Article(id=1233737683269382933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737680710849370, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1597593600000, receivedDateStr=2020-08-17, revisedDate=1604073600000, revisedDateStr=2020-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075585429, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1619280000000, pubDateStr=2021-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075585429, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075585429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075585429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737680710849370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075584819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075584819, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737685660136262, articleId=1233737683269382933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal variation of phosphorus, iron and sulfur in intertidal sediments of Xiamen and associated release risk of phosphorus, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For understanding the effects of iron and sulfur redox processes and overlying water hypoxia on phosphorus remobilization and liberation in intertidal sediments, the coastal zone in Xiang’an, Xiamen was selected to conduct continuous sampling and monitoring for sediments, pore water and overlying water in one year by employing the in-situ high resolution sampling techniques. Results showed that hypoxia and excessive phosphorus content were severe in the overlying water, which were below 2 mg/L and above 0.06 mg/L in most months, respectively. On the vertical profile, the distribution trend of dissolved reactive phosphorus (SRP) content was consistent with that of dissolved iron content in pore water, while the distribution trend of DGT-labile P was consistent with that of DGT-labile S in local, demonstrating that the passivation and remobilization of phosphorus are mainly controlled by the redox process of iron, and locally controlled by the redox process of sulfur. However, deficiency of sediment phosphorus limits the content of phosphorus in the deep reduction zone. In terms of quarterly changes, SRP content in pore water is only consistent with SRP content in overlying water, which is attributed to the hypoxic sedimentary environment favoring the cross-boundary exchange of SRP. However, the superposition of a variety of environmental factors affects the spatiotemporal changes of SRP and DGT-labile P. The SRP content concentration gradient in surface pore water was not significant, that is, the phosphorus release risk was not significant, but the change of environmental factors is very easy to trigger the release of endogenous phosphorus in future.

, correspAuthors=Zhanrong Guo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Feng Pan, Zhanrong Guo, Yu Cai, Huatai Liu, Xinhong Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737687543378865, articleId=1233737683269382933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=厦门潮间带沉积物磷、铁和硫的时空分布及磷释放风险研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解潮间带沉积物中铁和硫的氧化还原过程以及上覆水缺氧等对磷再活化和释放的影响,选择厦门翔安海岸带,应用原位、高分辨采样技术,对沉积物、孔隙水以及上覆水进行为期1 a的连续采样和监测。结果表明:上覆海水缺氧和磷含量超标较为严重,二者在多数月份分别低于2 mg/L和高于0.06 mg/L;在垂向剖面上,孔隙水中溶解活性磷含量同溶解铁含量变化规律一致,而薄膜扩散梯度技术有效态磷和有效态硫含量在局部硫高值区分布一致,表明磷的钝化和再活化主要受控于铁,局部受控于硫的氧化还原过程;在季度变化上,孔隙水中溶解活性磷同上覆水中溶解活性磷含量比较一致,归因于缺氧的沉积环境有利于溶解活性磷的跨界面交换,而多种环境因素的叠加,影响着溶解活性磷和膜扩散梯度技术有效态磷的时空变化;表层孔隙水中磷含量梯度不显著,即磷的释放风险不大,但环境因素的变化极易触发内源磷的释放。

, correspAuthors=郭占荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
郭占荣,男,教授,主要从事海岸带水文地质学和海洋地质学的教学和研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=g+AcsXxdMvNDw/lE/uULJQ==, magXml=K8egvKgSkhx8AS8M6f/b7g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HGK4q2Zg0riR8Do0u3Wf3g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IHaKTtvUfLWFP/03cvoSWA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

潘峰(1990—),男,山东省乳山市人,主要研究方向为河口海岸环境地球化学。E-mail:

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Environmental Science, 2019, 40(2): 640−648., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233805856467374959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41372242,41672226);中国博士后科学基金(2020M682085)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233805850519851666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850524045971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, companyId=1233805850519851666, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850532434580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, companyId=1233805850519851666, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1厦门大学 环境与生态学院,福建 厦门 361102)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233805850662458009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850670846618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, companyId=1233805850662458009, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850675040924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, companyId=1233805850662458009, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2厦门大学 海洋与地球学院,福建 厦门 361102)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233805850784092833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850792481443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, companyId=1233805850784092833, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233805850800870050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, companyId=1233805850784092833, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3厦门大学 近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室,福建 厦门 361102)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233805854328279854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The station of the study area, figureFileSmall=wd/CMxo1unVmR795OaWyqg==, figureFileBig=szegI+KF5n4Y0CqefSPN7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805854433137458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域位置, figureFileSmall=wd/CMxo1unVmR795OaWyqg==, figureFileBig=szegI+KF5n4Y0CqefSPN7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805854563160884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Depth profiles of soluble Fe and SRP contents

** representing significance at 0.01 level

, figureFileSmall=vsbcfV4bIVrmV6TES9HDsQ==, figureFileBig=wBBM4DntE83eqteiwCrjzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805854668018489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=CN, label=图2, caption=溶解铁和SRP的含量−深度剖面

**代表在0.01显著性水平上

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**representing significance at 0.01 level

, figureFileSmall=E8D19g3DAY8w8IqB/B1pxQ==, figureFileBig=nnaVLat8kksI+oXzzgezfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805855884366687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各个月份(剖面)DGT有效态硫和磷的线性相关

**代表在0.01显著性水平上

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Basic physicochemical characteristics of the overlying water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间温度/℃盐度溶解氧浓度/(mg·L−1)pHSRP含量/(mg·L−1)R
2018年5月33.632.651.658.010.1312.9
2018年6月23.429.661.348.160.1343.0
2018年7月30.130.430.887.990.0861.9
2018年8月31.331.571.578.130.0771.7
2018年9月31.730.001.298.080.0671.5
2018年10月25.032.671.868.160.0621.4
2018年11月22.432.042.357.630.0621.4
2018年12月20.329.391.568.010.0491.1
2019年1月15.430.562.857.780.0511.1
2019年2月16.931.243.217.770.0521.2
2019年3月18.133.122.578.060.0601.3
2019年4月24.630.891.688.110.0581.3
), ArticleFig(id=1233805856081498980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

上覆水基本理化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间温度/℃盐度溶解氧浓度/(mg·L−1)pHSRP含量/(mg·L−1)R
2018年5月33.632.651.658.010.1312.9
2018年6月23.429.661.348.160.1343.0
2018年7月30.130.430.887.990.0861.9
2018年8月31.331.571.578.130.0771.7
2018年9月31.730.001.298.080.0671.5
2018年10月25.032.671.868.160.0621.4
2018年11月22.432.042.357.630.0621.4
2018年12月20.329.391.568.010.0491.1
2019年1月15.430.562.857.780.0511.1
2019年2月16.931.243.217.770.0521.2
2019年3月18.133.122.578.060.0601.3
2019年4月24.630.891.688.110.0581.3
), ArticleFig(id=1233805856161190759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic physicochemical characteristics of the surface sediments (0 cm to 10 cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间ASC-Fe含量/(g·kg−1)ASC-P含量/(mg·kg−1)TOC含量/%TS含量/(g·kg−1)碳氮比砂含量/%粉砂含量/%黏土含量/%
2018年5月0.8421.30.511.669.537.8268.224.0
2018年6月0.8320.90.551.719.431.6964.533.8
2018年7月0.8822.70.542.4010.50.5970.828.6
2018年8月0.2718.30.442.7910.04.8570.524.6
2018年9月0.3021.00.391.7711.017.566.615.9
2018年10月0.7921.90.541.329.772.0072.125.9
2018年11月0.5414.20.621.509.358.0969.622.4
2018年12月0.498.000.521.358.6613.268.918.0
2019年1月0.689.000.601.328.7918.065.516.6
2019年2月0.546.900.491.749.3521.874.63.60
2019年3月0.737.600.641.188.2112.384.43.30
2019年4月0.577.500.481.428.9914.181.54.40
), ArticleFig(id=1233805856240882538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737683269382933, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

表层沉积物(0~10 cm)基本理化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间ASC-Fe含量/(g·kg−1)ASC-P含量/(mg·kg−1)TOC含量/%TS含量/(g·kg−1)碳氮比砂含量/%粉砂含量/%黏土含量/%
2018年5月0.8421.30.511.669.537.8268.224.0
2018年6月0.8320.90.551.719.431.6964.533.8
2018年7月0.8822.70.542.4010.50.5970.828.6
2018年8月0.2718.30.442.7910.04.8570.524.6
2018年9月0.3021.00.391.7711.017.566.615.9
2018年10月0.7921.90.541.329.772.0072.125.9
2018年11月0.5414.20.621.509.358.0969.622.4
2018年12月0.498.000.521.358.6613.268.918.0
2019年1月0.689.000.601.328.7918.065.516.6
2019年2月0.546.900.491.749.3521.874.63.60
2019年3月0.737.600.641.188.2112.384.43.30
2019年4月0.577.500.481.428.9914.181.54.40
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厦门潮间带沉积物磷、铁和硫的时空分布及磷释放风险研究
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潘峰 1, 3 , 郭占荣 2, * , 蔡宇 2 , 刘花台 1 , 王新红 1, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(4): 14-26
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(4): 14-26
厦门潮间带沉积物磷、铁和硫的时空分布及磷释放风险研究
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潘峰1, 3 , 郭占荣2, * , 蔡宇2, 刘花台1, 王新红1, 3
作者信息
  • 1厦门大学 环境与生态学院,福建 厦门 361102
  • 2厦门大学 海洋与地球学院,福建 厦门 361102
  • 3厦门大学 近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室,福建 厦门 361102
  • 潘峰(1990—),男,山东省乳山市人,主要研究方向为河口海岸环境地球化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郭占荣,男,教授,主要从事海岸带水文地质学和海洋地质学的教学和研究。E-mail:
Spatio-temporal variation of phosphorus, iron and sulfur in intertidal sediments of Xiamen and associated release risk of phosphorus
Feng Pan1, 3 , Zhanrong Guo2, * , Yu Cai2, Huatai Liu1, Xinhong Wang1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 2College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
出版时间: 2021-04-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021030
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为了解潮间带沉积物中铁和硫的氧化还原过程以及上覆水缺氧等对磷再活化和释放的影响,选择厦门翔安海岸带,应用原位、高分辨采样技术,对沉积物、孔隙水以及上覆水进行为期1 a的连续采样和监测。结果表明:上覆海水缺氧和磷含量超标较为严重,二者在多数月份分别低于2 mg/L和高于0.06 mg/L;在垂向剖面上,孔隙水中溶解活性磷含量同溶解铁含量变化规律一致,而薄膜扩散梯度技术有效态磷和有效态硫含量在局部硫高值区分布一致,表明磷的钝化和再活化主要受控于铁,局部受控于硫的氧化还原过程;在季度变化上,孔隙水中溶解活性磷同上覆水中溶解活性磷含量比较一致,归因于缺氧的沉积环境有利于溶解活性磷的跨界面交换,而多种环境因素的叠加,影响着溶解活性磷和膜扩散梯度技术有效态磷的时空变化;表层孔隙水中磷含量梯度不显著,即磷的释放风险不大,但环境因素的变化极易触发内源磷的释放。

活性磷  /  溶解铁  /  溶解硫化物  /  薄膜扩散梯度技术  /  高分辨渗析技术  /  时空分布

For understanding the effects of iron and sulfur redox processes and overlying water hypoxia on phosphorus remobilization and liberation in intertidal sediments, the coastal zone in Xiang’an, Xiamen was selected to conduct continuous sampling and monitoring for sediments, pore water and overlying water in one year by employing the in-situ high resolution sampling techniques. Results showed that hypoxia and excessive phosphorus content were severe in the overlying water, which were below 2 mg/L and above 0.06 mg/L in most months, respectively. On the vertical profile, the distribution trend of dissolved reactive phosphorus (SRP) content was consistent with that of dissolved iron content in pore water, while the distribution trend of DGT-labile P was consistent with that of DGT-labile S in local, demonstrating that the passivation and remobilization of phosphorus are mainly controlled by the redox process of iron, and locally controlled by the redox process of sulfur. However, deficiency of sediment phosphorus limits the content of phosphorus in the deep reduction zone. In terms of quarterly changes, SRP content in pore water is only consistent with SRP content in overlying water, which is attributed to the hypoxic sedimentary environment favoring the cross-boundary exchange of SRP. However, the superposition of a variety of environmental factors affects the spatiotemporal changes of SRP and DGT-labile P. The SRP content concentration gradient in surface pore water was not significant, that is, the phosphorus release risk was not significant, but the change of environmental factors is very easy to trigger the release of endogenous phosphorus in future.

mobile phosphorus  /  dissolved iron  /  dissolved sulfide  /  DGT  /  HR-Peeper  /  spatio-temporal distribution
潘峰, 郭占荣, 蔡宇, 刘花台, 王新红. 厦门潮间带沉积物磷、铁和硫的时空分布及磷释放风险研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (4) : 14 -26 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021030
Feng Pan, Zhanrong Guo, Yu Cai, Huatai Liu, Xinhong Wang. Spatio-temporal variation of phosphorus, iron and sulfur in intertidal sediments of Xiamen and associated release risk of phosphorus[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (4) : 14 -26 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021030
磷是一种重要的常量营养元素,通常作为限制性营养盐在很大程度上控制了海洋初级生产力,其过量输入很容易引发海水富营养化和赤潮等生态环境问题[1-3]。铁和硫是生命必需的微量元素,同时也是海洋沉积物中有机质矿化以及磷钝化、再活化的重要参与者[4-7]。海岸带是海−陆相互作用和全球物质循环的活跃地带,同时也是环境因素复杂、生态脆弱的敏感区域[8]。在全球变化和人类活动的影响下,不仅近岸水体磷循环在快速的发生变化,而且沉积物内源磷的循环及与上覆水的物质交换也变得更加活跃和复杂[5, 9-10]。近年来,随着外源磷输入得到有效控制,近海沉积物内源磷的再活化和向上释放在海洋生态环境恶化中扮演着更为重要的角色,已引起了沿海各国政府和科学界的广泛关注,成为海洋环境地球化学研究的热点之一[11-15]
在海岸带沉积物复杂的早期成岩作用中,微生物主导下的铁氧化物还原和硫酸盐还原通常被认为是最主要的有机质矿化路径[4, 16-17],并广泛参与了有机磷的矿化、铁结合态磷的还原溶解以及其他磷形态转化和埋藏[4, 1819],铁和硫的氧化还原循环是驱动内源磷循环和跨界面交换的关键因素。因此,有必要将这3种元素结合起来,探究它们的时空分布特征以及对沉积物内源磷钝化、再活化的影响。然而,海岸带沉积物一方面往往由于动荡的沉积环境而存在较高的空间异质性,需要原位、高分辨的采样技术来准确获取待测物的空间分布;另一方面在快速的全球变化和人类活动影响下,待测物的地球化学行为和分布可能随时间在不断变化,尤其对于氧化还原敏感的铁、硫和磷,需要更加频繁的野外调查采样来追踪它们的时间序列分布。
近年来原位、高分辨的薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)、薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)以及高分辨渗析技术(HR-Peeper)等在国内和国际上被广泛应用到湖库[20-22]、河流[2324]以及海洋[1112, 25]沉积物中磷、铁和硫的研究中,但是应用多种技术,如将DGT同HR-Peeper联用来同步分析DGT有效态和孔隙水溶解态的研究偏少[2627],而高时空频率的野外研究更是匮乏[5, 20]。鉴于此,本文选择厦门翔安海岸带,以每月1次持续1年的采样频率和周期,应用DGT和HR-Peeper同步分析沉积物中DGT有效态磷(DGT-Labile P)和孔隙水活性溶解态磷(SRP),辅以DGT有效态硫(DGT-Labile S,即可溶性硫化物S(−2),包括H2S、HS和S2−)、溶解态铁(Fe(+2)和Fe(+3))以及沉积物和上覆水基本理化特征,来探究它们的时空分布特征,以期评估多种环境因子对磷循环的影响及内源磷的释放风险。
研究区域位于厦门市翔安区九溪入海口附近的海岸带,与大嶝岛和在建的翔安国际机场隔海相望(图1)。该区属于南亚热带海洋性气候,气候温暖湿润,年均气温为21℃,年均降水量为1 350 mm。毗邻的海域较为封闭、水动力弱、潮滩平缓。潮汐类型为正规半日潮,平均潮差为4.1 m,潮间带宽度超过100 m,采样点位于潮间带中潮位置(24°34′54″N, 118°17′58″E)。厦门湾大部分海域氮磷比大于Redfield比值,营养盐结构基本为磷限制[28]。然而,厦门地区由人类活动引起的海水磷污染严重[29],通常被认为是海水缺氧、富营养化乃至赤潮频繁发生的主要诱因[3031]
DGT和HR-Peeper的原理及装置此前已被多次报道[32-34],故不再赘述。其中,DGT装置所测定的磷来源于孔隙水正磷酸根以及由于含量降低而沉积物向孔隙水再补给的磷,被称为DGT有效态磷,具有高度的生物可利用性[35]。本研究选择ZrO DGT和AgI DGT装置来分别测定DGT有效态磷和DGT有效态硫,用HR-Peeper装置来采集并测定孔隙水SRP和溶解铁含量。所有装置在使用前一天均充氮气去氧,其中AgI DGT装置避光保存防止光氧化。
野外采样工作始于2018年5月。第1 天在采样点低潮时,将HR-Peeper装置缓慢、垂直地插入到沉积物中并保留最顶部4格(上覆水);第2 天同样在低潮时,先将ZrO DGT装置紧贴着且暴露窗口朝着HR-Peeper装置插入到沉积物中,然后将AgI DGT装置同它们面对面间隔2~3 cm插入到沉积物中。第3 天待潮水刚退去时,缓慢地取出DGT装置和HR-Peeper装置,并记录DGT装置放置时间。随后用去离子水和湿滤纸迅速冲洗去除DGT装置和HR-Peeper装置表面附着的沉积物,将DGT装置表面覆盖干净的湿滤纸并避光保存,将HR-Peeper装置表面擦拭干并用保鲜膜覆盖。其中,HR-Peeper装置只在具有季节代表性的4个月份布置。回收装置后,使用PVC管采集0~10 cm深度的沉积物样品,连同处理后的DGT装置和HR-Peeper装置,在30 min内迅速运回实验室。此外,每月采样期间用便携式多参数测量仪(美国YSI)测定上覆水相关理化参数。
样品运回实验室后,立即预冷冻随后用冷冻干燥机(德国Christ)冷冻干燥,部分冻干样研磨过筛;HR-Peeper孔隙水样立即用移液枪吸取转移到离心管中,随后吸取适量水样到酶标板,分别以磷钼蓝显色法和邻菲罗啉显色法对孔隙水SRP和溶解铁进行显色处理,并用En Spire分光光度计(美国Waltham)以96孔微量比色法进行测定[36]。DGT样品的处理参照Ding等[37]的方法,取出吸附膜后,ZrO薄膜需要先经过磷钼蓝水浴显色,随后将ZrO或AgI薄膜置于扫描仪上,设置分辨率为600 dpi(相当于0.042 3 mm×0.042 3 mm),扫描膜的正面,利用ImageJ 1.46软件将扫描获得的图像转成灰度。
冻干后未研磨的沉积物样品使用激光粒度仪Mastersizer 3000(英国Malvern)测定粒度;研磨样用抗坏血酸一步提取法提取无定形铁(ASC-Fe)和铁结合态磷(ASC-P)[4],提取液磷和铁同样使用上述的微量比色法进行测定[36];将样品酸洗去除无机碳,酸洗样和未酸洗样分别用元素分析仪(德国Elementar vario MACRO cube)测定总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总硫(TS)。在上述测试过程中,空白样、平行样和标准物质均被用来进行质量控制和质量保证。
在获取DGT样品的灰度数据后,利用校正曲线将AgI DGT和ZrO DGT样品的灰度(y)分别转换成DGT有效态硫(公式(1))和DGT有效态磷在放置时间内的积累量(x)(公式(2)),分别为[37-39]
$y_{1}=-167.3{\rm{e}}^{-\frac{x_{1}}{6.51}}+214.6,$
$y_{2}=-171{\rm{e}}^{-\frac{x_{2}}{7.23}}+220{.}$
然后基于DGT的扩散/吸附通量(FDGT)和DGT有效态含量(CDGT)就可以根据以下公式计算[35]
${F}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{T}}=\frac{x}{t},$
${C}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{T}}=\frac{x\Delta g}{Dt},$
式中,x是公式(1)和公式(2)中的积累量(单位:μg/cm);t是放置时间(单位:s);$ \Delta g $是扩散层厚度(0.8 mm);D是待测溶质在扩散层中的扩散系数(单位:cm2/ s)。其中DGT有效态磷既可以用FDGT表示,也可以用CDGT表示;但DGT有效态硫一般只以FDGT表示,因为公式(4)中硫化物与温度有关的扩散系数尚未被准确量化,而磷在DGT扩散膜中与温度有关的扩散系数已被准确测量[40]
上覆水基本理化特征如表1所示,从2018年5月至2019年4月,水温介于15.4~33.6℃;盐度几乎都在30以上,最高可达33.12;溶解氧(DO)浓度在多月均低于2 mg/L,其中7月最低(0.88 mg/L),仅在2月超过了3 mg/L,表明本研究区域海水缺氧较为严重,尤其是在春、夏季;pH基本稳定在8左右,没有明显的变化;SRP含量在春、夏季(5−6月)高达0.13 mg/L,在冬季(12月至翌年2月)低至0.05 mg/L左右。与我国《海水水质标准》(GB 3097−1997)对比发现,上覆水SRP含量均超过了最高等级(IV)的标准含量(0.045 mg/L),超标程度(R)不一。这些结果表明,研究海域磷超标明显,磷污染程度较为严重甚至要高于厦门湾其他海域[29, 41],但是此前的报道明显不足,需引起足够的重视。
沉积物基本理化特征如表2所示,ASC-Fe和ASC-P含量均在不同月份变化较大,前者介于0.27~0.88 g/kg,无明显的变化趋势,仅在8−9月明显偏低(≤0.30 g/kg);后者介于6.90~22.7 mg/kg,5−10月较高,随后在冬季降至极低水平并持续到翌年春季(为6.90~9.00 mg/kg)。显然二者随时间变化趋势不一致,这与此前许多研究所证实的它们在垂向剖面上的耦合分布截然不同[4, 42],可能归因于新沉积的磷和铁的组成和来源在不同时间段的差异,比如赤潮后期浮游植物残骸的沉降显然会导致磷含量的显著升高。TOC含量整体偏低,介于0.39%~0.64%,在不同月份差异不大且无明显的变化趋势,与ASC-Fe类似,也是在8−9月偏低(0.4 %左右)。TS含量介于1.18~2.79 g/kg,7−8月最高,冬季较低。碳氮比介于8.21~11.0,指示了偏海源的有机碳来源。粒度结果显示,沉积类型主要为粉砂以及黏土质粉砂。整体来看,相比于厦门湾其他海域如沉积类型相近的九龙江口,本研究中活性磷、铁和有机碳含量均偏低[7]
4个季节孔隙水中SRP和溶解铁含量的垂向分布如图2所示。在夏季(7月),二者均在表层2 cm上下含量最低(SRP含量为0.048 mg/L,溶解铁含量为0.17 mg/L),随后开始较为稳定地持续升高,在9~10 cm深度达到峰值(SRP含量约为0.1 mg/L,溶解铁含量约为1.5 mg/L),然后随深度不断降低,至最底层16 cm深度仅比表层略高;在秋季(10月),二者均在表层1 cm深度即开始有所升高,随后略有降低,至6 cm上下深度开始触底反弹,在波动中不断升高至底层,SRP和溶解铁含量最高值分别为0.098 mg/L和2.55 mg/L;在冬季(1月),二者均在1 cm深度处异常升高(SRP含量为0.061 mg/L,溶解铁含量为0.82 mg/L),除此之外,虽然有所波动,但在表层基本维持在较低含量水平(SRP含量约为0.047 mg/L,溶解铁含量约为0.02 mg/L),至10 cm上下开始明显升高至底层;在春季(4月),与冬季类似,二者均在表层维持在较低含量水平但是波动较小且无异常点(SRP含量约为0.055 mg/L,溶解铁含量低于0.1 mg/L),至8 cm上下开始明显升高至底层,最高值分别为0.074 mg/L和0.578 mg/L。溶解铁含量从极低开始出现明显升高,意味着进入了铁还原带,此深度以浅基本可以代表氧化带[15]
从上述结果来看,显然孔隙水SRP含量和溶解铁含量表现出极为一致的同步变化趋势,且二者在4个剖面的线性相关性显著。表明,磷的钝化和再活化过程主要受控于铁氧化还原循环,即在表层氧化条件下,磷易被活性铁氧化物吸附钝化,导致SRP含量和溶解铁含量均较低;而在深部还原条件下,随着铁氧化物还原的发生,生成的Fe2+以及相关的固相碳酸盐和硫化物等丧失了对磷的吸附能力,导致磷被解吸再活化,同溶解铁一起出现含量的升高[4, 43]。然而,相对于溶解铁含量在表层氧化带和深部铁还原带的巨大差异(图2,4个季节的高低值相差5~10倍),SRP含量的差异并不大(4个季节的高低值相差最大也不到2倍)。这是因为上覆水缺氧导致氧化带普遍较浅,偏还原环境有利于SRP在表层孔隙水和上覆水之间交换[4445],结果就是SRP在表层孔隙水和上覆水中达到扩散平衡,二者含量基本一致(图3),上覆水SRP含量的变化可能在很大程度上影响了孔隙水尤其是表层孔隙水SRP的含量。此外,无定形铁氧化物含量并不高(表2),在缺氧条件下对表层孔隙水SRP的吸附钝化能力有限,导致其含量相对较高;而在深部铁还原带,鉴于0~10 cm沉积物中ASC-P含量不高(表2),很可能10 cm以下沉积物中ASC-P含量也不高,可以被铁还原再活化的固相活性磷组分比较有限,限制了深部还原带SRP的含量,加之表层偏还原的环境有利于深部相对高含量SRP的向上扩散,导致SRP含量在表层和深层的差距不大。
从季节变化来看,如图3所示,溶解铁平均含量呈现夏秋高、冬春低的分布格局,这与邻近的九溪河口同期的研究是一致的[5],即在铁氧化物含量差别不大的情况下铁还原速率主要受控于温度。SRP含量与溶解铁含量均值的季度变化略有差异,即秋季溶解铁含量相对偏低,但这并不意味着铁氧化还原非控制磷活化/钝化的主要因素。因为随着季节变化,各种环境因素可能发生了很大变化,受其影响下的SRP的基底浓度也就是表层最低浓度也变化很大。此外,磷埋藏和赋存形式的季节变化也会影响磷的再活化效率和SRP含量。这些因素都可能导致SRP与溶解铁含量均值的季度变化略有差异。因此,在此背景下,溶解铁和SRP仍然保持一致变化,再次表明在沉积物垂向上磷的活性主要受控于铁的氧化还原。
各月二维DGT有效态硫的含量分布如图4所示。整体来看,DGT有效态硫几乎在每个月的分布都不一致且异质性程度差异大。具体来看,在5−7月表层1~3 cm,含量最低,几乎为零,随后开始升高,并在4~8 cm深度的局部出现形状不规则的显著高值区(约为40 pg/(cm2·s)),接着含量明显降低直至最底层,尤其是5月和7月几乎低至检测限;在8−11月,最高值(约为20 pg/(cm2·s))出现在最表层2 cm以内,然后基本在轻微的波动中随深度一直降低;12月和1月整体含量最低,12月仅在4~11 cm深度有至多10 pg/(cm2·s)左右的含量,而1月的相对高值仅在1~3 cm深度出现;2月含量略有升高(约为8 pg/(cm2·s)),分布均匀,水平和垂向异质性程度均极低;3月与2月分布情况类似,但含量出现明显升高(约为12 pg/(cm2·s));4月整体含量出现降低,仅在9~11 cm深度的峰值同3月含量接近。
整体来看,除了5−7月,DGT有效态硫含量在其余月份的水平和垂向异质性程度均较低,相比于其他同类型的研究,无论是海岸带和近海环境[5, 7, 11],还是淡水湖泊环境[12, 22],全年的整体含量也偏低。这很可能归因于TOC含量的偏低,极大地限制了硫酸盐还原的发生和硫化氢的积累,这也是DGT有效态硫的高值区出现在表层/次表层的主要原因,因为新沉积的有机碳活性更高,在本研究的表层缺氧环境中易引发相对较强的硫酸盐还原[5]。另外,有机碳含量偏低更有利于铁还原的发生,它不仅同硫酸盐还原竞争有机质电子,还原产物Fe2+还会与硫化氢反应生成铁硫化物沉淀[17],进一步限制了可溶性硫化物的含量。反过来看,表层DGT有效态硫在8−9月最高,与之对应的是沉积物TS含量全年最高,ASC-Fe全年最低(表2),显然硫化物的生成和积累显著消耗了铁氧化物,将其转化为铁硫化物。除了归因于上覆水缺氧,上文所述偏低的活性磷、铁和有机碳含量可能还归因于整个采样年度异常偏少的降水量(以2018年为例,偏少21.5%,数据来源于《厦门市2018年气候公报》)以及台风等气候事件,使得邻近的九溪径流量减少,向本海域输送的陆源物质偏少。加之较弱的水动力条件,导致颗粒物质的沉积较为均匀,且缺氧环境下,底栖生物扰动较少,有利于有机质等均匀分布在沉积物中,这解释了DGT有效态硫在多数月份的水平和垂向异质性程度均较低。这与水动力较强、陆源有机质丰富的九龙江口海岸带沉积物中高含量、高异质性分布的DGT有效态硫是截然相反的[7, 42]。另外,尽管在某些相邻月份差异较大,但DGT有效态硫和沉积物总硫含量基本上呈现夏秋高、冬低的分布格局。这与温度和上覆水DO浓度的季节变化基本一致(表1图3),表明低温和相对不缺氧的环境不利于硫酸盐还原的发生和硫化物的积累。
各月二维DGT有效态磷的分布如图5所示。从垂向上看,在5−7月,其在表层约4 cm深度之内含量较低,尽管局部略高(如5月1~2 cm深度),随后开始缓慢或迅速升高直至底部,峰值可达10 pg/(cm2·s);在8−10月,高值甚至峰值出现在距表层3 cm深度之内,其中9月峰值全年最高(超过20 pg/(cm2·s)),随后出现明显的降低,并在8~10 cm深度再次升高直至底部,数值同5−7月较为接近;在11月和12月,表层2 cm和5 cm深度之内分别为低值区,随后含量明显升高,尤其11月有明显的高值区(约为13 pg/(cm2·s)),然后在10 cm深度上下开始明显降低直至底部;在1−4月,DGT有效态磷含量均较低,低值区至少可以维持到8 cm深度,并在随后略有升高至底部,其中4月升高较为显著,但高值也仅有至多8 pg/(cm2·s)。
图4图5来看,DGT有效态磷、硫的分布在整体上差别较大,二者不仅在二维分布上不太一致,而且各月份一维垂向分布也不一致,另外均值的季度变化也有明显差异(图3)。这些结果表明,在本研究区域硫酸盐还原及硫化物的积累不是控制磷再活化的主要因素。这可能是因为,在表层/次表层硫相对高值区,受限于低含量的TOC,可被矿化的有机磷含量可能较低,即使硫酸盐还原相对较强,其对磷再活化的贡献也不大;而在深层DGT有效态硫相对低值区,面对铁还原的有力竞争和进一步降低的TOC含量,微弱的硫酸盐还原对磷再活化的贡献只会更小,而此时普遍有所升高的DGT有效态磷含量以及SRP含量显然应该归因于深部强烈的铁异化还原。尽管如此,通过仔细对比图4图5可以发现,在DGT有效态硫的局部高值区,DGT有效态磷不仅含量升高且二者呈现相似的二维轮廓如,如图6所示(面对面间隔的放置方式可能会导致2块DGT设备测定的深度略有偏差)。这至少表明,在硫酸盐还原相对强烈的区域,其对磷再活化和活性磷分布的贡献是不可忽视的。此外,各月份DGT有效态硫和磷的线性相关(图7)显示,二者在少数月份(4个)呈显著正相关关系,也在一定程度上说明了硫酸盐还原对磷再活化的贡献。
从时间变化来看,DGT有效态磷含量在不同月份差异较大,整体上看只有冬季几个月明显偏低。除了受控于铁和硫的氧化还原循环,可能还与上覆水DO浓度和沉积物TOC含量密切相关。冬季上覆水相对更为富氧,不仅通过限制铁还原和硫酸盐还原影响了磷的再活化,而且在氧化环境中沉积物对磷的吸附钝化能力更强,这些因素叠加有效的限制了DGT有效态磷含量。另外,虽然TOC含量低且随时间变化不大,但在其含量最低的8月和9月,DGT有效态磷的含量反而较高,尤其是在表层和次表层,同时DGT有效态硫含量高。可能归因于缺氧条件下强烈的硫酸盐还原迅速矿化有机质(磷),对DGT有效态磷贡献显著。
在同步放置DGT和HR-Peeper设备的4个月份的垂向剖面中,DGT有效态磷同SRP的分布趋势比较一致(图2图5),且二者在4个季节的均值变化也比较一致(图3)。这一方面进一步证实了铁的氧化还原过程主导了磷的再活化,另一方面也表明,DGT有效态磷同SRP有高度的同源性,即SRP主要由正磷酸根组成,而且在不同季节、不同深度剖面中存在较为稳定。
如上文所述,沉积物磷的再活化在垂向上主要受控于铁的氧化还原过程,在局部受控于相对强烈的硫酸盐还原作用。但由于有机质和铁结合态磷的缺乏,对磷再活化的贡献有限,限制了深层活性磷(DGT有效态磷和SRP)的高值;而缺氧的沉积环境有利于SRP在上覆水和表层孔隙水之间交换,偏高的上覆水SRP浓度提升了表层孔隙水SRP的低值。而且在随时间的月度/季度变化上,活性磷的分布不仅受控于多种环境因素的变化,如温度、溶氧和TOC等,还受控于上覆水磷的交换和补给。
从SRP在沉积物−上覆水界面的含量分布来看(图2),含量梯度不显著(除了1月的异常高值点),仅在10月SRP由孔隙水向上覆水释放较为明显。此外,DGT有效态磷含量表层低、深层高的分布也指示了沉积物内源磷的释放风险较低。然而,本研究区域这种缺氧、水动力条件弱的沉积环境具有有利于内源磷再活化和向上覆水释放的潜在风险。如上文所述,偏低的活性磷、铁和有机碳含量可能归因于整个采样年度异常偏少的降水量导致陆源物质输入偏少。但是在当前快速的全球气候变化的背景下,陆源物质输入增加也是很有可能发生的,尤其本研究区还极易受台风影响。在缺氧环境中,陆源输入的有机碳和活性磷会迅速被分解矿化和再活化,进而以SRP的形式再循环释放到上覆水中;另外,当上覆水SRP含量降低之后,相对高浓度的表层孔隙水活性磷会立即由原本平衡的状态转变为磷源,上覆水SRP含量越低,沉积物内源磷的释放越显著。
(1)从2018年5月至2019年4月,厦门翔安海域上覆水磷含量超标明显,但沉积物中活性磷、铁和有机碳含量均较低,可能归因于缺氧环境不利于碳和磷等的有效埋藏以及整个采样年度异常偏少的降水量导致陆源物质输入偏少。
(2)在各月份垂向剖面上,磷的钝化和再活化主要受控于铁的氧化还原过程,其中磷的再活化在局部受控于硫酸盐还原,但沉积物贫磷限制了深部铁还原带中的磷含量。
(3)缺氧的沉积环境有利于SRP在上覆水和表层孔隙水之间交换,上覆水磷含量变化更有可能是决定孔隙水磷含量尤其在较长时间尺度下分布的最主要因素。
(4)在当前状态下,沉积物内源磷的释放风险不大,但是在本研究区域这种缺氧、水动力条件弱的沉积环境中,陆源物质输入增加或者上覆水SRP浓度降低极易触发内源磷的释放。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41372242,41672226);中国博士后科学基金(2020M682085)。
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2021年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021030
  • 接收时间:2020-08-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-08-17
  • 修回日期:2020-10-31
基金
国家自然科学基金(41372242,41672226);中国博士后科学基金(2020M682085)。
作者信息
    1厦门大学 环境与生态学院,福建 厦门 361102
    2厦门大学 海洋与地球学院,福建 厦门 361102
    3厦门大学 近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室,福建 厦门 361102

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郭占荣,男,教授,主要从事海岸带水文地质学和海洋地质学的教学和研究。E-mail:
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