侧向输入和垂向抽吸对其贡献分别约为78.3%和21.7%(图13a图13c)。由此可见,影响东南印度洋亚南极模态水潜沉的主要驱动因素为侧向输入,在长时间尺度上,侧向输入对其变化趋势的贡献更大。与潜沉率的减小相对应,东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积也随之减小,且在历史模拟时期其体积减小趋势缓慢(约−0.28×1015 m3/(100 a)),在情景试验下加速减小,在SSP245和SSP585情景下分别为0.92×1015 m3/(100 a)和1.97×1015 m3/(100 a)。
情景试验对海洋最直接的影响是辐射强迫增加,表层海水温度升高,东南印度洋亚南极模态水随之响应。历史模拟时期,东南印度洋亚南极模态水温度增加趋势不明显(约0.08℃/(100 a)),然而在2014年之后的情景试验中,东南印度洋亚南极模态水温度迅速增加,在SSP585情景下,其增加趋势可达2.28℃/(100 a),到2100年,其温度接近13℃(图13f)。东南印度洋亚南极模态水盐度变化趋势没有温度明显,但能看出盐度下降趋势在情景试验中比历史模拟中更大。随着温度增加、盐度减小,东南印度洋亚南极模态水密度也呈现减小趋势。在SSP585情景下,密度减小趋势最大(约为0.52(kg·m−3)/(100 a)),从2015到2100年,东南印度洋亚南极模态水密度从26.5 kg/m3减小至26.1 kg/m3
本文基于CMIP6中8个模式数据的历史模拟试验,通过与Argo观测对比,评估了不同模式对东南印度洋亚南极模态水的模拟能力。结果表明,各模式之间存在较大的系统偏差,尤其是在模拟海表密度这一方面。大部分模式模拟的南印度洋上层海洋的密度偏小,导致从混合层底部潜沉的东南印度洋亚南极模态水密度也偏小。Sallée等[55]也发现,CMIP5气候模式模拟的亚南极模态水和南极中间水的密度都偏小。南印度洋潜沉率分布主要呈现出集中于东部型和沿纬向相对均匀型这两种分布形态。这种模式之间潜沉率分布的差异主要取决于侧向输入项。
本文将东南印度洋亚南极模态水在历史模拟与SSP245和SSP585两种情景下的变化趋势作了比较,发现南印度洋潜沉率与混合层深度以及混合层深度南北梯度趋势的水平分布对应较好。在混合层变浅(深)及其南北梯度减小(增加)的区域,潜沉率减小(增加);在辐射强迫增强的情景下,东南印度洋亚南极模态水生成区的混合层变浅更快,混合层深度南北梯度减小更快,对应位置的潜沉率减小更快。这是在长期变化过程中,海表热通量和淡水通量增加导致的[52-55]。CMIP6模式模拟东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉率和体积基本呈现同步变化。多模式平均的结果显示,东南印度洋亚南极模态水在历史模拟时期中潜沉率和相应性质的变化较为平缓;而在辐射强迫增强的情景下,由于混合层变浅,抑制了东南印度洋亚南极模态水的潜沉过程,导致东南印度洋亚南极模态水体积在长期变化过程中逐渐减小,与此同时,东南印度洋亚南极模态水本身的温度升高、盐度降低、密度降低(图13)。因此,基于CMIP6模式对东南印度洋亚南极模态水的模拟预估,东南印度洋亚南极模态水将在未来持续减少,这可能会对上层海洋翻转环流和海洋对CO2的吸收产生重要影响[26, 53]
  • 中国大洋十三五资源与环境项目(DY135-E2-4);国家自然科学基金(41806040)
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2021年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021127
  • 接收时间:2020-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-04
  • 修回日期:2021-01-26
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中国大洋十三五资源与环境项目(DY135-E2-4);国家自然科学基金(41806040)
作者信息
    1自然资源部第一海洋研究所, 山东 青岛 266061
    2自然资源部海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
    3山东省海洋环境科学与数值模拟重点实验室, 山东 青岛 266061
    4青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 区域海洋动力学与数值模拟功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

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徐腾飞(1986—),副研究员,主要从事大洋环流与水团研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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