Article(id=1233908309540008526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233908308151685504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021174, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1612886400000, receivedDateStr=2021-02-10, revisedDate=1617811200000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116265901, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1637769600000, pubDateStr=2021-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116265901, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116265901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116265901, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233908308151685504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116265571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116265571, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=69, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233908309800055375, articleId=1233908309540008526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Impacts of ocean waves on the momentum and energy fluxes across the air-sea interface under tropical cyclones, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ocean waves can affect the roughness of the ocean surface, and the waves generated by tropical cyclones impact the momentum and energy fluxes across the air-sea interface. In this study, the impacts of ocean waves on the momentum and energy fluxes under tropical cyclones is examined by using the tropical cyclone observation dataset IBTrACS (International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship) and the simulations from wave model WW III (WAVEWATCH III). It is found that the intensity of tropical cyclones increased by about 1 m/s every decade in the past 30 years, but the change of translation speed is not obvious. For the stronger tropical cyclones, the difference for momentum flux and the energy flux between the air-sea interface can be significantly increased by the waves. Owing to the asymmetry of wind and surface wave fields under tropical cyclones, momentum difference and energy difference also demonstrate asymmetric distribution: the area with larger momentum difference is behind the moving direction of tropical cyclone, while energy difference is the largest in the right-rear quadrant, and both are relatively smaller in the left front quadrant. The inverse wave age is highly correlated with momentum difference and energy difference, and the correlation coefficient is about 0.95, indicating that the younger the surface wave, the more momentum and energy absorbed and stored by surface wave field. The inverse wave age increases with the increase of tropical cyclone translation speed, and the speed is positively correlated with momentum difference and energy difference according to the correlation coefficient above 0.8. Therefore, the surface waves affect the distribution and magnitude of momentum and energy input from the atmosphere to the ocean under tropical cyclones. In the future study of ocean boundary dynamics and thermodynamics, especially the study of tropical cyclones, considering the influence of ocean wave evolution is necessary.

, correspAuthors=Guoqiang Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiangyi Li, Guoqiang Liu, Yijun He, Perrie William), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233908312677347950, articleId=1233908309540008526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=热带气旋下海浪对大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海浪不仅决定着海洋表面的粗糙度,由热带气旋引起的海浪,还通过其发展演化控制着大部分的海气之间的动量和能量传递。本文采用热带气旋观测数据IBTrACS和海浪模式WW III的模拟结果探究了热带气旋下海浪对大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的影响。结果发现,近30 a热带气旋的强度约每10 a增加 1 m/s,但移速没有明显变化。热带气旋的强度越大,从大气输入到海浪和从海浪输入到海流中的动量之差和能量之差也越大。由于热带气旋的风场和海浪场都有较强的不对称性,海气动量差和能量差也表现出非均匀分布:动量差较大的区域在热带气旋移动方向的后方,能量差的最大值则分布在右后象限,且二者均为左前方比较小。逆波龄与动量差和能量差呈高度正相关,相关系数约为0.95,说明波越年轻吸收的动量和能量越多。气旋移速越快逆波龄越大,且热带气旋移动速度与动量差和能量差呈正相关,相关系数在0.8以上。因此,海浪影响着大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的分布和大小,在以后关于海洋边界动力学和热力学的研究中,考虑海浪的演化可能会使结果更加准确。

, correspAuthors=刘国强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘国强,教授,研究方向为大气−海浪−海洋−冰边界层动力与耦合模式开发与应用、次中尺度过程、上层海洋动力过程。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EUAXuLq7TvT6Hd9cW3q4Xw==, magXml=oDBfhN9c06hhQC7oHkqh8Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pmisCvF3hCy4OSrGgP96cg==, pdfFileSize=1848823, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=CwpqfwS2gW9sPv47NZk9PA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zXMFOfXzWfmJmNGF8YIq6w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李向一(1995-),女,河南省驻马店市人,研究方向为热带气旋及海气相互作用。E-mail:

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李向一(1995-),女,河南省驻马店市人,研究方向为热带气旋及海气相互作用。E-mail:

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The upper right picture shows the significant wave height within 5Rmax; the black arrows indicate wind vector; the red dotted line is the track of Typhoon Shanzhu at different moments; the black lines near typhoon are the positions of Rmax, 3Rmax and 5Rmax

, figureFileSmall=e6U24HWDP30IzGg4LEhkEw==, figureFileBig=Y80j9TdM7VxBCh0Ans2aDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837672837176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=CN, label=图2, caption=WW III模式模拟2018年9月14日5时台风“山竹”附近海域的有效波高

右上角图为热带气旋5Rmax范围内的有效波高;黑色箭头为风矢量;红色点线为台风“山竹”在不同时刻的移动轨迹;台风中心附近黑色圆实线分别为Rmax、3Rmax和5Rmax的位置

, figureFileSmall=e6U24HWDP30IzGg4LEhkEw==, figureFileBig=Y80j9TdM7VxBCh0Ans2aDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837819637822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series of number (a), intensity (b) and translation speed (c) of global typhoons during 1990−2018, figureFileSmall=PGKKFWncD9JXYAWGLpbAfA==, figureFileBig=7eZk7x2LaRi0/NamyE1Nug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931837928689730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1990−2018年全球台风出现的数量(a)、强度(b)和移动速度(c)的时间序列, figureFileSmall=PGKKFWncD9JXYAWGLpbAfA==, figureFileBig=7eZk7x2LaRi0/NamyE1Nug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838037741636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Spatial distribution of momentum difference ${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$ under tropical cyclones of differenct intensities

a. Intensity for 20 m/s≤Vmax<30 m/s; b. intensity for 30 m/s≤Vmax<40 m/s; c. intensity for Vmax≥40 m/s; the black arrows indicate the translation direction of the cyclones; the values represent the maximum τdiff in each quadrant; the black lines are the positions of Rmax, 3Rmax and 5Rmax

, figureFileSmall=s2SXUQ8B7ifZp3svuN1ooA==, figureFileBig=0iaS5EF8J0f8e4VxsrRdZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838201319497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同强度热带气旋海气动量差${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$的空间分布

a. 强度为20 m/s≤Vmax<30 m/s;b. 强度为30 m/s≤Vmax<40 m/s;c. 强度为Vmax≥40 m/s;黑色箭头为气旋移动方向,数值表示每个象限内τdiff的最大值;黑色圆实线分别为Rmax、3Rmax和5Rmax的位置

, figureFileSmall=s2SXUQ8B7ifZp3svuN1ooA==, figureFileBig=0iaS5EF8J0f8e4VxsrRdZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838314565711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Spatial distribution of momentum difference EFdiff under tropical cyclones of different intensities

a. Intensity for 20 m/s≤Vmax<30 m/s; b. intensity for 30 m/s≤Vmax<40 m/s; c. intensity for Vmax≥40 m/s; the black arrows indicate the translation direction of the cyclones; the values represent the maximum EFdiff in each quadrant; the black lines are the positions of Rmax, 3Rmax and 5Rmax

, figureFileSmall=qwPhy5W5d+jvW/z7P+J73Q==, figureFileBig=mMvjtZDHaZo8U90kYzUcmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838473949268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同强度热带气旋能量差EFdiff的分布

a. 强度为20 m/s≤Vmax<30 m/s;b. 强度为30 m/s≤Vmax<40 m/s;c. 强度为Vmax≥40 m/s;黑色箭头为气旋移动方向,数值表示每个象限内EFdiff的最大值;黑色圆实线分别为Rmax、3Rmax和5Rmax的位置

, figureFileSmall=qwPhy5W5d+jvW/z7P+J73Q==, figureFileBig=mMvjtZDHaZo8U90kYzUcmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838616555607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The relationship between inverse wave age and momentum difference ${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$ (a), energy difference $E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$ (b) under tropical cyclones of different intensity, figureFileSmall=Ivo+Df0ySmyMipx+oAG7IA==, figureFileBig=B+l/lwgZUwAbfURbWOtgpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838729801820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同强度的热带气旋下逆波龄与海气动量差${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$(a)和海气能量差$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$(b)的关系, figureFileSmall=Ivo+Df0ySmyMipx+oAG7IA==, figureFileBig=B+l/lwgZUwAbfURbWOtgpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838889185379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The relationship between tropical cyclone translation speed and momentum difference ${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$ (a), energy difference $E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$ (b), figureFileSmall=7nfEo0rbJU49u3bsfikKrw==, figureFileBig=SNGiOWIDW6qMcJqN6bLgrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931838964682856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=CN, label=图7, caption=热带气旋移动速度与海气动量差${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$(a)和海气能量差$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$(b)的关系, figureFileSmall=7nfEo0rbJU49u3bsfikKrw==, figureFileBig=SNGiOWIDW6qMcJqN6bLgrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931839052763243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908309540008526, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The relationship between translation speed and inverse wave age under tropical cyclones of different intensity, figureFileSmall=yiBqsxKkyg1y3JHtL8lJnA==, 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热带气旋下海浪对大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的影响
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李向一 1 , 刘国强 1, * , 何宜军 1 , Perrie William 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(11): 61-69
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(11): 61-69
热带气旋下海浪对大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的影响
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李向一1 , 刘国强1, * , 何宜军1, Perrie William2
作者信息
  • 1南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2加拿大渔业和海洋部 贝德福德海洋研究所,新斯科舍 达特茅斯 B2Y 4A2
  • 李向一(1995-),女,河南省驻马店市人,研究方向为热带气旋及海气相互作用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘国强,教授,研究方向为大气−海浪−海洋−冰边界层动力与耦合模式开发与应用、次中尺度过程、上层海洋动力过程。E-mail:
Impacts of ocean waves on the momentum and energy fluxes across the air-sea interface under tropical cyclones
Xiangyi Li1 , Guoqiang Liu1, * , Yijun He1, Perrie William2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth B2Y 4A2, Canada
出版时间: 2021-11-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021174
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海浪不仅决定着海洋表面的粗糙度,由热带气旋引起的海浪,还通过其发展演化控制着大部分的海气之间的动量和能量传递。本文采用热带气旋观测数据IBTrACS和海浪模式WW III的模拟结果探究了热带气旋下海浪对大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的影响。结果发现,近30 a热带气旋的强度约每10 a增加 1 m/s,但移速没有明显变化。热带气旋的强度越大,从大气输入到海浪和从海浪输入到海流中的动量之差和能量之差也越大。由于热带气旋的风场和海浪场都有较强的不对称性,海气动量差和能量差也表现出非均匀分布:动量差较大的区域在热带气旋移动方向的后方,能量差的最大值则分布在右后象限,且二者均为左前方比较小。逆波龄与动量差和能量差呈高度正相关,相关系数约为0.95,说明波越年轻吸收的动量和能量越多。气旋移速越快逆波龄越大,且热带气旋移动速度与动量差和能量差呈正相关,相关系数在0.8以上。因此,海浪影响着大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的分布和大小,在以后关于海洋边界动力学和热力学的研究中,考虑海浪的演化可能会使结果更加准确。

热带气旋  /  海浪  /  动量  /  能量

Ocean waves can affect the roughness of the ocean surface, and the waves generated by tropical cyclones impact the momentum and energy fluxes across the air-sea interface. In this study, the impacts of ocean waves on the momentum and energy fluxes under tropical cyclones is examined by using the tropical cyclone observation dataset IBTrACS (International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship) and the simulations from wave model WW III (WAVEWATCH III). It is found that the intensity of tropical cyclones increased by about 1 m/s every decade in the past 30 years, but the change of translation speed is not obvious. For the stronger tropical cyclones, the difference for momentum flux and the energy flux between the air-sea interface can be significantly increased by the waves. Owing to the asymmetry of wind and surface wave fields under tropical cyclones, momentum difference and energy difference also demonstrate asymmetric distribution: the area with larger momentum difference is behind the moving direction of tropical cyclone, while energy difference is the largest in the right-rear quadrant, and both are relatively smaller in the left front quadrant. The inverse wave age is highly correlated with momentum difference and energy difference, and the correlation coefficient is about 0.95, indicating that the younger the surface wave, the more momentum and energy absorbed and stored by surface wave field. The inverse wave age increases with the increase of tropical cyclone translation speed, and the speed is positively correlated with momentum difference and energy difference according to the correlation coefficient above 0.8. Therefore, the surface waves affect the distribution and magnitude of momentum and energy input from the atmosphere to the ocean under tropical cyclones. In the future study of ocean boundary dynamics and thermodynamics, especially the study of tropical cyclones, considering the influence of ocean wave evolution is necessary.

tropical cyclones  /  ocean waves  /  momentum  /  energy
李向一, 刘国强, 何宜军, Perrie William. 热带气旋下海浪对大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的影响. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (11) : 61 -69 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021174
Xiangyi Li, Guoqiang Liu, Yijun He, Perrie William. Impacts of ocean waves on the momentum and energy fluxes across the air-sea interface under tropical cyclones[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (11) : 61 -69 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021174
作为连接海气界面的媒介,海浪在诸多过程中起着至关重要的作用,其主要通过海浪破碎、斯托克斯漂流与科里奥利力的相互作用、朗缪尔环流以及非破碎海浪的湍流扰动来影响海洋上层的混合以及海表温度[1-2]。风通过风应力将动量和能量从大气传递到海洋,风和浪之间的耦合决定了大气动量和能量向海洋的传输。热带气旋往往伴随着强风,海浪迅速成长,不仅会大量吸收并存储风中的动量和能量,也会改变海表面粗糙度,影响风应力对海洋的输送[3]。研究其对大气向海洋输入的动量和能量的影响,无论是对海气耦合的研究还是对热带气旋动力与热力结构的探索,都有重要意义[4-5]
大气对海洋输送的总应力公式为
${\tau _{\rm{a}}} = {\rho _{\rm{a}}} \times {U_ *^2 },$
式中,$\,{\rho _{\rm{a}}}$表示空气密度;${U_ * }$为摩擦风速;${\tau _{\rm{a}}}$在任何时候都由表面摩擦阻力${f_{{\rm{skin}}}}$和波浪的几何形状造成的形阻${f_{{\rm{form}}}}$产生,即
${\tau _{\rm{a}}} = {\tau _{{\rm{form}}}} + {\tau _{{\rm{skin}}}},$
它们的比例和大小取决于海表风、海浪和海流的相互作用[6]。其中形阻产生的应力( τform)是风向海浪输入的应力${\tau _{{\rm{in}}}}$。海洋一侧的应力${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$取决于海表风的大小和海浪的演化。由表面摩擦阻力引起的风应力${\tau _{{\rm{skin}}}}$进入海流,成为海洋侧应力${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$的一部分。大气进入海流的向下的动量通量${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$是海表面摩擦阻力和波耗散共同作用的结果,公式为
${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}} = {\tau _{{\rm{skin}}}} + {\tau _{{\rm{diss}}}},$
式中,${\tau _{{\rm{diss}}}}$是波浪破碎时释放的动量。波浪存储的大部分动量和能量被长波迅速传播,甚至传输到遥远的海滩消散。当海上风速较低时,大气底部受到的阻力主要体现为由流体的黏性引起的表面摩擦阻力[7-9],动量传递由两种流体之间的黏度和密度差决定[10],可以近似认为海浪在这种情况下无增长也无耗散。但${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$通常会比${\tau _{\rm{a}}}$偏低5%~10%[11-12],中纬度风暴轴海域的风能输入甚至会被高估25%[13]
对于热带气旋这种具有强风的天气系统,海浪场的时间和空间变化以及浪流相互作用极大地降低了进入流的动量通量,在快速移动的热带气旋中海气两侧动量之差${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$在25%左右[14]。同时,移动的热带气旋会产生复杂的海浪场。Wright等[15]以及Walsh等[16]的观测数据显示,热带气旋产生的波高在其移动方向的右侧具有最大值。Fan等[17]模拟的理想热带气旋风下${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$${\tau _{\rm{a}}}$小的区域主要在热带气旋的右后象限。Curcic[18]对4个发生在大西洋上的热带气旋进行模拟,发现了相反的结论:由于热带气旋产生的复杂的海浪分布逆风或横风传播,风暴左侧的${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$最大。较快的海浪传播到低风速环境中,有可能会发生${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$大于${\tau _{\rm{a}}}$的情况。波长比较长的海浪传播速度比海表面风速快,且这二者传播方向夹角不超过90°时,反而会出现海洋向大气作用应力的情况,也就是${\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$的方向向上[19-20]。这种向上的动量传递起到加速近海表面风的作用,从而产生波浪驱动低层风的现象[21]
因此,很多研究中做出的${\tau _{\rm{a}}} = {\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}}$的假设只有在海浪吸收和释放的动量和能量平衡的时候才成立。特别是在具有高风速的热带气旋影响下,海浪场变化迅速,这种情况下若假设大气海洋两侧应力相等,就会因为忽略海浪带来的净动量通量和能量通量而造成比较大的误差。深入研究海浪场的演化对海气动量通量和能量通量的影响,对探索海气界面处发生的物理过程具有重要意义。本文将集合观测以及数值模拟数据,研究对于不同强度以及不同移动速度的热带气旋,在全球尺度上对海浪所造成的海气界面动量以及能量通量的影响。
本文采用的热带气旋数据来自IBTrACS(International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship)[22],由NHC(US National Hurricane Center)和JTWC(Joint Typhoon Warning Center)提供,NHC的数据覆盖了北大西洋和东北太平洋,JTWC的数据覆盖了西北太平洋、北印度洋和南大洋。被统计的热带气旋发生的时间范围是1990−2018年,共2 834个,时间间隔为3 h。所用的物理量包括:时间、位置、最大风速半径${R_{\max }}$、最大持续风速${V_{\max }}$、移动速度TSP。热带气旋的空间分布如图1所示,热带气旋主要发生在5°~40°N以及10°~30°S,其中西北太平洋是热带气旋高发地,共有908个,同时也是超强台风(中心附近风力≥51 m/s)出现最多的海域。
关于海气动量和能量传输的数据来自WW III(WAVEWATCH III)模式。WW III旨在提高海浪预报的准确性,提供了1990年至今的空间高分辨率为0.5°×0.5°、时间分辨率为3 h的全球海洋海浪数据。该模式有效波高的模拟值与卫星高度计的观测值相比,标准偏差在2%左右,同时对比浮标数据,该模式对较高的波高模拟出的数值普遍偏低[23]。该模式求解笛卡尔坐标系下的动谱平衡方程[3]
$\frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial t}} + \frac{\partial }{{\partial {{x}}}}[{{{c}}_g}E(\omega ,\theta )] = {S_{{\rm{in}}}} + {S_{{\rm{diss}}}} + {S_{{\rm{nl}}}},$
式中,波能谱$E(\omega ,\theta )$是角频率$\omega $和方向$\theta $的函数;${{x}}$是空间水平方向矢量;${{{c}}_g}$是波群速度;方程右侧为源汇项,${S_{{\rm{in}}}}$表示波增长函数;${S_{{\rm{diss}}}}$表示是由于白冠、波破碎、底部摩擦等导致的海浪动量及能量损耗[1,6]${S_{{\rm{nl}}}}$为非线性波−波相互作用。WW III提供了有效波高以及大气向海洋输入的动量通量和能量通量的数据,由${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}} = {\tau _{\rm{a}}} - {\tau _{{\rm{oc}}}} = {\tau _{{\rm{in}}}} - {\tau _{{\rm{diss}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}} = E{F_{{\rm{in}}}} - E{F_{{\rm{diss}}}}$计算得到动量差(${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$)和能量差($E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$)的值,其中,EFin为风向海浪输入的能量,EFdiss为海浪破碎释放进入海洋的能量。
由于热带气旋不同时刻的移动方向不同,为了更好展现${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的空间分布,将热带气旋的移动方向作为y轴正方向,并将气旋方向顺时针旋转90°作为x轴正方向(图2右上角)。同时,因为南半球的热带气旋为反气旋结构,其最大风速以及有效波高在移动方向的左侧有最大值,所以将南半球y轴正方向逆时针旋转90°作为x轴正方向。考虑到热带气旋尺度的不同,以${R_{\max }}$对其统一,统计每个时刻热带气旋$5{R_{\max }}$范围内的物理量。
在过去几十年中,随着气象卫星和遥感技术的发展,热带气旋路径的预报准确性稳步提升,但强度预报却没有明显的提高。根据IBTrACS提供的数据,图3为统计的1990−2018年间全球台风(中心风速≥32.7 m/s)出现的数量、强度和移动速度随年份的变化,这里统计的台风强度为该台风存在期间的最大强度,移动速度为该台风存在期间的平均移动速度。经统计,台风的强度在1990−2018年内有增大趋势,大约每10 a增加1 m/s,这个结果与Kossin等[24]用卫星数据统计出的30 a全球热带气旋增强趋势一致。另外也有研究表明,西北太平洋4~5级热带气旋在数量上也有增加,增加的原因是温室气体导致的全球变暖[25]。根据图3a可以发现,在最近几次的厄尔尼诺发生时(1997年、2005年、2015年),台风出现的数量相对较多,说明海表温度是影响热带气旋强度和数量的一大影响因素[26]
全球变暖不仅会导致热带气旋的强度增加,而且也会使夏季热带环流有所减弱。热带气旋的移动方向和速度都受周围环境风影响,环流减弱可能会导致热带气旋的移动速度降低。Kossin[27]统计了将近70 a的热带气旋的移动速度变化,发现西北太平洋热带气旋的移动速度减慢了30%。但在图3c中,本文统计的将近30 a的全球的台风移动速度未有明显变化。热带气旋的移动速度是个重要参数,关系着其影响经过海区对海浪的强迫时间。还有研究表明了热带气旋的移动速度与有效波高有一定相关性:中速移动的热带气旋(3~7 m/s)可能会引起更高的波浪[28-29]。毫无疑问,风速越快海浪也会越高,但移速可能会与相近群速的波耦合,形成“陷波”,在热带气旋移动方向的右侧,海浪长时间受到风场强迫,可能会出现极大的有效波高,这是造成海浪场不对称的因素之一[30]
最大持续风速${V_{\max }}$是衡量热带气旋强度的标准之一,根据前面的统计,热带气旋的强度在近些年来有所增加,以${V_{\max }}$量化热带气旋强度,将热带气旋分为3组,分别是$20\;{\rm{m/s}} \leqslant {V_{\max }} < 30\;{\rm{m/s}}$$30\;{\rm{m/s}} \leqslant {V_{\max }} < 40\;{\rm{m/s}}$${V_{\max }} \geqslant 40\;{\rm{m/s}}$图4图5是不同最大风速热带气旋下${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的分布,以热带气旋移动方向为正前方,将其影响的区域分为4个象限:左前方、右前方、左后方和右后方。热带气旋强度越大,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的值越大,不对称性越大。海浪吸收和储存的动量和能量分布的大值区与热带气旋中心区不重合,且主要集中在3${R_{\max }}$的范围以内。${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$在热带气旋的后方最大,左前方最小,大值区呈肾形结构,$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$在热带气旋移动方向的右侧最大,左前方最小,眼区是相对低值区,与风场结构相似。但从整体上来看,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$大值区的分布在热带气旋移动的右后方的占比比较大。统计显示,热带气旋移动方向右前方处的有效波高比其他3个象限大[29,31]图2右上角的模式输出的瞬时有效波高的分布也验证了这一点。移动的热带气旋的风速会和移动速度叠加,在北半球,风速的最大值总是会出现在热带气旋移动方向的右侧,由于风的驱动,海流的最大值同样出现在右后象限[32],而且右侧的主波方向与风向差异更小[33]。热带气旋发生时的波高分布的不对称以及风和波浪传播方向的差异导致了海气动量通量空间分布的不对称。
图4图5展现的是${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$平均分布,一般情况下,热带气旋伴随的强风驱动了海洋,且风和浪的传播方向相差不大,海浪增长吸收动量和能量,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$为正值。由于热带气旋左侧的风速较右侧小,因此左侧的波浪不仅受到局地风的驱动,还会受到从右侧传播来的速度较快的涌浪影响,导致左侧的主波传播方向和风向相差较大[33],可能会超过90°,这时逆风耗散的波浪也会导致${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$为正值。但在一些特殊的海况下,例如从高风速区传播到低风速区的涌浪,也会出现负值的${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$,即传播速度较大的涌浪驱动了大气的运动,同时波浪向海流输入耗散了动量。
风驱动形成的风浪和远方传播来的涌浪构成复杂的海浪场,海浪状况可以用波龄$\beta $表征,用以研究海浪与动量和能量通量的关系,$\beta $也是反映风场和波场耦合程度的有效指标[34],公式为
$\beta = {c_p}/({U_{10}}\cos \theta ),$
式中,${c_p}$是主波相速度;${U_{10}}$为10 m处风速;$\theta $是风和海浪之间的夹角。在对海气动量和能量交换的研究中,逆波龄$1/\beta = {U_{10}} \times \cos \theta /{c_p}$更能反映其中的关系。根据Hanley等[35]用海面风场和海浪波谱计算的逆波龄的分布,当${\rm{1/}}\beta > {\rm{0}}{\rm{.83}}$时,海浪增长并吸收大气动量和能量,此时风浪占主导地位;当${\rm{0}}{\rm{.15}} < {\rm{1/}}\beta < {\rm{0}}{\rm{.83}}$时,海面上的波是由涌浪和风浪混合的;当${\rm{1/}}\beta < 0.15$,此时的波由长波涌浪主导,并可能会出现${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$为负的情况。
图6是不同强度的热带气旋下逆波龄与${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的关系,我们发现,气旋强度越大,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$越大,与图4图5的结果一致,且强度${V_{\max }} \geqslant 40\;{\rm{m/s}}$的最大值几乎是$30 \;{\rm{m/s}}\leqslant {V_{\max }} < 40\;{\rm{m/s}}$的两倍,分别达到了0.12和1.59。对于逆波龄与${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的关系,逆波龄${\rm{1/}}\beta \;{\rm{ = }}\;{\rm{0}}{\rm{.75}}$附近是一个分水岭,${\rm{1/}}\beta < {\rm{0}}{\rm{.75}}$时,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$在0.012以下,几乎无变化,${E_{{\rm{diff}}}}$增长斜率很小。也就是在海况为涌浪或者是风浪和涌浪混合,且涌浪为主的时候,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$${E_{{\rm{diff}}}}$比较小,海浪从大气得到的能量较少,根据前面的分析,涌浪甚至还会对大气有较少的动量和能量的输送,因此,海气两侧的动量和能量在这种状态下比较相近。${\rm{1/}}\beta >{\rm{0}}{\rm{.75}}$时,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$随逆波龄的增大而增大,${V_{\max }} \geqslant 40\;{\rm{m/s}}$时的增长速率最快。也就是当海况是风浪为主导时,海浪逆波龄越大,海浪成长吸收的动量和能量越多。但这个增大有一定限度,在逆波龄${\rm{1/}}\beta > 1.6{\rm{5}}$时,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$随逆波龄增大的斜率均有所下降,甚至在${\rm{1/}}\beta > 1.{\rm{85}}$${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$随逆波龄增大而减小。总体来看,逆波龄与${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的相关系数在不同强度的情况下均达到了0.95左右。
热带气旋的强度多受局地因素例如海况影响,而移动轨迹则很大程度上受大气环流影响。热带气旋的移动速度和旋转速度耦合影响气旋结构,是导致气旋风场不对称的重要因素[36],风作用于海洋,也会引起海浪场和流场的不对称。图7是不同移动速度下的热带气旋${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的分布。在移动速度小于12 m/s的时候,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$随着热带气旋移动速度的增加而增加,其相关性均在0.8以上。移动速度大于12 m/s时,强度为$20\;{\rm{m/s}} \leqslant {V_{\max }} < 30\;{\rm{m/s}}$的热带气旋${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$与移速也呈正相关,但强度为$30\;{\rm{m/s}} \leqslant {V_{\max }} < 40\;{\rm{m/s}}$${V_{\max }} \geqslant 40\;{\rm{m/s}}$的则没有明显的相关性,这种现象的出现可能是因为强度大且移速快的气旋样本量较少。尽管没有明确的理论说明热带气旋移动速度和强度有必然联系,但在本文的研究统计中,强热带风暴中移速大于12 m/s的有9%,但移速大于12 m/s的强台风只占有2.5%的比例。同样的情况也出现在图8中。
对于不同强度气旋移速与波浪性质的关系,由图8可知,气旋强度越强,逆波龄越大,这在图4图5中也能体现出来。此外,移速小于12 m/s时,移动速度和逆波龄呈正相关,且在不同强度的条件下相关系数均在0.9左右。图7显示气旋移速越快,海浪吸收的动量和能量也越多,结合图6${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$与逆波龄呈正相关的结论,可间接得出移速与逆波龄也呈正相关,与图8结果一致。这是因为热带气旋移动越快,移到下一处相对平静的海域的速度越快,处于成长初期的海浪也就越丰富,海浪能够吸收的动量和能量也就越多,海浪迅速发展,但最后海浪是否能够发展的最大高度也要取决于海浪受风应力强迫的持续时间以及热带气旋强度的大小等因素。
本文结合热带气旋观测数据IBTrACS和海浪模式WW III的模拟数据,研究了1990−2018年在不同热带气旋强度和移速的情况下,海浪的演化发展对海气两侧通量之差的影响,并利用逆波龄分析海浪场和${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的关系。本文发现:(1)热带气旋的强度以大约每10 a增加1 m/s的速度加强,但移动速度没有明显变化;(2)强度越大${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$也越大,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的分布不均匀,不对称性较强,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$的最大值分布在热带气旋移动方向的后方,右后象限的大值区域比较广,$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$的最大值分布在热带气旋移动方向的右后象限,左前方最小。这主要是因为热带气旋的风场受移速、海表面温度、大气压等的影响,不对称性较强,在北(南)半球热带气旋移动方向的右(左)侧比较大,导致波场及其吸收的动量和能量也不对称。整体来看,逆波龄与${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$呈正相关,且不同强度的相关系数均在0.95左右;(3)热带气旋移动速度小于12 m/s时,${\tau _{{\rm{diff}}}}$$E{F_{{\rm{diff}}}}$随着热带气旋移动速度的增加而增加,其相关系数大于0.8,造成这种高度正相关关系的原因是,气旋移速越快,就能更快地强迫到下一处海浪还未完全发展的海域,也正因如此,气旋移速越快逆波龄越大。
通过本文的研究,发现海浪场不仅在单纯的海洋模拟、海气耦合模式以及气候模式中对热带气旋下海气之间的动量和能量的通量有重要影响,海浪过程还会通过对动量和能量通量的影响,进而影响海洋环流、海表温度等重要的海洋动力参数。因此,在未来的海洋动力过程、海气相互作用等研究中,海浪的过程必不可少。
致谢:本研究所用的数值计算得到了南京信息工程大学高性能计算中心的计算支持和帮助,在此表示感谢。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41506028);江苏省青年科学基金(BK20150913);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2016YFC1401407);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-IPOVAI-04);南京信息工程大学人才启动基金
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2021年第43卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021174
  • 接收时间:2021-02-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-02-10
  • 修回日期:2021-04-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(41506028);江苏省青年科学基金(BK20150913);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2016YFC1401407);全球变化与海气相互作用专项(GASI-IPOVAI-04);南京信息工程大学人才启动基金
作者信息
    1南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2加拿大渔业和海洋部 贝德福德海洋研究所,新斯科舍 达特茅斯 B2Y 4A2

通讯作者:

刘国强,教授,研究方向为大气−海浪−海洋−冰边界层动力与耦合模式开发与应用、次中尺度过程、上层海洋动力过程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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