Article(id=1233907185105817709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233907180928299124, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1612800000000, receivedDateStr=2021-02-09, revisedDate=1616947200000, revisedDateStr=2021-03-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772115997815, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1627142400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772115997815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772115997815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115997815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233907180928299124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772115996820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115996820, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233907186921951366, articleId=1233907185105817709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The characteristics of sea ice and atmospheric factors over the high latitude Arctic region, columnId=1233907181909766263, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Polar sea ice and climate change, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evolution of atmospheric factors and sea ice growth of the Arctic high latitude region process are analyzed based on the data observed by the drifting automatic weather station over the period from August 2018 to May 2019. The evolution shows two different phases according to the sea ice drifting trajectory. The sea ice mainly drifted to the southeast in the first phase and drifted to the northeast in the second phase. The averaged air temperature and averaged relative humidity are −6.6℃ and 93% for the first phase and those are −29.3℃ and 76% for the second phase. The averaged pressure is higher in the second than that in the first phase. The sea ice drifting trajectory are mainly affected by the Beaufort High. The sea ice velocity from automatic weather station derived and NSIDC (National Snow and Ice Data Center) are compared and the result show that the zonal velocity is unanimous. The sea ice is mainly melting in the first and sea ice thickness show decrease in the first phase. The sea ice growth rate is −0.11 cm/d in August. The sea ice growth mainly occurs in the second phase. The sea ice growth rate is larger than 0.9 cm/d from January to March 2019. The largest monthly averaged sea ice growth rate is in March with the value of 1.1 cm/d and the sea ice keep growth until the end of the observation period.

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基于2018年8月至2019年5月布放在北极随海冰漂流的自动气象站和温度链浮标获取的观测数据,分析了北极高纬度区域的大气特征和海冰生消过程。根据海冰的漂移轨迹分为两个阶段分析,第1阶段,海冰主要向东南漂移;第2阶段,海冰主要向东北漂移。第1阶段观测的平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–6.6℃和93%,第2阶段观测的平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–29.3℃和76%,第2阶段平均气压高于第1阶段。海冰的漂移轨迹主要受到波弗特高压外围气流的影响。利用自动气象站漂移轨迹计算得到海冰漂移速度,与美国国家冰雪数据中心海冰漂移速度比较显示,两者纬向速度更为接近。海冰在第1阶段以融化为主,海冰厚度略有减小,8月份海冰生长率为–0.11 cm/d;海冰的生长过程主要发生在第2阶段,1–3月生长率均超过0.9 cm/d,2019年3月海冰生长最快,平均生长率为1.3 cm/d,海冰的增长一直持续至观测结束。

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郝光华(1988-),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

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郝光华(1988-),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

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郝光华(1988-),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

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The vertical dotted line indicats the October 24 for the different phase. AWS indicates the AWS observed pressure in a. AWS 2 m and AWS 4 m in b−d indicate the observation at height of 2 m and 4 m. ERA-I indicates the data from ERA-Interim

, figureFileSmall=cmtnsKbYaEOxIJdU1wV3LQ==, figureFileBig=TEXuSGL2+wBkl0IAbs77+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047120932664267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2018 年8 月21 日至2019 年5 月8 日日平均的气压(a),风速(b),相对湿度(c)和气温(d) 时间序列

垂直黑虚线为10 月24 日,a中AWS表示自动气象站观测的气压,b−d中AWS 2 m和AWS 4 m分别表示自动气象站在2 m和4 m高度观测的量,ERA-I表示来自ERA-Interim

, figureFileSmall=cmtnsKbYaEOxIJdU1wV3LQ==, figureFileBig=TEXuSGL2+wBkl0IAbs77+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121041716175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The averaged sea ice drift velocity for the period of October 17−23, 2018 (a) and October 24−30, 2018 (b), the lines indicat the drift trajectory before (blue line) and after (red line) October 24, 2018, figureFileSmall=jYnbCvjLzO8dHvie3+Rcyw==, figureFileBig=5f5//OKe1wCdi7khM9moBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121125602261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2018年10月17–23日(a)和24–30日(b)平均海冰漂移速度和2018年10月24日前(蓝线)后(红线)的漂移轨迹, figureFileSmall=jYnbCvjLzO8dHvie3+Rcyw==, figureFileBig=5f5//OKe1wCdi7khM9moBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121222071257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The averaged sea level pressure for the period of October 17−23, 2018 (a) and October 24−30, 2018 (b), the lines indicat the drift trajectory before (blue line) and after (red line) October 24, 2018, figureFileSmall=aze9Tpqoj6iy3yZ3VqrHCQ==, figureFileBig=8Mf9vYuf03Kku06RM6daZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121326928861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2018年10月17–23日(a)和24–30日(b)平均海表面气压和2018年10月24日前(蓝线)后(红线)的漂移轨迹, figureFileSmall=aze9Tpqoj6iy3yZ3VqrHCQ==, figureFileBig=8Mf9vYuf03Kku06RM6daZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121448563682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Time series of daily averaged zonal sea ice drift velocity (a), meridional sea ice drift velocity (b) and the sea ice drift velocity (d) for automatic meteorological station derived (black) and NISDC (blue) over the period from August 21, 2018 to May 8, 2019

U_AWS, V_AWS and UV_AWS indicate the zonal, meridional and synthesis sea ice drift velocity based on AWS, respectively. U_NSIDC, V_NSIDC and UV_NSIDC indicate the zonal, meridional and synthesis sea ice drift velocity from NSIDC, respectively

, figureFileSmall=ItIzQD5+oAguGwhYySqIag==, figureFileBig=lb7tnxt6duzjIIwQjQthNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121532449766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2018 年 8 月 21 日至 2019 年 5 月 8 日基于自动气象站轨迹计算(黑线)和 NSIDC(蓝线)日平均的纬向海冰漂移速度 (a),经向海冰漂移速度(b)和合成海冰漂移速度时间序列(c)

U_AWS、V_AWS和UV_AWS分别表示基于自动气象站轨迹计算的纬向、经向和合成海冰漂移速度。U_NSIDC、V_NSIDC和UV_NSIDC分别表示来自NSIDC海的纬向、经向和合成海冰漂移速度

, figureFileSmall=ItIzQD5+oAguGwhYySqIag==, figureFileBig=lb7tnxt6duzjIIwQjQthNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121616335850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Temperature evolution for the surface air-ice system from the SIMBA buoy observations over the period from August 21, 2018 to May 8, 2019

The black and green lines represent the initial sea ice upper surface and the ice-sea interface, respectively. The vertical dotted line indicats the October 24 for the different phase

, figureFileSmall=IFyVanGNwZDaFnwgnckSSQ==, figureFileBig=6MV1VdXZ8OvcCmdB1fCF9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047121712804847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2018年8月21日至2019年5月8日SIMBA温度链浮标观测的自上而下大气–海冰温度剖面随时间的变化

黑线为海冰上界面,绿线为冰水界面,垂直黑虚线为10月24日

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The type and key technical specifications of sensors for the drifting automatic meteorological station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素型号测量范围精度
气温Vaisala HMP155–90~60℃±0.1℃
相对湿度Vaisala HMP1550~100%3%
风速XFY3-11.0~95.0 m/s0~10 m/s时,≤±0.5 m/s;10~95 m/s时,≤±0.5% 标准风速
风向XFY3-10°~360°±3°
气压Vaisala CS106600~1 100 hPa0.1 hPa
辐射Li200x-135400~1 100 nm0.2 kW/(m2·mV)
数据采集器CR1000-XT–55~60℃
), ArticleFig(id=1234047122195148806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907185105817709, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

自动气象站传感器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素型号测量范围精度
气温Vaisala HMP155–90~60℃±0.1℃
相对湿度Vaisala HMP1550~100%3%
风速XFY3-11.0~95.0 m/s0~10 m/s时,≤±0.5 m/s;10~95 m/s时,≤±0.5% 标准风速
风向XFY3-10°~360°±3°
气压Vaisala CS106600~1 100 hPa0.1 hPa
辐射Li200x-135400~1 100 nm0.2 kW/(m2·mV)
数据采集器CR1000-XT–55~60℃
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北冰洋高纬度区域海冰及气象特征分析
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郝光华 1 , 沈辉 1 , 田忠翔 1 , 李明 1 , 赵福 1
海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021,43(7): 90-99
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海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021, 43(7): 90-99
北冰洋高纬度区域海冰及气象特征分析
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郝光华1 , 沈辉1, 田忠翔1, 李明1, 赵福1
作者信息
  • 1国家海洋环境预报中心 自然资源部海洋灾害预报技术重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 郝光华(1988-),男,山西省长治市人,工程师,主要从事极地海冰观测和预报研究。E-mail:

The characteristics of sea ice and atmospheric factors over the high latitude Arctic region
Guanghua Hao1 , Hui Shen1, Zhongxiang Tian1, Ming Li1, Fu Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2021-07-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021117
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基于2018年8月至2019年5月布放在北极随海冰漂流的自动气象站和温度链浮标获取的观测数据,分析了北极高纬度区域的大气特征和海冰生消过程。根据海冰的漂移轨迹分为两个阶段分析,第1阶段,海冰主要向东南漂移;第2阶段,海冰主要向东北漂移。第1阶段观测的平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–6.6℃和93%,第2阶段观测的平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–29.3℃和76%,第2阶段平均气压高于第1阶段。海冰的漂移轨迹主要受到波弗特高压外围气流的影响。利用自动气象站漂移轨迹计算得到海冰漂移速度,与美国国家冰雪数据中心海冰漂移速度比较显示,两者纬向速度更为接近。海冰在第1阶段以融化为主,海冰厚度略有减小,8月份海冰生长率为–0.11 cm/d;海冰的生长过程主要发生在第2阶段,1–3月生长率均超过0.9 cm/d,2019年3月海冰生长最快,平均生长率为1.3 cm/d,海冰的增长一直持续至观测结束。

海冰生长  /  冰速  /  波弗特高压  /  漂流气象站

The evolution of atmospheric factors and sea ice growth of the Arctic high latitude region process are analyzed based on the data observed by the drifting automatic weather station over the period from August 2018 to May 2019. The evolution shows two different phases according to the sea ice drifting trajectory. The sea ice mainly drifted to the southeast in the first phase and drifted to the northeast in the second phase. The averaged air temperature and averaged relative humidity are −6.6℃ and 93% for the first phase and those are −29.3℃ and 76% for the second phase. The averaged pressure is higher in the second than that in the first phase. The sea ice drifting trajectory are mainly affected by the Beaufort High. The sea ice velocity from automatic weather station derived and NSIDC (National Snow and Ice Data Center) are compared and the result show that the zonal velocity is unanimous. The sea ice is mainly melting in the first and sea ice thickness show decrease in the first phase. The sea ice growth rate is −0.11 cm/d in August. The sea ice growth mainly occurs in the second phase. The sea ice growth rate is larger than 0.9 cm/d from January to March 2019. The largest monthly averaged sea ice growth rate is in March with the value of 1.1 cm/d and the sea ice keep growth until the end of the observation period.

sea ice growth  /  sea ice velocity  /  Beaufort High  /  drifting automatic weather station
郝光华, 沈辉, 田忠翔, 李明, 赵福. 北冰洋高纬度区域海冰及气象特征分析. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (7) : 90 -99 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021117
Guanghua Hao, Hui Shen, Zhongxiang Tian, Ming Li, Fu Zhao. The characteristics of sea ice and atmospheric factors over the high latitude Arctic region[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (7) : 90 -99 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021117
北极海冰是地球系统的重要组成部分,影响气–冰–海之间的能量平衡过程[1-2]。在全球变暖的背景下,北极变暖是全球变暖的2~3倍[3],称之为“北极放大”效应[4-5]。近年来,北极海冰范围和冰厚都在减小[6-8]。不同遥感产品得到的结果都说明了北极海冰的快速减少[6],而且高纬度的多年冰减少更快[9-10]。研究显示,2009–2016年北极中央区发生6次明显的中央区海冰低密集度过程,即海冰密集度低于75%[11]。走航观测显示,1999年中国首次北极考察发现从北冰洋最南端至82°N发现大片开阔水域[12];2010年中国第4次北极考察期间北极高纬度区域海冰厚度为1.5~2 m,很少有超过4 m[13];2017年中国第8次北极考察期间高纬度中央航道海冰平均密集度和平均冰厚分别为64%和1.5 m,且85°N以北存在低密集度区域[14]。北极海冰的减少会增加海洋吸收太阳辐射,增加的太阳辐射反过来又会加速北极海冰的减少,引发北极的正反馈机制[15-16]。北极海冰减少还会引起1000~850 hPa高度的大气层增温[17]。因此,随着北极海冰快速减少,北极海冰正在由多年冰为主向季节性海冰转变[18-19],这使得北极海冰更容易受到大气强迫的影响[20]
目前,由于缺少现场观测,北极海冰研究依赖于模式或是卫星遥感,但是不同模式的结果比较,以及和观测比较的差别仍然很大[21-22]。目前,基于卫星遥感得到的不同海冰厚度产品差别仍然比较大[23-24],而且时空分辨率有限,需要更多的观测来检验。因此,北极漂移自动气象站和温度链浮标的观测对于填补这些空白意义重大,收集的数据可以用来验证卫星遥感反演结果和数值模式模拟结果。国际上为了获取更多的北极现场观测数据,1997–1998年开展了为期1年的大气、海冰、海洋综合观测,SHEBA计划(Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean)[25],并且于2020–2021年又开展了北极气候研究多学科漂流计划(Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate,MOSAiC)[26],为北极的研究及模式参数化方案提供了宝贵的数据。
我国在1999–2020年夏季共开展了11次北极科学考察。在长、短期冰站作业期间,开展了大气–海冰的连续观测,获取了大量的观测资料。本文利用2018年夏季中国第9次北极科学考察期间[27],布放在海冰上的自动气象站和温度链浮标获取的长时间序列大气要素和海冰温度剖面数据展开分析。借助于这些宝贵的数据,分析了北极高纬度区域大气特征和海冰生长过程,有助于为未来模式参数化方案的改进和提高提供参考。
本文数据是基于中国第9次北极科学考察期间,布放于海冰的自动气象站和温度链浮标观测取得的。气象站于2018年8月20日冰站工作期间布放在海冰上(84.788 3°N,166.106 8°W),海冰厚度为2.4 m,积雪厚度为4 cm,海冰干舷厚度为41 cm。自动气象站随着海冰漂移自动观测获取数据,并通过Argo卫星传输回国内,数据为每小时采集10 min平均数据。本次布放的自动气象站由支架、传感器、卫星发射天线、数据采集器和电源系统组成(表1)。分别在2 m和4 m高度安装了风速、风向和温度、湿度传感器,在2 m高度安装了总辐射传感器,大气压力传感器安装在电源箱内,所有传感器与低温数据采集器相连接。气象站从2018年8月21日开始传输资料,到2019年5月11日停止传输数据。由于自动气象站随海冰漂移,因而无法准确测量风向,文中对风向不做分析。由于风传感器受到冻结的影响,会影响到风资料的精度,我们把连续24 h静风状态的风速数据剔除。自动气象站在观测期间随着海冰漂移(图1),从最初的位置向东南和向东北漂移至观测结束时候的高纬度位置(85.933 9°N,91.299 1°W)。辐射传感器受到积雪或者结冰的覆盖,其观测数据无法反映真实状况,由于难以剔除无效数据,因而本文不做分析。
在自动气象站附近,同时布放了一套温度链浮标(SIMBA)。该温度链浮标由苏格兰海洋学会下属的SRSL公司(http://www.srsl.com/)研发,由机箱和温度链两部分组成。机箱包括电源和控制两部分,并且内置GPS模块传输数据。温度链部分长480 cm,每2 cm间距内置一个温度传感器,共241个温度传感器,温度传感器分辨率为0.062 5℃,温度链测量精度为0.1℃。温度链浮标布放在冰上的部分约为1 m,通过布放在海冰上的温度链浮标可以获取连续的气–冰–海垂直温度剖面,观测时间间隔为6 h。温度链浮标观测开始于2018年8月21日,2019年5月8日之后无法获取有效数据。为了便于结合温度链浮标数据进行分析,本文选取了2018年8月21日到2019年5月8日的自动气象站数据进行分析。
为了研究自动气象站随海冰的漂流过程,本文使用了美国国家冰雪数据中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center,NSIDC)日平均的海冰漂流数据,该数据由多个卫星遥感数据和国际北极浮标计划(International Arctic Buoy Program,IABP)实测数据同化得到,为等面积投影网格,空间分辨率为25 km×25 km[28]。本文还使用了自动气象站观测同期的ERA-Interim数据,用于分析大尺度的大气环流背景和辅助风速分析。ERA-Interim数据是欧洲预报中心(The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第3代再分析资料,包含1979年至2019年8月的再分析资料。ERA-Interim再分析资料时间分辨率为每天4次[29],本文使用的数据空间分辨率为0.75°×0.75°。本文使用了ERA-Interim的10 m风速(UV)和海表面气压场。
本文使用261天的漂流气象站和温度链浮标数据,该数据覆盖了北极的融化季末期和冻结季。能够展示从融化季到次年春季的北极高纬度地区的大气特征和海冰生长过程。
根据漂流气象站随海冰的漂移特征(图1),本文将分为两个阶段进行分析,分别为2018年8月21日至2018年10月23日和2018年10月24日至2019年5月8日。图2显示了日平均的气压、风速、相对湿度和气温,可以看出各个气象要素(风速除外)变化在时间上的连续性,可以说明其在观测期间没有出现冻结[30]。第1阶段处于季节转换阶段,自动气象站随海冰向东南移动,第2阶段处于海冰冻结期,自动气象站随着海冰向东北移动。
在第1阶段,随着气象站向东南漂移,其多次受到极地气旋的影响,最低日平均气压为978 hPa,平均气压为1 008 hPa(图2a)。受到气旋的影响,日平均的风速在0.5~11.1 m/s间变化(图2b),且2 m风速和4 m风速相差不大。由于风速风向传感器受到结冰的影响,其观测的连续性和数据精度受到了影响,本文借助于ERA-Interim 10 m风速讨论其变化。在第1阶段,ERA-Interim 10 m风速同自动气象站观测的2 m日平均风速的误差和绝对误差均为1.9 m/s,同4 m风速的误差为1.8 m/s,绝对误差为1.9 m/s。在第1阶段,相对湿度维持在90%以上(图2c),在后期开始下降,平均相对湿度为93%。气温处于下降阶段,从接近0℃逐渐降至第1阶段末期的–12.2℃,平均气温–6.6℃,海冰处于不稳定的融化期,和前期北极漂流自动气象站的研究结果接近[30],其变化显示了从融化季向冻结季转变的交替过程。在2 m和4 m高度,日平均的相对湿度和气温差别不大,相对湿度和气温变化趋势一致。
在第2阶段,随着季节变化和气象站随海冰向东北移动,风速和气压呈现出季节变化(图2a图2b),平均气压为1 014 hPa,平均ERA-Interim 10 m风速为4.6 m/s。气温快速下降(图2d),从最开始的–12.2℃下降至11月18日的–38.7℃,较低的气温一直持续至次年4月初,气温开始回升,11月18日至次年3月底2 m和4 m高度平均气温分别为–32.8℃和–32.7℃,平均相对湿度均为73%(图2c)。4月之后,随着季节的变化,气温和相对湿度开始升高,4–5月平均气温分别为–21.1℃和–21.4℃,相对湿度分别为80%和81%。第2阶段的平均温度和相对湿度分别为–29.3℃和76%。
两个阶段的比较发现,2 m和4 m日平均的气温和相对湿度变化趋势一致。气温差异小于0.1℃,相对湿度差异小于0.1%,均没有超过仪器的误差范围。整个观测期间,气温和相对湿度具有明显的季节变化,受到纬度和季节变化的影响,第1阶段气温和相对湿度较高,并逐渐降低,第1阶段处于不稳定的融化期;第2阶段气温和相对湿度稳定在较低的阶段,经历了完整的冻结期。气压和风速没有明显的季节变化,但是,低压过程往往带来南侧的暖湿气流,引起气温和相对湿度的增加,如2019年2月6–13日和16–21日的两次低压过程,都引起了气温和相对湿度的明显升高,两次过程中日平均气温分别升高了8.5℃和14.7℃,相对湿度分别增加了6%和11%。
自动气象站随着海冰漂移,在漂移过程中,受到海洋和大气共同作用,海冰的漂移过程呈现出不同的两个阶段。图3显示了2018年10月17–23日(图3a)和24–30日(图3b)前后1周NSIDC的平均海冰漂移速度场,10月24日前1周平均的海冰漂移速度场在波弗特海一侧,呈现出反气旋式的模态,之后1周的平均海冰漂移速度场在波弗特海一侧呈现出向弗拉姆海峡一侧的输送。本文分析了10月24日前后1周(图4)的平均海表面气压场和10 m风场,24日前1周的平均海表面气压场呈现出波弗特高压位于波弗特海一侧,海冰的漂移受到高压北侧偏西风的影响(图4a),呈现出向东南漂移的状态,海表面气压场和冰速场的结果表现高度一致。10月24日后的1周,波弗特高压减弱或者向东移动(图4b),海冰漂移主要受到高压西侧向东北的气流影响,因而呈现出向东北漂移的轨迹。海冰的漂移主要受到波弗特高压的影响,受其强度和位置的影响,海冰分别受到波弗特高压北侧和西侧气流的影响,呈现出前后两个阶段不同的漂移轨迹。
基于自动气象站的漂移轨迹,根据逐小时经纬度的位置变化计算了自动气象站的漂移速度,并且计算了日平均的漂移速度。同时,将NSIDC海冰漂移速度线性插值到漂移自动气象站对应的位置计算日平均的漂移速度。图6显示了日平均的NSIDC海冰漂移速度和自动气象站计算海冰漂移速度的纬向速度(U图5a)、经向速度(V图5b)以及合成速度(图5c)的比较。NSIDC平均UV分别为2.6 cm/s和0.6 cm/s,基于自动气象站计算的平均UV分别为3.2 cm/s和0.6 cm/s。NSIDC海冰漂移速度和自动气象站日平均的海冰漂移速度比较,其纬向速度、经向速度和合成速度的差异分别为–0.6 cm/s,0 cm/s和–2.7 cm/s,由于正负误差相互抵消,导致经向速度平均差异为0 m/s,绝对误差分别为2.8 cm/s,5.9 cm/s和4.4 cm/s,两者在纬向速度比较一致,NSIDC海冰漂移速度的经向速度和自动气象站计算的速度差别较大,而且波动较大,其合成速度相较于实际漂移速度偏小。
利用冰上布放的SIMBA温度链浮标观测的气−冰−海垂直温度剖面,通过不同介质间温度梯度的差异,假设海冰上表面不变,可以计算得到海冰厚度[31],由于此方法得到的积雪厚度相对误差较大,本文暂不讨论雪厚。为了使温度链浮标和自动气象站能够实现长时间的观测,往往选取的作业点海冰比较厚,本次布放温度链浮标的作业点海冰厚度为2.4 m。
受海冰漂移的影响,海冰冰厚增长同时受到纬度变化和季节变化的影响。图6显示了整个观测期间海冰温度剖面。第1阶段,冰内温度变化不明显,海冰厚度基本保持不变或者略有减小;第2阶段,海冰快速增长,冰内温度梯度加大,至观测结束,海冰厚度保持增加。第1阶段海冰温度变化较小(图7),海冰处于稳定状态,海冰生长不明显。第1阶段海冰厚度基本为负增长,2018年8月和9月平均的海冰生长率分别为–0.11 cm/d和–0.03 cm/d(图8),海冰冰厚略有减小,10月的平均生长率基本为0,海冰生长开始由负转正。第2阶段,海冰平均温度从–1.9℃下降至–12.6℃,海冰平均温度为–9.1℃,冰内最大温差为26.6℃。海冰平均温度在3月份达到最低的–12.6℃。海冰在2019年3月生长最快,平均生长率为1.3 cm/d,1月和2月的平均生长率也都超过了0.9 cm/d,海冰的生长主要发生在这个阶段。从4月开始,海冰的生长速度减缓,4月和5月平均生长率分别为0.9 cm/d和0.6 cm/d。海冰的生长主要受气温的影响,海冰平均温度(图7)和气温(图2d)变化趋势一致,海冰平均温度和气温的相关系数为0.75。
北极海冰一般在9月下旬开始冻结,海冰范围增加,但是本文观测到的海冰厚度从11月份开始增加,可能与初始冰厚比较厚(2.4 m)有关。整个观测期间,海冰生长率由负到正,在2019年1–3月份,海冰迅速增长,5月份之后海冰增长减缓,海冰厚度从开始观测时的2.4 m,增长至观测结束时候的3.98 m,观测期间增长了1.58 m,海冰的快速生长主要发生在第2阶段。
基于2018年8月中国第9次北极科学考察期间布放在海冰上的自动气象站和温度链浮标观测数据,分析了北极高纬度区域的大气特征,结果显示受到纬度和季节交替的影响,整个观测期间呈现出两个阶段的变化。基于自动气象站的漂移轨迹,分析了其10月24日前后的不同漂移路径,并且同NSIDC的海冰漂移速度进行了比较。基于温度链浮标剖面观测和不同介质的温度梯度,计算了整个观测期间平均海冰温度变化和厚度变化,分析了海冰生长过程。对北冰洋高纬度区域海冰漂流轨迹、气象要素变化和海冰生长过程有了新的认识,对进一步研究北极海冰快速变化具有参考意义。
在观测期间,自动气象站受海冰漂移的影响,随着海冰呈现出先向东南,后向东北漂移的两个阶段,通过分析发现,自动气象站随海冰的漂移轨迹主要受到波弗特高压的影响。第1阶段,受波弗特高压北侧气流的影响,自动气象站随海冰向东南漂移,气温和相对湿度都比较高,平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–6.6℃和93%。第2阶段受到波弗特高压东移或者减弱的影响,自动气象站随海冰漂移主要受高压西侧气流的影响向东北漂移。气温和相对湿度快速下降,平均气温和平均相对湿度分别为–29.3℃和76%,第2阶段的气压平均高于第1阶段6 hPa,显示出了纬度变化和季节交替带来的影响。在整个观测期间,2 m和4 m的气温、相对湿度平均差异均没能超过传感器的误差范围。同时比较了基于自动气象站漂移轨迹计算的海冰速度和NSIDC海冰速度,其纬向速度更为接近。观测开始时,海冰处于融化阶段,8月平均融化速率为0.11 cm/d,第1阶段海冰厚度略有减小。海冰的生长主要发生在第2阶段,随着海冰向东北漂移和季节的变化,海冰平均温度快速降低,海冰平均温度为–9.1℃,冰内最大温差为26.6℃,海冰生长加快,海冰最大生长期发生在2019年3月,平均生长率为1.3 cm/d,至观测结束,海冰仍处于缓慢生长阶段。
北极海冰主要依靠卫星遥感手段监测,目前,微波遥感海冰密集度比较成熟,其与人工观测差异在−3.96%~12.05%之间[32],但是冰厚反演误差仍然比较大[23-24]。本文利用浮标观测数据和自动气象站漂移轨迹,得到了海冰从融化末期到接近生长末期的完整温度剖面数据、海冰厚度及海冰漂移速度。相比于卫星遥感数据,这些数据可以作为实测数据用于卫星遥感数据的比较。相比于过往研究在2002年观测到的6 cm/s平均海冰漂移速度[30],本文基于自动气象站计算的平均UV分别为3.2 cm/s和0.6 cm/s,说明自动气象站布放的位置和大气环流状况都会影响海冰的漂移状况,同时也说明随着北极海冰减少,海冰对大气响应越来越敏感。相比于Lei等[33]观测到的海冰从8月底的1.95 m融化至10月中旬的1.46 m,本文观测到的同期海冰融化小于10 cm;同时,本文观测到的平均海冰生长率略大于2008/2009年的观测结果[33],说明海冰初始厚度以及漂移轨迹都会影响到海冰的融化和生长过程。
自动气象站的风速风向传感器和辐射传感器由于受到冻结和可能的积雪覆盖影响,无法保证数据的连续性和精度,导致大部分数据无法使用,因此,无法进行辐射和涡动通量等能量平衡过程分析,提示我们在以后的观测工作中需要考虑到冻结及积雪覆盖可能对传感器带来的影响,以获取更好的现场观测数据。基于温度链浮标获取的宝贵观测数据未来可以用于热力模式的结果验证,比较热力模式对海冰生长过程的刻画,进一步借助于热力模式分析海冰生长期间各能量过程的变化。
致谢:感谢中国第9次北极科学考察队对海冰观测工作的支持。
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2018YFA0605903,2018YFC1407200);极地考察业务化与科研(2021)
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2021年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021117
  • 接收时间:2021-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-02-09
  • 修回日期:2021-03-29
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国家重点研发计划课题(2018YFA0605903,2018YFC1407200);极地考察业务化与科研(2021)
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    1国家海洋环境预报中心 自然资源部海洋灾害预报技术重点实验室,北京 100081
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