Article(id=1233907181767159925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233907180928299124, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1617638400000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-06, revisedDate=1622476800000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772115997020, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1627142400000, pubDateStr=2021-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772115997020, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772115997020, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115997020, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233907180928299124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772115996820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772115996820, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233907182085927034, articleId=1233907181767159925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Improved estimation method of retreat onset dates based on sea ice concentration, columnId=1233907181909766263, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Polar sea ice and climate change, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The melting of sea ice affects the ocean heat absorption in the form of positive feedback, and plays an important role in the changes of the Arctic environment and economic activities in the Arctic region. Based on the daily sea ice concentration data of the Arctic Ocean from 1979 to 2018, the estimation method of sea ice retreat onset dates in the Arctic marginal sea was improved by comprehensively considering the factors such as sea ice conditions and so on in different seas. Comparative analyses of different methods show that this improved method can reflect the changes of ice conditions in different sea areas and different years, and can eliminate some influences of weather disturbance on the estimation of retreat onset, so as to avoid premature estimation results. By using this method, it is found that the retreat onset dates of every Arctic marginal sea are generally advanced. The advanced trends of retreat onset dates are generally the same as advanced trends of melt onset dates. However, different sea areas have different degrees of advancement. The Kara Sea and the Chukchi Sea have the strongest trend of early retreating, reaching 9 d/(10 a), while the East Siberian Sea has the weakest trend, only 4 d/(10 a). The difference of retreat onset dates gradually increases between these regions. There are significant interannual variations in the retreat onset dates, the standard deviations of each marginal sea are about 15 d. In the past decade, the difference between the earliest and the latest retreating reaches 50 d, which appeared in the Beaufort Sea.

, correspAuthors=Hongtao Nie, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi Yang, Hongtao Nie, Chunming Dong, Hao Wei), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233907183956586679, articleId=1233907181767159925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于海冰密集度的消退起始时间判别方法改进研究与应用, columnId=1233907182194978940, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=极地海冰与气候研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海冰融化过程以正反馈的形式影响着海洋的热量吸收,对北极生态环境的变化和经济活动的开展起着重要作用。基于1979–2018年北冰洋逐日海冰密集度数据,本文综合考虑不同海域海冰冰况等因素,对北冰洋边缘海海冰消退起始时间的判别方法进行了改进。通过不同的方案对比分析表明,改进后的方法能够反映不同海域、不同年份冰情的变化;并且可消除一些天气扰动现象的干扰,避免过早地判别消退起始时间。应用本方法分析发现北冰洋各边缘海消退起始时间存在提前的趋势,与融化起始时间的提前趋势较为一致。但是不同海域提前程度存在明显差异,喀拉海和楚科奇海提前消退的趋势最强,达到了9 d/(10 a),而东西伯利亚海消退提前趋势最弱,只有4 d/(10 a),区域间的差异逐渐增大。海冰消退起始时间存在显著的年际差异,各边缘海的标准差均在15 d左右,近10年中消退最早与最晚之间的差值最大可达50 d,出现在波弗特海。

, correspAuthors=聂红涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
聂红涛,副教授,主要从事海洋环境动力学方面研究。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PV76gGXSpYTb8unI9inwWw==, magXml=sSWCy36hgc3INC4VAXGHwA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=tOCoJzeAJmgcm4Vu8QUx2g==, pdfFileSize=1517587, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tsXRWT2LU5lg9Dir92OY3g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Ti066CMhXQog5Pe7Ufq8gA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨毅(1997-),男,黑龙江省双城市人,主要从事海洋海冰动力学方面研究。E-mail:

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杨毅(1997-),男,黑龙江省双城市人,主要从事海洋海冰动力学方面研究。E-mail:

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杨毅(1997-),男,黑龙江省双城市人,主要从事海洋海冰动力学方面研究。E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=北冰洋边缘海)], refs=[Reference(id=1234047117753373246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Belchansky G I, Douglas D C, Platonov N G. 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Climate Dynamics, 2019, 52(3): 2497−2512., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1234047117526880820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点项目(41630969);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401401), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1234047110006493495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234047110014882103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, companyId=1234047110006493495, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1234047110023270714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, companyId=1234047110006493495, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1234047113928167907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Study areas

Different colors distinguish the boundaries of subregions in the Arctic Ocean

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不同的颜色区分了北冰洋内各子区域的界限

, figureFileSmall=bi8qo2GF061O+uaqJgCkGg==, figureFileBig=yTKQZz8o7SuOW+BCNGwA1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114179826156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Estimated results of retreat onset dates in the Kara Sea during 1979–2018, figureFileSmall=jDERlAuKs42khAFMkoICdQ==, figureFileBig=X/oebSWS1yHXHyEUVyDnHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114301460977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1979–2018年喀拉海消退起始时间判别结果, figureFileSmall=jDERlAuKs42khAFMkoICdQ==, figureFileBig=X/oebSWS1yHXHyEUVyDnHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114410512886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series of spatial averaged sea ice concentration in the Kara Sea in 2008 and 2012, figureFileSmall=UAR2CKKoaJF2LUOFCmZyHw==, figureFileBig=MnfH6Ii6UOrBmzZeXCJOPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114502787579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2008年、2012年喀拉海空间平均海冰密集度时间序列, figureFileSmall=UAR2CKKoaJF2LUOFCmZyHw==, figureFileBig=MnfH6Ii6UOrBmzZeXCJOPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047114611839486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Spatial distributions of sea ice concentration in the Kara Sea during March and April 2017, figureFileSmall=pmc1ho3JRtKTlfTdgvZS+Q==, figureFileBig=FZNiFGq5RFQKd9I3SbHbNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047116121788927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2017年3–4月喀拉海海冰密集度空间分布, figureFileSmall=pmc1ho3JRtKTlfTdgvZS+Q==, figureFileBig=FZNiFGq5RFQKd9I3SbHbNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047116251812357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Time series of spatial averaged sea ice concentration in the Kara Sea in 2017, figureFileSmall=CT/faqAhGsjHt4H34k3DSg==, figureFileBig=OgPJGhkBG1fCUqz49atfIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047116394418692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2017年喀拉海空间平均海冰密集度时间序列, figureFileSmall=CT/faqAhGsjHt4H34k3DSg==, figureFileBig=OgPJGhkBG1fCUqz49atfIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1234047116537025032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Annual retreat onset dates estimated by AHRA and SICA during 1979–2017

It starts on January 1st

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时间从1月1日起算

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Mean and trend differences of retreat onset dates estimated by SICA and AHRA during 1979−2017

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域平均值/d趋势/(d·(10 a)−1
AHRASICAAHRASICA
注:*表示变化趋势通过95%置信度检查。时间从1月1日起算。
楚科奇海137±13147±15–8*–9*
东西伯利亚海148±14165±16–9*–4*
拉普捷夫海143±12153±18–7*–8*
喀拉海126±14140±16–9*–9*
波弗特海148±10157±17–7*–7*
), ArticleFig(id=1234047117291999785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233907181767159925, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1979−2017年SICA判别的消退起始时间与AHRA方法的平均值与趋势对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海域平均值/d趋势/(d·(10 a)−1
AHRASICAAHRASICA
注:*表示变化趋势通过95%置信度检查。时间从1月1日起算。
楚科奇海137±13147±15–8*–9*
东西伯利亚海148±14165±16–9*–4*
拉普捷夫海143±12153±18–7*–8*
喀拉海126±14140±16–9*–9*
波弗特海148±10157±17–7*–7*
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基于海冰密集度的消退起始时间判别方法改进研究与应用
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杨毅 1 , 聂红涛 1, * , 董春明 1 , 魏皓 1
海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021,43(7): 152-161
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海洋学报 | 极地海冰与气候研究 2021, 43(7): 152-161
基于海冰密集度的消退起始时间判别方法改进研究与应用
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杨毅1 , 聂红涛1, * , 董春明1, 魏皓1
作者信息
  • 1天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072
  • 杨毅(1997-),男,黑龙江省双城市人,主要从事海洋海冰动力学方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

聂红涛,副教授,主要从事海洋环境动力学方面研究。 E-mail:
Improved estimation method of retreat onset dates based on sea ice concentration
Yi Yang1 , Hongtao Nie1, * , Chunming Dong1, Hao Wei1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2021-07-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021145
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海冰融化过程以正反馈的形式影响着海洋的热量吸收,对北极生态环境的变化和经济活动的开展起着重要作用。基于1979–2018年北冰洋逐日海冰密集度数据,本文综合考虑不同海域海冰冰况等因素,对北冰洋边缘海海冰消退起始时间的判别方法进行了改进。通过不同的方案对比分析表明,改进后的方法能够反映不同海域、不同年份冰情的变化;并且可消除一些天气扰动现象的干扰,避免过早地判别消退起始时间。应用本方法分析发现北冰洋各边缘海消退起始时间存在提前的趋势,与融化起始时间的提前趋势较为一致。但是不同海域提前程度存在明显差异,喀拉海和楚科奇海提前消退的趋势最强,达到了9 d/(10 a),而东西伯利亚海消退提前趋势最弱,只有4 d/(10 a),区域间的差异逐渐增大。海冰消退起始时间存在显著的年际差异,各边缘海的标准差均在15 d左右,近10年中消退最早与最晚之间的差值最大可达50 d,出现在波弗特海。

海冰密集度  /  消退起始时间  /  趋势变化  /  年际差异  /  北冰洋边缘海

The melting of sea ice affects the ocean heat absorption in the form of positive feedback, and plays an important role in the changes of the Arctic environment and economic activities in the Arctic region. Based on the daily sea ice concentration data of the Arctic Ocean from 1979 to 2018, the estimation method of sea ice retreat onset dates in the Arctic marginal sea was improved by comprehensively considering the factors such as sea ice conditions and so on in different seas. Comparative analyses of different methods show that this improved method can reflect the changes of ice conditions in different sea areas and different years, and can eliminate some influences of weather disturbance on the estimation of retreat onset, so as to avoid premature estimation results. By using this method, it is found that the retreat onset dates of every Arctic marginal sea are generally advanced. The advanced trends of retreat onset dates are generally the same as advanced trends of melt onset dates. However, different sea areas have different degrees of advancement. The Kara Sea and the Chukchi Sea have the strongest trend of early retreating, reaching 9 d/(10 a), while the East Siberian Sea has the weakest trend, only 4 d/(10 a). The difference of retreat onset dates gradually increases between these regions. There are significant interannual variations in the retreat onset dates, the standard deviations of each marginal sea are about 15 d. In the past decade, the difference between the earliest and the latest retreating reaches 50 d, which appeared in the Beaufort Sea.

sea ice concentration  /  retreat onset date  /  trend variation  /  interannual variation  /  Arctic marginal sea
杨毅, 聂红涛, 董春明, 魏皓. 基于海冰密集度的消退起始时间判别方法改进研究与应用. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (7) : 152 -161 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021145
Yi Yang, Hongtao Nie, Chunming Dong, Hao Wei. Improved estimation method of retreat onset dates based on sea ice concentration[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (7) : 152 -161 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021145
21世纪以来,北冰洋海冰覆盖范围呈现快速下降的趋势[1],存在着显著的时空差异。同时,海冰年平均厚度也在变薄[2],更多的多年冰被脆弱的一年冰取代[3],这对北极的气候产生了深远影响[4-5],也使得更多经济活动得以在北冰洋区域开展,对世界地缘战略格局产生重大影响[6]。增进北冰洋海冰变化规律的研究对于认识北冰洋环境的快速变化、服务极地海域经济建设尤为关键。
在北冰洋海冰变化规律的研究中,海冰融化消退的早晚是一个重要的问题。因为融化起始、融池形成、海冰消退的过程与大范围环境的短波反照率发生的变化相对应[1]。海冰的反照率远大于海水,海冰面积的减小引起反照率的降低[7],将大幅增加短波吸收,以正反馈的形式加速冰雪的融化[8]。更早的融化和消退使得开阔水域更早形成[9-10],影响着大气–海洋–海冰系统能量平衡的变化。所以,准确判别北冰洋海冰融化、消退的起始时间对于北冰洋海冰的研究至关重要。目前已经开发了几种基于被动微波亮温的融化起始时间判别方法[1, 11-13],以冰水相变时反照率的变化判别融化起始。不同方法的结果存在一定差异[14],但都发现北冰洋各边缘海融化起始时间存在提前的趋势。另外,也有研究将海冰密集度(Sea Ice Concentration,SIC)降到某一阈值以下的时间判别为该海域的融化起始时间[15-16]。值得注意的是,海冰密集度的变化是热力融化和动力输运等过程的共同结果,对应的应是海冰的消退起始时间而非融化起始时间。然而,21世纪以来北冰洋海冰面积显著减小,使用单一的阈值将无法适应海冰发生的变化,难以准确判别消退起始时间。
本研究基于1979–2018共40年的逐日海冰密集度数据,对消退起始时间判别方法存在的问题进行改进,判别北冰洋各边缘海逐年海冰消退起始时间,并探究其变化规律。
本研究主要关注北冰洋的边缘海,包括波弗特海、楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海和喀拉海(图1)。海域的划分和地理边界参照美国国家冰雪数据中心资料[17]ftp://sidads.colorado.edu/DATASETS/NOAA/G02186/ancillary/)。由于近年来巴伦支海包含大面积的无冰区,将单独讨论,本文海冰消退起始时间的变化规律分析中不涉及巴伦支海。
海冰密集度数据来源于美国国家冰雪数据中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center,NSIDC)发布的Nimbus-7扫描多通道微波辐射计(SMMR,1979–1987),国防气象卫星计划(DMSP)特殊传感器微波/成像仪(SSM/I,1987–2007)和特殊传感器微波成像仪/测深仪(SSMIS,2007年至今)25 km像素的网格化海冰密集度数据[18](Climate Data Record of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration,CDR)。该数据从1978年11月1日至1987年7月7日为隔天发布,之后为逐日发布。对于这部分的数据缺漏,采用时间线性平均的处理方法,将缺失的数据插值为相邻2 d数据的平均值。另有从1987年12月3日至1988年1月13日共41 d的数据缺失,由于这部分缺失的数据处于冬季,对各海域消退起始时间的判断几乎没有影响,故暂未处理。
国际上普遍使用15%的阈值区分像素包含的区域内是否有冰[19-20],海冰密集度低于15%,则认为像素包含的区域内无冰。对于海冰密集度超过15%的区域,将每个像素的面积(25 km×25 km)与之对应的海冰密集度相乘,即可得到每个像素中包含的海冰覆盖面积,区域内累加后除以海域的总面积,进而得到该海域某日的平均海冰密集度[21]。为了减小短期天气动力因素对海冰密集度带来的影响,使用5 d滑动平均来平滑海冰密集度时间序列,即第i天的滑动平均数据等于第(i−2)至(i+2)共5 d的平均值。
全球变暖影响下,北冰洋海冰持续减少,使用单一固定的阈值将难以准确计算出各海域的消退起始时间。如2012年喀拉海海冰密集度滑动平均的最大值只有89%,前人选取的95%[15]或90%[16]阈值显然不合理。另外,受大气条件的影响,海冰可能经历反复融冻的过程[22],判别消退起始时间应当将其过滤,聚焦于持续消退形成开阔水域的过程。
基于已有的海冰密集度消退起始时间判别方法[15-16],本文从以下几个方面进行了改进:(1)海冰密集度阈值的选取。先冬的冰况是次年海冰融化的初始条件,不同海域、同一海域不同年份的冰情不同,在阈值选取时均应当被考虑。(2)消退起始判别的起算时间。北冰洋区域的冬季从每年的1月持续到3月,为了防止误判,结合Belchansky等[1]的研究成果,消退起始时间的判别从每年4月1日开始。(3)海冰开始消退到形成开阔水域,海冰密集度将呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。将这一趋势作为判别依据对潜在的消退起始时间进行判别。防止大气强迫等扰动因素使得海冰密集度发生变化,引起误判。考虑以上因素,设计了4种消退起始时间的判别方案。
方案一(Retreat Onset-1,以下简称RO-1 ):沿用前人的计算方法。将连续3 d海冰密集度低于90%的第1天作为该年的消退起始时间。
方案二(以下简称RO-2):从4月1日起,将连续3 d海冰密集度低于90%的第1天作为该年的消退起始时间。
方案三(以下简称RO-3):考虑先冬冰情,使用动态的海冰密集度阈值。选取上一年9月至当年4月海冰密集度最大值的90%为判别阈值。从4月1日起,将连续3 d低于海冰密集度阈值的第1天作为该年的消退起始时间。
方案四(Sea Ice Concentration Algorithm,以下简称SICA):包括筛选潜在的消退起始时间和判断消退起始两个步骤。(1)潜在消退起始时间筛选。选取上一年9月至当年4月海冰密集度最大值的90%为消退起始的阈值,从4月1日起,将连续3 d低于海冰密集度阈值的第1天作为潜在的消退起始时间。(2)判断消退起始。对于所有潜在的消退起始时间,从该日起(设为该年的第N天),N−10至N−1的平均海冰密集度应大于N+1至N+10的平均海冰密集度、N+1至N+10的平均海冰密集度应大于N+11至N+20的平均海冰密集度、N+11至N+20的平均海冰密集度应大于N+21至N+30的平均海冰密集度。使得在该日之后1个月时间内,海冰密集度整体上处于下降的趋势。若当前潜在的消退起始时间不满足判断条件,则按时间顺序向后继续搜索,直到找到满足判断条件的消退起始日期。SICA为最终确定的改进方案。需要说明的是,该方案所确定的消退起始时间是指海冰消退、密集度减少直至可以形成开阔水域的起始时间。
为了更加直观地对比分析各方案的结果,将4种方案判别的消退起始时间标记在10 d平均的海冰密集度数据图中。10 d平均在自然月基础上进行,为了保证时间的统一,将1个月按照上、中、下三旬进行平均,闰月(31 d)的下旬平均实际上是后11 d的平均值,而不足10 d的部分(如2月的21号至28号)则按实际天数进行平均。在波弗特海、楚科奇海和东西伯利亚海,冬季的海冰覆盖率很高,夏季海冰有很强的减少趋势,Onarheim等[17]将其定义为“夏季模式”;而夏季没有海冰覆盖的季节性海洋,冬季海冰有很强的减少趋势,被定义为“冬季模式”。喀拉海作为正由“夏季模式”向“冬季模式”转变的海域,是兼有两种模式海冰变化特征的典型海域。由于篇幅的限制,本节仅给出了喀拉海的逐年消退起始时间判别结果(图2)。
北冰洋地区的冬季为每年的1–3月,海冰密集度最大值一般出现在冬季末期。消退起始时间的起算日期若为该年的第1天,则容易误将年初低于阈值的海冰密集度判别为消退起始的信号,如2008年、2016年(图2)。这说明根据海冰的季节变化特征,延后起算时间是有必要的。结合Belchansky等[1]的研究成果,RO-2将消退起始时间的起算日期推迟到了4月1日,有效避免因年初海冰密集度较小而发生的误判。
延后起算时间后,方案RO-2判定结果仍然有个别年份的消退起始时间为起算时间序列的第1天,如2008、2012年(图2)。其中2012年整年海冰密集度滑动平均值未达到90%。故而判定消退起始的阈值需要充分考虑到不同年份的冰情,做出相应的调整。先冬的冰况作为次年融化的初始条件,也应该被考虑在内。RO-3中将每年的海冰消退阈值定义为:上一年9月至当年4月海冰密集度最大值的90%。动态阈值可以避免部分轻冰年海冰密集度较低,未能达到固定阈值的情况。RO-3在不同年份的改进效果并不一致。以2008年和2012年为例(图3),2008年4月初海冰变化有一个小的波动,4月1日海冰密集度低于90%的阈值,之后海冰密集度经历了一段时间的回升。RO-3改进后的阈值略低于4月1日的海冰密集度,于是将23 d后的4月24日判别为消退起始(图3a)。2012年4月初海冰密集度有较强的波动现象,最低下降到了76%,使得改进阈值的选取无法起到显著的改善效果(图3b)。
除了上节中提到的2008年、2012年,其他年份海冰密集度也存在明显的波动现象。海冰密集度在一段时间内迅速下降,之后又迅速上升,回到原来的水平。如2017年3月中旬海冰密集度发生的显著波动(图4),在1周时间内由92%迅速下降到了75%,维持了几天后迅速上升,重新回到较高水平,整个过程持续了20 d左右。受极地气旋变化影响,平流带来的南方暖空气提高极地气温可能导致短时间的强烈融化事件[22]。RO-4针对这样的波动现象进行了改进,结合消退起始后海冰密集度将处于减小趋势的特征,对消退起始时间进行判别。若消退起始之后海冰密集度未处于减小的趋势,则沿时间序列向后继续寻找下一个可能的起始时间,避免因海冰密集度波动引起的误判。以喀拉海2017年海冰密集度变化为例(图5),3月中旬的海冰密集度突变过程持续了20 d,导致4月1日起算时的海冰密集度为80%,低于阈值,被判别为消退起始时间。但是,4月1日之后海冰密集度并未下降,而是迅速回升到了92%。RO-3受到该海冰密集度波动的影响,产生了误判。最终SICA判别出符合条件的海冰消退起始时间是5月24日。
1979−2017年融化起始时间参考数据来自NSIDC发布的融化起始时间产品[23],该产品使用基于被动微波亮温的AHRA(Advanced Horizontal Range Algorithm)算法[11],将被动微波亮温由于液态水的产生而急剧上升的时间定义为融化起始。液态水的形成降低了表面的反照率,进一步加快海冰的融化,促使海冰开始消退。
AHRA判别出的融化起始时间通常早于SICA判别出的消退起始时间,各海域的平均值差异在9~17 d之间不等(表1),并且变化趋势基本一致(图6)。海冰的融化是一个过渡过程[24],造成两种方法差距的原因可能为不同方法对过渡过程的不同阶段敏感。被动微波亮温数据对反射率的变化敏感,而SICA则对海冰密集度下降至年最大值90%的过程敏感。从融化开始到海冰持续消退需要一定的时间,造成了SICA整体上滞后于AHRA。值得注意的是,在一些特殊年份两种方法存在较大的差异,如1996年东西伯利亚海,两种方法的差值达到了72 d,是所有年份中的最大值。从海冰密集度角度观察两种方法的差异(图7),可以看到在AHRA判别的融化起始时间后,海冰密集度并没有持续的下降,而是处于波动状态。海冰密集度在7月初下降至阈值以下,在7月中下旬处于回升状态,直到8月初海冰才开始持续消退,造成AHRA与SICA的结果有长达72 d的差异。
相对而言,融化、消退起始时间的变化趋势在波弗特海、楚科奇海、喀拉海和拉普捷夫海较为一致,但在东西伯利亚海有较大差异(表1),融化起始时间的提前趋势是消退起始时间变化趋势的2.3倍。区域性融化与消退起始时间的变化趋势与该区域对变暖的热力学响应有着密切的联系。海冰融化早,吸收更多的热量,消退提前,在海冰反射率正反馈影响下使海冰进一步减少,又将促进更早的融化过程。相比于1979–1989年的平均值,到2017年喀拉海和楚科奇海分别损失了97.5%和100%的9月海冰[9],是所有边缘海中变化最快的。同时,喀拉海的冰覆盖持续时间逐年缩短趋势也是几个边缘海中最明显的[25]。所以,东西伯利亚海的融化起始时间变化趋势应当小于喀拉海,而不是与喀拉海处于同一水平。这一点与Stroeve和Notz[9]得到的区域差异结果一致。
综上所述,本研究改进后的消退起始时间判别方法在理论设计、判别结果方面具有合理性,算法也较为简便,后文的分析将使用SICA得到的逐年结果。
整体而言,北冰洋各边缘海的海冰在5–6月的春夏季开始消退(图6)。受地理位置及太平洋、大西洋入流等因素的影响,各海域消退起始时间存在明显的区域差异。其中,喀拉海和楚科奇海平均在每年的5月中下旬开始消退,而拉普捷夫海、波弗特海和东西伯利亚海则到6月才开始消退。
从SICA逐年的结果中可知消退起始时间存在明显的年际变化(图6),各边缘海的标准差均在15 d左右(表1),相邻年份之间的差值最大可达到64 d(拉普捷夫海,1995–1996年),近10年中消退最早与最晚之间的差值最大可达50 d(波弗特海,2014–2016年)。融化起始是近地表大气条件的敏感指标[22],大气条件的变化在融化、消退过程的变化中起到重要的作用。风场能通过改变入流来影响热量输入[26],从而影响海冰的融化过程。同时,北极的低压系统也使得南方的暖空气平流到北极地区[22],促进海冰早期融化,使得海冰提前消退。全球变暖为融化、消退的提前提供了热量基础,而每年不同的大气条件又能对春夏季海冰的融化过程产生影响,使得融化与消退起始时间在整体提前的基础上表现出较强的年际变化[10, 27]。不同海域融化、消退起始时间年际变化差异的影响因素还需基于海冰变化过程更深入的探讨。
为了进一步探究各海域消退起始时间的差异,选取1979–1988年和2009–2018年分别计算平均值和标准差(图8)。在1979–1988年中,各边缘海均在6月开始消退,消退起始时间比较接近,没有显著的差异。随着气候变化,北冰洋海冰不断减少,消退起始时间均有不同程度的提前。与1979–1988年相比,2009–2018年喀拉海、楚科奇海和拉普捷夫海消退起始时间提前了1个月左右,东西伯利亚海和波弗特海则只提前了半个月左右。边缘海之间的差异逐渐扩大,喀拉海、楚科奇海、拉普捷夫海和波弗特海提前到5月开始消退,而东西伯利亚海仍然在6月才开始消退。消退起始时间的变化与北冰洋海冰的减少、热量吸收、太平洋和大西洋入流调整等有着密切的联系。在全球变暖的背景下,在各个边缘海均能观察到冰封季节的缩短[25],意味着更长的开阔水域持续时间,促进海冰的进一步融化,以正反馈的形式不断加剧海冰流失,春夏季的融化与消退起始时间也将逐渐提前。
本研究基于卫星观测的北冰洋逐日海冰密集度数据,对海冰消退起始时间的判别方法进行了改进,并利用得到的结果对各边缘海域消退起始时间的变化规律进行了分析。具体结论如下:
(1)在北冰洋海冰持续减少的背景下,SICA算法采用延后起算时间、选取动态阈值、基于融冰趋势进行判别3种手段对前人的方法进行了改进,能够方便易行且有效地判别北冰洋各边缘海的海冰消退起始时间。
(2)各边缘海的消退起始时间与融化起始时间有较为一致的提前趋势。但是各海域的提前程度有所不同,喀拉海和楚科奇海提前消退的趋势最强,达到了9 d/(10 a),而东西伯利亚海消退的提前趋势最弱,只有4 d/(10 a);导致近10年来各边缘海消退起始时间出现了较大的差异。
(3)海冰消退提前的同时也伴随着显著的年际差异,需要进一步认识影响海冰融化年际和区域差异的主导因素。尤其对于严重偏离趋势的特殊年份,认识其驱动机制,探讨海冰变化的可预测性。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(41630969);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401401)
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2021年第43卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021145
  • 接收时间:2021-04-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-06
  • 修回日期:2021-06-01
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41630969);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC1401401)
作者信息
    1天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072

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聂红涛,副教授,主要从事海洋环境动力学方面研究。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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