Article(id=1233907182677315674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233907180928299124, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1585756800000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-02, revisedDate=1587830400000, revisedDateStr=2020-04-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772115997237, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1627142400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772115997237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772115997237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115997237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233907180928299124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772115996820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115996820, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233907182966722652, articleId=1233907182677315674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Characteristics of katabatic winds from Dome A to the coast of Prydz Bay, Antarctica, columnId=1233907181909766263, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Polar sea ice and climate change, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using archived data from Chinese Polar Numerical Weather Forecasting System (PNWFS) and America Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System, the spatial and temporal distribution of katabatic winds and air mass flux from Dome A to the coast of Prydz Bay are analyzed, and basic characteristics of katabatic winds in the region are depicted. It is found that the katabatic winds in this area is strongly affected by the terrain of the Antarctica ice sheet. Steep terrain such as the western side of the Amery Ice Shelf sees stronger katabatic winds than smooth terrain does; and the katabatic winds vary greatly with the season for temporal distribution with stronger winds in winter. Adiabatic warming, which can be found in the area where strong katabatic winds flow, causes increasing of near surface temperature at the Amery Ice Shelf. The maximum katabatic wind speed zone is located at a height of about 100 m to 200 m above the ground. Katabatic winds extents to higher altitudes while surface winds are stronger. The surface air mass flux of the katabatic winds along the coast of the Prydz Bay is extremely uneven in spatial and temporal distribution. Strong katabatic winds in the Amery Ice Shelf are linked to more mesoscale cyclone activities in the Prydz Bay waters. The process of mesoscale cyclones induced by katabatic winds in the Prydz Bay is worthy of attention, thus the mechanism of cyclogenesis forced by katabatic winds needs further notice.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qizhen Sun, Zhanhai Zhang, Min Fu, Chunhua Li, Ting Qin, Zhuoming Ding, Jiechen Zhao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233907186431217783, articleId=1233907182677315674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸下降风特征, columnId=1233907182194978940, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地海冰与气候研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用我国极地数值天气预报系统和美国南极中尺度预报系统的存档数据,分析了Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区下降风风场的时空分布和大气质量通量,给出了该地区下降风的基本特点。该地区下降风受南极冰盖地形影响强烈,艾默里冰架西侧等陡峭地区风速总体较大;下降风随季节变化较大,冬季的下降风较强。强下降风在前进过程中有绝热增温现象,并给艾默里冰架西部带来近表层升温。下降风风速最大处位于地面以上约100~200 m高度,风速较大地区的下降风在垂直方向上分布较为深厚。下降风在普里兹湾沿岸的表层大气质量通量在时空分布上极不均匀,艾默里冰架西侧的下降风气流较强时,普里兹湾海域有较多的中尺度气旋活动。下降风引发普里兹湾中尺度气旋旋生的过程值得关注,需进一步研究下降风引发中尺度气旋的机理。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=suPP1uSGrfavdVXonYLeEA==, magXml=tKlIyFUV8e8wvRgiZcKDlg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=pxGaAN1hoKTqvy1WD/ngow==, pdfFileSize=6981796, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=p6iIeKcYEY/iI8IilFBxuw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gNVrzjOSnDO7NmbE+pjbyA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙启振(1984-),男,山东省日照市人,副研究员,从事极地气象研究和预报。E-mail:

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孙启振(1984-),男,山东省日照市人,副研究员,从事极地气象研究和预报。E-mail:

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孙启振(1984-),男,山东省日照市人,副研究员,从事极地气象研究和预报。E-mail:

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Contour interval is 500 m on the base map; the red, blue, green and black dots indicate Dome A, Taishan Station, Zhongshan Station and west of Amery Ice Shelf, respectively

, figureFileSmall=XSI6lkU3fk6S3i12asKJrA==, figureFileBig=FQFfT1WWAPBjn2xMWS6Diw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117308777004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南极大陆冬季表层流场分布

底图等高线间隔为500 m,红色、蓝色、绿色和黑色圆点分别表示Dome A、泰山站、中山站和艾默里冰架西侧位置

, figureFileSmall=XSI6lkU3fk6S3i12asKJrA==, figureFileBig=FQFfT1WWAPBjn2xMWS6Diw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117442994737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Domains of the Chinese Polar numerical weather prediction system (a) and the America Antarctic mesoscale prediction system (b), figureFileSmall=o4A87pIBucLGX1VQX3/xTA==, figureFileBig=Lcaxkukft4esB5MjAYrALA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117531075125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图2, caption=我国极地数值天气预报系统(a)与美国南极中尺度预报系统(b)的区域设置, figureFileSmall=o4A87pIBucLGX1VQX3/xTA==, figureFileBig=Lcaxkukft4esB5MjAYrALA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117644321337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Monthly mean wind patterns of the Dome A to Prydz Bay area, Antarctica, from January 2014 to December 2016, figureFileSmall=uovBYJ4SZWRWrTutN6qxJA==, figureFileBig=04XaKJCak1FqqW3dGL4hYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117740790332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图3, caption=南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区2014年1月至2016年12月的月平均风场, figureFileSmall=uovBYJ4SZWRWrTutN6qxJA==, figureFileBig=04XaKJCak1FqqW3dGL4hYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117841453635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Profiles of wind speed (a) and wind direction (b) at Dome A, Taishan Station, Zhongshan Station and west of Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica, figureFileSmall=DvFL4dQrTI0MCIQAW2jRHw==, figureFileBig=O+h+SsWMyzHrzR8Z0Z3XvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047117988254275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图4, caption=南极Dome A、泰山站、中山站以及艾默里冰架西侧等地点的风速(a)和风向(b)垂直分布, figureFileSmall=DvFL4dQrTI0MCIQAW2jRHw==, figureFileBig=O+h+SsWMyzHrzR8Z0Z3XvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118063751750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The profile of Antarctic winter katabatic winds of Dome A (80.0°S, 80.0°E) to coast (67.5°S, 80.0°E) (a) and west (71.0°S, 60.0°E) to east (71.0°S, 75.0°E) of Amery Ice Shelf (b), figureFileSmall=QAhQtayx+Y3nKDpvrG03BQ==, figureFileBig=0Xcw6JaqgldlIwN8gxdGvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118147637833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图5, caption=南极冬季Dome A附近A点(80.0°S, 80.0°E)至大陆沿岸B点(67.5°S, 80.0°E) (a)和艾默里冰架西侧C点(71.0°S, 60.0°E)至东侧D点(71.0°S, 75.0°E) (b)下降风垂向剖面图, figureFileSmall=QAhQtayx+Y3nKDpvrG03BQ==, figureFileBig=0Xcw6JaqgldlIwN8gxdGvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118223135311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Seasonally mean of surface air mass flux from the Dome A to the coast of Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during 2014 to 2016

a. March to May; b. June to August; c. September to November; d. December to February of the following year

, figureFileSmall=VJvtUO1LFdFvYhlSHpnzvw==, figureFileBig=wj6e8NsZx6JFKlqk+9gflQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118307021394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图6, caption=南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区2014−2016年季节平均的表层大气质量通量

a. 3−5月;b. 6−8月;c. 9−11月;d. 12月至翌年2月

, figureFileSmall=VJvtUO1LFdFvYhlSHpnzvw==, figureFileBig=wj6e8NsZx6JFKlqk+9gflQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118407684695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Seasonally mean of potential temperature (a−d) and 2 m air temperature and 10 m wind (e−h) of Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica, during 2014 to 2016

a, e. March to May; b, f. June to August; c, g. September to November; d, h. December to February of the following year

, figureFileSmall=8Ag1w+TMJ4zenO2EP3ijWQ==, figureFileBig=TtgqyAZaIemv1zcVv5sjqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118483182172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图7, caption=南极艾默里冰架2014−2016年季节平均的位温(a−d)和2 m气温场和10 m风场(e−h)

a, e. 3−5月;b, f. 6−8月;c, g. 9−11月;d, h. 12月至翌年2月

, figureFileSmall=8Ag1w+TMJ4zenO2EP3ijWQ==, figureFileBig=TtgqyAZaIemv1zcVv5sjqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118688703074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Seasonally mean of longitudinal distribution of surface air mass flux along the coast of Prydz Bay, Antarctica

MAM: March to May; JJA: June to August; SON: September to November; DJF: December to February of the following year; MAX−MIN: difference of maximum and minimum seasonally mean

, figureFileSmall=6o74Dkd5rxDFzJbJxXNtvg==, figureFileBig=53i7wMEggzBgl/k8naCLzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118793560676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图8, caption=南极普里兹湾沿岸季节平均表层大气质量通量经向分布

MAM:3−5月;JJA:6−8月;SON:9−11月;DJF:12月至翌年2月;MAX−MIN:季节平均最大值与最小值之差

, figureFileSmall=6o74Dkd5rxDFzJbJxXNtvg==, figureFileBig=53i7wMEggzBgl/k8naCLzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047118911001192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The distribution of cyclones number density near the Zhongshan Station, Antarctica (cited from reference [20])

a. September to November; b. December to February of the following year; c. March to May; d. June to August. The asterisk indicate the location of Zhongshan Station, and the red dots indicate the number of cyclones ≥40; the purple dots indicate 30≤ number of cyclones <40; the yellow dots indicate 20≤ number of cyclones <30; the green dots indicate 10≤number of cyclones <20; the blue dots indicate 1 ≤ number of cyclones <10

, figureFileSmall=b7FRccGtFrAw5pAkr6jGYQ==, figureFileBig=QrBj+rqfJkbcTzomg4e5aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047119032636010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907182677315674, language=CN, label=图9, caption=南极中山站附近区域1979−2013年平均气旋活动分布(引自文献[20])

a. 9−11月;b. 12月至翌年2月;c. 3−5月;d. 6−8月。星号表示中山站的位置,红点表示气旋数量≥40个;紫点表示30个≤气旋数量<40个;黄点表示20个≤气旋数量<30个;绿点表示10个≤气旋数量<20个;蓝点表示1个≤气旋数量<10个

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南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸下降风特征
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孙启振 1, 2 , 张占海 1, 3 , 付敏 2 , 李春花 2 , 秦听 2 , 丁卓铭 2 , 赵杰臣 2
海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021,43(7): 125-137
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海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021, 43(7): 125-137
南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸下降风特征
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孙启振1, 2 , 张占海1, 3, 付敏2, 李春花2, 秦听2, 丁卓铭2, 赵杰臣2
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2国家海洋环境预报中心 自然资源部海洋灾害预报技术重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 3中国极地研究中心,上海 200136
  • 孙启振(1984-),男,山东省日照市人,副研究员,从事极地气象研究和预报。E-mail:

Characteristics of katabatic winds from Dome A to the coast of Prydz Bay, Antarctica
Qizhen Sun1, 2 , Zhanhai Zhang1, 3, Min Fu2, Chunhua Li2, Ting Qin2, Zhuoming Ding2, Jiechen Zhao2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
出版时间: 2021-07-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021079
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本文利用我国极地数值天气预报系统和美国南极中尺度预报系统的存档数据,分析了Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区下降风风场的时空分布和大气质量通量,给出了该地区下降风的基本特点。该地区下降风受南极冰盖地形影响强烈,艾默里冰架西侧等陡峭地区风速总体较大;下降风随季节变化较大,冬季的下降风较强。强下降风在前进过程中有绝热增温现象,并给艾默里冰架西部带来近表层升温。下降风风速最大处位于地面以上约100~200 m高度,风速较大地区的下降风在垂直方向上分布较为深厚。下降风在普里兹湾沿岸的表层大气质量通量在时空分布上极不均匀,艾默里冰架西侧的下降风气流较强时,普里兹湾海域有较多的中尺度气旋活动。下降风引发普里兹湾中尺度气旋旋生的过程值得关注,需进一步研究下降风引发中尺度气旋的机理。

南极  /  下降风  /  表层大气质量通量  /  中尺度气旋

Using archived data from Chinese Polar Numerical Weather Forecasting System (PNWFS) and America Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System, the spatial and temporal distribution of katabatic winds and air mass flux from Dome A to the coast of Prydz Bay are analyzed, and basic characteristics of katabatic winds in the region are depicted. It is found that the katabatic winds in this area is strongly affected by the terrain of the Antarctica ice sheet. Steep terrain such as the western side of the Amery Ice Shelf sees stronger katabatic winds than smooth terrain does; and the katabatic winds vary greatly with the season for temporal distribution with stronger winds in winter. Adiabatic warming, which can be found in the area where strong katabatic winds flow, causes increasing of near surface temperature at the Amery Ice Shelf. The maximum katabatic wind speed zone is located at a height of about 100 m to 200 m above the ground. Katabatic winds extents to higher altitudes while surface winds are stronger. The surface air mass flux of the katabatic winds along the coast of the Prydz Bay is extremely uneven in spatial and temporal distribution. Strong katabatic winds in the Amery Ice Shelf are linked to more mesoscale cyclone activities in the Prydz Bay waters. The process of mesoscale cyclones induced by katabatic winds in the Prydz Bay is worthy of attention, thus the mechanism of cyclogenesis forced by katabatic winds needs further notice.

Antarctica  /  katabatic winds  /  atmospheric surface mass flux  /  mesoscale cyclone
孙启振, 张占海, 付敏, 李春花, 秦听, 丁卓铭, 赵杰臣. 南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸下降风特征. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (7) : 125 -137 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021079
Qizhen Sun, Zhanhai Zhang, Min Fu, Chunhua Li, Ting Qin, Zhuoming Ding, Jiechen Zhao. Characteristics of katabatic winds from Dome A to the coast of Prydz Bay, Antarctica[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (7) : 125 -137 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021079
南极大陆冰盖辐射冷却使低层大气温度降低、密度增大,冰盖上的冷空气沿斜坡加速向下流动从而形成下降风。南极下降风在水平方向上绵延数千千米,而在垂直方向上仅到达地面以上数百米的高度[1]。由于南极大陆冰盖高原中间高四周低,内陆区域相对平坦广阔,沿岸区域地形较为陡峭,因此南极下降风在空间分布上极不均匀,在部分沿岸地区形成持续的强风,Yamada和Hirasawa[2]认为强下降风主要集中在艾默里冰架、罗斯冰架、阿德利地等地区。南极下降风的风向较为稳定,其分布形态决定了南极大陆近表层风场的主要特征[3-4]图1为利用我国极地数值天气预报系统数据绘制的南极冬季典型的表层大气流场,可见南极大陆表层的风主要起源于冰盖最高处Dome A地区,在沿岸部分地区形成起强风汇集区,风场分布形态与地形密切相关。
关于南极大陆下降风的理论研究始于20世纪50年代[5]。Carrasco等[6]和Bromwich等[7]发现南极下降风影响着南大洋的海气相互作用及气旋的生成和发展,在南半球大气环流中也占有重要地位[8-9]。Parish和Bromwich[10]使用数值模式模拟了南极冬季平均表层风场,给出了南极表层风场的大尺度特征,并对艾默里冰架、罗斯冰架等地形较为陡峭的沿岸区域的强风进行了分析,这是关于南极下降风最早的大尺度数值模拟结果。此后,Parish和Bromwich[11]利用再分析数据对南极下降风进行了更多深入的研究,重点关注了高空风场的情况。
南极下降风的形成机理是冷空气沿斜坡下行,在前进过程中给下游带来冷平流,同时也伴随着绝热压缩增温和湍流混合现象[12]。Parish和Bromwich[13]、Bromwich[14]、Carrasco和Bromwich[15]发现强下降风在南极罗斯海沿岸地区可能会导致中尺度气旋的产生,并可能与大尺度环流有密切关联。下降风在南极冰盖表层大气的质量和热量输送过程中发挥着重要作用,长期持续稳定的大气质量通量和热量通量强烈影响着下游地区的气候状况,例如Zhou等[16]通过卫星资料发现艾默里冰架夏季东侧冰面温度比西侧高,可能是下降风影响的结果。南极下降风产生的大气质量通量可能影响中纬度与高纬度大尺度环流的相互作用[17]
我国南极昆仑站位于冰盖最高处Dome A区域,中山站位于普里兹湾沿岸,泰山站位于昆仑站和中山站之间。南大洋普里兹湾以南的艾默里冰架地区是南极的强下降风汇集区之一。Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸区域的气候状况反映了南极表层风场的典型特征,Ding等[18-19]发现该地区的冰盖质量平衡和能量平衡密切相关。该地区的下降风起源于Dome A区域,下降风途经泰山站并逐渐增强;到达位于艾默里冰架附近沿岸地区的中山站时,风速更强。普里兹湾是中小尺度气旋和天气尺度气旋的频发地区,气旋具有明显的季节变化[20-21],影响普里兹湾沿岸地区的气旋系统和下降风给我国南极中山站的科考工作带来诸多困难。
国外已有学者开展了南极冰盖下降风大气质量通量的研究[22-24],但对南极Dome A至普里兹湾区域表层大气质量通量仍然缺少相关研究。对此Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸区域的表层风场进行深入研究,有利于增强我们对东南极气候特征的理解,进而更好地了解普里兹湾沿岸地区的冰盖−大气−海洋相互作用机制。本文拟分析自南极Dome A区域流经艾默里冰架地区并进入普里兹湾海域的下降风特征,研究下降风对该地区气候的作用,并讨论其对普里兹湾海域气旋活动的影响。
国家海洋环境预报中心负责我国极地考察气象预报保障工作。2011年,国家海洋环境预报中心引进美国俄亥俄州立大学研发的极地中尺度大气数值模式Polar WRF(关于该模式的更多信息可见文献[25-26]),建立了我国极地数值天气预报系统,每日定时提供南极和北极地区的业务化数值天气预报产品[27]。2017年12月,极地数值天气预报系统得到升级,采用最新版Polar WRF V3.9.1,并实现可准实时循环同化多种卫星资料和极地地面观测资料。预报模式和同化模块的驱动场分别来自于NCEP GFS和FNL数据。2018年极地数值天气预报系统的同化模块得以继续完善,实现了用WRF-3DVAR方案同化GDAS卫星数据为预报模块提供初始场的业务化运行。极地大气数值预报系统每日00:00 UTC、12:00 UTC定时运行,预报时效为120 h,预报时间间隔为1 h。预报系统的模式配置在垂直方向上分为61层,并在低层进行垂直加密,以更好地捕捉极地大气边界层的垂直结构。
根据极地地区天气气候特点和地形下垫面特点,极地数值天气预报系统采用如下参数化方案:微物理过程选取WSM5方案;长波辐射选取RRMT方案;短波辐射方案选取Goddard方案;边界层方案选取MYJ方案;积云方案选取Kain-Fritsh方案。针对我国南极考察需求,预报系统在南极地区使用6重网格嵌套(图2),粗网格区域覆盖南极大陆及南大洋部分海域,细网格区域覆盖东南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区、南极半岛、罗斯海西岸等我国南极考察的重点关注地区,最高水平分辨率为3 km,可对南极表层风场进行模拟和预报。本文采用极地数值天气预报系统粗网格区域和覆盖东南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸区域的2019年数据,水平分辨率分别为27 km和9 km。
美国南极中尺度预报系统(AMPS)由美国国家大气研究中心和俄亥俄州立大学合作开发,自2000年开始为美国及各国的南极科考提供天气预报支持[28-29]。目前AMPS采用最新版Polar WRF模式,在垂直方向上分为60层,最底层大约为地面以上10 m,最低的12层位于地面以上1 km高度内。其最新配置为,在南极地区设置有6个嵌套区域(图2),其中最外层粗网格区域包含南大洋,其水平分辨率为24 km,内层各区域分别覆盖南极大陆、罗斯冰架西北部分和维多利亚地东岸等区域,分辨率为8 km、2.67 km、0.89 km等。AMPS模式在南极天气预报和气候研究中有较多应用,如Wille等[30]和Kirchgaessner等[31]用于模拟低层风场、Bromwich等[7]用于分析南极沿岸气旋活动、Dittmann等[32]用于研究南极地区的降水,以及Hines等[33]用于研究南极低层大气云物理等。本文选用2014−2016年AMPS南极大陆区域(水平分辨率为10 km)的存档数据,数据来源于美国俄亥俄州立大学伯德极地研究中心(http://polarmet.osu.edu)。
图3为2014−2016年南极大陆冰盖Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区月平均10 m风场。该区域的表层风场总体空间分布形势随时间的变化较小。风场起源于南极冰盖海拔较高地区,在3 500 m海拔以上冰盖地区的表层风速全年均较小。表层风在气压梯度力、地面摩擦力和科里奥利力的共同作用下沿斜坡下滑,此过程中风向发生偏移,最终与地形等高线呈基本恒定的夹角。与南极大陆其他地区风场分布类似,该地区下降风的分布形态主要取决于地形作用和下降风形成机制,很少受较低纬度地区天气尺度系统的影响。
地形与下降风的空间分布密切相关,随着下降风的前进,在地形坡度较大的沿岸陡峭地区风速总体较大,极大风区位于强风汇集区的下游。冰盖斜坡下降风在天气尺度系统或者地形的影响下,在平坦的冰架上向前延伸,这种现场被称为下降风涌动。艾默里冰架西侧的斜坡是本文研究区域中的强下降风汇集区,强烈的偏西风到达地势较低的平坦冰架后,与冰架东侧的东风气流相遇汇合,然后转向北。这两股强下降风气流在艾默里冰架地区经常形成较弱的中小尺度气旋。
在不同季节,Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区的下降风风速有较大区别。强风区的风速在每年11月至翌年2月较小,3月至9月风速较大。在风速较强的冬季(6−8月),强风风速可达25 m/s左右,气流流经大陆沿岸后,继续向西北方向延伸至普里兹湾海域,其延伸范围在冬季可达数百千米以上。夏季时风力较弱,最大风速仅约15 m/s,对普里兹湾海域的影响较小。夏季普里兹湾沿岸不受气旋系统活动影响时,下降风具有典型的日循环特征[4]
为分析下降风自Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸沿途的风速和风向垂直分布特征,本文选取Dome A、泰山站、中山站以及艾默里冰架西侧等4个地点(位置见图1)。由图4可见,近地层下降风最小的地区为Dome A,风速最大地区为艾默里冰架西侧。各个地点下降风在地面以上100~200 m高度附近风速最大,其中艾默里冰架西侧下降风的强风可达地面以上250 m高度,高空最大风速可达地面风速的约1.5倍。下降风在距离地面300 m以上高度时风速迅速减小并稳定在5~10 m/s的量级,这表明300 m以上的水平气压场不太可能受地面辐射冷却影响,但气压场的调整可能仍然与南极大陆地形阻塞有关。风速廓线所表现出的另一个特点是,沿岸风速较大地区的下降风较为深厚,而内陆地区下降风较为浅薄。
从风向的垂直分布来看,4个地点的风向随着高度增加均不同程度地向左偏转,并在约400 m高度与南极大陆等高线近似平行。在约1 500 m高度以上,Dome A地区和艾默里冰架西侧的高空风向均有明显偏转,前者是因为高空环流形势与地面明显不同,高空有气流汇集下沉补充下降风流走的大气质量损失;后者是因为地面陡峭地形难以影响到高空风场。
图5a为自Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸冬季风场剖面图,图5b为横穿艾默里冰架的冬季风场剖面图。需要注意的是图中横向和纵向的比例不代表南极地区真实地形比例。由于下降风位于低层大气,因此图中只给出了模式中地面以上15层的数据,表现出距离地面大约1 600 m高度内的风速剖面特征。下降风在垂直方向上的显著特点是,强风区有明显的边缘线。由图5a可见,该地区表层风速大于10 m/s的下降风基本集中在地面以上大约400 m之内高度,风速大于15 m/s的强下降风集中在地面上约200 m高度之内。图中最右侧在海面以上2 km具有较强风速,是由于南大洋上空气旋活动的缘故。
图5b表明,艾默里冰架西侧的下降风气流泄流到冰架平坦的冰面上时,在垂直方向上可以达到地面上约600~800 m高度,而且此地区风速也比本文研究区域的其他地区风速更大。在冰架东侧,由于两股方向近乎相反的气流在此汇合,导致风速较小。
利用AMPS数据的10 m高度风场,计算了表层大气质量通量Φ,即单位时间内通过单位面积的大气质量,其国际标准制单位为kg/(s·m2),计算方法为
$ \varPhi =\rho V=PV/\left[{R}_{d}T\right(1+0.608q\left)\right], $
式中$ \ \rho $为湿空气密度,单位:kg/m3P为气压,单位:Pa;V为风速,单位:m/s;Rd为比气体常数,约等于287J/(kg·K);T为气温,单位:K;q为比湿,单位:kg/kg。
图6可见,表层大气质量通量在由冰盖内陆至普里兹湾沿岸过程中在经向分布上极不均匀,在部分沿岸地区较为集中,这与图3中表层风场的分布形态基本一致,可见大气质量通量主要与风速有关,而受气温变化和空气密度变化的影响较小。概括来看,大气质量通量强度的空间分布形态与地形具有较强的相似性,等高线密集地区的大气质量通量较强。边界层内大气质量通量具有半永久性特征,这主要是受地形和风向的定常性决定的。
由于下降风是来自南极内陆冰盖上的强冷空气,其大气质量通量可以对下游地区的天气和气候环境产生强烈影响。由冰盖内陆流向普里兹湾沿岸的大气质量通量在冬季(6−8月)最大,在夏季(12月至翌年2月)最小。在艾默里冰架西侧的大气质量通量显著影响着普里兹湾海域,此处的大量冷空气通过海−冰−气相互作用对普里兹湾海域的海冰生消、冰间湖形成、气旋活动都有重要影响。在结冰季节,艾默里冰架前缘仍常常出现大片无冰或薄冰的区域,即冰间湖。这类冰间湖每年都会在艾默里冰架前缘西部出现,Francis等[34]认为这是由于强劲的南极下降风沿着冰架而下,不断地将新生成的海冰吹向外海而形成。但需要说明的是,南极沿岸海域中冰间湖的形成并不是完全取决于下降风,水深、地形以及表层风场的综合作用影响着大多数冰间湖的形成过程[35]。由于目前缺乏可靠的再分析资料产品,对这类冰间湖的长期生消过程特征缺乏研究[36]
南极冰盖高原各个季节表层气温空间分布形势均与海拔高度分布形势相似,冰盖高原气温较低,沿岸地区气温相对较高。冰盖的冬季气温比夏季气温总体约低30~40°C。从表层大气冷平流的空间分布形势来说,各个季节的表层风几乎总是由低温区吹向高温区,给下游带来冷平流。在南极内陆冰盖高原上,温度梯度较小,同时由于此处风速较小,因此冷平流相对较弱;在沿岸地区温度梯度大,冷平流较强。冬季由于气温低、风速大,冷平流的强度总体来看远远高于夏季。
在Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区,艾默里冰架地势较低,是下降风气流的汇聚区(图3),因此艾默里冰架表层风和温度的分布特征具有其特殊性。
位温的空间分布可以反映出近地层大气热力过程。由图7可见,除夏季之外的3个季节,艾默里冰架西侧的强下降风在到达海拔较低的冰架之前,气温在空间上变化幅度较大,但其位温基本保持不变,这表明强下降风在从冰盖斜坡较高处到达平坦冰架的过程近似可认为是干绝热过程。在下降过程中,在冰架西部呈现较为显著的近表层升温现象,这种增温现象有多方面的原因,一是气流在高度下降时气压增加、体积被压缩,有绝热增温过程;二是强下降风给冰架表面带来强烈的湍流混合,破坏或减弱了冰面上的逆温。冬季由于冰面逆温较强,因此下降风引发的湍流混合带来的表面升温过程尤其明显,可通过卫星红外遥感图像识别出来[37]。艾默里冰架与其两侧冰盖斜坡相比,其位温相对较小,主要是因为冰架近表层温度比周边区域偏低,这种现象在南极罗斯冰架和龙尼冰架也同样存在。
夏季(12月至翌年2月)艾默里冰架两侧下降风均较弱,此时绝热增热效应小于下降风冷空气给下游带来的降温效应,因此冰架西部气温稍低于东部,这也导致了冰架西部的夏季冰表面融化日数比东部少[16]。在其他季节,冰架东部的表层气温低于西部,可能是因为冰架东侧坡度较小,下降风较缓和,从而绝热增温和湍流混合过程相对较弱。
为了分析来自南极冰盖区域的下降风气流进入普里兹湾的大气质量通量,绘制了普里兹湾沿岸季节平均的大气质量通量随经度的变化曲线(图8)。66°~74°E之间、90°~96°E之间海岸线上进入普里兹湾的大气质量通量处于较高的水平,该类区域冰盖坡度较大,全年风速较强。这与Parish和Bromwich[11]的结论一致。57°~58°E之间和76°E附近区域大气质量通量较小,来自不同方向的下降风气流在此类区域汇合,从而风速较小。就季节分布而言,各区域在冬季的大气质量通量总体上最大,夏季最小。图中的黑色曲线是各季节最大值与最小值之差,可见大气质量通量较大的区域的冬夏季之差也最大。
秦听等[20]对普里兹湾海域气旋活动进行了统计分析,研究了南极中山站附近海域的气旋时空分布特征。该研究发现,中山站附近区域气旋活动具有明显的季节变化,冬季和春季气旋活动最为频繁,夏季的气旋数量偏少偏弱。气旋活动的纬度集中在70°S以北,主要位于普里兹湾西北方向的南印度洋。
结合本文图8与秦听等[20]中山站附近区域气旋活动分布情况(图9)分析,从空间分布看,66°~74°E之间大气质量通量较强的区域,其气旋活动比其他区域在全年均较强,57°~58°E区域以及76°E附近区域气旋活动较弱,这与大气质量通量较弱的特征相对应。在季节分布特征方面,普里兹湾沿岸的气旋活动总体上在冬季较强,夏季较弱。冬季的气旋活动范围向南延伸至艾默里冰架南部,夏季仅限于大陆沿岸附近地区。这一特点与从南极冰盖输入沿岸的下降风大气质量通量季节变化特征有较强的相关性。这是在季节尺度上关于普里兹湾沿岸气旋与艾默里冰架下降风关系的初步判断,更深入的研究需结合大尺度天气形势进行气旋个例分析研究。
南极大陆沿岸风速较强的地区,中尺度气旋活动较为频繁。南大洋中尺度气旋旋生位置大致在60°~70°S之间南极绕极低压槽的南部,其中南极普里兹湾、罗斯海、阿蒙森海以及别林斯高晋海是中尺度气旋数量最多的海域[38-39, 14]。这些中尺度气旋能够将暖湿气流输送至南极沿岸地区,带来强风和雪暴等恶劣天气,给海上作业和南极沿岸站点带来威胁[6, 20]
对于南极罗斯海沿岸下降风引发中尺度气旋个例已经有较多研究,目前较为公认的理论是,来自南极冰盖下降风的爆发性冷空气为暖湿洋面带来冷气流,如果伴随有较弱的地面低压槽,就可能在南极大陆沿岸地区边界层内形成水平温度梯度,并可能增强边界层中的气旋性涡度,从而为中尺度气旋的形成创造条件(Bromwich等[7, 14];Carrasco和Bromwich[40-41])。除了南极大陆之外,Klein和Heinemann[42]研究发现格陵兰岛东岸的下降风气流同样可能增强或者引发中尺度气旋,这同样是因为下降风带来的大量冷空气能够显著增强海洋大气低层的斜压不稳定性。
需要指出的是,由于下降风在垂直方向上通常仅有数百米,因此在更多的情况下南极沿岸中尺度气旋的生成仍然依赖于天气尺度环流背景、南极大陆沿岸地形阻挡效应、近岸冰间湖等多种因素。天气尺度低压系统可使浅薄的下降风到达南极冰盖沿岸地区时在垂直尺度上有所扩展,或者协助增强水平方向上的沿岸下降风涌动,进而增强大气边界层的气旋性涡度并引起中尺度气旋的爆发。在此过程中,冰间湖上空的热通量交换传输会进一步增强中尺度气旋的发展[43]。生命期较长且水平尺度较大的中尺度气旋的爆发和发展过程除了受上述因素影响之外,还可能伴随着高层大气位势涡度异常[44]
鉴于极地天气气候研究领域对中尺度气旋的发生发展机制仍不甚清楚,近年来国际上召开了多次关于极地中尺度气旋和极地低压(极地低压属于中尺度气旋的一种,其地面强风大于15 m/s)的专题研讨会,此领域学者普遍认为需用卫星资料、现场观测、数值模拟等途径对中尺度气旋和极地低压的爆发过程进行更加全面系统的研究[45-47]
我国南极中山站位于普里兹湾沿岸,科考活动经常受到下降风和中尺度气旋的影响。解思梅等[48]研究发现,普里兹湾气旋能否发展的关键问题是海冰的多少和分布情况。海冰直接影响海表面温度,在高温暖湿的海面上容易使气旋发展或形成新生气旋。气旋越过冰坝进入长时间维持的冰间湖会爆发性发展,其强度能够达到12级以上强风。截至目前,国内外仍然缺乏对南极普里兹湾海域中尺度气旋艾默里冰架强下降风关系的研究。
我国南极考察队每年夏季在普里兹湾海域进行海上考察作业时,经常受到偏东下降风堆积的冰山和浮冰的阻碍。有时出现的微弱偏西风则有助于海冰的疏散,从而利于考察队的现场作业。这类偏西风可能来自艾默里冰架西侧的下降风,也可能来自普里兹湾海域的中尺度气旋。因此,在艾默里冰架地区开展地面气象观测和边界层探空观测,对该地区下降风和中尺度气旋特征进行深入研究,探索下降风引发中尺度气旋旋生的机制,将有助于更加全面地把握该地区的气候特点,这对于改善该地区下降风和中尺度气旋预报能力具有重要的科学意义和现实意义。
南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸这一广阔区域,覆盖着南极冰盖最高处、坡度缓和的南极内陆、地形陡峭的普里兹湾沿岸以及平坦的艾默里冰架,是研究南极下降风的理想区域。结合我国南极考察需求,南极下降风对普里兹湾沿岸气旋活动的影响也值得关注。
本文利用我国极地数值天气预报系统和美国南极中尺度预报系统的近年存档数据,对南极Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区的下降风开展了特征分析。通过分析下降风风场的时空分布、垂向分布、水平大气质量通量,给出了该地区下降风的基本特点,分析了下降风对艾默里冰架的局地影响,并结合前人研究讨论了艾默里冰架沿岸下降风与普里兹湾气旋活动的关联。
本文分析发现,在时空分布上而言,该区域下降风在3 500 m海拔以上冰盖地区的表层风速全年均较小,在地形坡度较大的沿岸陡峭地区风速总体较大。艾默里冰架西侧的斜坡是本文研究区域中的强下降风汇集区,强气流相遇汇合继而转向以北的普里兹湾。不同季节的下降风风速有较大区别,冬季风速较大,强气流延伸至普里兹湾海域可达数百千米以上;夏季下降风对普里兹湾海域的影响较小。下降风的气温在空间上变化幅度较大,但其位温基本保持不变,表明强下降风近似可认为是干绝热过程,并给冰架西部带来近表层增温现象。下降风较弱时,绝热增热过程不明显,下游反而可能会降温。
在垂直结构上,Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸冬季下降风强风区在垂直方向上有明显的边缘线,地面以上约100~200 m高度风速最大,高空最大风速可达地面风速的1.5倍。沿岸风速较大地区的下降风较为深厚,其中下降风气流泄流到艾默里冰架西侧冰面上时可以达到约600~800 m高度;内陆地区下降风较为浅薄。各地风向廓线随着高度增加均不同程度地向左偏转,并在约400 m高度与南极大陆等高线近似平行。
南极大陆表层大气质量通量时空分布特征主要与风速有关,受气温和空气密度的影响较小。普里兹湾沿岸表层大气质量通量在经向分布上极不均匀,大气质量通量较强的沿岸地区,其冬夏季之差也较大。艾默里冰架西侧的大气质量通量显著影响着普里兹湾海域冰间湖形成和气旋活动。结合前人对普里兹湾海域气旋活动的研究结论,本文发现气旋活动与大气质量通量特征具有较好的相关性,较强的大气质量通量伴随着较多的气旋活动。
普里兹湾下降风引发中尺度气旋旋生的机理问题值得关注。在普里兹湾海域天气尺度低压环流形势中,下降风冷空气如何影响局地大气边界层结构从而引发中尺度气旋旋生,这需要结合天气环流形势、海洋下垫面属性、下降风气流的热力学属性等多个因素进行综合研究。
致谢:美国俄亥俄州立大学伯德极地研究中心极地气象组提供Polar WRF模式和AMPS存档数据,谨表谢意。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0605902,2016YFC1402705);国家自然科学基金(41876212);极地考察业务化与科研(2021)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021079
  • 接收时间:2020-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-02
  • 修回日期:2020-04-26
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0605902,2016YFC1402705);国家自然科学基金(41876212);极地考察业务化与科研(2021)
作者信息
    1中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2国家海洋环境预报中心 自然资源部海洋灾害预报技术重点实验室,北京 100081
    3中国极地研究中心,上海 200136
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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