Article(id=1233907183788814511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233907180928299124, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1608652800000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-23, revisedDate=1618156800000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772115997502, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1627142400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772115997502, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772115997502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115997502, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233907180928299124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772115996820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115996820, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=183, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233907184245993669, articleId=1233907183788814511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Multi temporal and spatial difference analysis of various MSS models and Arctic sea ice freeboard, columnId=1233907181909766263, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Polar sea ice and climate change, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the CryoSat-2 L1B data for April 2017−2019, this study compares and analyzes the multi temporal and spatial scale differences of UCL13, DTU10, DTU13, DTU15 and DTU18 mean sea surface height (MSS) models and the Arctic sea ice freeboard retrieval. The differences of various mean sea surface height models and the sea ice freeboard retrieval are compared with UCL13. The experimental results show that the average absolute deviation range between different MSS models is 0.19−0.26 m as well as the standard deviation range is 0.55−0.57 m, among which the difference between DTU18 and UCL13 is the smallest. The mean absolute deviation range of sea ice freeboard retrieved by the other four MSS models is 0.50−0.79 cm with the standard deviation range is 1.17−1.74 cm. Compared to airborne Operation IceBridge (OIB) data, the correlation coefficients of sea ice freeboard retrieved by the five MSS models range from 0.70 to 0.71 with the root mean square error range is 7.7−7.8 cm. Therefore, the biases between various MSS models have little influence on sea ice freeboard retrievals in the entire Arctic region, since biases impact both the lead and ice floe height measurements in the same way, and thus cancel out. However, in the areas with sparse leads, such as the northern Canadian Islands and the Laptev Sea, the sea ice freeboard retrieved by different MSS models varies greatly.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoqing Lu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhaoqing Dong, Xiaoqing Lu, Lijian Shi, Mingsen Lin, Tao Zeng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233907187869872497, articleId=1233907183788814511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=不同MSS模型及其北极海冰干舷的多时空差异分析, columnId=1233907182194978940, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地海冰与气候研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2017年4月、2018年4月和2019年4月的CryoSat-2 L1B数据,比较分析了UCL13、DTU10、DTU13、DTU15和DTU18 5种不同平均海表面高度(MSS)模型及其反演的北极海冰干舷的多时空尺度差异。以UCL13为基准,对比分析不同MSS模型的差异和所反演的海冰干舷的差异,实验结果表明,不同MSS模型之间的平均绝对偏差范围为0.19~0.26 m,标准差范围为0.55~0.57 m,其中DTU18与UCL13的差异最小。以UCL13为基准,其他4种MSS模型反演的海冰干舷的平均绝对偏差为0.50~0.79 cm,标准差范围为1.17~1.74 cm。通过与冰桥计划(Operation IceBridge,OIB)机载数据相比,5种MSS模型反演的海冰干舷的相关系数范围为0.70~0.71,均方根误差范围为7.7~7.8 cm。故不同MSS模型之间的偏差对整个北极地区的海冰干舷反演的影响较小,偏差以相同的方式影响冰间水道和浮冰高度测量,因此相互抵消,但在冰间水道分布稀疏的区域,如加拿大群岛北部和拉普捷夫海区域,不同MSS模型反演的海冰干舷差异较大。

, correspAuthors=路晓庆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
路晓庆,工程师,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PM6HK5DCztM4NQGbsNoOWQ==, magXml=YtAZpBEnIMD/NvyV+49BFQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JB/XF4l+wrdwSqMMhAjF3Q==, pdfFileSize=7694314, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=l8rBKCiaZUSx9mSEkC7ozg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0SXYdVYlHl9P03kYi/BumA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

董昭顷(1997-),男,广东省汕头市人,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

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董昭顷(1997-),男,广东省汕头市人,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

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董昭顷(1997-),男,广东省汕头市人,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

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a, c. Track number 47928; b, d. track number 47986

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a, c. 轨道号47928;b, d. 轨道号47986

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a, c. track number 47928; b, d. track number 47986

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a, c. 轨道号47928;b, d. 轨道号47986

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a, e, i. UCL13-DTU10; b, f, j. UCL13-DTU13; c, g, k. UCL13-DTU15; d, h, l. UCL13-DTU18. a–d. April 2019; e–h. April 2018; i–l. April 2017

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a, e, i. UCL13-DTU10;b, f, j. UCL13-DTU13;c, g, k. UCL13-DTU15;d, h, l. UCL13-DTU18;a–d. 2019年4月;e–h. 2018年4月;i–l. 2017年4月

, figureFileSmall=cldDTmAPfk8SpWQahJHM1Q==, figureFileBig=pl8dMWdPvFEaKMtWF4BZpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117929534018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907183788814511, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Validation of sea ice freeboard retrieved from five different MSS models and measured OIB data, figureFileSmall=Zz0UR5BY6M9+FDvldIF3aw==, figureFileBig=z70gTbKn38hlXMt+atiY7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118021808710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907183788814511, language=CN, label=图10, caption=5种不同MSS模型反演的海冰干舷与实测OIB数据的验证, figureFileSmall=Zz0UR5BY6M9+FDvldIF3aw==, figureFileBig=z70gTbKn38hlXMt+atiY7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118114083400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907183788814511, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Grid differences statistics of Arctic sea ice freeboard between UCL13 and series of DTU MSS models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比网络平均绝对偏差/标准差(单位:m)
2017年4月2018年4月2019年4月
UCL13−DTU100.006 9/0.017 40.007 0/0.014 90.007 9/0.016 8
UCL13−DTU130.006 4/0.017 30.006 3/0.014 00.007 2/0.015 8
UCL13−DTU150.005 4/0.015 80.005 2/0.012 70.005 7/0.013 7
UCL13−DTU180.005 2/0.014 50.005 0/0.011 70.005 5/0.012 8
), ArticleFig(id=1234047118214746702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907183788814511, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

UCL13和DTU系列MSS模型的北极海冰干舷网格差异统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比网络平均绝对偏差/标准差(单位:m)
2017年4月2018年4月2019年4月
UCL13−DTU100.006 9/0.017 40.007 0/0.014 90.007 9/0.016 8
UCL13−DTU130.006 4/0.017 30.006 3/0.014 00.007 2/0.015 8
UCL13−DTU150.005 4/0.015 80.005 2/0.012 70.005 7/0.013 7
UCL13−DTU180.005 2/0.014 50.005 0/0.011 70.005 5/0.012 8
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不同MSS模型及其北极海冰干舷的多时空差异分析
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董昭顷 1, 2 , 路晓庆 2, 3, * , 石立坚 2, 3 , 林明森 2, 3 , 曾韬 2, 3
海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021,43(7): 183-193
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海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021, 43(7): 183-193
不同MSS模型及其北极海冰干舷的多时空差异分析
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董昭顷1, 2 , 路晓庆2, 3, * , 石立坚2, 3, 林明森2, 3, 曾韬2, 3
作者信息
  • 1国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
  • 2国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
  • 3自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用研究重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 董昭顷(1997-),男,广东省汕头市人,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

路晓庆,工程师,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
Multi temporal and spatial difference analysis of various MSS models and Arctic sea ice freeboard
Zhaoqing Dong1, 2 , Xiaoqing Lu2, 3, * , Lijian Shi2, 3, Mingsen Lin2, 3, Tao Zeng2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2021-07-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021109
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基于2017年4月、2018年4月和2019年4月的CryoSat-2 L1B数据,比较分析了UCL13、DTU10、DTU13、DTU15和DTU18 5种不同平均海表面高度(MSS)模型及其反演的北极海冰干舷的多时空尺度差异。以UCL13为基准,对比分析不同MSS模型的差异和所反演的海冰干舷的差异,实验结果表明,不同MSS模型之间的平均绝对偏差范围为0.19~0.26 m,标准差范围为0.55~0.57 m,其中DTU18与UCL13的差异最小。以UCL13为基准,其他4种MSS模型反演的海冰干舷的平均绝对偏差为0.50~0.79 cm,标准差范围为1.17~1.74 cm。通过与冰桥计划(Operation IceBridge,OIB)机载数据相比,5种MSS模型反演的海冰干舷的相关系数范围为0.70~0.71,均方根误差范围为7.7~7.8 cm。故不同MSS模型之间的偏差对整个北极地区的海冰干舷反演的影响较小,偏差以相同的方式影响冰间水道和浮冰高度测量,因此相互抵消,但在冰间水道分布稀疏的区域,如加拿大群岛北部和拉普捷夫海区域,不同MSS模型反演的海冰干舷差异较大。

平均海表面高度  /  CryoSat-2  /  北极  /  海冰干舷  /  差异分析

Based on the CryoSat-2 L1B data for April 2017−2019, this study compares and analyzes the multi temporal and spatial scale differences of UCL13, DTU10, DTU13, DTU15 and DTU18 mean sea surface height (MSS) models and the Arctic sea ice freeboard retrieval. The differences of various mean sea surface height models and the sea ice freeboard retrieval are compared with UCL13. The experimental results show that the average absolute deviation range between different MSS models is 0.19−0.26 m as well as the standard deviation range is 0.55−0.57 m, among which the difference between DTU18 and UCL13 is the smallest. The mean absolute deviation range of sea ice freeboard retrieved by the other four MSS models is 0.50−0.79 cm with the standard deviation range is 1.17−1.74 cm. Compared to airborne Operation IceBridge (OIB) data, the correlation coefficients of sea ice freeboard retrieved by the five MSS models range from 0.70 to 0.71 with the root mean square error range is 7.7−7.8 cm. Therefore, the biases between various MSS models have little influence on sea ice freeboard retrievals in the entire Arctic region, since biases impact both the lead and ice floe height measurements in the same way, and thus cancel out. However, in the areas with sparse leads, such as the northern Canadian Islands and the Laptev Sea, the sea ice freeboard retrieved by different MSS models varies greatly.

mean sea surface height  /  CryoSat-2  /  Arctic  /  sea ice freeboard  /  differential analysis
董昭顷, 路晓庆, 石立坚, 林明森, 曾韬. 不同MSS模型及其北极海冰干舷的多时空差异分析. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (7) : 183 -193 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021109
Zhaoqing Dong, Xiaoqing Lu, Lijian Shi, Mingsen Lin, Tao Zeng. Multi temporal and spatial difference analysis of various MSS models and Arctic sea ice freeboard[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (7) : 183 -193 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021109
海冰的形成是海表面冷却和相变的结果[1-2]。海冰通过反照率效应调节地球的整体辐射收支,同时还积极调节极地大气和海洋之间的热、动量和气体交换,并在盐度和淡水的传播中发挥重要作用,因此对于维持全球气候稳定具有重要的作用[2]。在过去的几十年里,全球变暖导致北极海冰的范围和厚度都在减小[3]。海冰厚度是体现海冰性质的重要参数之一,结合海冰密集度可以计算海冰体积,进而可以了解海冰变化[4]。准确获取北极海冰厚度及其变化信息,不仅有助于开展北极乃至全球气候变化、环境变化、生态安全等研究,还对海洋资源开发、海上交通航运、极地科考等具有重要的现实意义[5]
采用仰视声呐测量、电磁感应和走航观测等传统方法来研究极地海冰厚度,存在难度大、成本高、效率低、无法大面积应用和难以获取长期观测资料等不足,不利于了解海冰厚度的时空变化情况。近年来卫星高度计的发展较好地解决了这些难题。卫星高度计具有时空分辨率高、观测精度高的特点,使得获取连续大范围的海冰厚度成为可能[6-7]。然而,卫星高度计测量海冰厚度时并不是直接测量,而是通过获取海冰的冰面出水高度(海冰干舷高度),结合浮体定律实现海冰厚度的估算。海冰干舷是海冰高度和海平面瞬时高度的差值,而海平面瞬时高度可以表示为平均海平面高度与海平面高度异常之和。当前的平均海平面高度(MSS)模型主要有伦敦大学学院(The University College London,UCL)的MSS模型和丹麦技术大学(The Danish Technical University,DTU)的MSS模型。因此,比较分析不同MSS模型及其反演的海冰干舷的时空差异具有必要性。
本研究基于CryoSat-2 L1B雷达高度计数据,比较分析当前主要的MSS模型及其反演的海冰干舷的沿轨尺度差异和网格尺度差异,并对差异较大的区域进行深入分析,最后将反演的海冰干舷高度与冰桥计划(Operation IceBridge,OIB)实测数据进行了验证分析。
CryoSat-2是欧洲航天局于2010年4月发射的合成孔径雷达高度计,用来监测地球上海冰和大陆冰盖的变化[8]。它的轨道倾角为92°,轨道高度为717 km,空间覆盖范围达到南北纬88°。CryoSat-2搭载的SIRAL是工作在Ku波段的合成孔径干涉雷达高度计,中心频率为13.575 GHz,带宽约为320 MHz,运行全周期为369 d,运行子周期为30 d[8]。它的工作模式有3种:低分辨率模式(LRM)、合成孔径雷达模式(SAR)和干涉合成孔径雷达模式(SARIn)。其中,SAR模式主要用于海上浮冰和陆地冰盖的高分辨率测量,能够间接测量海冰厚度,沿轨分辨率约为0.3 km,跨轨分辨率约为1.5 km。在SAR模式中,对每个地面反射的脉冲信号采用含256个距离门的采样窗口进行波形采样,每个距离门的时间间隔为1.562 5 ns,每个距离门的空间距离为0.234 2 m[6]。欧空局提供了L1、L2和L2I 3种级别的产品(https://science-pds.cryosat.esa.int/),本文采用的是2017−2019年4月的SAR模式L1B级数据。
伦敦大学学院的MSS模型是利用ERS-2或CryoSat-2卫星高度计对海面高度的长期测量建立的,并根据需要增加了全球大地水准面模型,是专门为CryoSat-2基线C数据中的海冰分析而开发的[9-10]。UCL13 MSS模型由3个不同的区域组成:(1) 60°N以北的MSS数据是基于两个完整周期(2011年9月24日至2013年9月30日)的CroySat-2基线B数据合成的;(2)50°N以南是来自CLS(Collecte Localisation Satellites)2011年的全球MSS;(3)50°~60°N之间是由CLS 2011年全球MSS和CroySat-2 MSS合并而成[9-10]。UCL13 MSS通过欧空局CroySat-2基线CL2I级产品提供给用户,该产品可从欧空局网站获取(https://science-pds.cryosat.esa.int/)。
丹麦技术大学发布的全球MSS模型,由TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)、Jason-1、Jason-2、ERS-1、ERS-2、ENVISAT、ICESat、Geosat、GFO、CryoSat-2等多个卫星高度计数据融合而成。本研究中主要评估了UCL13、DTU10、DTU13、DTU15和DTU18 5个版本的平均海平面高度数据。其中,UCL13 MSS模型的参考椭球面是WGS84,而DTU系列MSS模型的参考椭球面是T/P,故根据公式(1)将DTU系列MSS模型的T/P参考椭球面转换到WGS84参考椭球面[9],其中DTU系列MSS数据可通过网站获取(ftp://ftp.space.dtu.dk/pub/)。
${{\rm{MSS}}_{{\rm{WGS84}}}} = {{\rm{MSS}}_{{\rm{T/P}}}} - 0.714.$
DTU10 MSS模型基于1993−2009年9个不同测高卫星的数据而生成,于2010年发布使用[9, 11]。DTU10 MSS模型由3个不同的区域组成:(1)在70°~81.5°N之间,使用ERS-1/2、Envisat和ICESat SSH数据生成;(2)在81.5°~86°N之间,使用ICESat数据生成;(3)在86°N以北,则使用EGM2008大地水准面模型[9, 11]
DTU13 MSS模型使用了1993−2012年10个不同测高卫星的数据生成,于2013年发布使用[9, 12]。DTU13 MSS模型在DTU10 MSS模型的基础上,添加了2012年的CryoSat-2和Jason-1的卫星数据。DTU13 MSS模型由4个不同的区域组成:(1)在70°~81.5°N之间,使用ERS-1/2、Envisat、ICESat和CryoSat-2 SSH数据生成;(2)在81.5°~86°N之间,使用ICESat和CryoSat-2数据生成;(3)在86°~88°N之间,使用CryoSat-2和EGM2008数据相结合生成;(4)在88°N以北,则使用EGM2008大地水准面模型[9, 12]
DTU15 MSS模型于2015年12月发布,相比于DTU10 MSS模型,多添加了近6年(2010–2015年)的CroySat-2基线B数据,但没有ICESat数据。DTU15 MSS模型由3个不同的区域组成:(1)在70°~81.5°N之间,使用ERS-1/2、ENVISAT和CroySat-2 SSH数据;(2)在81.5°~88°N之间,使用CroySat-2 SSH数据;(3)在88°N以北,则使用EGM2008大地水准面模型[9,13]
DTU18 MSS模型是最新发布的全球高分辨率平均海表面高度模型,于2018年发布使用。DTU18 MSS模型的主要改进是添加了3年的Sentinel-3A和改进的7年的CroySat-2 LRM数据;在数据处理流程中,实现了新的数据编辑和数据校正[14]。DTU18 MSS模型由3个不同的区域组成:(1)在70°~81.5°N之间,使用ERS-1/2、ENVISAT、Sentinel-3A和CroySat-2 SSH数据;(2)在81.5°~88°N之间,使用CroySat-2 SSH数据;(3)在88°N以北,则使用EGM2008大地水准面模型[14]图1列出了5种不同MSS模型模拟的平均海平面高度的空间分布。
机载冰桥计划(Operation IceBridge,OIB)实验是美国国家航空航天局(NASA)于2009年开始进行的极地航空遥感观测项目,其最初目的是弥补ICESat-1和ICESat-2两颗卫星运行期间存在的数据空白,于每年的3−5月份在南北极进行大尺度的海冰探测实验。该实验主要搭载有3种机载地形扫描测绘仪(Airborne Topographic Mapper, ATM)、数字测绘相机(Digital Mapping System Camera, DMS)和雪雷达(Snow Radar)。其中,ATM用于获取测量表面高度,空间分辨率为0.4 m,垂直分辨率为0.03 m;DMS用于识别海冰、海水和冰间水道等,空间分辨率为0.1 m;雪雷达用于测量积雪厚度,空间分辨率为40 m,垂直分辨率为0.06 m[15]。本文采用与CryoSat-2同时期的2017年4月、2018年4月和2019年4月的机载OIB数据作为验证数据,其航线如图2所示,机载OIB数据可通过网站获取(https://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0708/versions/1)。
本研究中使用的其他辅助数据包括:海冰密集度数据、海冰类型数据和积雪厚度数据,这些数据的时间都与CryoSat-2相对应,分别是2017年4月、2018年4月和2019年4月。其中,海冰密集度和海冰类型数据采用的都是欧洲气象卫星组织(European Organisation for Meteorological Satellites,EUMETSAT)海洋海冰应用中心(OSI-SAF)发布的数据,海冰密集度大于70%的区域对应的CryoSat-2数据用于海冰干舷计算,海冰类型数据用于区别一年冰和多年冰,两种数据可通过网站获取(http://osisaf.met.no/p/ice/)。积雪厚度采用的是来自阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所(Alfred-Wegener-Institute,AWI)的积雪厚度数据[16],可通过网站获取(https://data.seaiceportal.de/gallery/index_new.php?lang=en_US)。海底地形深度采用的是全球测深和高程数字高程模型[17](Global Bathymetry and Elevation Digital Elevation Model,SRTM30_PLUS)数据,可通过网站获取(https://eatlas.org.au/data/uuid/80301676-97fb-4bdf-b06c-e961e5c0cb0b)。
基于CryoSat-2 L1B反演海冰厚度的技术流程如图3所示。
具体流程为:
(1)首先对数据进行筛选,剔除60°N以南的区域数据。
(2)地物分类:借助AMSR-2海冰密集度数据来提取有效的海冰干舷计算区域,仅保留海冰密集度大于70%的CryoSat-2数据用于区分浮冰和冰间水道;由于脉冲信号在抵达海冰或积雪表面时发生漫反射,在抵达冰间水道时发生镜面反射,故可以借助脉冲峰值(Pulse Peakiness,PP)、标准差(Standard Deviation,STD)和峰度值(Kurtosis,K)来区分冰间水道和浮冰,当PP≥40且STD≤4且K≥40时为冰间水道,否则为浮冰[18],PP值可根据公式(2)进行计算[19];借助海冰类型数据将海冰分类为一年冰、多年冰和不确定冰型,仅保留一年冰和多年冰的区域用于海冰干舷反演。
${\rm{PP}} = \frac{{\max (W{F_i})}}{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{256} {W{F_i}} }} \times 256,$
式中,$W{F_i}$代表雷达波形在第i个距离门的功率。
(3)重跟踪校正:由于冰面特征的影响,会导致脉冲回波波形前缘中点发生偏移,故对于浮冰和冰间水道波形,采用第一个最大峰值功率(Threshold First Maximum Retracker Algorithm,TFMRA)的50%作为重跟踪点,进行重跟踪校正[18]
(4)接着将获得的冰间水道表面高程减去对应的平均海表面高度(MSS),即得到冰间水道点的海表面高度异常(SSA);然后插值出浮冰处的SSA,由浮冰的表面高程减去浮冰所对应的平均海表面高度以及插值出的浮冰处的SSA,从而得到雷达干舷高度。
(5)积雪速度校正:假定电磁波能完全穿透积雪厚度,由于电磁波在穿过积雪层时速度会发生衰减,故需要借助积雪厚度数据对雷达干舷高度进行校正,根据公式(3)得到海冰干舷高度[20-21]
${f_i} = {f_{\rm{r}}} + 0.22 \times {h_{\rm{s}}},$
式中,${f_i}$为海冰干舷;${f_{\rm{r}}}$为雷达干舷;${h_{\rm{s}}}$为积雪厚度。
(6)最后根据浮体公式,计算出海冰厚度。
为了进一步研究不同MSS模型中的沿轨差异,本文选取了过境时间为2019年4月24日轨道号为47928和2019年4月28日轨道号为47986的两轨数据作为研究对象,两条轨道全长约2 300 km,从俄罗斯北部的喀拉海到格陵兰岛北部的林肯海,包含北冰洋中部的许多复杂的海洋重力特征[9]图4给出了不同的MSS模型的沿轨差异和对应的水深图。从图4可以看出,与UCL13相比,差异由小至大的依次为DTU18、DTU15、DTU13和DTU10,说明了早期的DTU10和DTU13与UCL13的差异较大,未完全消除短波长重力特征的影响,最先进的MSS更有效地解决了短波长重力特征的问题[9];在靠近陆地区域,MSS的差别较大;同时DTU10和DTU13与UCL13的差异在接近林肯海海域逐渐变大,而DTU15和DTU18与UCL13的差异在接近林肯海海域逐渐接近0。
为了研究不同MSS模型在北极地区的空间差异,将其他DTU模型与UCL13作差,如图5所示,DTU10、DTU13和DTU15均比UCL13偏大;而在北冰洋的大部分区域,DTU18比UCL13偏小,而在巴伦支海,DTU18比UCL13稍大;其中以UCL13为基准,DTU10与UCL13的差异最大,其次分别为DTU13、DTU15,差异最小的为DTU18。图6统计了不同MSS模型的差异分布,不同MSS模型之间的平均绝对偏差范围为0.19~0.26 m,标准差范围为0.55~0.57 m。其中DTU10与UCL13的偏差最大,平均绝对偏差最大为0.26 m,标准差最大为0.57 m;DTU13与UCL13的偏差次之,平均绝对偏差为0.24 m,标准差为0.56 m;DTU15与UCL13的平均绝对偏差为0.24 m,标准差为0.56 m;DTU18与UCL13的偏差最小,平均绝对偏差为0.19 m,标准差为0.55 m,两者的差异分布最趋于0,主要是随着高分辨率测高数据的加入,MSS模型的不断改进,减小短波长重力特征对干舷反演的影响[9]
基于CryoSat-2 L1B数据,根据图3的流程来反演北极海冰干舷,其中采用5种不同的MSS模型来反演海冰干舷,分别将其格网化到25 km的EASE(Equal-Area Scalable Earth)极地网格,其空间分布如图7所示,在相同时段,5种不同MSS模型反演的北极干舷空间分布都很相似,由于加拿大北极群岛北部为多年冰区,故海冰干舷较高,而北极其他地区海冰干舷较低,主要是由于其他区域大多为一年冰区;且北极的海冰干舷大多在0.7 m以内。
本文首先探讨反演的海冰干舷在单轨上的差异,并对差异进行统计分析。如图8所示,DTU10和DTU13反演的海冰干舷与UCL13反演的海冰干舷差异较大,最大可超0.2 m,而DTU15和DTU18反演的海冰干舷与UCL13反演的海冰干舷差异较小,主要在0.1 m内;在喀拉海区域,海冰干舷差异较小,主要是因为喀拉海位于一年冰区,分布的冰间水道较多,MSS模型之间的偏差以相同的方式影响冰间水道和浮冰高度测量,因此相互抵消;而在接近北极中部和林肯海区域,海冰干舷差异较大,主要是因为北极中部和林肯海位于多年冰区,冰间水道分布较少,故不同MSS模型之间的偏差对海冰干舷的影响较大。
图9显示了不同DTU系列MSS模型反演的海冰干舷与UCL13 MSS反演的海冰干舷的网格差异结果。表1给出了以UCL13为参考的CryoSat-2数据不同MSS模型的网格北极海冰干舷差异统计结果。由图9可知,海冰干舷差异较大的区域主要在北极加拿大群岛北部和拉普捷夫海区域,主要是由于加拿大群岛为多年冰区,且正值北极春季,海冰冻结较多,而拉普捷夫海处于冰边缘和不结冰区域,故两个地区的冰间水道较少,因此会影响网格干舷结果。由表1可知,以UCL13为基准,所反演的海冰干舷网格偏差由小到大依次为DTU18、DTU15、DTU13和DTU10,反演的海冰干舷的平均绝对偏差范围为0.50~0.79 cm,标准差范围为1.17~1.74 cm。其中在2017年4月DTU18与UCL13的平均绝对偏差最小为0.52 cm,标准差最小达到1.45 cm,在2018年4月DTU18与UCL13的平均绝对偏差最小为0.50 cm,标准差最小达到1.17 cm,2019年4月DTU18与UCL13的平均绝对偏差最小为0.55 cm,标准差最小达到1.28 cm,两者反演的海冰干舷结果最接近;其次为DTU15,2017年4月的平均绝对偏差为0.54 cm,标准差为1.58 cm,2018年4月的平均绝对偏差为0.52 cm,标准差为1.27 cm,2019年4月的平均绝对偏差为0.57 cm,标准差为1.37 cm;接着为DTU13,2017年4月的平均绝对偏差为0.64 cm,标准差为1.73 cm,2018年4月的平均绝对偏差为0.63 cm,标准差为1.40 cm,2019年4月的平均绝对偏差为0.72 cm,标准差为1.58 cm;在2017年4月DTU10与UCL13的平均绝对偏差最大为0.69 cm,标准差最小达到1.74 cm,在2018年4月DTU10与UCL13的平均绝对偏差最大为0.70 cm,标准差最小达到1.49 cm,在2019年4月DTU10与UCL13的平均绝对偏差最大为0.79 cm,标准差最小达到1.68 cm。
将2017年4月至2019年4月反演的北极海冰干舷结果与相对应的实测OIB数据进行验证分析,如图10所示,5种MSS模型反演的海冰干舷的相关系数范围为0.70~0.71,均方根误差(RMSE)范围为7.7~7.8 cm,故不同MSS模型之间的偏差对整个北极地区的海冰干舷反演的影响较小,偏差以相同的方式影响冰间水道和浮冰高度测量,因此相互抵消。DTU15和DTU18反演的海冰干舷与实测OIB数据的相关性为0.71,均方根误差为7.7 cm;而DTU10次之,相关性均为0.71,均方根误差均为7.8 cm;DTU13和UCL13的相关性为0.70,均方根误差为7.8 cm。
研究采用了2017年4月、2018年4月和2019年4月的CryoSat-2 L1B数据和5种MSS模型,以UCL13为基准,分析了不同MSS模型及其反演的沿轨和网格化的海冰干舷差异,并与实测OIB机载数据进行相关性分析,主要得出结论如下:
(1)以UCL13为基准,不同MSS模型之间的平均绝对偏差范围为0.19~0.26 m,标准差范围为0.55~0.57 m;其中DTU18与UCL13的差异最小, DTU10与UCL13的差异最大。
(2)以UCL13为基准,其他4种MSS模型反演的海冰干舷的平均绝对偏差范围为0.50~0.79 cm,标准差范围为1.17~1.74 cm。通过与OIB机载数据相比,5种MSS模型反演的海冰干舷的相关系数范围为0.70~0.71,均方根误差范围为7.7~7.8 cm。故不同MSS模型之间的偏差对整个北极地区的海冰干舷反演的影响较小,偏差以相同的方式影响冰间水道和浮冰高度测量,因此可以相互抵消;但是在冰间水道分布稀疏的区域,如加拿大群岛北部和拉普捷夫海区域,不同MSS模型所反演的海冰干舷的差异较大。
本研究初步探讨了不同MSS模型及其反演的沿轨和网格化的海冰干舷差异,并未细分到北冰洋不同海域海平面高度和海冰干舷差异的探讨,后续将基于此,更深入地分析不同MSS模型及其反演的海冰干舷在不同海域差异的原因,从而获取长时间序列的精准的海冰干舷和海冰厚度产品,为研究极地海冰厚度的变化提供可靠的数据产品。
致谢:感谢欧洲航天局提供的CryoSat-2雷达高度计数据;感谢伦敦大学学院和丹麦技术大学提供的平均海表面高度数据;感谢欧洲气象卫星组织海洋海冰应用中心提供的海冰密集度和海冰类型数据;感谢阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳研究所提供的积雪厚度数据;感谢美国冰雪数据中心提供的Operation IceBridge数据;感谢加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校斯克里普斯海洋研究所提供的SRTM30_PLUS数据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1407200,2018YFC1407206);南极重点海域对气候变化的响应和影响专项(IRASCC2020-2022-No.01-01-03)
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2021年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021109
  • 接收时间:2020-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-23
  • 修回日期:2021-04-12
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国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1407200,2018YFC1407206);南极重点海域对气候变化的响应和影响专项(IRASCC2020-2022-No.01-01-03)
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    1国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
    2国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
    3自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用研究重点实验室,北京 100081

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路晓庆,工程师,主要从事海洋遥感研究。E-mail:
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