Article(id=1233908309942661712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233908308151685504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021158, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1606320000000, receivedDateStr=2020-11-26, revisedDate=1614096000000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116265998, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1637769600000, pubDateStr=2021-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116265998, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116265998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116265998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233908308151685504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116265571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116265571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=166, endPage=180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233908310227874385, articleId=1233908309942661712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Nighttime sea fog recognition based on Himawari-8 data, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sea fog is a kind of disastrous weather phenomenon which occurs on the sea surface. Mastering the distribution and dynamic changes of sea fog can effectively reduce the disasters caused by sea fog. Satellite remote sensing observation has the characteristics of near real time, wide coverage, continuous observation and so on. Especially the geostationary satellite remote sensing observation with high time resolution, which can continuously and dynamically track the occurrence, development and extinction of sea fog. The sea fog events in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are taken from 2018 to 2019 as examples in this paper. Based on the analysis of the multi-channel bright temperature radiation characteristics of sea fog in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea by using Himawari-8 (H-8) geostationary satellite data, the separation index of sea fog and cloud, the separation index of sea fog and water, the slope index of multi-band brightness temperature difference and texture index of mid-infrared bright temperature are defined through the difference and ratio combination of different bands, and the night sea fog monitoring algorithm based on multi-exponential probability distribution is proposed to realize the automatic identification of sea fog at night. The algorithm is applied to H-8 and GEO-KOMPSAT2A (GK-2A) geostationary satellite data respectively. The position distribution and coverage area of sea fog identify by multi-time satellite observations of six sea fog events from February to June 2020 are compared to achieve mutual verification. The results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively recognize sea fog at night. The monitoring results every 10 minutes of continuous observations of H-8 and GK-2A at night on April 29, 2020 are selected to follow up and analyze the area where sea fog occurred, it shows the occurrence, development and evolution of the sea fog event clearly. It indicates that the algorithm can monitor the distribution of sea fog and track the development and change of fog. It can provide scientific basis and decision-making basis for the prevention and mitigation of sea fog.

, correspAuthors=Zengzhou Hao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuxin Hao, Zengzhou Hao, Haiqing Huang, Rui Niu, Delu Pan, Jixing Gu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233908314405401302, articleId=1233908309942661712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于Himawari-8数据的夜间海雾识别, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海雾是一种发生在海面的灾害性天气现象,掌握海雾的分布与生消变化,能有效地减少海雾带来的危害。卫星遥感观测具有近实时、大范围覆盖、连续观测等特点,特别是高时间分辨率的静止卫星观测系统,能够对海雾的发生−发展−消亡过程进行动态跟踪观测。本文以2018‒2019年黄、渤海发生的海雾事件为样例,利用日本静止气象卫星Himawari-8(H-8)红外辐射数据,分析海雾的多通道红外亮温辐射特性,通过不同波段差和波段比组合,定义海雾和晴空水体分离指数、海雾和一般云系分离指数、多通道亮温差斜率指数以及中红外亮温纹理指数,提出基于多指数概率分布的夜间海雾监测算法;算法分别应用于H-8和韩国静止气象卫星GEO-KOMPSAT2A(GK-2A)数据,对2020年2‒6月发生的6次海雾事件多时次卫星观测识别出的海雾位置分布和覆盖面积进行对比实现互验证,结果表明,本文提出的夜间海雾监测算法能有效地实现夜间海雾的识别;选择2020年4月29日夜间H-8和GK-2A 每10 min一次连续观测数据的监测结果,对海雾的发生区域进行跟踪分析,清晰地展现出此次海雾事件的发生、发展演变过程,说明算法能清楚地监测出各时段海雾的分布,跟踪海雾的发展变化,可为海上大雾的防灾减灾提供科学依据和决策基础。

, correspAuthors=郝增周, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郝增周,江苏省盐城市人,研究员,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=J7cawcX065WaMdW93ua7pg==, magXml=uTM5sMVfv2YH1+SGyllzMA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=tnql+S/QmKbEyrklGh9d+w==, pdfFileSize=3516511, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=X9H5vpq348gBCI5W++TXMg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=JD2+MWELeq+Pkz5fuwR8hQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郝姝馨(1995-),陕西省渭南市人,主要从事海雾的遥感监测研究。E-mail:

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郝姝馨(1995-),陕西省渭南市人,主要从事海雾的遥感监测研究。E-mail:

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remark=3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931829997269832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931830005658441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, companyId=1233931829997269832, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Yantai Marine Environmental Monitoring Center Station, State Oceanic Administration, Yantai 264006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931830009852746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, companyId=1233931829997269832, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4国家海洋局烟台海洋环境监测中心站,山东 烟台 264006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233931833142997009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=H-8 satellite image of study area at 15:30 (UTC) on April 29, 2020 (a) and distribution of main flow fields in the study area (b)[32], figureFileSmall=DzTbmteJazZkP5RVwsAi5g==, figureFileBig=zv14AtIkklcj3+F343CwxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833243660310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2020年4月29日 15:30 (UTC) 研究区域H-8卫星影像(a)和研究区域主要环流路径 (b)[32], figureFileSmall=DzTbmteJazZkP5RVwsAi5g==, figureFileBig=zv14AtIkklcj3+F343CwxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833369489435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution of brightness temperature of different types of feature in 7 channels, figureFileSmall=FnInqDNswaoqhzubJAk0Nw==, figureFileBig=awTJBZCramNfxXikYy+4UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833495318564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同地物类型在7个通道的亮温分布, figureFileSmall=FnInqDNswaoqhzubJAk0Nw==, figureFileBig=awTJBZCramNfxXikYy+4UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931833595981863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Sample distribution areas of different typical features (a) and their scatter plot distribution on ($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $) and ($ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $)(b)

The sea fog area is identified as area 1; the water area is identified as area 2; the low cloud area is identified as area 3 and area 4

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海雾区标识为区域1;晴空水体区标识为区域2;低云区标识为区域3和区域4

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a. Sea fog monitoring result based on H-8 at 11:00 (UTC) on May 1, 2020 ; b. sea fog monitoring result based on GK-2A at 11:00 (UTC) on May 1, 2020 ; c. sea fog monitoring result based on H-8 at 11:00 (UTC) on April 30, 2020; d. sea fog monitoring result based on GK-2A at 11:00 (UTC) on April 30, 2020

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a. 2020年5月1月11:00(UTC)基于H-8卫星数据的海雾监测结果;b. 2020年5月1日11:00(UTC)基于GK-2A卫星数据的海雾监测结果;c. 2020年4月30日11:00(UTC)基于H-8卫星数据的海雾监测结果;d. 2020年4月30日11:00(UTC)基于GK-2A卫星数据的海雾监测结果

, figureFileSmall=nvh60TDOlibG8KLKWxSTYg==, figureFileBig=0AFUsWEu3EEJ8AkADxlIfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931835714105469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Sea fog monitoring result based on data of H-8 on April 29, 2020, figureFileSmall=jrFyyWsSLWQLbsX847/kSw==, figureFileBig=P1BpfiLSvwh0E4k3+P4tSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931835797991554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2020年4月9日基于H-8卫星数据的海雾监测结果, figureFileSmall=jrFyyWsSLWQLbsX847/kSw==, figureFileBig=P1BpfiLSvwh0E4k3+P4tSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931835919626375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Sea fog monitoring result based on data of GK-2A on April 29, 2020, figureFileSmall=6Of97tiPhXtojNiaI6pkkw==, figureFileBig=Dh3aPdFmK++y6owuuh0p9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931835995123850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=图13, caption=2020年4月9日基于GK-2A数据的海雾监测结果, figureFileSmall=6Of97tiPhXtojNiaI6pkkw==, figureFileBig=Dh3aPdFmK++y6owuuh0p9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931836070621327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Wind field and humidity field at 1 000 hPa of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea on April 29, 2020

a.Wind field and humidity field at 11:00 (UTC); b. wind field and humidity field at 14:00 (UTC); c. wind field and humidity field at 17:00 (UTC); d. temperature profile of sea fog occurrence and growth stage on April 29, 2020 at A (35ºN, 122ºE)

, figureFileSmall=APXkQPVJ+cyLxVCg2pV79Q==, figureFileBig=pa4nOboGoY0Pnw/7Qd9dSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931836162896021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=图14, caption=2020年4月29日黄、渤海域在1 000 hPa的风场、湿度场

a.11:00 (UTC) 的风场、湿度场;b. 14:00 (UTC) 的风场、湿度场;c. 17:00 (UTC) 的风场、湿度场;d. 点A(35ºN,122ºE)处11‒17时(UTC)的温度廓线分布

, figureFileSmall=APXkQPVJ+cyLxVCg2pV79Q==, figureFileBig=pa4nOboGoY0Pnw/7Qd9dSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931836271947928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Band characteristics of H-8 and GK-2A

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道H-8GK-2A
带宽/μm中心波长/μm星下点分辨率/km带宽/μm中心波长/μm星下点分辨率/km
10.43~0.480.4710.45~0.490.481
20.50~0.520.5110.49~0.520.511
30.63~0.660.640.50.63~0.680.640.5
40.85~0.870.8610.85~0.880.861
51.60~1.621.6121.37~1.381.372
62.25~2.272.2621.59~1.631.612
73.74~3.963.8923.74~3.933.872
86.06~6.436.2425.79~6.636.402
96.89~7.016.9426.74~7.217.042
107.26~7.437.3527.20-7.427.242
118.44~8.768.5928.41~8.778.472
129.54~9.729.6429.43~9.819.502
1310.3~10.610.41210.12~10.5910.372
1411.1~11.311.24210.90~11.5611.352
1512.2~12.512.38211.81~12.9212.342
1613.2~13.413.28213.02~13.5713.242
), ArticleFig(id=1233931836376805531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

H-8及GK-2A波段特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道H-8GK-2A
带宽/μm中心波长/μm星下点分辨率/km带宽/μm中心波长/μm星下点分辨率/km
10.43~0.480.4710.45~0.490.481
20.50~0.520.5110.49~0.520.511
30.63~0.660.640.50.63~0.680.640.5
40.85~0.870.8610.85~0.880.861
51.60~1.621.6121.37~1.381.372
62.25~2.272.2621.59~1.631.612
73.74~3.963.8923.74~3.933.872
86.06~6.436.2425.79~6.636.402
96.89~7.016.9426.74~7.217.042
107.26~7.437.3527.20-7.427.242
118.44~8.768.5928.41~8.778.472
129.54~9.729.6429.43~9.819.502
1310.3~10.610.41210.12~10.5910.372
1411.1~11.311.24210.90~11.5611.352
1512.2~12.512.38211.81~12.9212.342
1613.2~13.413.28213.02~13.5713.242
), ArticleFig(id=1233931836519411872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Satellite remote sensing image data used for infrared radiation characteristics determination of sea fog

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期H-8观测时间(UTC)区域
12018年3月23日18:00, 18:30, 19:00黄海海域
2018年3月24日11:00‒12:30 (间隔10 min) 黄海海域
2018年3月24日13:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海海域
2018年3月25日11:00‒19:00 (间隔10 min) 黄海海域
2018年3月26日11:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海海域
22018年4月18日17:00, 18:00, 19:00黄海南部和东海北部海域
32018年5月8日13:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min)黄海中南部、山东南部沿海、辽宁东南部沿海
2018年5月9日11:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海中南部、山东南部沿海、辽宁东南部沿海
2018年5月10日11:00‒15:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海中南部、山东南部沿海、辽宁东南部沿海
42018年6月19日21:00渤海、黄海中部和北部海域
52019年2月24日18:00黄海西部海域
62019年4月7日11:00‒17:00 (间隔30 min)黄海南部海域、浙江沿海及东海海域、福建及台湾海峡
2019年4月7日17:20‒19:00 (间隔10 min) 黄海南部海域、浙江沿海及东海海域、福建及台湾海峡
), ArticleFig(id=1233931836628463778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于海雾红外辐射特性分析的卫星遥感影像数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期H-8观测时间(UTC)区域
12018年3月23日18:00, 18:30, 19:00黄海海域
2018年3月24日11:00‒12:30 (间隔10 min) 黄海海域
2018年3月24日13:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海海域
2018年3月25日11:00‒19:00 (间隔10 min) 黄海海域
2018年3月26日11:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海海域
22018年4月18日17:00, 18:00, 19:00黄海南部和东海北部海域
32018年5月8日13:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min)黄海中南部、山东南部沿海、辽宁东南部沿海
2018年5月9日11:00‒19:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海中南部、山东南部沿海、辽宁东南部沿海
2018年5月10日11:00‒15:00 (间隔30 min) 黄海中南部、山东南部沿海、辽宁东南部沿海
42018年6月19日21:00渤海、黄海中部和北部海域
52019年2月24日18:00黄海西部海域
62019年4月7日11:00‒17:00 (间隔30 min)黄海南部海域、浙江沿海及东海海域、福建及台湾海峡
2019年4月7日17:20‒19:00 (间隔10 min) 黄海南部海域、浙江沿海及东海海域、福建及台湾海峡
), ArticleFig(id=1233931836729127077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Satellite remote sensing image data used for algorithm validation and result analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期H-8观测时间(UTC)GK-2A观测时间 (UTC)区域
  注:*代表当此时段用于海雾发生发展的跟踪分析时,时间间隔10 min。
12020年2月18日18:00, 18:30, 19:00, 19:3018:00, 18:30, 19:00, 19:30渤海中部、西北部及陆地
22020年4月29日12:30‒17:00 (间隔30 min)*12:30‒17:00 (间隔30 min)*辽东半岛东部沿海、渤海北部、黄海大部海域
2020年4月30日12:00‒17:00 (间隔60 min)12:00‒17:00(间隔60 min) 辽东半岛东部沿海、渤海北部、黄海大部海域
2020年5月1日12:00‒14:00 (间隔60 min)12:00‒14:00 (间隔60 min) 辽东半岛东部沿海、渤海北部、黄海大部海域
32020年5月16日11:0011:00黄海中部和南部海域
42020年5月23日12:0012:00黄海北部和南部、东海北部
52020年5月26日19:0019:00渤海东北部、黄海北部
62020年6月3日12:0012:00黄海北部及东南部海域
), ArticleFig(id=1233931836833984681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309942661712, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

用于算法验证和结果分析的卫星遥感影像数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期H-8观测时间(UTC)GK-2A观测时间 (UTC)区域
  注:*代表当此时段用于海雾发生发展的跟踪分析时,时间间隔10 min。
12020年2月18日18:00, 18:30, 19:00, 19:3018:00, 18:30, 19:00, 19:30渤海中部、西北部及陆地
22020年4月29日12:30‒17:00 (间隔30 min)*12:30‒17:00 (间隔30 min)*辽东半岛东部沿海、渤海北部、黄海大部海域
2020年4月30日12:00‒17:00 (间隔60 min)12:00‒17:00(间隔60 min) 辽东半岛东部沿海、渤海北部、黄海大部海域
2020年5月1日12:00‒14:00 (间隔60 min)12:00‒14:00 (间隔60 min) 辽东半岛东部沿海、渤海北部、黄海大部海域
32020年5月16日11:0011:00黄海中部和南部海域
42020年5月23日12:0012:00黄海北部和南部、东海北部
52020年5月26日19:0019:00渤海东北部、黄海北部
62020年6月3日12:0012:00黄海北部及东南部海域
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基于Himawari-8数据的夜间海雾识别
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郝姝馨 1, 2, 3 , 郝增周 2, 3, * , 黄海清 2, 3 , 牛瑞 2 , 潘德炉 2, 3 , 顾吉星 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(11): 166-180
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(11): 166-180
基于Himawari-8数据的夜间海雾识别
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郝姝馨1, 2, 3 , 郝增周2, 3, * , 黄海清2, 3, 牛瑞2, 潘德炉2, 3, 顾吉星4
作者信息
  • 1南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
  • 4国家海洋局烟台海洋环境监测中心站,山东 烟台 264006
  • 郝姝馨(1995-),陕西省渭南市人,主要从事海雾的遥感监测研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郝增周,江苏省盐城市人,研究员,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
Nighttime sea fog recognition based on Himawari-8 data
Shuxin Hao1, 2, 3 , Zengzhou Hao2, 3, * , Haiqing Huang2, 3, Rui Niu2, Delu Pan2, 3, Jixing Gu4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
  • 4Yantai Marine Environmental Monitoring Center Station, State Oceanic Administration, Yantai 264006, China
出版时间: 2021-11-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021158
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海雾是一种发生在海面的灾害性天气现象,掌握海雾的分布与生消变化,能有效地减少海雾带来的危害。卫星遥感观测具有近实时、大范围覆盖、连续观测等特点,特别是高时间分辨率的静止卫星观测系统,能够对海雾的发生−发展−消亡过程进行动态跟踪观测。本文以2018‒2019年黄、渤海发生的海雾事件为样例,利用日本静止气象卫星Himawari-8(H-8)红外辐射数据,分析海雾的多通道红外亮温辐射特性,通过不同波段差和波段比组合,定义海雾和晴空水体分离指数、海雾和一般云系分离指数、多通道亮温差斜率指数以及中红外亮温纹理指数,提出基于多指数概率分布的夜间海雾监测算法;算法分别应用于H-8和韩国静止气象卫星GEO-KOMPSAT2A(GK-2A)数据,对2020年2‒6月发生的6次海雾事件多时次卫星观测识别出的海雾位置分布和覆盖面积进行对比实现互验证,结果表明,本文提出的夜间海雾监测算法能有效地实现夜间海雾的识别;选择2020年4月29日夜间H-8和GK-2A 每10 min一次连续观测数据的监测结果,对海雾的发生区域进行跟踪分析,清晰地展现出此次海雾事件的发生、发展演变过程,说明算法能清楚地监测出各时段海雾的分布,跟踪海雾的发展变化,可为海上大雾的防灾减灾提供科学依据和决策基础。

海雾  /  红外遥感  /  静止气象卫星  /  波段组合

Sea fog is a kind of disastrous weather phenomenon which occurs on the sea surface. Mastering the distribution and dynamic changes of sea fog can effectively reduce the disasters caused by sea fog. Satellite remote sensing observation has the characteristics of near real time, wide coverage, continuous observation and so on. Especially the geostationary satellite remote sensing observation with high time resolution, which can continuously and dynamically track the occurrence, development and extinction of sea fog. The sea fog events in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are taken from 2018 to 2019 as examples in this paper. Based on the analysis of the multi-channel bright temperature radiation characteristics of sea fog in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea by using Himawari-8 (H-8) geostationary satellite data, the separation index of sea fog and cloud, the separation index of sea fog and water, the slope index of multi-band brightness temperature difference and texture index of mid-infrared bright temperature are defined through the difference and ratio combination of different bands, and the night sea fog monitoring algorithm based on multi-exponential probability distribution is proposed to realize the automatic identification of sea fog at night. The algorithm is applied to H-8 and GEO-KOMPSAT2A (GK-2A) geostationary satellite data respectively. The position distribution and coverage area of sea fog identify by multi-time satellite observations of six sea fog events from February to June 2020 are compared to achieve mutual verification. The results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively recognize sea fog at night. The monitoring results every 10 minutes of continuous observations of H-8 and GK-2A at night on April 29, 2020 are selected to follow up and analyze the area where sea fog occurred, it shows the occurrence, development and evolution of the sea fog event clearly. It indicates that the algorithm can monitor the distribution of sea fog and track the development and change of fog. It can provide scientific basis and decision-making basis for the prevention and mitigation of sea fog.

sea fog  /  infrared remote sensing  /  geostationary meteorological satellites  /  band combination
郝姝馨, 郝增周, 黄海清, 牛瑞, 潘德炉, 顾吉星. 基于Himawari-8数据的夜间海雾识别. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (11) : 166 -180 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021158
Shuxin Hao, Zengzhou Hao, Haiqing Huang, Rui Niu, Delu Pan, Jixing Gu. Nighttime sea fog recognition based on Himawari-8 data[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (11) : 166 -180 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021158
微小水滴或冰晶悬浮于近地表大气,使大气水平能见度低于1 km的天气现象称为雾,在海洋的影响下,出现在海上的雾称之为海雾[1]。海雾的发生,给海上交通运输、工程作业、渔业捕捞等活动带来了极大的威胁[2],因此,监测或跟踪海雾的生消变化,能为有关部门实施科学调控和管理应对提供依据,对海上防灾减灾具有重要现实意义。然而,海雾事件发生的时间和空间变化具有很大的不确定性,在海洋气象灾害事件中监测的困难较大[3]。当前,海雾的监测手段主要包括常规气象观测站点观测和卫星平台遥感监测[4]。常规气象观测站获得的往往是单点的、连续的、较为高精度的能见度要素观测资料,但有限而零星的沿海、岛屿或海上浮标等站点观测,无法满足空间上大范围发生的海雾监测需求;幸运地,卫星平台遥感监测具有近实时、大范围覆盖、连续观测等优势,已成为海雾监测中不可或缺的技术手段[5]
利用卫星遥感技术监测大雾始于20世纪70年代,Eyre等[6]根据Hunt[7]提出的小粒径云在中红外3.7 µm波段的比辐射率要明显低于热红外11 µm波段这一特性,运用极轨卫星NOAA卫星上携带的高级甚高分辨率辐射仪(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer,AVHRR)的中红外波段和热红外波段观测亮温差,首次提出红外双通道亮温差值法,实现了夜间大雾的个例识别。红外双通道亮温差值法虽能有效地去除大粒径的云,但不能彻底地分离小粒径的低云和大雾[89],结合地形数据[10]或其他多通道的光谱信息[1112],能在一定程度上提高大雾监测的准确性。20世纪90年代和21世纪初,Bendix等[10, 13-15]使用AVHRR/NOAA卫星、Terra卫星和Aqua卫星上携带的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)和MSG卫星上携带的旋转增强型可见光红外成像仪(Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager,SEVIRI)观测数据,在红外双通道亮温差值法的基础上叠加数字高程模型数据,形成并发展了山区夜间大雾监测的业务化算法,但该方法难以用于海上大雾的监测。近十几年以来,随着卫星观测通道数的增多,越来越多的研究开始分析多通道光谱信息如何用于大雾的监测。例如,Ahmed等[16]结合Terra卫星和Aqua卫星搭载的MODIS观测的多通道亮温,实现了印度恒河盆地夜间大雾的监测。Hu等[17]使用NPP卫星上搭载的可见光红外成像辐射仪(Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer,VIIRS)观测的多光谱数据,结合辐射传输模型提出了一种多通道阈值算法,实现了中国区域大雾和低层云的识别。张春桂等[1819]利用可见光、近红外、短波红外、中红外和热红外等多波段观测的反射率和亮温信息,分析了晴空海洋、中高云、低云和海雾等不同下垫面的反射和发射辐射特性的差异,建立多种海雾遥感识别指数,发展了白天和夜间海雾监测模型。马慧云等[20-21]和张伟康等[22]使用Terra卫星和Aqua卫星星载MODIS多光谱数据,对雾与目标物(水、云、雪、地物)光谱分析,提出了有利于白天和夜间平流雾监测的波段,对这些波段设置阈值,实现了平流雾的监测。尽管MODIS/Terra卫星、Aqua卫星和VIIRS/NPP卫星等极轨卫星观测的光谱信息丰富,能有效提高大雾的监测精度,但其时间分辨率无法满足高动态的大雾在空间变化的监测需求。
幸运地,地球静止卫星具有对固定区域单日高频次重复观测的特点,能够跟踪监测大雾的动态变化[23]。何月等[24]使用日本静止气象卫星—多用途运输卫星(Multi-functional Transport Satellite,MTSAT)观测数据,采用分级判识太阳高度角阈值和归一化大雾指数的方法实现了浙江海雾的逐时监测识别。Yi等[25]基于MTSAT数据的可见光波段、中红外波段和热红外波段的观测数据,反演了海雾的光学厚度和有效粒子半径,实现了黄海的海雾监测。Heo等[26]使用MTSAT观测的中红外和热红外波段数据,利用红外双通道亮温差值法结合纹理监测的方法实现了对海雾的动态监测。田永杰等[27]结合风云二号卫星(FY-2)的红外亮温和可见光反射率数据,根据各类云层、雾和下垫面的多光谱辐射和空间纹理特性,构建判别指数,建立白天海雾识别算法,完成了对黄海区域海雾的动态监测。Yuan等[28]使用韩国静止海洋水色仪(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager,GOCI)的观测数据,对比分析陆地、海洋、中/高层云、层云和海雾的光谱特性及其差异,通过设置海陆区分指数、中高云去除指数和波段斜率指数来识别陆地/海洋、中/高水平云和雾/层云,完成了对黄、渤海域海雾的跟踪分析。王峥等[29]研究了海水、海雾和云等下垫面的光谱反射特性,在此基础上建立了结合波段比较和波段运算的海雾提取方法。但MTSAT、FY2和GOCI/COMS这些静止卫星的观测波段有限,空间分辨率也较低,海雾识别精度还有待提高[30]
自2014年以来,具有更多观测通道、更高时空分辨率的新一代静止气象卫星得到了发展,但针对新一代静止气象卫星的海雾监测研究较少且集中在白天。例如张培等[31]使用日本新一代静止气象卫星 Himawari-8(H-8)的观测数据,分析了不同目标物的可见光/近红外反射率和红外亮温等辐射特征,建立了白天海雾监测算法,对黄海东部的海雾进行了样例监测。为此,针对海雾发生发展演变的监测需求,本文以H-8每10 min一次观测频率的多通道红外观测为基础,研究夜间海雾监测算法,开展海雾跟踪分析。
本文根据2018‒2019年已知的海雾事件,选择不同时次的H-8卫星夜间观测的红外辐射,对海雾的中红外和热红外辐射亮温、不同通道亮温差和亮温比进行特征分析,据此,定义出海雾和晴空水体分离指数、海雾和一般云系分离指数、多通道亮温差斜率指数以及中红外亮温纹理指数,建立基于多指数概率分布的夜间海雾监测算法,将算法应用于两颗不同静止卫星2020年的同时次观测数据,通过监测结果的比对和互验证,探讨了算法的适用性和结果的准确性,并跟踪分析了一次典型平流海雾事件发生发展的演变过程。
研究区域集中在中国近海及邻近海域,其中黄、渤海海域作为海雾样本选择的主要海区(图1a),黄、渤海海域受东海东北部济州岛以南沿西北方向进入黄海的暖流与黄海沿岸冷水流相遇的影响[32]图1b),再加上适宜的气象条件,使得该区域海雾发生的频率较高[29],是我国近海海雾出现最频繁的海区。据不完全统计,2018‒2020年黄、渤海海域共发生了80多次海上大雾天气,同时,该海域海雾的发生具有明显的季节和日变化特征:黄、渤海海雾多发生于春季[33],海雾常常在夜间生成并发展,白天逐渐消散[34]
研究使用新一代静止气象卫星遥感资料,主要包括H-8和GK-2A的多通道红外亮温数据。H-8和GK-2A分别是日本和韩国的新一代静止气象卫星,均采用三轴姿态稳定,卫星分别位于140.7°E和128.2°E赤道上空,能够覆盖观测我国近海及邻近海域(图1a),星上分别搭载的多光谱成像仪(Advanced Himawari Imager,AHI)和先进气象成像仪(Advanced Meteorology Imager,AMI)都设有6个可见光/近红外通道,1个中红外通道,3个水汽通道和6个热红外通道(表1),其观测频率可达每10 min一次,为更准确地监测和跟踪中国近海及邻近海域海雾发生−发展−消亡等演变过程提供可能。
研究选择2018年和2019年6次海雾事件共计160幅不同时次的H-8卫星遥感影像数据(表2),用于分析海雾的红外辐射特性,研究海雾监测算法。选择2020年的6次海雾事件共计28幅H-8卫星遥感影像数据和同时次的28幅GK-2A卫星遥感影像数据(表3),用于算法监测结果的比对和互验证。其中2020年4月29日开始发生的海雾持续时间长达2 d以上(表3),是一次典型的平流雾,因此选择此次海雾事件为例,利用H-8和GK-2A每间隔10 min监测一次的结果,跟踪分析了此次海雾事件的发生发展过程。
夜间遥感主要通过探测红外波段的辐射实现地物识别。在H-8的10个红外波段中有3个水汽通道,中心波长分别为6.24 μm、6.94 μm、7.35 μm(表1),考虑到水汽通道对低层云雾的识别作用不大,因此本文重点分析了1个中红外通道3.89 μm和6个热红外通道8.59 μm、9.64 μm、10.41 μm、11.24 μm、12.38 μm和13.28 μm的辐射特征。夜间卫星接收到的辐射主要来自于下垫面、云体、大气等不同地物自身发射、散射的热辐射,不同地物的辐射特性差异体现在卫星观测等效辐射亮温的不同。图2给出了晴空水体、低云、中高云和海雾4种不同地物样本在7个红外通道的等效辐射亮温分布,其中均值代表该地物样本的亮温,标准差代表该地物样本的亮温的离散度。
图2可知,在8.59 μm、10.41 μm、11.24 μm和12.38 μm 4个热红外窗口波段处,海雾、低云和晴空水体的亮温接近,相较于中高云而言,有较高的亮温;在中红外3.89 μm波段,海雾的亮温要低于这4个热红外窗口波段,晴空水体和低云的亮温与4个热红外窗口波段相当;红外9.64 μm波段附近有臭氧的吸收带,红外13.28 μm波段附近有二氧化碳和水汽的弱吸收带,相较于4个热红外窗口波段,海雾、晴空水体和低云在9.64 μm波段和13.28 μm波段的亮温均有下降,其中在9.64 μm波段,海雾和晴空水体亮温下降的程度要明显大于低云。
海雾的多通道红外亮温特征分析表明,海雾在3.89 μm波段的亮温与8.59 μm、10.41 μm、11.24 μm和12.38 μm波段的亮温的差值会低于晴空水体和低云的亮温差,同时海雾在9.64 μm波段的亮温与8.59 μm、10.41 μm、11.24 μm和12.38 μm波段的亮温的差值会低于低云的亮温差。为此我们重点分析了海雾、晴空水体和低云在3.89 μm波段与8.59 μm波段的亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)和9.64 μm波段与10.41 μm波段的亮温差($ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $),从而说明海雾与晴空水体和低云等其他地物的区别。
以2018年3月25日的海雾事件为例,图3a给出了H-8卫星11时20分(UTC)观测的3.89 μm波段遥感影像及选取的海雾、晴空水体和低云等不同典型地物样本分布区域图,图3b给出了海雾在亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)和($ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $)上的散点图。可见,海雾样本、晴空水体样本和区域3的低云样本在散点图上分成三簇,海雾区集中分布于散点图的左下角,相较于研究区内晴空水体和低云等其他类型的地物,海雾的亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)和($ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $)均较小。大量的统计结果表明,海雾的亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)集中分布在−5~0 K之间,晴空水体的亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}- {BT}_{8.59} $)则大于0 K,亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)可用于分离海雾和晴空水体;海雾的亮温差($ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $)集中分布在−35~−20 K之间,一般云系的亮温差($ {BT}_{9.64}- {BT}_{10.41} $)大于−20 K,亮温差($ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $)可用于分离海雾和一般云系。
此外,图3b显示出海雾样本和区域4的低云样本在散点图上重叠,说明存在部分低云和海雾在亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)和($ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $)上的辐射特征相近,为了进一步说明海雾和部分低云的红外通道辐射差异,对二者在3.89 μm波段与9.64 μm波段的亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{9.64} $)和3.89 μm波段与8.59 μm波段的亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)进行了分析(图4)。由图4可知,海雾样本和低云样本在散点图上分成两簇。但海雾和低云的亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)值均集中分布在−3~0 K之间,亮温差($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{9.64} $)值均集中分布在19~25 K之间,二者主要的差异体现在散点图上点($ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{9.64} $$ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)相对于点(18,−5)的斜率$\dfrac{{BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59}+5}{{{{B}{T}}_{3.89}-{B}{T}}_{9.64}-18}$。大量统计结果表明,海雾的斜率小于0.9,而低云的斜率大于0.9。说明斜率可用于分离海雾和低云。
海雾与其他云系相比,雾顶纹理光滑,而云顶纹理比较粗糙,标准差作为二阶统计型纹理特征参数可用来表征海雾和一般云系的纹理特征。从不同类型的地物在各个波段的亮温分析(图2)可见,一般各波段处海雾亮温的标准差较小,且差异不大;而云系亮温的标准差较大,随波段变化明显,在3.89 µm波段处最大。因此,研究利用3.89 µm波段观测亮温的标准差σ ($ {BT}_{3.89} $)表征海雾和一般云系的纹理特征,具体采用像元在其3×3邻域内的标准差表征该像元的纹理。图5给出了海雾样本和一般低云云体样本σ ($ {BT}_{3.89} $)频数分布,海雾样本的σ ($ {BT}_{3.89} $)不超过0.4 K,98.5%的样本低于0.3 K;一般低云云体样本的σ ($ {BT}_{3.89} $)在0~4.0 K之间基本呈均匀分布,足见σ ($ {BT}_{3.89} $)可用于区分海雾与纹理较粗糙的云系。
根据海雾在热红外波段的亮温高于中高云的特征,选择10.41 μm波段的亮温($ {BT}_{10.41} $)用于分离海雾和中高云;根据海雾在3.89 μm波段与8.59 μm波段的亮温差值低于晴空水体的特征,定义海雾和晴空水体分离指数BTDC$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $=$ {BT}_{3.89}-{BT}_{8.59} $)分离海雾和晴空水体;根据海雾在9.64 μm波段与10.41 μm波段的亮温差值低于一般云系的特征,定义海雾和一般云系分离指数BTDW$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $=$ {BT}_{9.64}-{BT}_{10.41} $)分离海雾和一般云系;根据海雾的3.89 μm波段与8.59 μm波段的亮温差值和3.89 μm波段与9.64 μm波段的亮温差值在散点图上相对于(18,−5)的斜率低于低云的特征,定义多通道亮温差斜率指数RBTD$\left(RBTD=\dfrac{{{B}{T}}_{3.89}-{{B}{T}}_{8.59}+5}{{{{B}{T}}_{3.89}-{B}{T}}_{9.64}-18}\right)$分离海雾和低云;根据海雾的纹理光滑、一般云系的纹理粗糙的特征,定义中红外亮温纹理指数STD3.89${STD}_{3.89}= \mathrm{\sigma }\;\left({BT}_{3.89}\right)$)分离海雾和低云。在此基础上,设计了基于多指数概率分布的夜间海雾监测算法(图6)。
利用中高云在热红外波段亮温较低的性质,对10.41 µm通道亮温($ {BT}_{10.41} $)设置阈值,可将亮温较低的中高云去除,但由于海雾、晴空水体和低云的$ {BT}_{10.41} $接近,在此处不将三者区分。通过对样本分析可知,海雾的$ {BT}_{10.41} $均大于240 K,当像元的$ {BT}_{10.41} $小于或等于240 K时,该像元为非海雾区,即概率为0;当像元的$ {BT}_{10.41} $大于260 K时,该像元有非常大的可能性是海雾区,即概率为1;在240~260 K的范围内,像元为海雾区的可能性随$ {BT}_{10.41} $的增大而线性增大。为此,基于10.41 µm通道的$ {BT}_{10.41} $的海雾发生概率定义为
${{P}}{{{r}}_{{{B}}{{{T}}_{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.41}}}}}}{\rm{ = }}\left\{ {\begin{aligned}& {\rm{1}},\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad{{{B}}{{{T}}_{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.41}}}}{\rm{ > 260}}}, \\ & {\frac{{{{B}}{{{T}}_{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.41}}}}{\rm{ - 240}}}}{{{\rm{260 - 240}}}}},\quad\;\;\;{{{240 < {{B}}}}{{{T}}_{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.41}}}} \leqslant {\rm{260}}}, \\ & {\rm{0}},\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad{{{B}}{{{T}}_{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.41}}}} \leqslant {\rm{240}}}{\text{.}}\end{aligned}} \right.$
通过2018年及2019年2‒6月的典型海雾事件,分析了海雾样本的$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $的频数分布(图7),海雾样本的$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $近似服从N(−3.1, 1.12)。设定当像元的|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $μ|小于或等于σ时,该像元有较大的可能性是海雾区,即概率为1;当像元的|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $μ|大于3σ时,该像元有较小的可能性是海雾区,即概率为0;当像元的|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $μ|σ~3σ时,该像元是海雾区的概率随|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $-μ|值的增大而增大。为此,基于海雾和晴空水体分离指数$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{c}} $的海雾发生概率定义为
${{P}}{{{r}}_{{{BT}}{{{D}}_{{c}}}}}{\rm{ = }}\left\{ {\begin{aligned}& {\rm{1}},\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad{\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{{c}}}{\rm{ + 3}}{\rm{.1}}} \right| \leqslant {\rm{1}}{\rm{.1}}}, \\ &{\frac{{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.3 - }}\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{{c}}}{\rm{ + 3}}{\rm{.1}}} \right|}}{{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.3 - 1}}{\rm{.1}}}}},\qquad{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.1 < }}\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{{c}}}{\rm{ + 3}}{\rm{.1}}} \right| \leqslant {\rm{3}}{\rm{.3}}} ,\\ & {\rm{0}},\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad{\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{{c}}}{\rm{ + 3}}{\rm{.1}}} \right|{\rm{ > 3}}{\rm{.3}}}{\text{.}}\end{aligned}} \right.$
通过2018年及2019年2‒6月的典型海雾事件,分析了海雾样本的$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $的频数分布(图8),海雾样本的$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $近似服从N(−27.2, 2.62)。设定当像元的|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $μ|小于或等于σ时,该像元有较大的可能性是海雾区,即概率为1;当像元的|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $μ|大于3σ时,该像元有较小的可能性是海雾区,即概率为0;当像元的|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $μ|为σ~3σ时,该像元是海雾区的概率随|$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $μ|值的增大而增大。为此,基于海雾和一般云系分离指数$ {BTD}_{\mathrm{w}} $的海雾发生概率定义为
${{P}}{{{r}}_{{{BTD{\rm{w}}}}}}{\rm{ = }}\left\{ {\begin{aligned}& {\rm{1}},\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad{\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{w}}}{\rm{ + 27}}{\rm{.2}}} \right| \leqslant {\rm{2}}{\rm{.6}}},\\ & {\frac{{{\rm{7}}{\rm{.8 - }}\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{w}}}{\rm{ + 27}}{\rm{.2}}} \right|}}{{{\rm{7}}{\rm{.8 - 2}}{\rm{.6}}}}},\quad\;\;\;{{\rm{2}}{\rm{.6 < }}\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{w}}}{\rm{ + 27}}{\rm{.2}}} \right| \leqslant {\rm{7}}{\rm{.8}}},\\ & {\rm{0}},\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad{\left| {{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{w}}}{\rm{ + 27}}{\rm{.2}}} \right|{\rm{ > 7}}{\rm{.8}}}{\text{.}}\end{aligned}} \right.$
考虑到部分低云和海雾在波段间亮温差的辐射特性较为接近,选取2018年和2019年典型海雾事件中的海雾样本和亮温差辐射特征与海雾接近的低云样本,分析二者的多通道亮温差斜率指数RBTD的频数分布(图9),海雾样本的RBTD集中分布在0.5~0.9之间,低云样本的RBTD集中分布在1.1~2.0之间。当像元的RBTD大于0.9时,认为该像元有非常小的可能性为海雾区,即概率为0;当像元的RBTD小于或等于0.5时,认为该像元有非常大的可能性为海雾区,即概率为1;当像元的RBTD在0.5~0.9之间时,像元为海雾区的概率随RBTD的减小而增大。为此,基于多通道亮温差斜率指数RBTD的海雾发生概率定义为
${{P}}{{{r}}_{{{RBTD}}}}{\rm{ = }}\left\{ {\begin{aligned}& {\rm{1}},\qquad\qquad\qquad{{{RBTD}} \leqslant {\rm{0}}{\rm{.5}}}, \\ & {\frac{{{\rm{0}}{{.9 - RBTD}}}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.9 - 0}}{\rm{.5}}}}},\quad\;\;\;{{\rm{0}}{{.5 < RBTD}} \leqslant {\rm{0}}{\rm{.9}}},\\ & {\rm{0}},\qquad\qquad\qquad{{{RBTD > 0}}{\rm{.9}}}{\text{.}}\end{aligned}} \right.$
根据海雾和一般云系的纹理特征分析结果可知,当像元的$ {STD}_{3.89} $大于0.4 K时,该像元有非常小的可能性为海雾区,即概率为0,当像元的$ {STD}_{3.89} $小于或等于0.3 K时,该像元有非常大的可能性为海雾区,即概率为1,而当像元的$ {STD}_{3.89} $在0.3~0.4 K之间时,海雾的概率随$ {STD}_{3.89} $的增大而减小。为此,基于中红外亮温纹理指数$ {STD}_{3.89} $的海雾发生概率定义为
${{P}}{{{r}}_{{{ST}}{{{D}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.89}}}}}}{\rm{ = }}\left\{ {\begin{aligned}& {\rm{1}},\qquad\qquad\qquad{{{ST}}{{{D}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.89}}}} \leqslant {\rm{0}}{\rm{.3}}}, \\ & {\frac{{{\rm{0}}{{.4 - ST}}{{{D}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.89}}}}}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.4 - 0}}{\rm{.3}}}}},\quad\;\;\;{{\rm{0}}{{.3 < ST}}{{{D}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.89}}}} \leqslant {\rm{0}}{\rm{.4}}} ,\\ & {\rm{0}},\qquad\qquad\qquad{{{ST}}{{{D}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.89}}}}{\rm{ > 0}}{\rm{.4}}}{\text{.}}\end{aligned}} \right.$
综合以上5种指数概率,我们最终定义海雾发生概率为
$Pr = \left\{ {\begin{aligned}& {\rm{0}},\quad {{P}}{{{r}}_{{{B}}{{{T}}_{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.41}}}}}}{{ = 0, \;P}}{{{r}}_{{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{c}}}}}{{ = 0 , \;P}}{{{r}}_{{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{w}}}}}{\rm{ = 0}},\\&\quad\;\;\; {{ P}}{{{r}}_{{{RBTD}}}}{{ = 0 , \;P}}{{{r}}_{{{ST}}{{{D}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.89}}}}}}{\rm{ = 0}},\\& {\frac{{{{(P}}{{{r}}_{{{B}}{{{T}}_{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.41}}}}}}{{ + P}}{{{r}}_{{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{c}}}}}{{ + P}}{{{r}}_{{{BT}}{{{D}}_{\rm{w}}}}}{{ + P}}{{{r}}_{{{RBTD}}}}{{ + P}}{{{r}}_{{{ST}}{{{D}}_{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.89}}}}}}{\rm{)}}}}{{\rm{5}}}},\quad{{{其他}}}{\text{.}}\end{aligned}} \right.$
通过对大量样本分析,本文取Pr大于0.8的像元标识为海雾区,能尽可能多地剔除晴空水体、中高云和大部分低云云系等非海雾区,但仍可能存在部分零星分布的区域,考虑到海雾通常发生面积较大,零星分布的结果作为误判区也被直接剔除,最终实现海雾的自动识别监测。
为了分析提出的海雾监测算法的适用性和监测结果的准确性,本文选择了2020年2‒6月发生的6次海雾事件对算法进行验证。将算法分别应用于同时次的28幅H-8影像和GK-2A影像,对二者监测的海雾覆盖面积进行了比对分析(图10),同时刻不同卫星监测出的海雾覆盖面积基本一致。
为进一步对比监测的海雾的位置分布,选择海雾覆盖面积差异最小和最大的两个海雾事件,图10中面积差异最小的海雾事件发生在2020年5月1日11时(UTC),监测的海雾位置分布结果如图11a图11b所示;面积差异最大的海雾事件发生在2020年4月30日11时(UTC),监测的海雾位置分布结果如图11c图11d所示,监测出的海雾区域主要分布在黄海大部分海域,北部与辽东半岛相接,东部与朝鲜半岛相接,H-8卫星与GK-2A卫星监测出的海雾主体区域轮廓与形态较为一致。结果表明,该算法应用于具有相似红外通道的H-8与GK-2A两颗卫星,监测结果都能准确地展现出海雾区域,且位置分布和覆盖面积具有较好的一致性。算法具有较好的适用性和稳定性。但由于H-8卫星与GK-2A卫星的光谱响应函数存在差异,相较于H-8卫星的监测结果,GK-2A卫星的监测结果在边缘处和黄海东部区域存在漏判误判的现象。
高时间分辨率的静止卫星观测能够跟踪监测海雾的发生−发展−消亡过程,研究将本文提出的夜间海雾监测算法应用于2020年4月29日H-8和GK-2A卫星每10 min监测一次的夜间红外数据,图12图13分别给出了基于H-8和GK-2A卫星在11‒17时(UTC)观测时间窗内几个不同时刻的海雾监测结果,展现了此次海雾事件发生发展的过程。
由监测结果可见,此次海雾在11时40分(UTC)以圆点状出现在黄海西部(图12b图13b);随后海雾向四周扩散发展,面积逐渐变大,在12时10分(UTC)呈圆斑状分布(图12c图13c);到了12时20分(UTC),在已有海雾的北方约120 km处又有小面积片状海雾生成(图12d图13d);两片海雾随着时间逐步向四周发展扩大(图12e图13e);在13时30分(UTC)连接汇合,演变成类似“8”状的葫芦形,同时,在黄海北部沿着山东半岛海岸线出现条状雾区(图12f图13f);此后,海雾主体逐渐向南北蔓延发展,向南逐渐蔓延至东海,向北受陆地的影响,不经过陆地,继续向黄海北部发展扩张,海雾整体近似呈现树叶状(图12g图13g);直到16时30分(UTC),海雾北部与辽东半岛相接,南部海雾区域上方薄云离开,此时,海雾已经发展到成熟期,雾的主体形态稳定,边界清晰(图12i图13i)。监测结果清晰地展现了本次海雾的生成、生长、发展稳定的过程。
此次海雾事件是一次典型的平流雾,利用欧洲中尺度天气预报中心每小时一次的再分析数据绘制图14。由图14a可见,在11时(UTC)黄、渤海域存在偏南风,风速在12 m/s左右,偏南风利于将南部海上暖湿空气输送到较冷的黄、渤海域,为黄、渤海域提供了充沛的水汽,黄、渤海域上空空气相对湿度已达到85%以上,0~500 m处逆温层也已经存在(图14d),暖湿空气下部饱和水蒸气遇较冷海面,容易冷却凝结形成海雾(图12a图12c图13a图13c);11‒17时(UTC)期间,偏南风持续存在,能够不断地为黄、渤海带来暖湿空气,使得空气相对湿度一直保持在90%以上,0~500 m的逆温层结持续加强(图14d),使得该区域海雾不断生长(图12d图12f图13d图13f)并发展稳定(图12g图12i图13g图13i)。
本文选择2018‒2019年在黄、渤海域发生的海雾事件,利用H-8卫星观测影像数据,分析了海雾、晴空水体、低云和中高云等不同类型的地物在红外波段的亮温辐射特性,结果表明:(1)海雾在热红外波段的亮温高于中高云;(2)海雾在3.89 μm波段与8.59 μm波段的亮温差值低于晴空水体,集中分布在−5~0 K之间;海雾在9.64 μm波段与10.41 μm波段的亮温差值低于一般云系,集中分布在−35~−20 K之间;(3)海雾的3.89 μm波段与8.59 μm波段的亮温差值和3.89 μm波段与9.64 μm波段的亮温差值在散点图上相对于(18,−5)的斜率低于低云,分布在0.5~0.9之间;(4)海雾的纹理光滑而一般云系的纹理粗糙。
在此基础上定义了海雾和晴空水体分离指数、海雾和一般云系分离指数、多通道亮温差斜率指数和中红外亮温纹理指数,提出了基于多指数概率分布的夜间海雾监测算法。将算法分别应用于H-8、GK-2A卫星同时次观测影像数据,监测结果在位置分布和覆盖面积上都具有很高的一致性,表明对具有类似红外通道的卫星,如H-8卫星、GK-2A卫星,本文提出的海雾监测算法能够实现夜间海雾识别,具有较好的适用性和稳定性。将算法应用于2020年4月29日H-8和GK-2A卫星每10 min一次的夜间红外观测影像数据,监测结果可完整地展示出海雾的发生、发展过程。使用每10 min一次观测频次的H-8、GK-2A等新一代静止气象卫星数据,能够更好地跟踪监测海雾的动态演变,实现对海雾变化过程的跟踪监测。
由于春季是海雾的高发期,且我国海雾事件发生在黄、渤海域频率较高,本文的海雾事件研究样本85%以上来自于春季的黄、渤海域。有限次的海雾样本的选取能基本反映海雾的辐射特性,未来可结合辐射传输模拟得到更完整的辐射特性分析。
本文提出的基于多指数概率分布的海雾监测算法,主要针对卫星红外观测辐射亮温波段,适用于夜间海雾监测,未来可结合卫星白天观测的可见光波段光谱特征和信息,发展白天、晨昏时刻、甚至全时段的海雾监测识别算法。
此外,一方面,由于低云和海雾的辐射特性十分接近,仅依靠辐射特性难以将低云和海雾实现完全的区分,今后可利用连续观测的时相序列,结合海雾与层云在运动规律、生消规律等方面的差异对海雾和低云进行更精确地区分;另一方面,红外辐射观测对云雾不具备穿透性,对于云区下方发生的海雾区难以识别,结合地面或人工观测资料、卫星剖面观测数据,也将是提高卫星监测海雾精度的重要技术。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目课题(61991454);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0602);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(JC-PAC-YGST);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401903)
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2021年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021158
  • 接收时间:2020-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-11-26
  • 修回日期:2021-02-24
基金
国家自然科学基金重大项目课题(61991454);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0602);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(JC-PAC-YGST);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401903)
作者信息
    1南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
    4国家海洋局烟台海洋环境监测中心站,山东 烟台 264006

通讯作者:

郝增周,江苏省盐城市人,研究员,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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