Article(id=1233737684573803386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737680710849370, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1585497600000, receivedDateStr=2020-03-30, revisedDate=1606665600000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075585740, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1619280000000, pubDateStr=2021-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075585740, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075585740, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075585740, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737680710849370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075584819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075584819, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737684921930635, articleId=1233737684573803386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the habitat suitability of Trachypenaeus curvirostris in the Haizhou Bay, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the bottom-trawl survey data collected from the Haizhou Bay in spring and autumn of 2011 and 2013−2017, the habitat suitability of Trachypenaeus curvirostris was analyzed based on environmental factors such as bottom temperature, bottom salinity and water depth. Generalized additive model (GAM) was used to determine the optimal combination of environmental factors. Boosted regression tree (BRT) was used to evaluate the weight of each environmental factor in the habitat suitability index (HSI) model. The arithmetic mean model (AMM) and geometic mean model (GMM) were used to build HSI model, and the best model was selected by cross validations. Results showed that HSI model built with depth and bottom salinity in spring had the minimum AIC value, while HSI model constructed with bottom temperature and bottom salinity in autumn had the minimum AIC value. BRT model showed that the weight of depth and bottom salinity were 76.23% and 23.77% in spring, and the weight of bottom temperature and bottom salinity were 82.56% and 17.44% in autumn. The optimal range of depth and bottom salinity for T. curvirostris in spring were within 24 m and 29.7−31.8, respectively. In autumn, the optimal range of bottom temperature and bottom salinity were 18−24℃ and 29.2−31.5, respectively. This study suggested that the optimization of environmental factors was proved to be able to improve the performance of HSI models.

, correspAuthors=Ying Xue, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yixuan Chen, Yunlei Zhang, Nuoyan Huang, Jia Guo, Wan Chen, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737686356382695, articleId=1233737684573803386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海州湾鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

根据2011年及2013−2017年春季和秋季在海州湾进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步测定的底层水温、底层盐度、水深和资源量等数据,开展鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)栖息地适宜性的研究,先利用广义加性模型对环境因子进行筛选,再应用提升回归树模型确定各环境因子的权重,然后分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数模型,并通过交叉验证选择最优模型。结果表明:春季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用算术平均法构建,选择水深和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合;秋季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用几何平均法构建,选择底层水温和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合。对春季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是水深(76.23%),其次是底层盐度(23.77%);对秋季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是底层水温(82.56%),其次是底层盐度(17.44%)。海州湾春季鹰爪虾的最适栖息水深为24 m以内,底层盐度为29.7~31.8;秋季的最适栖息底层水温为18~24℃,底层盐度为29.2~31.5。本研究表明,环境因子的优化有助于改进栖息地适宜性指数模型,并提升其预测能力。

, correspAuthors=薛莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
薛莹,教授。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i9/0glaWIlRYVWP36EKd0A==, magXml=i/MtJ+x6CPZNyGk53NBM4g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rooxi2JDo6gJhwtTbi1iOQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Ja6b7yG5hT3NBGc7jkX+Dg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈艺璇(1998—),女,山东省泰安市人,研究方向为海洋资源与环境。E-mail:

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陈艺璇(1998—),女,山东省泰安市人,研究方向为海洋资源与环境。E-mail:

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陈艺璇(1998—),女,山东省泰安市人,研究方向为海洋资源与环境。E-mail:

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2Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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Fish and Fisheries, 2013, 14(3): 256−280., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233805856463180654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018 SDKJ0501-2);国家自然科学基金(31772852);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233805850658263705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850670846620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, companyId=1233805850658263705, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850675040925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, companyId=1233805850658263705, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233805850784092832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850792481442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, companyId=1233805850784092832, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850800870051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, companyId=1233805850784092832, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233805850993808037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805851002196647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, companyId=1233805850993808037, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805851010585257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, companyId=1233805850993808037, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233805854659629879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Sampling areas in the Haizhou Bay, figureFileSmall=3csvTX1an04P05JFyKeX/w==, figureFileBig=aQOHUinfO+fx2rFMjNjqEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805854793847611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=CN, label=图1, caption=海州湾调查区域, figureFileSmall=3csvTX1an04P05JFyKeX/w==, figureFileBig=aQOHUinfO+fx2rFMjNjqEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805854932259649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Suitability index curves of bottom temperature, bottom salinity and water depth for Trachypenaeus curvirostrisin the Haizhou Bay during spring (a1, a2) and autumn (b1, b2)

Dashed lines indicate SI is 0.7

, figureFileSmall=Hwul8AGsfg3q0Vo2Dyeddg==, figureFileBig=oi1uHcpcX7U/EhDf64EHQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855037117255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海州湾春季(a1,a2)和秋季(b1,b2)鹰爪虾对底层水温、底层盐度和水深的适宜性指数曲线

断续线表示SI值为0.7

, figureFileSmall=Hwul8AGsfg3q0Vo2Dyeddg==, figureFileBig=oi1uHcpcX7U/EhDf64EHQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855150363466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of HSI of Trachypenaeus curvirostris in the Haizhou Bay during spring and autumn of 2011 and 2013−2017, figureFileSmall=+MvHiHT5CY+bYoWUESjVqg==, figureFileBig=z/SBKvybGdWTcnhDnSxx1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855238443855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2011年及2013−2017年春季和秋季海州湾鹰爪虾的HSI分布, figureFileSmall=+MvHiHT5CY+bYoWUESjVqg==, figureFileBig=z/SBKvybGdWTcnhDnSxx1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855355884370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Maximum annual difference in temperature and salinity in the Haizhou Bay during spring and autumn of 2011 and 2013−2017

a. Maximum annual difference in salinity during spring; b. maximum annual difference in salinity during autumn; c. maximum annual difference in temperature during autumn

, figureFileSmall=nC45iZZG+ytW6LBG6Xgeuw==, figureFileBig=0glhTm7ykrBdiEHXSXITdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855485907796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2011年及2013−2017年间春季和秋季海州湾温度和盐度的最大年间差异

a. 春季盐度最大年间差异;b. 秋季盐度最大年间差异;c. 秋季温度最大年间差异

, figureFileSmall=nC45iZZG+ytW6LBG6Xgeuw==, figureFileBig=0glhTm7ykrBdiEHXSXITdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855645291351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of HSI average of Trachypenaeus curvirostris in the Haizhou Bay during spring and autumn of 2011 and 2013−2017

a. Distribution of HSI average during spring (solid line is the isobath line); b. distribution of HSI average during autumn (solid line is the isotherme); c. distribution of HSI average during spring (solid line is the isohaline); d. distribution of HSI average during autumn (solid line is the isohaline)

, figureFileSmall=ozmfWI9o3DrixYdMpi5ivw==, figureFileBig=wS46u5YLn1JF2lXjWxH3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855762731865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2011年及2013−2017年春季和秋季海州湾鹰爪虾的HSI平均值分布

a. 春季HSI平均值分布图(实线为等深线);b. 秋季HSI平均值分布图(实线为等温线);c. 春季HSI平均值分布图(实线为等盐度线);d. 秋季HSI平均值分布图(实线为等盐度线)

, figureFileSmall=ozmfWI9o3DrixYdMpi5ivw==, figureFileBig=wS46u5YLn1JF2lXjWxH3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855884366685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters analysis of different combinations of environmental variables by the best generalized additive models (GAMs) in the Haizhou Bay during spring and autumn

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GAM模型AIC值残差
春季水深+底层盐度535.167932.389
水深+底层盐度+底层水温540.351906.996
水深+底层盐度+底层水温+底质类型541.726801.401
秋季底层水温+底层盐度492.6211164.971
底层水温+底层盐度+水深495.4371097.580
底层水温+底层盐度+水深+底质类型503.4141024.174
), ArticleFig(id=1233805855993418595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海州湾春季和秋季基于不同环境因子组合的GAM模型检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GAM模型AIC值残差
春季水深+底层盐度535.167932.389
水深+底层盐度+底层水温540.351906.996
水深+底层盐度+底层水温+底质类型541.726801.401
秋季底层水温+底层盐度492.6211164.971
底层水温+底层盐度+水深495.4371097.580
底层水温+底层盐度+水深+底质类型503.4141024.174
), ArticleFig(id=1233805856110859109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cross-validation of AMM and GMM algorithm in mean confidence interval

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节AMMGMM
平均 AIC值平均 R2平均AIC值平均R2
春季−6.9780.283−7.1850.287
秋季−34.6270.378−34.3460.367
), ArticleFig(id=1233805856224105323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737684573803386, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

AMM和GMM模型预测性能的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节AMMGMM
平均 AIC值平均 R2平均AIC值平均R2
春季−6.9780.283−7.1850.287
秋季−34.6270.378−34.3460.367
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海州湾鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性研究
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陈艺璇 1 , 张云雷 1 , 黄锘妍 1 , 郭笳 1 , 陈皖 1 , 任一平 1, 2, 3 , 薛莹 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(4): 84-95
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(4): 84-95
海州湾鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性研究
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陈艺璇1 , 张云雷1, 黄锘妍1, 郭笳1, 陈皖1, 任一平1, 2, 3, 薛莹1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
  • 陈艺璇(1998—),女,山东省泰安市人,研究方向为海洋资源与环境。E-mail:

通讯作者:

薛莹,教授。E-mail:
Study on the habitat suitability of Trachypenaeus curvirostris in the Haizhou Bay
Yixuan Chen1 , Yunlei Zhang1, Nuoyan Huang1, Jia Guo1, Wan Chen1, Yiping Ren1, 2, 3, Ying Xue1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
出版时间: 2021-04-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021044
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根据2011年及2013−2017年春季和秋季在海州湾进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步测定的底层水温、底层盐度、水深和资源量等数据,开展鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)栖息地适宜性的研究,先利用广义加性模型对环境因子进行筛选,再应用提升回归树模型确定各环境因子的权重,然后分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数模型,并通过交叉验证选择最优模型。结果表明:春季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用算术平均法构建,选择水深和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合;秋季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用几何平均法构建,选择底层水温和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合。对春季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是水深(76.23%),其次是底层盐度(23.77%);对秋季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是底层水温(82.56%),其次是底层盐度(17.44%)。海州湾春季鹰爪虾的最适栖息水深为24 m以内,底层盐度为29.7~31.8;秋季的最适栖息底层水温为18~24℃,底层盐度为29.2~31.5。本研究表明,环境因子的优化有助于改进栖息地适宜性指数模型,并提升其预测能力。

环境因子优化  /  栖息地适宜性指数  /  鹰爪虾  /  广义加性模型  /  提升回归树

Based on the bottom-trawl survey data collected from the Haizhou Bay in spring and autumn of 2011 and 2013−2017, the habitat suitability of Trachypenaeus curvirostris was analyzed based on environmental factors such as bottom temperature, bottom salinity and water depth. Generalized additive model (GAM) was used to determine the optimal combination of environmental factors. Boosted regression tree (BRT) was used to evaluate the weight of each environmental factor in the habitat suitability index (HSI) model. The arithmetic mean model (AMM) and geometic mean model (GMM) were used to build HSI model, and the best model was selected by cross validations. Results showed that HSI model built with depth and bottom salinity in spring had the minimum AIC value, while HSI model constructed with bottom temperature and bottom salinity in autumn had the minimum AIC value. BRT model showed that the weight of depth and bottom salinity were 76.23% and 23.77% in spring, and the weight of bottom temperature and bottom salinity were 82.56% and 17.44% in autumn. The optimal range of depth and bottom salinity for T. curvirostris in spring were within 24 m and 29.7−31.8, respectively. In autumn, the optimal range of bottom temperature and bottom salinity were 18−24℃ and 29.2−31.5, respectively. This study suggested that the optimization of environmental factors was proved to be able to improve the performance of HSI models.

optimization of environmental factors  /  habitat suitability index (HSI)  /  Trachypenaeus curvirostris  /  generalized additive model  /  boosted regression tree
陈艺璇, 张云雷, 黄锘妍, 郭笳, 陈皖, 任一平, 薛莹. 海州湾鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (4) : 84 -95 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021044
Yixuan Chen, Yunlei Zhang, Nuoyan Huang, Jia Guo, Wan Chen, Yiping Ren, Ying Xue. Study on the habitat suitability of Trachypenaeus curvirostris in the Haizhou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (4) : 84 -95 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021044
鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)是一种经济价值较高的中型虾类,成体体长为50~95 mm,体重为1.5~12.0 g[12]。它属于暖水、广温、高盐性虾类,通常在20~40 m深的水域内生活,有避光性,多在夜间活动、摄食,喜栖于沙丘间,白天常埋在海底泥沙中,夜间则在底层水中游泳[3]。见于南、北两半球,自东非、南亚、澳大利亚到东亚一带均有分布[4]。它的种群数量大,集群洄游明显,在黄、渤海区已经成为具有较高经济价值的渔业资源[5]。国内外学者对鹰爪虾的研究主要集中在数量分布[2,6]、捕捞技术[7]、保鲜[8]等方面,而有关鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性的研究相对较少。
栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index,HSI)模型最早由美国地理调查局国家湿地研究中心鱼类和野生生物署于20世纪80年代提出,用于描述野生动物的栖息地质量[9],之后被广泛应用于分析物种丰度与环境因子之间的关系[10]。近年来,HSI模型已被广泛应用于渔业生物适宜生境的评估和预测[11-13]
物种分布对于不同环境因子的响应往往是不同的[14],因此,根据环境因子的相关程度,选择最优的环境因子组合来建立HSI模型,是十分必要的。广义加性模型(Generalized Additive Model, GAM)是研究鱼类分布与环境因子之间关系的常用模型之一[15],其优点在于提供了一种灵活且稳健的方式来选择模型应包含的环境因子。另外,提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)是一种基于决策树的集成学习方法[16],已被广泛应用于鱼类栖息地的研究[17],可以用于确定各环境因子的相对重要性[18]
本研究根据2011年及2013−2017年春季和秋季在海州湾进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的环境数据,建立HSI模型,分析海州湾鹰爪虾适宜栖息地的环境特征,以期为海州湾鹰爪虾资源的保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。
样品采自2011年及2013−2017年春季(5月)和秋季(9−10月)在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查,根据水深、纬度等因素的差异将调查海域分为5个大海区和76个小海区(图1),采用分层随机取样的方法设计调查站位[19],每个航次在各大海区中随机选取一定数量的小海区,每个小海区内设一个站位。其中2011年设置24个站位,从2013年开始,对站位设置进行了优化,设置18个站位[20]。调查船为单拖渔船(功率为220 kW),拖速为2~3 kn,拖曳时间约1 h,调查网具网口高度约6 m,网口宽度约12 m,网囊网目宽度约17 mm。在每一个调查站位使用CTD同步测定水深、水温、盐度等环境数据。样品的采集、处理和分析按照《海洋调查规范》进行[21]。在进行数据分析前对调查数据进行拖速为2 kn,拖曳时间为1 h的标准化处理,采用网口单位扫海面积内的渔获尾数(单位:ind./km2)作为相对资源密度。
在筛选环境变量前,使用方差膨胀因子(Variance Inflation Factors, VIF)检验所有候选变量,以$\sqrt {{\rm{VIF}}} $>2作为共线性的标志[22]
GAM 为广义线性模型的非参数化扩展,其优点是能直接处理响应变量与多个解释变量之间的非线性关系[23]。本研究以鹰爪虾的相对资源密度为响应变量,采用底层水温、底层盐度、水深和底质类型的不同组合作为解释变量建立GAM模型,分析海州湾鹰爪虾相对资源量与各环境因子的关系。GAM模型的表达方式为
${\rm{ln}} (Y + 1) = \alpha + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{{n}} {{f_i}} \left( {{x_i}} \right) + \varepsilon ,$
式中,$Y$为相对资源密度,为应对零值,采用资源量加上1,再进行对数化处理[24]得到;$\alpha $为截距项;$n$为解释变量的个数;${f_i}\left( {{x_i}} \right)$是解释变量样条的平滑函数;$\varepsilon $为误差项。为避免过度拟合,所有的平滑都被限制在4节[25]。利用赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Iriterion, AIC)检验包含不同因子后模型的拟合程度,AIC值越小,表明模型的拟合效果越好[26]
使用BRT模型确定因子在HSI模型中的权重[15]。提升算法通过学习率和树的复杂度进行优化,环境因子的相对重要性是由树分裂的次数决定的[27]。赋予各环境因子的权重值由其对BRT模型解释的总偏差的相对贡献(%)来确定。利用R程序中通用梯度回归模型(Generalized Boosted Regression Models, GBM)的“gbm.step”函数进行BRT模型的运算[28]
适宜性指数(Suitability Index, SI)根据环境因子与物种丰度之间的功能关系来评估目标物种的栖息地适宜性[29],HSI模型是由所有因子的适宜性指数组合而成。基于鹰爪虾单位面积渔获尾数(ind./km2)构建适宜性指数,采用平滑函数拟合环境变量(底层水温、底层盐度、水深)与SI的关系[30],SI的取值范围为0~1。SI值越接近1,表示适宜性指数越高;SI越接近0,表示适宜性指数越低。SI值处于0.7~1时,所对应的环境因子是最适栖息环境范围[18],SI值的计算公式为
${\rm{SI}} = \frac{{\hat Y - {{\hat Y}_{\min }}}}{{{{\hat Y}_{\max }} - {{\hat Y}_{\min }}}},$
式中,$\hat Y$为经过平滑回归的单位面积渔获尾数;${\hat Y_{{\rm{max}}}}$${\hat Y_{{\rm{min}}}}$分别为预测值中的最大值和最小值。
HSI是由多个SI综合计算所得。根据BRT模型的结果对不同因子赋予权重,采用2种HSI计算方法,即算术平均法(Arithmetic Mean Model, AMM)[31]和几何平均法(Geometric Mean Model, GMM)[32]。计算公式分别为
${{\rm{HSI}}_{{\rm{AMM}}}} = \frac{1}{{ \displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{w_i}} }} \times \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{\rm{SI}}_i}{w_i},$
${{\rm{HSI}}_{{\rm{GMM}}}}{\rm{ }} = {\left( {\prod\limits_{i = 1}^n {\rm{SI}}_i^{{w_i}}} \right)^{{{\frac{1}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {w_i}} }}}}},$
式中,HSI为栖息地适宜性指数;SIi为环境变量i的SI值;${w_i}$为环境变量i通过BRT模型被赋予的权重;n为环境因子的个数。
采用交叉验证的方法评估HSI模型的预测性能。随机选取80%的数据进行建模,用剩余20%的数据进行交叉检验,并评估该模型的预测性能,重复进行100次[33]。对基于AMM和GMM算法的HSI模型,使用赤池信息准则评估预测性能,从而选取适合的最优模型。
FVCOM(Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model)是由马萨诸塞州立大学达特茅斯分校和伍兹霍尔海洋研究所联合开发的沿海海洋环流模型,具有无约束、非结构化网格、有限体积、自由表面等优点[34]。近年来,一些学者已经利用海州湾FVCOM模型中的环境数据开展过栖息地适宜性的研究[13, 25]。本研究结合海州湾FVCOM模型中的环境数据,使用R3.3.2软件绘制海州湾鹰爪虾的HSI分布图。
GAM模型中加入不同的环境因子后,AIC值及残差的情况见表1。春季,选择水深和底层盐度组合作为解释变量,其具有最小的AIC值和最高的残差;秋季,选择底层水温和底层盐度组合作为解释变量,其具有最小的AIC值和最高的残差。因此,本研究分别使用水深和底层盐度构建春季的HSI模型,使用底层水温和底层盐度构建秋季的HSI模型。
根据BRT模型对不同的环境因子赋予权重,每一个环境变量的权重由其对BRT模型的总方差贡献率来确定。春季,水深对总偏差贡献率最大,为76.23%,其次是底层盐度,为23.77%。秋季,底层水温对总偏差贡献率最大,为82.56%,其次是底层盐度,为17.44%。
海州湾春季和秋季鹰爪虾对不同环境因子的适宜性指数曲线见图2。春季,鹰爪虾主要分布在底层盐度为28~33,水深为6~38 m的海域;秋季,鹰爪虾主要分布在底层水温为14~26℃,底层盐度为28~32的海域。春季,鹰爪虾栖息的最适底层盐度范围为29.7~31.8,最适水深范围为24 m以内;秋季,鹰爪虾栖息的最适底层水温范围为18~24℃,最适底层盐度范围为29.2~31.5(图2)。
采用交叉验证的方法评估AMM和GMM模型的预测性能(表2)。结果显示,春季采用GMM算法建立的HSI模型具有较低的AIC值,且R2更接近1;秋季采用AMM算法建立的HSI模型具有较低的AIC值,且R2值更接近1。因此,本研究分别选用GMM和AMM算法建立春季和秋季鹰爪虾的HSI模型。
2011年及2013−2017年,海州湾春季和秋季鹰爪虾的最适栖息地分布的年间变化较小(图3)。由图3可知,HSI值不小于0.7的区域占研究海域的比重很大。随着年份推移,鹰爪虾最适栖息地的分布面积有略微减小的趋势。其中,2011年HSI值不小于0.7的区域占研究海域的94.97%,2017年HSI值大于等于0.7的区域占研究海域的93.88%。2013−2017年春季,在34°~34.3°N,120.3°~120.5°E之间的部分区域HSI值小于0.2,不适宜鹰爪虾生存,且其面积有逐年扩大的趋势(图3)。由图4可知,2011年及2013−2017年海州湾春季盐度的年间变化幅度较小,绝大部分海域的盐度保持恒定,仅34°~34.3°N,120.2°~120.5°E之间的部分区域盐度的年间变化超过2,其中,34.1°N,120.3°E附近海域盐度的年间变化高达8。由于水深的年间变化可忽略不计,因此图4不包含海州湾春季水深的年间差异图。图5是2011年及2013−2017年海州湾鹰爪虾HSI平均值的分布图,图中的等深线和等盐度线分别为2011年及2013−2017年水深和底层盐度的平均值。由图5可知,春季鹰爪虾的最适栖息地主要分布在30 m等深线以内,HSI平均值与水深的变化规律较为一致。
秋季鹰爪虾的最适栖息地覆盖了调查海域的所有区域,HSI值不小于0.7的区域占研究海域的比重为100%。在34.4°N以南的部分海域,其HSI值小于34.4°N以北的海域,且其面积呈逐年扩大的趋势(图3)。2011年及2013−2017年海州湾秋季盐度在大部分海域保持不变,其中,34.4°N以南的海域,盐度的年间变化超过2(图4)。由于2011年和2017年秋季的调查时间为9月,2013−2016年为10月,这可能是近岸海域温度的年间变化较大的原因(图4)。由图5可知,秋季34.4°N以南海域的平均盐度小于28。
鹰爪虾的食性杂,食物以腹足类、多毛类和长尾类为主[35]。其中腹足类和多毛类在海州湾广泛分布,且数量较多[3637],故饵料生物的分布对鹰爪虾分布的限制作用较小,因此本文没有考虑饵料生物对于鹰爪虾分布的影响。在构建海洋渔业资源的HSI模型时,国内外学者选用的环境因子多集中在海水温度(包括海洋表面温度、海洋表面温度梯度、不同水深温度)、盐度和海面高度,底栖生物还会考虑底质类型[38]。因此,本研究选用底层水温、底层盐度、水深和底质类型构建海州湾鹰爪虾的HSI模型。
在以往的研究中,由于缺少各环境因子对物种分布影响相对重要性的信息,在建立HSI模型时会包含所有相关的环境变量,且这些变量均被赋予了相同的权重[39]。然而,不同环境因子对物种分布的影响常因地域、季节、物种的生长阶段等的变化而不同[14]。因此,选择最优的环境因子组合来建立HSI模型是十分必要的。本研究先利用GAM模型筛选环境因子,再应用BRT模型确定各环境因子的权重,进而确定环境因子的最优组合。环境因子的选择会对HSI模型的构建起到重要作用[18]。由于GAM模型具有半参数功能等灵活性,已被广泛用来拟合物种丰度和环境变量之间的非线性关系[40]。因此,本研究使用GAM模型筛选HSI模型所包含的环境因子。结果显示,筛选环境因子后建立的HSI模型具有更好的预测性能。
以往的研究表明,底层水温、底层盐度、水深等环境因素对于鹰爪虾的分布均有一定的影响[2, 5, 41]。鹰爪虾具有较明显的洄游特性,其移动和分布规律同底层水温走向密切相关。生殖洄游时,黄、渤海区的鹰爪虾沿5℃等温线(底层)北上。7月、8月近岸河口的底层水温达25~27℃后,虾群向近岸聚集产卵。9月,当各产卵场的底层水温在19~22℃时,虾群由近岸区游向较深的海域。底温降至10℃以下时,已经有部分虾进入越冬场[42]。鹰爪虾在不同洄游阶段对于盐度的偏好不同。生殖洄游时,渤、黄海鹰爪虾对于盐度的选择不甚明显。越冬洄游时,鹰爪虾向高盐水域(31.5~33.3)移动[42]。鹰爪虾对底质类型的适应能力较强,在砂、泥沙、泥、软泥区均可生活[3]。海州湾的底质类型主要包括砂、粉砂质砂、黏土质砂和砂−粉砂−黏土等种类,与鹰爪虾适宜的底质类型相一致,因此底质类型不是影响海州湾鹰爪虾分布的主要因素。
通常不同环境因子对HSI模型的影响也不同。因此,在建立HSI模型时需要考虑每个因子的权重。以往研究中,通常默认每一环境因子的权重是相同的,忽视了其影响程度的差异,因而会影响模型的预测效果。BRT模型能够处理非线性和相互作用的变量关系,而且不受缺失值的影响[27]。本研究使用BRT模型,确定环境因子的权重,提高了HSI模型的预测性能。
本研究发现,海州湾春季和秋季鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性指数普遍较高,这说明海州湾春季和秋季的环境条件比较适宜鹰爪虾的生存和生长。以往研究表明,鹰爪虾在海州湾及其邻近海域广泛分布,尤其在秋季,鹰爪虾往往成为该海域的优势种[43-44]。这与本研究中HSI模型预测的结果较为一致。
根据BRT模型得出的计算结果可知,对于春季虾群而言,水深是最重要的影响因素;对于秋季虾群而言,底温是最重要的影响因素。海水深度直接影响着水色、透明度、水体流向、溶解氧和食物量等许多水文因素[45]。水深和其他空间变量,如经度和纬度,实际上是其他适宜的环境变量的外在表征[18]。在本研究中,鹰爪虾的分布不仅受水深的影响,还受到其他环境因素的影响。春季,鹰爪虾从越冬场向近岸洄游,除黄海中部35°00′~36°30′N,123°30′~124°15′E之间的深水区无鹰爪虾分布外,其余区域均有分布[46]。水温也是影响海洋生物生存、发育、繁殖和洄游分布的主要环境因子之一[47]。鹰爪虾是底栖生物,所以底层水温对其生长、生存和空间分布有重要影响。每年10月,山东半岛南岸水域的鹰爪虾选择在水温仍比较高的近岸水域栖息索饵[41]。春季,由于受到黄海冷水团的影响,海州湾东北部底层水温偏低,将鹰爪虾的分布范围限制在近岸区域。由于近岸浅水区温度适宜,营养盐和小型底栖生物较为充足[48],可以为鹰爪虾的生长发育提供充足的食物供给。9月过后,黄海冷水团逐渐变弱,鹰爪虾的分布范围有所扩展。10月下旬,鹰爪虾开始进行越冬洄游,向黄海中部的深水区移动。
鹰爪虾种群数量大,资源丰富,在黄海北部形成重要的渔业产业[4]。20世纪70年代以来,随着近海经济鱼种资源的衰退及桁杆拖虾作业的发展,对鹰爪虾的捕捞强度日趋增大,鹰爪虾的产量也逐渐提高,1996年黄、渤海的鹰爪虾产量高达8.39×104 t[41]。除了高强度的捕捞压力外,鹰爪虾的汛期刚好是其繁殖的高峰期,对亲体的过度利用势必会造成资源数量减少[49]。《渔业统计年鉴》数据表明,全国鹰爪虾的海洋捕捞产量从2015年[50]到2018年[51]逐年下降,2018年的产量比之2015年减少了超过12×104 t,这反映出我国鹰爪虾资源呈衰退趋势。凡守军等[52]通过成功开展鹰爪虾的人工繁殖实验,证明了人工养殖鹰爪虾具有广阔的市场前景,但国内目前尚未实现鹰爪虾的产业化养殖。因此,我们建议减小对鹰爪虾的捕捞压力,同时发展鹰爪虾的人工养殖产业,从而实现对鹰爪虾资源的保护和合理利用。
对于渔业资源的管理和监控而言,海洋生物的空间分布信息是至关重要的,有必要掌握关键海洋物种的空间分布和栖息地状况。HSI模型是了解物种分布的重要方法之一[53]。海洋保护区的发展和基于生态系统的渔业管理需要准确地分析目标种的栖息地及其与环境因子的相互关系,特别是在极端气候变化和环境污染发生的区域。在本研究中,经过环境因子优化后的HSI模型可以对适宜栖息地提供更准确的预估,因而为栖息地研究提供了更好的方法。在今后的研究中,需要探索FVCOM的输出值对HSI预测值灵敏度的影响,并综合考虑流速、叶绿素、溶解氧、捕食者等生态因子,以进一步提高模型的预测能力。
  • 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018 SDKJ0501-2);国家自然科学基金(31772852);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904)。
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2021年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021044
  • 接收时间:2020-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-03-30
  • 修回日期:2020-11-30
基金
青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室重大科技专项(2018 SDKJ0501-2);国家自然科学基金(31772852);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904)。
作者信息
    1中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋渔业科学与食物产出过程功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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