Article(id=1233907186427023478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233907180928299124, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1609344000000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-31, revisedDate=1618761600000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772115998130, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1627142400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772115998130, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772115998130, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115998130, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233907180928299124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772115996820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115996820, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=194, endPage=204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233907186775150718, articleId=1233907186427023478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the sea ice motion and its influence factors in the northern Nares Strait, Arctic in 2016−2017, columnId=1233907181909766263, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Polar sea ice and climate change, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Nares Strait, located between Ellesmere Island, Canada and Greenland, is one of the important channels for the export of Arctic sea ice. The surface fresh water brought by the melting of these sea ice has a vital impact on the formation of deep water in the Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea. However, due to its relatively narrow structure, there is no detailed study on the sea ice motion in this area. In this study, the daily Sentinel-1 images were used to extract the information of sea ice motion in the northern region of Nares Strait from September 2016 to August 2017, to show the motion process of ice floes in the strait, and to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of ice floe motion combined with wind speed, current speed and other data. The results show that wind and current jointly dominate the motion of sea ice, with the correlation coefficients are 0.767 and 0.709, respectively. The multiple linear regression model established by wind speed, current speed and sea ice concentration with ice speed also has the complex determination coefficient reaching 0.727. Further analysis shows that both wind and sea current have relatively less influence on sea ice speed when their speed is relatively stable. The results of this study on the influence of wind and ocean currents on the process of sea ice motion can provide references for the study of ocean-atmospheric dynamics models.

, correspAuthors=Miaojiang Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zihan Wang, Tingting Liu, Suqing Xu, Miaojiang Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233907188817776860, articleId=1233907186427023478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=2016−2017年北极内尔斯海峡北部海冰运动及其影响因素研究, columnId=1233907182194978940, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地海冰与气候研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

内尔斯海峡位于加拿大埃尔斯米尔岛与格陵兰岛之间,是北极海冰输出的重要通道之一,这些海冰融化后带来的表层淡水对巴芬湾、拉布拉多海的深层水形成具有重要影响。但由于该海峡较为狭窄,缺乏对此区域海冰运动情况的精细研究。本研究利用每日的哨兵1号影像提取了2016年9月至2017年8月的内尔斯海峡北部区域海冰运动信息,展示了海峡中浮冰的运动过程,并结合风速、海流速度等数据分析浮冰运动特征及影响因素。结果表明风和海流二者共同主导了海冰的运动过程,相关系数分别达到了0.767和0.709,由风速、海流速度、海冰密集度3个自变量与浮冰速度建立的多元线性回归模型复决定系数也达到了0.727。进一步分析发现,风和海流在速度相对稳定时对浮冰速度的影响都会减小。本研究关于风和海流等要素对海冰运动过程影响的研究结果,可以为海洋–大气动力学模型的研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王苗姜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王苗姜(1996—),男,四川省达州市人,主要从事海冰遥感研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6dTVw1FcivWGie15UnmgrQ==, magXml=HH2yrxhpnMZbkuRMtRhRnQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2IdXNaob1FHsa1OaVEIpkg==, pdfFileSize=6193212, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/a1WSNshtkVVw+//w729Zw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tgpAZq37L/zxJilORTz1Pw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王子涵(1996—),男,江苏省南京市人,主要从事海冰遥感研究。E-mail:

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王子涵(1996—),男,江苏省南京市人,主要从事海冰遥感研究。E-mail:

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Berlin: Springer, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234047118176997964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1400303,2018YFC1406102);自然资源部极地科学重点实验室开放基金(KP202004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234047111747129678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234047111751323985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, companyId=1234047111747129678, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234047111759712594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, companyId=1234047111747129678, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1武汉大学 中国南极测绘研究中心,湖北 武汉 430079)]), AuthorCompany(id=1234047111847792984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234047111851987292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, companyId=1234047111847792984, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234047111864570203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, companyId=1234047111847792984, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2自然资源部海洋大气化学与全球变化重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1234047114297266672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Map of the Nares Strait (the red dotted box showing the study area), figureFileSmall=NliGvB3zdJjOfu4LamQA8g==, figureFileBig=4aVY+/tz/LE0acTf1eKc6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114414707191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, language=CN, label=图1, caption=内尔斯海峡区域示意图(红色虚线框为本文研究区域), figureFileSmall=NliGvB3zdJjOfu4LamQA8g==, figureFileBig=4aVY+/tz/LE0acTf1eKc6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114523759097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram for obtaining sea ice motion data from Sentinel-1 images

The red dotted lines are the outlines of the same ice floe in the successive images. The red dots show the position of geometric center. The ice floe speed is calculated by measuring the distance (the yellow arrow) between two red dots

, figureFileSmall=RGqESodFtKHguuW15Jmvww==, figureFileBig=6rX3zAtADW038XOLlaYw8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114607645179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, language=CN, label=图2, caption=从哨兵1号影像中获取海冰运动数据方法示意

红色虚线为相邻两天影像中同一浮冰的轮廓,红点为浮冰几何中心的位置,通过计算两红点之间的距离(黄色箭头)以计算浮冰速度

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The dash lines show the date of initial formation of the ice bridge on January 23, 2017 and the date of complete stabilization on February 2, 2017, respectively

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虚线分别为冰桥初步形成的日期2017年1月23日以及彻底稳定的日期2017年2月2日

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The numbers indicating the date corresponding to the position of the ice floe (in January 2017)

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数字为海冰位置所对应的日期(2017年1月)

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Daily speed of No. 62 ice floe and corresponding wind speed, current speed and sea ice concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开始
日期
结束
日期
浮冰速度/(km·h−1)风速/(km·h−1)海流速度/(km·h−1)海冰密
集度/%
1月13日1月14日–0.78–0.50–0.6998.9
1月14日1月15日–1.50–12.63–0.9890.7
1月15日1月16日–1.060.54–0.9584.3
1月16日1月17日0.6929.17–0.8390.9
1月17日1月18日3.1849.90–0.4990.6
1月18日1月19日1.0843.90–0.3293.3
), ArticleFig(id=1234047117782733374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

62号浮冰每日运动速度与对应风速、海流速度和海冰密集度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开始
日期
结束
日期
浮冰速度/(km·h−1)风速/(km·h−1)海流速度/(km·h−1)海冰密
集度/%
1月13日1月14日–0.78–0.50–0.6998.9
1月14日1月15日–1.50–12.63–0.9890.7
1月15日1月16日–1.060.54–0.9584.3
1月16日1月17日0.6929.17–0.8390.9
1月17日1月18日3.1849.90–0.4990.6
1月18日1月19日1.0843.90–0.3293.3
), ArticleFig(id=1234047117875008065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Coefficients of multiple linear regression of ice floe speed and wind speed, current speed, and sea ice concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量标准化
回归系数
p相关系数VIF
零阶部分
风速0.530<0.0010.7670.6500.4461.414
海流速度0.399<0.0010.7090.5390.3341.426
海冰密集度0.127<0.0010.3070.2310.1241.053
), ArticleFig(id=1234047117996642886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907186427023478, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

浮冰速度与风速、海流速度和海冰密集度多元线性回归系数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量标准化
回归系数
p相关系数VIF
零阶部分
风速0.530<0.0010.7670.6500.4461.414
海流速度0.399<0.0010.7090.5390.3341.426
海冰密集度0.127<0.0010.3070.2310.1241.053
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2016−2017年北极内尔斯海峡北部海冰运动及其影响因素研究
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王子涵 1 , 刘婷婷 1 , 许苏清 2 , 王苗姜 1, *
海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021,43(7): 194-204
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海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021, 43(7): 194-204
2016−2017年北极内尔斯海峡北部海冰运动及其影响因素研究
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王子涵1 , 刘婷婷1, 许苏清2, 王苗姜1, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉大学 中国南极测绘研究中心,湖北 武汉 430079
  • 2自然资源部海洋大气化学与全球变化重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 王子涵(1996—),男,江苏省南京市人,主要从事海冰遥感研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王苗姜(1996—),男,四川省达州市人,主要从事海冰遥感研究。E-mail:
Study on the sea ice motion and its influence factors in the northern Nares Strait, Arctic in 2016−2017
Zihan Wang1 , Tingting Liu1, Suqing Xu2, Miaojiang Wang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2021-07-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021113
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内尔斯海峡位于加拿大埃尔斯米尔岛与格陵兰岛之间,是北极海冰输出的重要通道之一,这些海冰融化后带来的表层淡水对巴芬湾、拉布拉多海的深层水形成具有重要影响。但由于该海峡较为狭窄,缺乏对此区域海冰运动情况的精细研究。本研究利用每日的哨兵1号影像提取了2016年9月至2017年8月的内尔斯海峡北部区域海冰运动信息,展示了海峡中浮冰的运动过程,并结合风速、海流速度等数据分析浮冰运动特征及影响因素。结果表明风和海流二者共同主导了海冰的运动过程,相关系数分别达到了0.767和0.709,由风速、海流速度、海冰密集度3个自变量与浮冰速度建立的多元线性回归模型复决定系数也达到了0.727。进一步分析发现,风和海流在速度相对稳定时对浮冰速度的影响都会减小。本研究关于风和海流等要素对海冰运动过程影响的研究结果,可以为海洋–大气动力学模型的研究提供参考。

内尔斯海峡  /  海冰运动  /  哨兵1号  /  风  /  海流

The Nares Strait, located between Ellesmere Island, Canada and Greenland, is one of the important channels for the export of Arctic sea ice. The surface fresh water brought by the melting of these sea ice has a vital impact on the formation of deep water in the Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea. However, due to its relatively narrow structure, there is no detailed study on the sea ice motion in this area. In this study, the daily Sentinel-1 images were used to extract the information of sea ice motion in the northern region of Nares Strait from September 2016 to August 2017, to show the motion process of ice floes in the strait, and to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of ice floe motion combined with wind speed, current speed and other data. The results show that wind and current jointly dominate the motion of sea ice, with the correlation coefficients are 0.767 and 0.709, respectively. The multiple linear regression model established by wind speed, current speed and sea ice concentration with ice speed also has the complex determination coefficient reaching 0.727. Further analysis shows that both wind and sea current have relatively less influence on sea ice speed when their speed is relatively stable. The results of this study on the influence of wind and ocean currents on the process of sea ice motion can provide references for the study of ocean-atmospheric dynamics models.

Nares Strait  /  sea ice motion  /  Sentinel-1  /  wind  /  ocean current
王子涵, 刘婷婷, 许苏清, 王苗姜. 2016−2017年北极内尔斯海峡北部海冰运动及其影响因素研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (7) : 194 -204 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021113
Zihan Wang, Tingting Liu, Suqing Xu, Miaojiang Wang. Study on the sea ice motion and its influence factors in the northern Nares Strait, Arctic in 2016−2017[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (7) : 194 -204 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021113
海冰运动是决定海冰分布和形变的主要因素,可能导致海冰的破碎、堆积成脊、形成冰间水道、辐散产生开阔水域等,进而影响海洋与大气之间的热力学过程[1-4]。海冰运动也使得各个地区之间的海冰发生了交换,促进了北冰洋淡水向低纬度海洋输送[5],因此,研究海冰运动对于量化海冰变化、了解海洋与大气之间的能量和质量交换有着重要的价值[6]。海冰运动过程中主要受到风应力、海流应力、科氏力、冰内应力等的作用[7]。其中,风应力、海流应力的量级相对较大,是海冰运动最主要的影响因素[8]
内尔斯海峡(Nares Strait)是北冰洋海冰和淡水输出的重要通道之一[9]。内尔斯海峡位于加拿大埃尔斯米尔岛与格陵兰岛之间,它北通林肯海,南连巴芬湾,由北向南包括罗伯逊海峡、霍尔海盆、肯尼迪海峡、凯恩海盆、史密斯海峡5个海域(图1)。内尔斯海峡整体较为狭长,长度约500 km,宽度一般在30~40 km之间,在凯恩海盆的最宽处可达140 km,海峡最深处超过700 m[10]。内尔斯海峡在1997–2009年间的平均年海冰通量为42×103 km2,约为弗拉姆海峡的5%[11],在北冰洋海冰冰量的年度平衡中是一个减少项。通过内尔斯海峡流出的海水中淡水通量约为32×104~54×104 m3/s,而海冰的输出则会额外带来8×104 m3/s的淡水通量[12]。海冰带来的融水会对拉布拉多海的深层对流的形成及其强度产生影响[13],从而进一步影响经向翻转环流[14]甚至全球尺度的温盐环流[15],“大盐度异常(Great Salinity Anomaly)”现象就是很好的例子[16]。因此,研究内尔斯海峡中的海冰运动情况及其影响因素,对深入理解淡水循环过程及全球气候变化问题研究有着重要的价值。
内尔斯海峡海冰运动研究的数据源主要包括卫星遥感数据(被动微波辐射计、合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)等)、飞机、船舶和现场观测数据。Samelson等[17]使用89 GHz水平极化的AMSR-E(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System)影像(空间分辨率为6.25 km)对该区域的海冰进行研究,发现海峡中冬季主要风向为沿海峡方向的北风,并结合海峡两岸陡峭的地形,发现风向主要受到地形与气压梯度影响,风应力与海冰运动有较强的相关性。但受限于数据的分辨率,仅能通过海峡中固定的3~5个地点来追踪海冰的运动。Vincent等[18]基于1998年6月16日至17日的10幅AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)影像(空间分辨率为1.1 km),使用最大互相关算法来追踪内尔斯海峡中的海冰运动,观察到17日的强风导致海冰发生了明显的破碎,但也无法展示单个浮冰的运动过程。SAR影像凭借其较高的空间分辨率及不受天气影响的特性,成为了海冰运动研究的重要工具。Kwok[19]基于1996–2002年间的RADARSAT卫星数据(空间分辨率为100 m),在5 km的网格上使用影像匹配算法以3 d为间隔对内尔斯海峡海冰进行追踪,得到了海冰运动结果,并计算了内尔斯海峡的海冰通量。随后,Kwok等[11]增加了2004–2009年的Envisat卫星数据(空间分辨率为150 m),使用同样方法提取了海冰运动数据,并发现在2007年内尔斯海峡海冰通量达到了最大值87×103 km2,约为同年弗拉姆海峡的10%,这一现象的产生是因为2007年海峡中没有形成任何冰桥(ice bridge)。冰桥是加拿大北极群岛区域冻结期的常见现象,由海冰紧密结合形成稳定的横跨海峡两岸的固定结构[20],内尔斯海峡的北端(林肯海与罗伯逊海峡交界处)和南端(史密斯海峡与巴芬湾交界处)在冬季经常会形成冰桥[21],阻止来自北冰洋的海冰进入该海峡[22]。南端冰桥形成后在冰桥的南侧将形成北水冰间湖,这也是北极地区最大、生物生产力最强的冰间湖之一[23]
由欧洲航天局发射的哨兵1A和1B卫星,可以为内尔斯海峡北部区域(图1中红框内的部分,包括罗伯逊海峡、霍尔海盆和肯尼迪海峡)提供高分辨率的每日SAR影像,这为进一步探究海冰通过内尔斯海峡时的运动状态提供了良好的数据基础。本研究将基于内尔斯海峡北部区域的每日哨兵1号数据,使用目视识别方法进行浮冰的追踪与运动数据提取,并结合多源数据(风、海流、密集度等)对浮冰运动的影响因素进行综合分析。
哨兵1A和1B是欧洲航天局哥白尼计划中的两颗卫星,分别发射于2014年4月3日和2016年4月25日。两者均搭载中心频率为5.405 GHz的C波段SAR传感器,组成了一个双星系统[24]。本研究中使用的哨兵1号影像包括干涉宽幅和超宽幅两个模式下获取的HH极化的L1级GRD产品,两种模式下的影像空间分辨率分别为5 m×20 m和20 m×40 m。为了减少斑点噪声的影响,在识别浮冰前预先将SAR影像重新采样至50 m×50 m分辨率。2016年9月至2017年8月间,交替通过的两颗卫星共同提供了内尔斯海峡北部区域几乎每天的影像,在此期间本研究共获取589幅哨兵影像用于海峡中单个浮冰的运动追踪与速度计算。相邻两天影像之间的时间间隔一般为16~33 h,平均24 h。
ERA5是欧洲中期天气预报中心推出的作为ERA-Interim替代者的第5代全球气候再分析资料[25]。ERA5使用更为先进的数据同化系统以将大量历史观测数据同化到模型中,且具有更高的时间分辨率(1 h)和空间分辨率(0.25°×0.25°)。Shokr等[26]的实验表明,以位于埃尔斯米尔岛上、靠近罗伯逊海峡入口处的Alert气象站实测风速数据为参考,ERA5的10 m风速相较于ERA-Interim等再分析资料精度更好。因此,本实验中将采用ERA5的3 h间隔10 m经向与纬向风速数据,结合浮冰速度进行分析。
PSY4V3是由哥白尼海洋环境监测服务实施的一项全球海洋环境预报分析系统,其使用较高分辨率的网格对全球海洋进行模拟,目前该系统最新版本为PSY4V3R1[27]。PSY4V3系统使用NEMO 3.1海洋模式,耦合了LIM2海冰模式,空间分辨率为(1/12)°(在内尔斯海峡北部区域约为9 km×1.5 km),数据集中包括日平均与月平均数据。PSY4V3还同化了卫星观测、现场观测等数据。由于PSY4V3能较好地模拟表层海流的情况[28],本研究中使用了PSY4V3中日尺度的经向和纬向表层海流速度数据用于海冰运动影响因素的分析。
本研究使用的海冰密集度数据为不来梅大学环境物理研究所基于AMSR2(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2)数据反演的每日海冰密集度数据[29],在北极地区的精度已经得到多个研究的验证[30-31]。该海冰密集度产品使用美国国家冰雪数据中心的标准极方位立体投影网格,网格分辨率有6.25 km和3.125 km 2个版本,实验中采用3.125 km分辨率的产品。
此外,不来梅大学提供的12.5 km分辨率的多年冰密集度也被用于后续分析。该产品使用ECICE(Environment Canada's Ice Concentration Extractor)算法[32-33]从AMSR2与ASCAT(Advanced SCATterometer)数据中提取出初冰、一年冰与多年冰的密集度,并结合海表面温度与海冰漂移数据进行校正,得到了较好的密集度结果[34-35]。产品每年的时间范围从当年9月22日至翌年5月8日。
为获取海峡中的浮冰运动数据,本研究基于覆盖内尔斯海峡北部区域的哨兵1号每日影像,使用目视识别方法进行浮冰追踪并计算浮冰的运动速度(图2)。具体过程如下:
(1)在完成哨兵1号卫星数据的预处理(包含精密轨道校正、热噪声去除、辐射定标、斑点滤波、地形校正、重采样等步骤)后,使用目视识别的方法在连续的每日SAR影像中选取出单个浮冰。在此过程中,为将浮冰形变对后续浮冰目视判别的影响减至最小,尽量选择没有发生明显形变的浮冰。
(2)根据浮冰的边缘大致确定浮冰的几何中心点,并在后续的影像中追踪该浮冰及中心的位置。
(3)根据浮冰中心在每幅影像中的地理坐标计算浮冰发生的位移,并结合前后两张影像获取的时间间隔计算出浮冰的运动速度。
利用此方法,在2016年9月1日至2017年8月31日期间共追踪到119个浮冰在内尔斯海峡北部区域的748条运动记录。
但是以上过程可能存在3个方面的误差:(1)在使用目视方法追踪浮冰中心位置的过程时,由于人工选取可能会导致1~2个像素级别的误差;(2)将浮冰在两个位置之间运动的路径假定为直线:根据Haller等[36]的研究,这一假定将引起浮冰运动速度的低估(约10%);(3)哨兵1号影像本身的几何精度引起的误差:IW模式产品的几何精度为7 m,EW模式的精度未明确指出。综合以上3方面因素,并假设这些误差是独立的并且是正态分布的,使用目视识别方法得到浮冰漂移速度的误差约为0.2 km/d。
运用多元线性回归分析方法可以得到一个因变量与多个自变量之间的线性相关关系,因此可以被用于探究浮冰速度及其影响因素之间的相关性。通过标准化回归系数以及零阶、偏、部分3种相关系数的值,可以对自变量与因变量之间的关系进行判断。标准化回归系数绝对值的大小直接反映了自变量对因变量的影响程度;偏相关系数在消除其他变量影响的条件下,计算两个变量之间的相关系数;部分相关系数为因变量与自变量回归残差间的相关系数,即因变量与其他变量不能解释的部分之间的关系。在多元线性回归中,偏相关系数是3个相关系数中能较客观地反映因变量与自变量之间相关性的指标[37]
但在进行多元线性回归时,需要注意多重共线性问题,即避免模型的自变量之间存在较强的相关关系而使模型估计失真或难以估计准确,但是可以通过共线性诊断来避免这一问题,以保障回归模型的可靠性[30]。方差膨胀因子(Variance Inflation Factor,VIF)是一个常用的判断指标:如果一个自变量的VIF≥10,说明该自变量与其余自变量之间有严重的多重共线性;VIF<10则就可以认为自变量之间没有共线性问题存在,越接近于1越好。使用共线性诊断方法找出与其他自变量共线性较严重的变量后,可以将其排除[37-38]
在2016年9月至2017年8月间,基于哨兵1号影像观察到穿过内尔斯海峡北部区域的浮冰在不同日期存在不同的类型(图3)。2016年9月至2017年1月中旬,SAR影像中显示,进入海峡的浮冰包括多年冰、一年冰等多种类型;2017年1月23日,罗伯逊海峡与林肯海交界处的冰桥初步形成,阻挡了林肯海的海冰进入内尔斯海峡,冰桥以南形成了冰间湖,新冰在此生长,并在风和海流的共同作用下向南漂移;2017年5月11日,该冰桥完全崩解,林肯海的海冰继续通过内尔斯海峡输出至巴芬湾。图4展示了2016年9月22日至2017年5月8日(冰桥即将崩解前)间内尔斯海峡北部每日的多年冰密集度变化情况,左右两条虚线分别为冰桥初步形成的日期2017年1月23日以及彻底稳定的日期2月2日,可以看到冰桥形成后海峡内多年冰密集度显著下降,一般低于15%。
考虑到尽管浮冰运动存在不同的方向,但在像内尔斯海峡这样狭长的区域中漂移会受到海岸地形的影响,更有研究价值的是沿海峡轴线方向的浮冰速度。因此,为了便于分析,本研究将浮冰的速度正交分解到沿海峡轴线方向上,对风速、海流速度也进行同样的处理,下文中的速度如无特别说明均是指沿海峡轴线方向的速度(向北为正,向南为负)。
图5展示了119个浮冰中的10个在通过内尔斯海峡北部时的运动轨迹,反映了这些浮冰在这一运动过程中的基本模式:浮冰在大多数情况下向南运动,与海流方向一致,速度一般不超过–2.4 km/h,最大速度为38号浮冰在2017年2月21至22日间达到的–4.09 km/h;少数情况下浮冰也会向北运动,速度一般在0~1.2 km/h之间,速度最快的是2017年1月17至18日间的62号浮冰(图6),速度高达3.18 km/h。因此,针对海冰向北运动这一现象,本文将在下一节尝试以案例分析的形式进行探究。
本节以62号浮冰为例进行分析,其运动轨迹如图6所示。该浮冰于2017年1月13日进入内尔斯海峡北部,正常向南漂移,1月16–17日间开始向北漂移,随后达到向北速度最大值,1月19日漂移至林肯海与罗伯逊海峡交界处,此时冰桥已在逐渐形成,因此62号浮冰在此之后保持静止,没有继续漂移。
表1展示了这一时期内62号浮冰在每一段运动过程中的速度与对应的风速、海流速度和海冰密集度。结合浮冰速度与其他3个参数可以看出,海流速度与海冰密集度在这一时期内变化不大,海水较为稳定地向南流动,而在1月14–16日期间风速变化较大且发生了方向改变,成为了影响浮冰运动速度和方向的主要因素。
在1月13–16日间,除了1月14–15日,风速几乎为0,因此这一段时间62号浮冰在海流的主导下正常向南运动。而1月14–15日间,向南的风速相对较大,海流速度达到这几天中的最大值,直接使得浮冰速度相较于前一天显著增加,也是浮冰向南运动过程中的速度最大值。随后的1月15–16日,风速接近于0,但由于向南的流速仍然较大以及海冰密集度的下降导致的海冰内应力减小,浮冰可以相对更自由地漂移,因此浮冰速度大于1月13–14日的值。而1月16–19日间,开始出现很强的向北的风,62号浮冰在风应力的推动下开始向北运动,尤其在1月17–18日间风速达到49.90 km/h,是全部748条记录中北向风速的最大值,导致海冰向北运动的速度达到3.18 km/h。1月18–19日,仍然有较强的向北的风,但此时冰桥正在形成,继续向北漂移的62号浮冰受到林肯海高密集海冰区域的影响停止运动,因此浮冰速度在这一天并没有达到前一天的高值。这一案例较好地展示了风在浮冰漂移过程中的重要作用。在内尔斯海峡北部区域海水整体向南流动的背景下,向北的强风是海冰向北运动的主要因素[17]
进一步的影响研究利用SPSS软件对浮冰速度(因变量)及风速、海流速度、海冰密集度(3个自变量)构建多元线性回归模型,并进行共线性诊断。表2展示该多元回归分析的系数结果。结果表明,以风速、海流速度和海冰密集度为自变量的模型通过了共线性诊断且具有较好的复决定系数(R2=0.727)。尽管风速与海流速度之间的相关系数R=0.536(p<0.001),两者存在一定程度的相关性,但其VIF值都较小,模型通过了共线性诊断。通过表2中的零阶、偏、部分相关系数可以看出,风速、海流速度与浮冰速度均呈现较强的相关性,海冰密集度与浮冰速度的相关性则较弱;而通过3者的标准化回归系数值(反映自变量对因变量的影响程度,0.530、0.399、0.127)也可以看出风速、海流速度和海冰密集度对浮冰速度的影响力依次下降。从多元回归模型的结果可以得出,风速和海流速度是两个核心影响因素,下文将对这两个因素进行探讨。
图7以散点图的形式展示了内尔斯海峡北部风速、海流速度与浮冰速度之间的关系。通过三维散点图7a可以看出,这些散点大体上位于同一个平面及其附近的范围内,由两个自变量进行多元回归的复决定系数R2也达到了0.713,表明以风速和海流速度作为自变量的模型能较好地解释浮冰的运动速度。
图7b是风速与浮冰速度之间的散点图及相应的回归方程,相关系数(0.767)表明风速与浮冰速度具有较高的相关性,在浮冰运动过程中具有重要的控制作用。在4个象限中,散点分布最多的是第3象限,即浮冰和风均向南,这也是浮冰在海峡中最常见的运动特征。随着风由向南转为向北并持续增大,逆风运动的浮冰速度逐渐降为0,并在较强的北向风(大于10 km/h)的作用下向北运动。
图7c是海流速度与浮冰速度之间的散点图及相应的回归方程。尽管相关系数(0.709)略低于风速与浮冰速度之间的相关系数,但图形仍能展示良好的线性关系。与风速不同的是,回归方程的常数项是正值,这表明在很多浮冰运动记录中,在海流速度由负转正之前,已经有其他作用力使得浮冰开始出现向北运动情况,而结合风速数据可以发现,在111次海流速度向南而浮冰向北运动的情况中,有91次(82%)伴随着10 km/h以上的较强的北向风,平均为17.91 km/h。图中最上方明显的离群点即为62号浮冰(4.2节展示的较典型的示例)。
在一些案例中发现,尽管海冰密集度对浮冰速度的直接影响并不显著,但风和海流在不同密集度下对浮冰运动的影响程度可能不同。如果剔除海冰密集度小于60%的记录(在748条记录中仅47条,且从0~60%跨度过大),而将海冰密集度按60%~80%、80%~90%、90%~100%分为3类情况,分类进行统计,其结果如图8图9所示。
图9中的相关系数和标准化回归系数统计结果中可以看到,在密集度60%~80%的情况中,风速(0.705 km/h、0.655 km/h、0.511 km/h)和海流速度(0.695 km/h、0.643 km/h、0.496 km/h)两者相关性相当,对浮冰速度的影响程度接近;而在密集度80%~90%、90%~100%这两种情况下,风速的对浮冰速度的影响程度都要远大于海流速度。有研究指出,在海冰受力平衡机制中,稳定平均流的作用较小[8]。结合图8中的海流速度的范围分布和图9中的速度标准差结果可见,随着海冰密集度的上升,海流的速度标准差下降,即海流速度相对稳定,海流速度的影响程度也逐渐减小。风呈现出类似的规律,风速标准差与风速对浮冰速度的影响力变化趋势相近。
一些学者通过在北极其他区域进行的研究发现,海冰运动也受到大尺度气象与海洋过程的影响。Vihma等[39]指出中央北极指数(Central Arctic Index,CAI)能很好地解释年均冰流速。在Haller等[36]的研究中发现,北极穿极流(TransPolar Drift,TPD)使得海冰在从北极中央到弗拉姆海峡的过程中速度增加了近2倍。Lei等[40]的研究表明海冰运动不仅受到TPD与风的重要影响,北极大气偶极子异常(Dipole Anomaly,DA)也会通过加快经向的冰速来影响海冰运动。
基于每日哨兵1号影像,使用目视识别的方法,提取了2016年9月至2017年8月间的748条内尔斯海峡北部区域海冰运动记录,展示了该区域内浮冰的运动过程,并结合风速、海流速度和海冰密集度数据,以案例分析和多元线性回归分析的方式对海冰运动过程进行了详细分析。
研究结果表明,风和海流在海冰的运动过程中起到了主导作用,风速、海流速度均与浮冰速度有较强的相关性,相关系数分别达到了0.767和0.709。海冰密集度也影响着浮冰的运动,但影响程度相比风和海流较低(R=0.307)。由3个自变量建立的多元线性回归模型也具有较理想的复决定系数(R2=0.727),表明其对内尔斯海峡中浮冰的运动速度有较好的模拟效果。而作为两个核心影响因素的风和海流,在一方较为稳定的情况下,其对浮冰速度的影响会减小,另一方的影响则相对增大。本文关于风和海流等要素对海动过程影响研究的分析结果,可以进一步加深对海冰动力学的认识,为完善海冰–大气动力学模型等方面提供参考[41]
本研究中使用的哨兵1号卫星星座(1A与1B)的遥感影像,为精确监测海冰运动提供了数据基础,展示了该卫星星座高时间分辨率及高空间分辨率的优势。近年来,我国风云三号等多个系列卫星成功发射,及多个国产卫星在后续发射计划中,这些卫星星座可以提供长时序的影像序列,将较大地推动极地海冰变化的监测与研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1400303,2018YFC1406102);自然资源部极地科学重点实验室开放基金(KP202004)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021113
  • 接收时间:2020-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-31
  • 修回日期:2021-04-19
基金
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1400303,2018YFC1406102);自然资源部极地科学重点实验室开放基金(KP202004)
作者信息
    1武汉大学 中国南极测绘研究中心,湖北 武汉 430079
    2自然资源部海洋大气化学与全球变化重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005

通讯作者:

王苗姜(1996—),男,四川省达州市人,主要从事海冰遥感研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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