Article(id=1233908245048390495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233908240283652966, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1600876800000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-24, revisedDate=1606924800000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116250526, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1640793600000, pubDateStr=2021-12-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116250526, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116250526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116250526, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233908240283652966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116249389, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116249389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233908245446849382, articleId=1233908245048390495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Evolution of the Pacific meridional overturning circulation during the Plio-Pleistocene transition: Nd isotope records from the Fe-Mn crust, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The global climate and environment have changed significantly upon the development of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG) during the Pliocene/Pleistocene. The Pacific meridional overturning circulation (PMOC) plays an important role on the distribution of heat in the global ocean and atmospheric CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean, however, the relationship between PMOC and the formation of NHG is poorly studied. In this paper, we collected the available Nd isotope data of seamount Fe-Mn crusts from the Pacific. By comparing the Nd isotopic records from different water depths and different regions of the Pacific, considering the influences of water mass evolution and dust input on the Nd isotope records, we discuss the evolution of the PMOC and its relationship with the global climate change. It is suggested that the stagnation of the deep water formation in the North Pacific and the increase of the Asian dust input may be the reasons for the decline of the εNd of the North Pacific deep water since 3~4 Ma, and the increase of CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean caused by the weakening of the deep water ventilation in the North Pacific contribute to the global cooling and the formation of NHG.

, correspAuthors=Xiqiu Han, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weijia Fan, Xiqiu Han, Zhongyan Qiu, Liming Ye, Dongshan Guo), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233908247204262804, articleId=1233908245048390495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=上新世/更新世之交太平洋经向翻转流演化, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着北半球冰盖的发育,全球气候环境发生了显著变化。太平洋经向翻转流(PMOC)对全球海洋热量分配和大气CO2在深海的封存起举足轻重的作用,但是关于PMOC与北半球冰盖的形成之间的关系还欠缺研究。本文收集了太平洋海山富钴结壳的Nd同位素记录,通过对比不同区域Nd同位素记录的演化特征,分析风尘输入、水团演化等因素对Nd同位素记录的影响,探讨了太平洋经向翻转流演化及其与全球气候变化之间的关系,认为北太平洋深层水下沉的停滞和亚洲风尘输入增加可能是导致深层水Nd同位素从距今3~4 Ma开始降低的原因。同时,因北太平洋深层水下沉停滞,PMOC改组,使得更多的CO2在深水封存,从而对全球气候变冷和北半球冰盖形成产生了积极的贡献。

, correspAuthors=韩喜球, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
韩喜球(1969-),女,研究员,主要从事海底资源与成矿系统研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SIF+yQNQFmw+fC/PsyqWSw==, magXml=8D9QOI1Ncv5EJea09ggQvQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QD0Vm+ZfXA1aiECM4PQi1g==, pdfFileSize=2633455, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=8T4QjVvH1ozqnWEISYsQZA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aDS0E08Vzq8vwJN7H111TQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

范维佳(1983-),男,山西省神池县人,主要从事古海洋研究。E-mail:

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范维佳(1983-),男,山西省神池县人,主要从事古海洋研究。E-mail:

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范维佳(1983-),男,山西省神池县人,主要从事古海洋研究。E-mail:

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Nature, 2014, 514(7524): 616−619., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233931765509837019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(91951201,41606061);中国博士后科学基金(161690);自然资源部第二海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金(JB1504,JZ1901,JG1521), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233931760208237515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931760216626124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, companyId=1233931760208237515, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931760229209038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, companyId=1233931760208237515, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233931760321483730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931760338260948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, companyId=1233931760321483730, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233931760346649558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, companyId=1233931760321483730, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233931763920195749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The circulation of intermediate and deep water masses in the Pacific (after reference [38])

ACC: Antarctic circumpolar current; LCDW: lower circumpolar deep water; UCDW: upper circumpolar deep water; AAIW: Antarctic intermediate water; EqPIW: equatorial Pacific intermediate water; NPIW: North Pacific intermediate water; NPDW: North Pacific deep water

, figureFileSmall=2WyRAbWPOrJBFpDMPsc8+w==, figureFileBig=b8Qe4+C1Y3q6WVvdznrA1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931764054413484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=CN, label=图1, caption=太平洋中、深层洋流路径示意图(根据文献[38])

ACC:南极绕极流;LCDW:下层绕极深层水;UCDW:上层绕极深层水;AAIW:南极中层水;EqPIW:赤道太平洋中层水;NPIW:北太平洋中层水;NPDW:北太平洋深层水

, figureFileSmall=2WyRAbWPOrJBFpDMPsc8+w==, figureFileBig=b8Qe4+C1Y3q6WVvdznrA1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931764322848948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Map showing the distribution of Nd isotopes records from Pacific

The distribution of Nd isotopes records is from reference [4955], reference [56], [57] and [58] also shown here the locations of U1430, GPC3 and ODP885/886 which are aeolian dust records

, figureFileSmall=qNah3Iy+H2XP3K2oRVqztA==, figureFileBig=1eclxQJtJkiudD1cxWIkdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931764419317947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=CN, label=图2, caption=太平洋Nd同位素记录站位分布

Nd同位素记录站位信息来自于文献[4955],风尘记录U1430、GPC3和ODP885/886分别来自于文献[56],[57]和[58]

, figureFileSmall=qNah3Iy+H2XP3K2oRVqztA==, figureFileBig=1eclxQJtJkiudD1cxWIkdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931764540952766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Nd isotope records from the Pacific and εNd variation of variety water masses, figureFileSmall=cGWZE+dOhhG39rxLnjqccA==, figureFileBig=rVRPu4+QKiHbdSU39btK6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931764662587585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=CN, label=图3, caption=太平洋Nd同位素记录及其代表的水团εNd演化, figureFileSmall=cGWZE+dOhhG39rxLnjqccA==, figureFileBig=rVRPu4+QKiHbdSU39btK6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931764809388229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The variation of εNd of the intermediate and the deep water from the sub-arctic north Pacific, deep circulation transit time and atmospheric CO2 concentration since the Last Glacial Maximum

a. Authigenic εNd of the intermediate (record in purple) and the deep water (records in blue) from the Alaska Bay[16]; b. ice-core CO2 and its rate of change[80-81]; c. calculated transit time of the Pacific deep water (red line) according to the ΔεNd between ODP 846 site and ODP1233 site (green line)[77]. The yellow-shaded intervals denoted the synchronous increase of atmospheric CO2 and rise of global ocean mean temperature

, figureFileSmall=TN0DOnDf/wY6cSoDosOv0Q==, figureFileBig=pTbUcrVo6bk/DrqQRarj3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931764922634440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=CN, label=图4, caption=末次冰盛期以来亚极地北太平洋中、深层水钕同位素、东南太平洋深层水输运时间和大气CO2浓度的变化

a. 阿拉斯加湾中层水(紫色)和深层水(蓝色)εNd值变化[16];b. 冰芯中大气CO2浓度记录及其变化速率[80-81];c. 东赤道太平洋ODP 846孔和东南太平洋ODP 1123孔Nd同位素差值(绿色线)反映的深层水输送速率(红色线)的变化[77]。黄色阴影指示几乎同时发生的冰消期大气CO2浓度上升和全球海洋平均温度上升的两个阶段

, figureFileSmall=TN0DOnDf/wY6cSoDosOv0Q==, figureFileBig=pTbUcrVo6bk/DrqQRarj3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931765065240778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The εNd values of the intermediate and deep water masses in the Pacific

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水团εNd特征值参考文献
源区改性后
  注:①赤道海区下层绕极深层水的εNd值;②24°N附近下层绕极深层水的εNd值。
LCDW−8−5.2, −4.8[30,46]及其中
引用数据
UCDW−8−3.7~−0.7[4446]
AAIW−6.6~−8.2−2.8[27,47]
EqPIW−2.1~−3.4[44,46,48]
NPIW−3~−3.8[4546]
NPDW−3.9−3.5[3940,44,48]
), ArticleFig(id=1233931765199458514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908245048390495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

太平洋中、深层水团的εNd特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水团εNd特征值参考文献
源区改性后
  注:①赤道海区下层绕极深层水的εNd值;②24°N附近下层绕极深层水的εNd值。
LCDW−8−5.2, −4.8[30,46]及其中
引用数据
UCDW−8−3.7~−0.7[4446]
AAIW−6.6~−8.2−2.8[27,47]
EqPIW−2.1~−3.4[44,46,48]
NPIW−3~−3.8[4546]
NPDW−3.9−3.5[3940,44,48]
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上新世/更新世之交太平洋经向翻转流演化
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范维佳 1, 2 , 韩喜球 1, 2, * , 邱中炎 1, 2 , 叶黎明 1, 2 , 郭栋山 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(12): 50-59
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(12): 50-59
上新世/更新世之交太平洋经向翻转流演化
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范维佳1, 2 , 韩喜球1, 2, * , 邱中炎1, 2, 叶黎明1, 2, 郭栋山1, 2
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 范维佳(1983-),男,山西省神池县人,主要从事古海洋研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

韩喜球(1969-),女,研究员,主要从事海底资源与成矿系统研究。E-mail:
Evolution of the Pacific meridional overturning circulation during the Plio-Pleistocene transition: Nd isotope records from the Fe-Mn crust
Weijia Fan1, 2 , Xiqiu Han1, 2, * , Zhongyan Qiu1, 2, Liming Ye1, 2, Dongshan Guo1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2021-12-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021003
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随着北半球冰盖的发育,全球气候环境发生了显著变化。太平洋经向翻转流(PMOC)对全球海洋热量分配和大气CO2在深海的封存起举足轻重的作用,但是关于PMOC与北半球冰盖的形成之间的关系还欠缺研究。本文收集了太平洋海山富钴结壳的Nd同位素记录,通过对比不同区域Nd同位素记录的演化特征,分析风尘输入、水团演化等因素对Nd同位素记录的影响,探讨了太平洋经向翻转流演化及其与全球气候变化之间的关系,认为北太平洋深层水下沉的停滞和亚洲风尘输入增加可能是导致深层水Nd同位素从距今3~4 Ma开始降低的原因。同时,因北太平洋深层水下沉停滞,PMOC改组,使得更多的CO2在深水封存,从而对全球气候变冷和北半球冰盖形成产生了积极的贡献。

太平洋经向翻转流  /  北半球冰川化  /  Nd同位素  /  铁锰结壳  /  风尘

The global climate and environment have changed significantly upon the development of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG) during the Pliocene/Pleistocene. The Pacific meridional overturning circulation (PMOC) plays an important role on the distribution of heat in the global ocean and atmospheric CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean, however, the relationship between PMOC and the formation of NHG is poorly studied. In this paper, we collected the available Nd isotope data of seamount Fe-Mn crusts from the Pacific. By comparing the Nd isotopic records from different water depths and different regions of the Pacific, considering the influences of water mass evolution and dust input on the Nd isotope records, we discuss the evolution of the PMOC and its relationship with the global climate change. It is suggested that the stagnation of the deep water formation in the North Pacific and the increase of the Asian dust input may be the reasons for the decline of the εNd of the North Pacific deep water since 3~4 Ma, and the increase of CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean caused by the weakening of the deep water ventilation in the North Pacific contribute to the global cooling and the formation of NHG.

Pacific meridional overturing  /  Northern Hemisphere glaciation  /  Nd isotopes  /  ferromanganese crust  /  aeolian dust
范维佳, 韩喜球, 邱中炎, 叶黎明, 郭栋山. 上新世/更新世之交太平洋经向翻转流演化. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (12) : 50 -59 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021003
Weijia Fan, Xiqiu Han, Zhongyan Qiu, Liming Ye, Dongshan Guo. Evolution of the Pacific meridional overturning circulation during the Plio-Pleistocene transition: Nd isotope records from the Fe-Mn crust[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (12) : 50 -59 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021003
在上新世/更新世之交,北半球大陆冰盖开始发育,地球气候系统由单极有冰进入两极有冰的演化阶段,随之引起水循环、碳循环、大陆风化和元素循环等一系列重要变化[1-5]。前人对北半球冰盖形成的原因提出了多种假说,比如大气CO2浓度下降[6-7]、地球斜率变化幅度的减小[8-9]、由巴拿马海道关闭引起的格陵兰岛和欧洲大陆降雪、降水量上升等[9-10]。大洋环流对全球气候具有反馈放大机制[11],前人对北大西洋经向翻转流(Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,AMOC)在这一时期的变化有较为深入的研究[10, 12],但对太平洋经向翻转流(Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation,PMOC)在该时期如何演化,以及在北半球冰川化进程中扮演何种角色尚缺乏系统性认识。
海山铁锰结壳忠实记录了其生长过程中海水的Nd同位素组成[13],是重建古洋流演化的重要研究对象。相比溶解无机碳δ13C和Cd/Ca等指标,海水的Nd同位素组成基本不受生物过程影响,可以指示水团的来源及其演化[14-16]。相比鱼牙和有孔虫壳体等自生矿物,海山铁锰结壳有其独特的优势,一块数厘米厚的结壳就可能记录了数千万年的古海水演化历史,如果用沉积物来研究的话,则需要数百米长的岩心,只有通过大洋钻探才能获得[17-21],特别在沉积速率非常低的深海,很难在远洋沉积物样品中挑选到足够数量的有孔虫供定年和Nd同位素分析。也正是因为在沉积记录获取上存在一定的困难,过去关于长尺度古洋流演化包括古PMOC的研究尚比较欠缺。
本文收集了过去30 a来已发表的太平洋富钴结壳的Nd同位素记录,通过研究不同海域不同水深结壳Nd同位素记录的演化特征,深入探讨距今3.5 Ma前后PMOC的演化特征及其与北半球冰川化的联系,并对未来重建长尺度和高分辨率的古PMOC演化过程的研究提出建议。
海水中Nd的主要输入源有河水、陆源颗粒物的溶解、海底热液、地下水交换以及海底沉积物孔隙水的扩散等。其中,河流输入占主要贡献,热液贡献甚微[22]。陆源颗粒物输入包括河流输入和风尘输入。在火山岛屿分布较多的海区,河流输入的颗粒物约有0.25%~0.38%的Nd会溶解进入海水[23]。在河口区,由于季节性悬浮沉积物的输入和扩散,海水Nd同位素呈现出季节性变化特征[24]。风尘颗粒溶解对海水中Nd的贡献取决于风尘通量和风尘颗粒中Nd的溶解能力。有关风尘颗粒中Nd的溶解程度的估算还存在争议,Greaves等[25]认为风尘颗粒中的Nd只有1%~3%溶解,而Tachikawa等[26-27]则认为溶解比例可达20%。大西洋的风尘通量较高,风尘溶解来源的Nd是表层海水Nd的重要来源,保守估计可以达到河流输入Nd的95%[25]。Greaves等[28]研究发现,北太平洋表层海水Nd含量在中部最低,越靠近东亚大陆边缘越高,且稀土配分模式也越接近代表风尘特征的上地壳稀土配分特征,认为亚洲风尘对西北太平洋Nd通量的贡献显著。不过,从深层水的Nd同位素特征来看,风尘输入的贡献似乎不是很重要[29]
海水中的Nd可以通过颗粒物的吸附清扫作用移除,其在海水中平均滞留时间为600~1 000 a[27]。因此,Nd在表层海水中含量很低,而在深层水体,随着颗粒物的矿化和溶解作用,海水中Nd含量随水深增大而升高,其浓度可达到4 pg/g左右。同样,海水中Nd含量会随着水团年龄的增大而升高,例如北太平洋深层水的Nd含量要高于补充它的下层绕极深层水[30]
海水Nd同位素组成与盐度、硅酸盐浓度等保守性水团指标具有协同变化的特征,可作为水团的“准保守性”指标[31],能够用来示踪水团和洋流。(1)不同来源的水团具有特征的Nd同位素组成。因为洋盆周围的陆块具有特定的岩性和Nd同位素特征,海水的Nd同位素组成主要受控于陆源风化产物的输入,使得不同海域水体的Nd同位素组成具有较大的差异和梯度。比如说北大西洋周围的岩石主要为形成于太古代或更早期的沉积岩,其εNd低至−40,导致现代北大西洋水团的εNd约为−13;太平洋的主动大陆边缘火山活动活跃,分布有大量的基性岩,通过风化作用向太平洋输入了大量放射成因的Nd同位素,所以表层海水εNd可高达0~4;南大洋和印度洋水团的Nd同位素值则介于上述两者之间,为−7~−8。(2)Nd在海水中的平均滞留时间接近或略小于大洋水体的平均混合时间,所以水团的Nd同位素信号可以随水团迁移足够远的距离且不会被彻底均一化。(3)水团的Nd同位素组成基本不受生物作用的影响,而且在吸附/解吸附过程中也不发生分馏。
北太平洋的表层水团(深度小于200 m的水团)的分布和运动主要受控于表层风场[32]。一方面热带表层海水在东南信风的强迫下向西运动,形成北赤道流,抵达太平洋西边界后形成西边界流(黑潮)向北运动;另一方面,在极地东风的驱动下,亚极地表层水也在西边界汇聚向南运动,形成亲潮;两支海流在35°~40°N辐聚混合,在西风的驱动下向东运动,形成副热带环流圈[32]
北太平洋中层水主要分布于20° N以北,水深在300~800 m,以低盐(34~34.3)、低密度(σθ=26.6~27.4)和低氧(50~150 μmol/kg)为典型特征[33-35],其运动路径的南界在中、东太平洋到20°N,而在西太平洋可一直南下进入苏拉威西海[36-37]。赤道以北至20°N的中层水团为赤道太平洋中层水,以较高的盐度(34.5~34.6)和最低含氧为特征,一般认为赤道太平洋中层水是由亚南极模态水向赤道海区下沉、再循环形成[38]图1)。受河流淡水输入、亚洲季风降水、大西洋向太平洋水汽输送以及蒸发量相对较低等多种因素的共同影响,北太平洋表层水盐度明显偏低,从而限制了北太平洋中层水的形成[37]。但是,在中高纬的鄂霍茨克海,因海冰形成产生的盐析作用可产生高密的陆架水团,该水团下沉构成北太平洋中层水的先驱水团[37]。类似地,阿拉斯加湾中层水对北太平洋中层水也有少量贡献[34]。这些先驱水团与黑潮水混合后,沿亚北极环流圈和副热带环流圈的边界(约40°N)向东流入东太平洋,并逐渐变重下沉,再从东太平洋向西南流回西太平洋[38]图1)。
现代北太平洋深层水主要由南源的下层绕极深层水补充[32]图1)。下层绕极深层水沿西边界进入北太平洋后在阿留申群岛以南上升缓慢扩散混合,形成通风较弱的老龄的北太平洋深层水。北太平洋深层水沿着与北太平洋中层水相反的方向由东北太平洋向西南运动,在25°N的区域与来自南大洋的上层绕极深层水相遇混合,含氧量有所升高,然后继续向南运动进入南太平洋(图1)。下层绕极深层水向北太平洋侵入后混合上升再以北太平洋深层水的形式折返流向南太平洋,即构成了太平洋深水经向翻转流。
北太平洋表层水Nd同位素值分布较为离散(εNd=−5.4~1.8),与距离大陆边缘远近、受河流的影响程度、风尘沉降以及季节有较为密切的关系[39-41]。起源于北赤道流的黑潮在流经东亚大陆边缘时,通过“边界交换”作用获得了贫放射成因的Nd同位素特征(εNd=−5.6~−3.9)[42-43],因此在北赤道流和黑潮等水团的影响区域,表层海水继承了这种Nd同位素特征;而在中太平洋火山岛屿周边,基性火山物质风化的输入对表层海水Nd同位素造成明显影响,比如在夏威夷岛周边,表层海水更加富放射成因Nd同位素(εNd=−1.4~0.8)[44]。北太平洋次表层水(>180~350 m)的εNd值明显负偏,源于低εNd的黑潮影响[42]。北太平洋中层水主要由黑潮和亲潮混合后下沉形成,亦有来自阿拉斯加湾的富放射性Nd同位素水体的贡献,其εNd 稳定在−3.3~−3.8[41, 44]表1)。但在盐度最小值带以下,北太平洋中层水的Nd同位素值持续增高,在750 m~1 500 m达到最大值−2.3~−2.8,而水体Nd浓度变化较小(17.7~22 pmol/kg),推测流经太平洋西边界的上层绕极深层水(εNdmax=−0.7)可能是形成中北太平洋中等深度εNd极大值的重要端元水团[44-45]。起源于绕极流的下层绕极深层水的源区εNd为−8左右[45-46]。其在向北入侵的过程中,受沿途放射成因Nd同位素输入的影响而逐渐升高,最终进入北太平洋的εNd一般为−4.8[30]。改性后的下层绕极深层水在阿留申岛弧区上升,并与εNd为−2左右的当地深层水混合,形成εNd为−3.9±0.7的北太平洋深层水[39],翻转重新流入北太平洋洋盆。北太平洋深层水在夏威夷岛附近与上层绕极深层水混合后形成改性北太平洋深层水,εNd升高为−3.5±0.5[39, 44]表1)。
我们收集了太平洋不同海域不同水深的Nd同位素记录(图2图3)。从图3可以看出,εNd记录呈现明显的经向差异。从南到北,εNd值逐渐升高。具体特征如下:位于南太平洋的U1370孔[49]和D137-01结壳[50]的Nd同位素记录反映了下层绕极深层水的演化,其中U1370孔位于40°S, 离南极绕极深层水形成区较近,其εNd记录相较于其他海域有更大的波动,可能指示该海域AABW和北大西洋深层水之间混合不均匀,所形成的南极绕极深层水尚不稳定。D137-01结壳站位位于赤道附近,其εNd值变化较平缓,可能反映该海域绕极深层水团较为稳定。VA13/2结壳[51]位于中北太平洋,记录了进入北太平洋的下层绕极深层水的演化,其εNd记录似乎在约距今4.5 Ma时达到最大随后开始逐渐降低,不过,由于该样品取样分辨率为2 Ma, εNd转折的时间尚不能准确约束。13D-27A和D4-13A结壳位于北太平洋亚极地海域[52],近大洋环流末端位置,其εNd记录也呈现出与中北太平洋VA13/2结壳相似的变化趋势。中北太平洋CD29-2、D11-1和东太平洋Yaloc D22-3结壳样品记录了北太平洋深层水的演化[51, 53],与中北太平洋VA13/2结壳和亚极地海域的13D-27A和D4-13A结壳记录相比,其εNd转折时间相对较晚,发生在距今3.5 Ma前后。
纬向上,太平洋西边界的εNd记录与中太平洋也存在明显差异。ODP807孔取自赤道西太平洋翁通—爪哇海台[54],其εNd的演化趋势与中北太平洋结壳样品总体一致,同样也在距今约3.5 Ma快速降低,不过,该孔在距今3.5~5.5 Ma期间的εNd值要明显高于结壳样品,可能与该时期岛弧火山作用增强贡献了较多的放射成因Nd同位素有关。MKD13结壳采集自西北太平洋水深约1 530 m的海山,大致记录了北太平洋中层水的演化特征,其εNd值整体上低于中北太平洋,而且在距今3.5 Ma前后未见明显变化[55]。同样位于西北太平洋深层水(2 700 m)的MDD53结壳样品的εNd值在距今3 Ma前低至−4.5左右[55],与中北太平洋VA13/2的εNd相近,但在距今2.5 Ma时快速升高至−3.2,又在距今2 Ma后快速降低约0.5ε,可能表明太平洋西边界水团变化较为复杂。
从以上所有的Nd记录来看,距今12 Ma以来,εNd总体上呈现先升后降的演化趋势。中太平洋深层水结壳εNd在距今3~4 Ma前后发生了明显的转折。ODP 807孔的εNd同位素也在距今约3.5 Ma出现峰值,在距今3.2 Ma和距今2.67 Ma发生了大幅度的降低[54],前者对应于南极冰盖在晚上新世扩张的时间,后者完美对应北半球冰盖形成的时间[2]
关于北半球冰盖形成前后北太平洋深层水的εNd由上升转为降低的原因不外乎以下两种:(1)PMOC发生了变化,南源水团中北大西洋深层水的贡献增加,南源水团输入通量增加和北太平洋深层水下沉的停滞,均可引起北太平洋深层水的εNd负偏;(2)风尘输入发生了变化,距今3~4 Ma前后,伴随着全球气候变冷,亚洲内陆干旱化程度加重,太平洋风尘输入增加,也能导致非放射成因Nd同位素对深层水的输入通量增加。
Ling等[51]通过研究中太平洋富钴结壳,注意到了Nd同位素记录在距今约3.5 Ma存在转折,他们推测,距今约3.5 Ma以来,由于北大西洋深层水的增强,经温盐环流传送,使其对太平洋绕极深层水的贡献加大。北半球冰盖形成之后,中、南大西洋深水沉积物粒度增大,也为北大西洋深层水的增强提供了佐证[59]。此外,距今3.1~2.7 Ma期间,东南极冰盖发生增长,太平洋和印度洋一侧的南极底层水(Antarctic Bottom Water, AABW)的形成区由罗斯海为主逐渐转变为以威德尔海为主,进一步增进了洋盆间深层水的物质和热量交换[2],使得绕极水团中有更多北大西洋深层水的成分。不过,更多的证据表明在晚上新世至早更新世期间,北大西洋深层水较强[60-61],而在过去3 Ma期间总体是减弱的[62-63]。Frank等[64]也报道西北大西洋εNd在过去3 Ma持续下降,但南大洋的εNd则保持稳定,表明北大西洋持续下降的εNd特征没有传输到南大洋。所以,北太平洋εNd记录转折不太可能是北大西洋深层水贡献增加导致。那么太平洋南源水团输入是否增强呢?东北太平洋沉积物岩心底栖有孔虫δ13C记录研究表明,早上新世中、深层水通风较好,而在北半球冰盖形成之后通风变差,认为南源下层绕极深层水团增强,导致通风最差的东北太平洋深层水团南移[65-66]。然而,西北太平洋的ODP 882孔的记录显示,在距今2.7 Ma之前可能存在下沉形成的北太平洋深层水,数值模拟表明这支下沉形成的北太平洋深层水可以影响到1 000~2 000 m水深,并沿着北太平洋西边界向南扩散[67],既很好的解释了北太平洋中、深层水δ13C分布特征的变化[62-63],也能解释NPDW的温度和δ18O变化[2]。位于太平洋西边界的MDD53站的εNd在距今5~2 Ma间快速升高[55],可能也捕捉到下沉形成的北太平洋深层水的信号。因此,距今3.5 Ma以来太平洋南源水团输入增强的证据并不充分,相反,北太平洋深层水形成的停滞得到了支持。
尘源Nd输入增加同样有引起北太平洋深部水体εNd负偏的可能。风尘进入海洋后会发生部分溶解,是海水Nd收支的重要组成,尘源Nd对全球海洋Nd收支的贡献量大约为400 Mg/a[27]。van De Flierdt等[52]根据简单箱式模型,估算了尘源Nd对北太平洋深层水Nd同位素特征的影响。假设端元水团Nd同位素特征和通量不变,那么只要尘源Nd([Nd]=30×10−6,εNd=−10.3)的贡献达到全部收支的13%,即可造成北太平洋Nd同位素降低1 ε。距今3.5 Ma之后,风尘输入陡增,日本海风尘通量约为3 g/(m2·ka)[56],中北太平洋LL44-GPC3站位为约200 mg/(m2·ka)[57],均达到距今3.5 Ma之前的10倍,那么只需要风尘中Nd的溶解率达到3.4%,便可造成上述变化。在纬度更高的ODP 885/886站,距今3.5 Ma之后风尘通量可达到140 mg/(m2·ka),是之前的4倍左右,尘源Nd的溶解率只要达到4.3%即可[58]。实际上,风尘颗粒的溶解率最大可达20%[27],因此尘源Nd的贡献可能不止这些。我们注意到,在距今3.5 Ma之前,北太平洋深层水的εNd记录一直呈上升趋势,也就是可能发生着放射性Nd的不断累加,如果没有Nd的收支条件的改变,这个趋势可能会一直持续下去(图3虚线),尘源Nd输入的增加不仅抵消了εNd的上升趋势,还造成进一步负偏。因此,距今3.5 Ma之后亚洲内陆风尘输入的陡然上升,可能对北太平洋深层水Nd同位素特征转折性变化有较大的贡献。
海洋与大气碳储库之间的相互作用是大气CO2浓度变化的重要原因[68-69],也是海洋过程影响全球气候的重要方式。尽管大气CO2进入海洋并被保存在海水中的机制多种多样,比如有机碳泵、碱度泵、微型生物碳泵等,但究其物理本质,是海水层化或者说深海通风减弱为碳的储存提供了条件[16, 68, 70-72],也就是说,深层水通风的强弱是决定海洋碳库变化的重要因素,而经向翻转流的变化在此过程中起了重要作用。
在冰期,太平洋深层水通风减弱,碱度增大,碳存储能力增加,是冰期大气CO2浓度降低的重要因素。在太平洋和南大西洋沉积记录中均发现冰期存在作为CO2储库的老龄水团[69-74]。Wan等[75]发现冰期时南海与太平洋之间深层水的[${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $]差增大,为太平洋深层水通风减弱,碳存储能力增加提供了证据。Basak等[45]提供的南太平洋Nd同位素记录表明,太平洋冰期底层水主要来自于罗斯海陆架区,与上覆深层水之间因密度差较大而层结,其εNd较间冰期高约2ε,同样反映了深层水的层化现象。在冰消期,洋盆之间深层水交换增强,太平洋深层水通风增强,深层水的层化遭破坏,海洋碳库在冰期封存的CO2得到释放,导致大气CO2增加。Ronge等[76]通过对西南太平洋不同水深水团Δ14C的重建认为冰消期早期绕极流通风增强,对大气CO2浓度上升具有潜在的贡献。在亚极地东北太平洋(阿拉斯加湾),末次冰消期εNd负偏(图4a)与大气CO2浓度升高几乎同步(图4b),表明南源水团影响增强,北太平洋深层水的更新速率加快[16]。值得指出的是,Hu和Piotrowski[77]研究认为末次冰期太平洋的深水经向循环较现代快,而冰消期深水经向循环减弱(图4c)。冰期太平洋作为碳汇并不是因为深层水滞缓,而是由于生物有机碳泵增强或高纬海冰形成引起的通风减弱造成[77]。但我们认为,南太平洋冰期Nd同位素较间冰期偏高,很可能是由于冰期北大西洋深层水的贡献减弱,非放射成因Nd同位素输入减少[78]。而赤道东太平洋深层水团的Nd同位素的变化,可能是由于冰消期PMOC增强,北源水团对东太平洋εNd的贡献增大[16]
上述冰期旋回尺度上PMOC与大气CO2浓度的关系,为上新世/更新世气候转型期大洋环流与大气CO2浓度可能的耦合变化提供了可能的机制。在上新世末,由于全球变冷,亚洲内陆干旱化增强,对太平洋的风尘输入大幅增加,风尘Fe的输入刺激北太平洋有机碳泵增强,对大气CO2浓度的下降有重要贡献[4-5, 58, 79];同时,北大西洋深层水形成减弱[62-63]、北太平洋深层水通风减弱[67]以及绕极深层水形成区发生变化[2]等要素,造成全球洋盆尺度上深层水通风减弱,有利于CO2在深海的封存,是有机碳泵机制的重要补充。因此,在上新世/更新世之交,北太平洋深层水下沉停滞导致的通风减弱,使得更多CO2在深水封存,从而对全球气候变冷和北半球冰盖形成产生积极的贡献。
本文对比分析了太平洋不同海域不同水深的海山结壳的Nd同位素记录,通过分析水团演化、风尘输入等因素对Nd同位素记录的影响,探讨了PMOC的演化及其与全球气候变化之间的关系,得出以下几点认识:(1)距今12 Ma以来,太平洋水体的Nd同位素组成呈现先升后降的现象,转折时间发生在距今3~4 Ma期间,与北半球冰盖形成时间基本一致;(2)北太平洋深层水下沉的停滞和亚洲风尘输入增加可能是导致深层水Nd同位素从距今3~4 Ma开始降低的原因;(3)在上新世/更新世之交,因北太平洋深层通风减弱引起的大洋碳储库对CO2封存的增加可能是全球气候变冷和北半球冰盖形成的重要机制。
值得指出的是,尽管海山结壳在重建古洋流演化方面具有独特的优势,但是受取样和测试分析精度的制约,Nd同位素记录的时间和空间分辨率普遍很低,在空间上难以实现微米尺度取样和测试分辨率,难以重建千至万年分辨率的古洋流演化。为了能够更精细刻画PMOC的时空演化特征与全球气候变化之间的联系,未来需要突破结壳高分辨率定年和原位Nd同位素的高空间分辨率分析技术。
  • 国家自然科学基金(91951201,41606061);中国博士后科学基金(161690);自然资源部第二海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金(JB1504,JZ1901,JG1521)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021003
  • 接收时间:2020-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-24
  • 修回日期:2020-12-03
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国家自然科学基金(91951201,41606061);中国博士后科学基金(161690);自然资源部第二海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金(JB1504,JZ1901,JG1521)
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    1自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    2自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012

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韩喜球(1969-),女,研究员,主要从事海底资源与成矿系统研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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