Article(id=1233908241588081515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233908240283652966, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021177, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1599408000000, receivedDateStr=2020-09-07, revisedDate=1605542400000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772116249701, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1640793600000, pubDateStr=2021-12-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772116249701, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772116249701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116249701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233908240283652966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772116249389, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772116249389, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233908241869099890, articleId=1233908241588081515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Seasonal distribution and driving forces of suspended particulate matter in the northern Yellow River Delta, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The distribution and diffusion of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in coastal waters play an important role on ecological environment, coastal geomorphic evolution, aquaculture and coastal engineering. The northern Yellow River Delta is a strong coastal erosion area due to the diversion of Diaokou course. Revealing the variation characteristics and laws of SPM concentration in this area is the basis for maintaining the safety of protection projects. Using the well-validated model to retrieve the SPM concentration in the coastal waters, the cross validation results of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite sensors show that the SPM concentrations retrieved by the two sensors have strong consistency, and the two kinds of satellite data can be used together. The seasonal variation of SPM concentration in the study area is obvious. The concentration of SPM is higher in spring and winter, and lower in summer. Autumn is the season when SPM concentration changes from low to high. In winter and spring, the wind and waves are large in this area. Under the combined action of waves and current, strong sediment resuspension occurs, which is the main source of SPM. The construction of spur dike group altered the spatial and temporal distribution of SPM to a certain extent.

, correspAuthors=Shenliang Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Congyong Lin, Shenliang Chen, Peng Li, Hongyu Ji, Yaoshen Fan, Dingfeng Yu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233908245354566606, articleId=1233908241588081515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=黄河三角洲北部近岸悬浮物季节性分布及驱动因素, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近岸海域悬浮颗粒物的分布与扩散对水体生态环境、海岸地貌演变、水产养殖以及海岸工程等有重要影响。由于刁口河流路的改道,黄河三角洲北部成为强烈侵蚀岸段,揭示该区域的悬浮物浓度变化特征和规律是防护工程安全维护的基础。利用经良好检验的模型反演近岸海域悬浮物浓度,Landsat-8和Sentinel-2卫星影像反演结果的交叉验证表明,基于两种传感器反演的悬浮物浓度具有较强的一致性,两种卫星数据可以结合使用。研究区近岸海域悬浮物浓度季节变化明显,冬季和春季悬浮物浓度较高,夏季较低,秋季是悬浮物浓度从低向高转换的季节。冬、春季该区域风浪较大,在波浪掀沙和潮流输沙的联合作用下,底床泥沙强烈再悬浮,是形成悬浮物的主要来源,丁坝群的修建也在一定程度上改变了悬浮物的时空分布。

, correspAuthors=陈沈良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈沈良,教授,主要从事河口海岸学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=L0PZ6OAhcy5VUgO7gbm/8A==, magXml=XFyROO3REuhgV6jhhVP4NQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JQV/YwWe4af3/2Km/iEv2g==, pdfFileSize=1761816, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZQ+kLHihuMZpQu+b9NlTfA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OPYZpL4xuq1fPl6g+p+sRA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

林聪泳(1995-),男,广东省江门市人,主要从事河口海岸水沙动力及工程应用研究。E-mail:

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林聪泳(1995-),男,广东省江门市人,主要从事河口海岸水沙动力及工程应用研究。E-mail:

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particulate matter (SPM) concentration in the study area, figureFileSmall=6uglNLlClk5axHjCE0rgxw==, figureFileBig=B1zzXeWc01tCarpn8K6Z1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931767107866894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908241588081515, language=CN, label=图4, caption=研究区悬浮物浓度(SPM)等值线分布, figureFileSmall=6uglNLlClk5axHjCE0rgxw==, figureFileBig=B1zzXeWc01tCarpn8K6Z1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931767179170064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908241588081515, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Landsat-2 MSS image on June 2, 1976 (a); Sentinel-2 MSI image on June 6, 2018 (b)

The red line being the extracted instantaneous waterline, the light green illustrating land erosion

, figureFileSmall=naausFfdwvwev5c7+uCUEQ==, figureFileBig=hLjAWmyn49gbtUN1880irg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931767258861844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908241588081515, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1976年6月2日成像的Landsat-2 MSS影像(a);2018年6月6日成像的Sentinel-2 MSI影像(b)

红色线为提取的瞬时水边线,浅绿色为土地侵蚀区域的分布

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a.Velocity distribution in maximum flood phrase; b.velocity distribution in maximum ebb phrase; c.suspended particulate matter distribution in the tidal flow alone; d. suspended particulate matter distribution under the combined action of wave and current

, figureFileSmall=iQ+GE+uV/ox4nux4d2D52A==, figureFileBig=CTe038I/qvd4s/ngx7csqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233931767653126436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908241588081515, language=CN, label=图7, caption=黄河三角洲近岸大潮期间的数值模拟

a. 涨急流速分布;b. 落急流速分布;c. 只考虑潮流过程的悬沙浓度分布;d. 波流共同作用下的悬沙浓度分布

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The number distribution of satellite images in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份传感器类型合计
Landsat-8 OLISentinel-2A MSISentinel-2B MSI
13227
22338
33328
42439
52518
63126
72226
83227
93339
103328
111539
122428
), ArticleFig(id=1233931768655565137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908241588081515, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究中卫星影像的数量分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份传感器类型合计
Landsat-8 OLISentinel-2A MSISentinel-2B MSI
13227
22338
33328
42439
52518
63126
72226
83227
93339
103328
111539
122428
), ArticleFig(id=1233931768756228436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908241588081515, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Area statistics of different concentrations of suspended particulate matter distribution in the study area (unit: km2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
悬浮物浓度/(mg·L−1)春季夏季秋季冬季
3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月1月2月
<30799.8830.01 999.63 473.53 267.33 208.13 261.42 786.91 288.061.100
30~601 238.81 219.0788.1117.1323.6343.9329.4523.51 285.6493.6511.4283.1
60~100781.61 097.9525.90037.90279.8876.12 403.22 170.31 912.3
>100770.6443.9277.200000141.1632.3908.41 395.6
), ArticleFig(id=1233931768831725911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233908241588081515, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究区月均悬浮物分布不同浓度等级的面积统计(单位:km2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
悬浮物浓度/(mg·L−1)春季夏季秋季冬季
3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月1月2月
<30799.8830.01 999.63 473.53 267.33 208.13 261.42 786.91 288.061.100
30~601 238.81 219.0788.1117.1323.6343.9329.4523.51 285.6493.6511.4283.1
60~100781.61 097.9525.90037.90279.8876.12 403.22 170.31 912.3
>100770.6443.9277.200000141.1632.3908.41 395.6
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黄河三角洲北部近岸悬浮物季节性分布及驱动因素
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林聪泳 1 , 陈沈良 1, * , 李鹏 1 , 姬泓宇 1 , 凡姚申 2 , 禹定峰 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(12): 152-160
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(12): 152-160
黄河三角洲北部近岸悬浮物季节性分布及驱动因素
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林聪泳1 , 陈沈良1, * , 李鹏1, 姬泓宇1, 凡姚申2, 禹定峰3
作者信息
  • 1华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院,河南 郑州 450003
  • 3山东省科学院海洋仪器仪表研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 林聪泳(1995-),男,广东省江门市人,主要从事河口海岸水沙动力及工程应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈沈良,教授,主要从事河口海岸学研究。E-mail:
Seasonal distribution and driving forces of suspended particulate matter in the northern Yellow River Delta
Congyong Lin1 , Shenliang Chen1, * , Peng Li1, Hongyu Ji1, Yaoshen Fan2, Dingfeng Yu3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2Institute of Yellow River Water Conservancy, Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China
  • 3Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2021-12-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021177
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近岸海域悬浮颗粒物的分布与扩散对水体生态环境、海岸地貌演变、水产养殖以及海岸工程等有重要影响。由于刁口河流路的改道,黄河三角洲北部成为强烈侵蚀岸段,揭示该区域的悬浮物浓度变化特征和规律是防护工程安全维护的基础。利用经良好检验的模型反演近岸海域悬浮物浓度,Landsat-8和Sentinel-2卫星影像反演结果的交叉验证表明,基于两种传感器反演的悬浮物浓度具有较强的一致性,两种卫星数据可以结合使用。研究区近岸海域悬浮物浓度季节变化明显,冬季和春季悬浮物浓度较高,夏季较低,秋季是悬浮物浓度从低向高转换的季节。冬、春季该区域风浪较大,在波浪掀沙和潮流输沙的联合作用下,底床泥沙强烈再悬浮,是形成悬浮物的主要来源,丁坝群的修建也在一定程度上改变了悬浮物的时空分布。

黄河三角洲强侵蚀岸段  /  悬浮物浓度  /  遥感反演  /  季节性分布  /  驱动因素

The distribution and diffusion of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in coastal waters play an important role on ecological environment, coastal geomorphic evolution, aquaculture and coastal engineering. The northern Yellow River Delta is a strong coastal erosion area due to the diversion of Diaokou course. Revealing the variation characteristics and laws of SPM concentration in this area is the basis for maintaining the safety of protection projects. Using the well-validated model to retrieve the SPM concentration in the coastal waters, the cross validation results of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite sensors show that the SPM concentrations retrieved by the two sensors have strong consistency, and the two kinds of satellite data can be used together. The seasonal variation of SPM concentration in the study area is obvious. The concentration of SPM is higher in spring and winter, and lower in summer. Autumn is the season when SPM concentration changes from low to high. In winter and spring, the wind and waves are large in this area. Under the combined action of waves and current, strong sediment resuspension occurs, which is the main source of SPM. The construction of spur dike group altered the spatial and temporal distribution of SPM to a certain extent.

strong erosion coast of the Yellow River Delta  /  suspended particulate matter concentration  /  remote sensing inversion  /  seasonal distribution  /  driving factors
林聪泳, 陈沈良, 李鹏, 姬泓宇, 凡姚申, 禹定峰. 黄河三角洲北部近岸悬浮物季节性分布及驱动因素. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (12) : 152 -160 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021177
Congyong Lin, Shenliang Chen, Peng Li, Hongyu Ji, Yaoshen Fan, Dingfeng Yu. Seasonal distribution and driving forces of suspended particulate matter in the northern Yellow River Delta[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (12) : 152 -160 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021177
悬浮颗粒物(Suspended Particulate Matter, SPM)指的是非藻类颗粒物和浮游植物的总和, 是水体中主要的水色要素和水质参数之一,也是泥沙输运模拟计算的重要参量。受风浪、潮流、风暴潮等水文气象因素以及局部地形的影响,三角洲近岸的悬浮物浓度有不同的时间尺度和周期变化,包括涨落潮、大小潮、季节性、事件性等变化,相应有不同的驱动机制。废弃三角洲由于河流泥沙来源断绝,在水动力作用下海岸不断侵蚀,近岸泥沙强烈再悬浮,成为泥沙向外输运扩散的物源[1]。1976年黄河由刁口河流路人工改道清水沟流路,黄河三角洲北部的刁口河口废弃,海岸遭受强烈侵蚀,并持续至今。刁口河口附近常年存在一个高悬浮物浓度中心,然而受监测条件的限制,该高悬浮物浓度中心的季节性分布变化还不甚了解。
卫星遥感是悬浮物时空动态监测的有效手段。近年,已有学者利用Landsat系列[2-5]和Sentinel-2 MSI卫星数据[6]对黄河口悬浮物浓度进行了监测,所建立的反演模型形式及所用光谱波段各不相同。通过实测光谱和悬浮物浓度数据对近些年黄河口水域所开发的悬浮物反演模型进行了评估[6],发现周媛等[4]的模型在Landsat-8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI传感器上的表现要优于其他模型,即同时包含可见光波段和近红外波段且采用非线性形式的模型具有较好的鲁棒性,在同一片水域具有时间上可移植性。其他研究也证明,使用可见光波段和近红外波段相结合的方式,并采用非线性模型形式能较准确地反演悬浮颗粒物浓度[7-8]
通过遥感反演悬浮物浓度技术,研究者们发现了一些近岸悬浮物浓度的变化特征和规律。如Ramaswamy等[9]发现海湾的悬浮物时空分布与邻近海域的潮汐变化有密切的关系;刘猛等[10]通过反演杭州湾海区悬浮物浓度的时空分布,发现海湾水位、潮流分布状况是该海区悬沙分布变化的主要影响因素;Barnes等[11]指出港口疏浚工程会导致近岸海域高浓度悬沙和浊流的出现,进而对附近珊瑚群落的生态环境产生不利影响。在研究区悬浮物的时空动态研究方面,Zhang等[12]利用Landsat-5 TM和Landsat-7 ETM+遥感数据分析了2000–2010年黄河三角洲近岸海域悬浮物年际变化和季节性分布特征,但没有分析其驱动因素;Li等[6]利用Landsat系列和Sentinel-2卫星数据,分析了1997–2018年黄河口及近海域(包括刁口河口)逐年和逐月的分布特征,并结合气象和海洋动力因素分析其对悬浮物时空分布的影响。同时指出,刁口河口悬浮物年际间变化并不明显,且基本不受现黄河入海水沙的影响。
由于黄河三角洲海域水动力过程复杂多变,悬浮物含量短时间变化很大。常规水文现场观测与采样分析方法,具有调查速度慢、用时长、效率低的特点,不能够实时的监测,而且这些方法测量得到的数据在时间和空间分布上是离散的,很难实现对大面积海域悬浮泥沙分布动态变化的连续同步监测。因而黄河三角洲海域悬浮泥沙浓度数据量较少,不能够满足研究需求,其时空分异规律及驱动因素还没有得到明晰,特别是三角洲北部的强侵蚀岸段海域。鉴于此,本文通过遥感反演技术,利用Landsat-8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI卫星影像,研究2016–2018年黄河三角洲北部近岸海域悬浮物的季节性分布规律及影响因素,明晰这些科学问题对三角洲侵蚀防护、近岸渔业资源开发利用及生态环境保护等方面具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。
黄河三角洲位于渤海西南部,北临渤海湾,东靠莱州湾[13],属于弱潮河控型三角洲,其由高输沙能力的河流注入弱潮动力环境海域所形成,曾是世界上堆积速率最快、演变最剧烈的河口三角洲。1964年1月至1976年5月,黄河从三角洲北部刁口河流路入海,行水历时12年5个月,期间来水5 231.07×108 m3,来沙134.46×108 t。黄河三角洲沿岸平均潮位每年11月到翌年2月表现最低,8–10月明显偏高。通过对2013年孤东验潮站整年观测潮位统计得知,孤东海域的大潮潮差大多为0.9~1.0 m,小潮潮差大多为0.5 m,二者相差约2倍。NE向浪是黄河三角洲北部海域的常向浪,频率为10.3%,强浪主要来自NNE−ENE方位,尤以NE向最强,其次为NW向浪。就各级波浪出现的频率而言,该海域最常见的波浪波高一般小于0.5 m,出现频率为51.1%,其次为波高介于0.5~1.5 m之间的波浪,出现频率为35.3%,波高介于1.5~3.0 m之间的波浪,出现频率为11.8%,而波高大于3.0 m的波浪出现频率为0.5%。黄河三角洲附近海域沉积物粒径平面分布特征总体为由岸向海逐渐变细,三角洲北部海域黏土含量低于10%,砂的含量最高可达到60%,中值粒径6.5Φ、6Φ、5.5Φ等值线基本平行。1976年5月黄河入海流路改道清水沟,三角洲北部的废黄河口(刁口河口)水沙来源断绝,在波、流动力作用下遭受强烈侵蚀,是典型的蚀退海岸(图1)。至2019年,该区域岸线最大蚀退达11 km,海岸侵蚀总面积近300 km2,严重威胁了河口湿地生态安全和潮间带土地资源。
本研究选择2016–2018年质量较好(云量<5%)的93景卫星影像,其中包括29景Landsat-8 OLI影像,37景Sentinel-2A MSI影像以及27景Sentinel-2B MSI影像。保证每个月至少有6景影像(表1)。Landsat-8是美国最新一代陆地卫星,其传感器性能较之前的Landsat系列卫星有较大的提升,于2013年2月发射,属于太阳同步卫星。OLI(Operational Land Imager)是搭载其上的多光谱传感器,幅宽为185 km,空间分辨率为30 m,有8个多光谱通道。每天大约10:40在黄河三角洲上空过境,重访期为16 d。Landsat-8 OLIL1b产品可从美国地质调查局遥感图像数据库(https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)获得。
Sentinel-2有两颗卫星组成,A星于2015年6月发射,B星于2017年3月发射,同属于太阳同步卫星。MSI(Multi Spectral Instrument)是搭载上面的多光谱传感器,幅宽为290 km,光谱观测范围可达13个波段,其中,绿波段(560 nm)、红波段(665 nm)和近红外波段(865 nm)与Landsat-8 OLI具有相似的光谱响应曲线。可见光波段的分辨率为10 nm,近红外波段(中心波长为865 nm)的分辨率为20 nm。在黄河三角洲上空过境的时间在10:40–10:50之间,单颗星的重访时间为10 d,双星可达5 d。Sentinel-2A/B MSIL1b产品可从欧洲航天局(https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/)获得。
研究表明,Landsat-8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI在水色遥感监测表现出较好的一致性,可见光到近红外波段表观反射率的差异在1%以内,遥感反射率Rrs产品的差异在5%以内[14]。影像大气校正和水体遥感反射率的计算使用的是暗光谱拟合DSF算法[14],该算法封装在ACOLITE软件中(http://odnature.naturalsciences.be/remsem/acolite/)。通过实测光谱数据的验证表明,该大气校正方法在黄河三角洲近海水体具有较好的适用性 [5]
另外,每天逐时分辨率为0.25°×0.25°的风速风向数据、有效波高数据来自欧洲中尺度预报中心(ECMWF)开发的第五代全球气候和大气再分析软件(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/)。水深数据为2015年黄河三角洲滨海区水下地形130条断面实测数据。
利用实测的光谱数据和SPM浓度数据对黄河口开发的诸多悬沙反演模型进行比较发现,同时包含可见光波段和近红外波段的文献[4]模型,在OLI和MSI传感器上表现出较好的稳定性,模型的详细介绍参见文献[6]。因此,本研究直接将该模型应用到Landsat-8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI影像进行悬浮物浓度的反演。另外,需要说明的是由于遥感影像的反演结果基本反映的是表层悬浮物浓度,因此本文中所阐述的悬浮物浓度应指表层悬浮物浓度。
通过对不同传感器在相同或相近日期获取的影像反演结果进行交叉比较,可以评估所选反演模型的适用性和准确性。选择2018年10月19日Landsat-8 OLI (10:41)反演的悬浮物浓度与同一天Sentinel-2 MSI(10:45)反演结果进行比较,以验证和评估两传感器反演结果的一致性。由图2所示,在相同日期相近时刻从两个传感器反演得到的悬浮物浓度具有良好的一致性,R2=0.97,均方根误差RMSE=5.5 mg/L,平均相对误差不超过8%。由此可见,基于Landsat和Sentinel-2卫星数据反演悬浮物浓度具有较高的一致性,两种卫星数据可以结合使用。
利用93景Landsat-8 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI卫星影像,反演得到研究区逐月的平均悬浮物浓度分布(图3)。本文将研究时段(2016–2018年)所有相同月份的反演结果的平均值作为月均悬浮物浓度,图4展示了月均悬浮物浓度30 mg/L,60 mg/L和100 mg/L等值线分布以及水深等值线。表2是不同季节悬浮物在不同浓度等级区间的分布面积,季节划分按照3–5月为春季,6–8月为夏季,9–11月为秋季,12月至翌年2月为冬季。
由上述图表可知,研究区近岸海域悬浮物浓度月际和季节变化明显,悬浮物浓度较大的月份是1–5月和12月,较小的月份是6–9月,而10月和11月悬浮物浓度中等;从季节来看,春季和冬季悬浮物浓度较高,夏季较低,秋季中等。分别来看,冬季悬浮物浓度大多在60 mg/L以上,小于该浓度的海域面积平均不到整个研究区面积的13%;春季悬浮物浓度总体稍小于冬季,但也明显大于夏秋季,春季的3月和4月份悬浮物浓度大于60 mg/L的区域占整个研究范围的近一半;夏季研究区悬浮物浓度总体小于30 mg/L,只有近岸小范围浅水区有超过30 mg/L的区域,基本上没有大于60 mg/L的区域;秋季悬浮物浓度大于60 mg/L的区域大于夏季而小于冬春季,且秋季的3个月中,高悬浮物浓度区9月最小,11月最大,悬浮物浓度有明显增大的趋势,可见秋季是悬浮物浓度从低向高转换的季节。
空间上,研究区总体呈现出近岸浅水区悬浮物浓度大于远岸深水区,但不完全是水深越大悬浮物浓度越小的趋势,而是夏秋两季悬沙浓度的高值区出现在近岸潮滩海域,冬春两季则在一定水深存在高悬沙浓度区。如4月和5月,高浓度悬沙却出现在5m等深线附近海域,这与该区域水动力季节变化有关。另外,无论是哪个季节,东营港近岸丁坝附近悬浮物浓度明显小于近岸其他区域。尤其是丁坝之间的区域,这种空间差异更明显。如在12月,整个研究区悬浮物都呈现较高的浓度,而在丁坝之间的海域却出现较小的悬沙浓度(图4),可见丁坝对悬沙浓度的空间分布具有一定的影响。
近岸海域悬浮物主要来源于河流入海泥沙的输入和区域底床泥沙的再悬浮。作为废弃的黄河入海口,在1976年刁口河流路停止行河后,研究区内的刁口河口基本已无泥沙入海[15]。现行黄河口位于研究区以南,以往研究证实黄河入海泥沙在切变锋的阻隔作用下,绝大部分在河口沙嘴近岸沉积造陆,不易被输运到其他区域[16-17]。因此,现行黄河口入海泥沙不是研究区主要的泥沙源。
根据利津水文站监测数据,黄河在刁口河流路行河期间入海泥沙量共计134.46×108 t,其中大部分泥沙沉积在滨海区,只有少部分扩散到远海区域,研究区在刁口河流路行河期间堆积了大量泥沙。1976年5月黄河改道后,废弃的刁口河口海岸在波浪掀沙和潮流输沙的联合作用下,岸滩和海床底质泥沙出现再悬浮,成为悬浮物的主要来源,造成海岸泥沙流失、海岸不断后退和下蚀[18]。基于1976年6月2日成像的Landsat-2 MSS影像和2018年6月6日成像的Sentinel-2A MSI影像,利用归一化差分水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)和类间方差阈值分割算法(Ostu)提取两个时期的水陆界线(图5)可以看到,1976年黄河改道至今,研究区内海岸共侵蚀了283.17 km2,主要分布在废弃的河口沙嘴附近。
风浪是泥沙再悬浮的主要驱动力,且在浅水区响应更加明显。由年内各月平均波高统计图(图6)可知,研究区波浪动力表现出显著的季节性变化特征,冬季平均波高普遍较大,超过1 m的波高占比超过20%,而夏季平均波高普遍在0.5 m以下,超过一半的波高小于0.2 m,大于1 m的波高仅占3%左右。
运用数值模拟的方法[19],模拟了黄河三角洲近岸的流速分布,发现黄河三角洲近岸海域存在两个高流速区,一个位于现行黄河口,另一个位于刁口河口附近(图7a图7b)。刁口河口近岸的高流速区是泥沙输沙率较大的重要因素。在考虑平均波高为0.5 m、周期为3 s的波浪过程后,刁口河口近岸泥沙浓度显著增加,泥沙再悬浮过程显著(图7c图7d)。由波高平均分布统计发现(图6),黄河三角洲近岸波况季节性变化明显,冬季刁口河口悬浮物浓度相对较大,夏季较小。可见,潮流输沙和波浪掀沙的联合作用是该区域高悬浮物浓度出现的重要因素。
风暴潮也是影响泥沙再悬浮的重要因素。图8是2018年8月16日Landsat-8 OLI反演的悬浮物浓度分布。该风暴潮从15日8:00开始到17日3:00结束,6~11级北风共持续了43 h。在风暴潮期间,悬沙浓度较常态8月的平均值显著增加,进一步证明了在风浪条件的变化是影响悬浮物动态的重要因素。
自20世纪80年代以来,为了保滩促淤并建造海上石油开采井,黄河三角洲沿岸修建了许多由陆到海的丁坝,且丁坝的数量和长度逐年增加(最大长度超过12 km),尤其是在三角洲的北部沿岸。丁坝(群)的存在会改变局部区域的水动力环境,对悬浮物的输运产生影响[20]
研究区内多个丁坝包括东营港码头,是整个三角洲沿岸最密集的丁坝群。丁坝群共由4条丁坝组成(图9)。图9a中岸边绿色框表示黄河三角洲沿岸的丁坝所在位置,图9b中丁坝A1、A2、B和C离岸长度分别约为 7.2 km、11.9 km、4.1 km、5.5 km,分别于2006年、2015年、2016年和 2017年建成,其中丁坝A1、丁坝B以及丁坝C为“实心”丁坝,丁坝A2段为“空心”丁坝。在丁坝群区域设置了两条横断线L1和L2,L1和L2分别是两条平行且等长度的横断线(指向东南)。图10展示了这两条线上月均悬浮物浓度的变化,由此可见丁坝群的消浪和悬沙拦截作用在一定程度上改变了悬浮物的时空分布,降低了悬浮物浓度,减缓了海床冲刷的速度,起到了防浪拦沙的作用。同时,可以看到实心丁坝(A1)的拦沙效率比空心丁坝(A2)要高,而被实心丁坝包络的区域(丁坝A1和丁坝B之间)在每个月都能保持较低浓度的悬浮物。
黄河三角洲北部是强烈的海岸侵蚀区,研究和理解该区域悬浮物浓度变化特征和规律是揭示海岸侵蚀机制和防护工程安全维护的基础。通过对相近时刻成像的Landsat 8和Sentinel-2卫星影像反演悬浮颗粒物浓度的交叉比较,表明了两种传感器反演结果的一致性较高。从季节变化来看,研究区近岸海域悬浮物浓度季节变化明显,春季和冬季悬浮物浓度较高,夏季较低,秋季是悬浮物浓度从低向高转换的季节;从空间上来看,有水深越深悬浮物浓度越小的趋势,丁坝附近海域悬浮物浓度明显小于近岸的其他区域。从驱动因素来看,一是冬、春季该区域风浪较大,在波浪掀沙和潮流输沙的联合作用下,发生强烈底床泥沙再悬浮,是悬沙主要来源;二是丁坝(群)的修建在一定程度上改变了悬浮物的时空分布,起到了防浪拦沙的作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U1706214);国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0405503);河口海岸学国家重点实验室开放课题(SKLEC-KF202001)。
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2021年第43卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021177
  • 接收时间:2020-09-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-07
  • 修回日期:2020-11-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(U1706214);国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0405503);河口海岸学国家重点实验室开放课题(SKLEC-KF202001)。
作者信息
    1华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院,河南 郑州 450003
    3山东省科学院海洋仪器仪表研究所,山东 青岛 266061

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陈沈良,教授,主要从事河口海岸学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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