Article(id=1233737682396959587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737680710849370, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1593964800000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-06, revisedDate=1604937600000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075585221, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1619280000000, pubDateStr=2021-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075585221, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075585221, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075585221, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737680710849370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075584819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075584819, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737682719921001, articleId=1233737682396959587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The potential suitability habitat prediction of Acaudina molpadioides based on Maxent model, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The prediction of habitat suitability has important guiding significance for species protection, alien and pest control. In this study, Maxent model was used to predict the suitability habitat of A. molpadioides in Qingchuan Bay, Ningde, Fujian Province. The results of the model reached an excellent level. Combined with ArcGIS software, the suitable habitat of the A. molpadioides was divided into five grades. The results showed that: 1.3% of the total study area was highly suitable, and the area was 25.6 km2. Water environment, sedimentary environment and ecological community all had an impact on the distribution of the A. molpadioides. Water depth, salinity, inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate were the main factors of water environment. The cumulative contribution rate to the prediction of the suitable habitat of A. molpadioides was 39%, especially, the water depth was the most important factor that restricts the distribution of the A. molpadioides, the prediction contribution rate was 27%; sediment grain size, sulfide content and total organic carbon in surface sediment were the main factors of sedimentary environment, and the cumulative contribution rate was 40.4%. The second important factor was the volume percentage of substrate of sediment clay, and the contribution rate was about 18%. The density and biomass of zooplankton and the number of benthos all had a certain impact on the distribution of A. molpadioides, the cumulative contribution rate was 16.8%, among which the contribution rate of zooplankton density to other biological factors was the most important, about 8%. On the whole, the most ideal distribution area of A. molpadioides is the shallow water muddy bottom habitat, where the water depth is less than 5 m, the salinity is relatively low, the organic carbon content of sediment is relatively high, and the bottom material is mainly clay silt.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yanlong He, Shouhai Liu, Yiming Yuan, Keji Jiang, Teng Wang, Yutao Qing, Yuanhao Ren), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737685857260482, articleId=1233737682396959587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于Maxent模型的海地瓜(Acaudina molpadioides)区域适宜生境分布预测研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生境适宜性预测对物种保护、外来生物及有害生物防治具有重要指导意义。本研究应用Maxent模型对宁德晴川湾海域海地瓜适宜性生境进行预测,模型的预测结果达到优秀水平,并结合ArcGIS软件对海地瓜适宜生境划分为5级。研究结果表明,极高和较高海地瓜适宜生境占总研究区域的1.3%,面积为25.6 km2。水体环境、沉积环境和生态群落均对海地瓜分布产生影响,水体环境中水深、盐度、无机氮和活性磷酸盐是影响海地瓜生境适宜性的主要水环境因子,对海地瓜适宜生境预测累计贡献率达39%,尤其水深是制约海地瓜分布最为主要的因子,预测贡献率为27%;沉积物粒度、硫化物和总有机碳是沉积环境主要影响因子,预测累计贡献率达40.4%,其中沉积物黏土颗粒体积占比是第二重要影响因子,预测贡献率约为18%。浮游动物密度和生物量以及底栖动物种类数量均对海地瓜分布产生一定影响,三者预测累计贡献率为16.8%,其中浮游动物密度的贡献相比其他生物要素最为重要,贡献率约为8%。总体上,海地瓜最为理想的分布区是近岸水深小于5 m、盐度相对较低、沉积物有机碳含量较高、底质为黏土−粉砂土为主的浅水淤泥质生境。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yWVGMH8D1wOYONPS37gqcw==, magXml=JczyoqrvQJK5KYh3+e/DNQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VkT3/CxOi0HkdvjzwDS9qQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wlXw6gbj/7k38+zgw6xMWA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何彦龙(1980-),甘肃省陇西县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海岸带生态评估研究。E-mail:

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何彦龙(1980-),甘肃省陇西县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海岸带生态评估研究。E-mail:

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何彦龙(1980-),甘肃省陇西县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海岸带生态评估研究。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737682396959587, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The potential spatial distribution of Acaudina molpadioides, figureFileSmall=9YBK6yTh5RvsyXABu4Ag4w==, figureFileBig=+j/tz7X13wFUs2IXfO/TJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805859642470939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737682396959587, language=CN, label=图6, caption=海地瓜分布预测区域, figureFileSmall=9YBK6yTh5RvsyXABu4Ag4w==, figureFileBig=+j/tz7X13wFUs2IXfO/TJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805859734745632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737682396959587, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Spatial change of ecological environment elements in the study area

a. N:P ratio; b. the volume percentage of substrate of sediment clay; c. total organic carbon; d. the biomass of zooplankton

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a. N:P比值; b. 沉积物粒度体积百分比;c. 沉积物总有机碳;d. 浮游动物生物量

, figureFileSmall=iWIb1O+QHZVUXuKPvLGiXw==, figureFileBig=YOhUB43W3oAqVpHEZN300Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233805859881546280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737682396959587, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The ecological environment variables used to predict the potential habitat of the Acaudina molpadioides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境变量环境要素单位代号
水体环境温度t
盐度s
水深mdeep
pHpH
悬浮物浓度mg/LSed.
浑浊度NTUNTU
化学需要量mg/LCOD
溶解氧mg/LDO
生化需氧量mg/LBOD
叶绿素 amg/LChl a
总碳mg/LTC
总氮mg/LTN
总磷mg/LTP
无机氮mg/LN
活性磷酸盐mg/LP
活性硅酸盐mg/LSi
生物种类构成及特征浮游植物多样性PH
浮游植物密度ind./LPdens
浮游植物种类数NPSN
浮游动物多样性ZH
浮游动物密度ind./m3Zdens
浮游动物种类数NZSN
浮游动物生物量mg/m3zbio
底栖生物多样性Benh
底栖动物种类数NBSN
底栖生物生物量g/m2BBIO
沉积环境沉积物硫化物mg/kgNS1
沉积物含水率%WC
有机碳%TOC
黏土质粉砂%CC
粉砂%SC
%Sand
), ArticleFig(id=1233805859965432362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737682396959587, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海地瓜生境适宜性分布预测应用的生态环境变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境变量环境要素单位代号
水体环境温度t
盐度s
水深mdeep
pHpH
悬浮物浓度mg/LSed.
浑浊度NTUNTU
化学需要量mg/LCOD
溶解氧mg/LDO
生化需氧量mg/LBOD
叶绿素 amg/LChl a
总碳mg/LTC
总氮mg/LTN
总磷mg/LTP
无机氮mg/LN
活性磷酸盐mg/LP
活性硅酸盐mg/LSi
生物种类构成及特征浮游植物多样性PH
浮游植物密度ind./LPdens
浮游植物种类数NPSN
浮游动物多样性ZH
浮游动物密度ind./m3Zdens
浮游动物种类数NZSN
浮游动物生物量mg/m3zbio
底栖生物多样性Benh
底栖动物种类数NBSN
底栖生物生物量g/m2BBIO
沉积环境沉积物硫化物mg/kgNS1
沉积物含水率%WC
有机碳%TOC
黏土质粉砂%CC
粉砂%SC
%Sand
), ArticleFig(id=1233805860087067184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737682396959587, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contribution percent of each environmental factor in MaxEnt modeling

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环境变量贡献率/%
水深27
黏土颗粒体积占比17.6
沉积物硫化物含量14.3
浮游动物密度8.3
粉砂颗粒体积占比6.2
活性磷酸盐6
浮游动物生物量5.9
无机氮3
海水盐度3
底栖生物种类数2.6
沉积物总有机碳2.3
底栖生物多样性指数1.1
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各环境变量贡献率

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环境变量贡献率/%
水深27
黏土颗粒体积占比17.6
沉积物硫化物含量14.3
浮游动物密度8.3
粉砂颗粒体积占比6.2
活性磷酸盐6
浮游动物生物量5.9
无机氮3
海水盐度3
底栖生物种类数2.6
沉积物总有机碳2.3
底栖生物多样性指数1.1
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distribution grade and the percentage of distribution area

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潜在分布区等级分布预测概率/%栅格数面积/km2占比/%
极高适宜分布区>951905.90.3
较高适宜分布区80~9561919.71
中度适宜分布区60~801 40043.42.2
较低适宜分布区40~603 331108.55.5
极低适宜分布区<4054 6861795.591
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分布区等级及分布面积占比

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潜在分布区等级分布预测概率/%栅格数面积/km2占比/%
极高适宜分布区>951905.90.3
较高适宜分布区80~9561919.71
中度适宜分布区60~801 40043.42.2
较低适宜分布区40~603 331108.55.5
极低适宜分布区<4054 6861795.591
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基于Maxent模型的海地瓜(Acaudina molpadioides)区域适宜生境分布预测研究
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何彦龙 1, 2 , 刘守海 1, 2 , 袁一鸣 1, 2 , 蒋科技 3 , 王腾 1, 2 , 秦玉涛 1, 2 , 任远豪 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(4): 65-74
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(4): 65-74
基于Maxent模型的海地瓜(Acaudina molpadioides)区域适宜生境分布预测研究
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何彦龙1, 2 , 刘守海1, 2, 袁一鸣1, 2, 蒋科技3, 王腾1, 2, 秦玉涛1, 2, 任远豪3
作者信息
  • 1国家海洋局东海环境监测中心,上海 201206
  • 2自然资源部生态监测与修复技术重点实验室,上海 201206
  • 3中国水产科学院东海水产研究所,上海 201206
  • 何彦龙(1980-),甘肃省陇西县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事海岸带生态评估研究。E-mail:

The potential suitability habitat prediction of Acaudina molpadioides based on Maxent model
Yanlong He1, 2 , Shouhai Liu1, 2, Yiming Yuan1, 2, Keji Jiang3, Teng Wang1, 2, Yutao Qing1, 2, Yuanhao Ren3
Affiliations
  • 1East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 201206, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China
  • 3East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 201206, China
出版时间: 2021-04-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021042
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生境适宜性预测对物种保护、外来生物及有害生物防治具有重要指导意义。本研究应用Maxent模型对宁德晴川湾海域海地瓜适宜性生境进行预测,模型的预测结果达到优秀水平,并结合ArcGIS软件对海地瓜适宜生境划分为5级。研究结果表明,极高和较高海地瓜适宜生境占总研究区域的1.3%,面积为25.6 km2。水体环境、沉积环境和生态群落均对海地瓜分布产生影响,水体环境中水深、盐度、无机氮和活性磷酸盐是影响海地瓜生境适宜性的主要水环境因子,对海地瓜适宜生境预测累计贡献率达39%,尤其水深是制约海地瓜分布最为主要的因子,预测贡献率为27%;沉积物粒度、硫化物和总有机碳是沉积环境主要影响因子,预测累计贡献率达40.4%,其中沉积物黏土颗粒体积占比是第二重要影响因子,预测贡献率约为18%。浮游动物密度和生物量以及底栖动物种类数量均对海地瓜分布产生一定影响,三者预测累计贡献率为16.8%,其中浮游动物密度的贡献相比其他生物要素最为重要,贡献率约为8%。总体上,海地瓜最为理想的分布区是近岸水深小于5 m、盐度相对较低、沉积物有机碳含量较高、底质为黏土−粉砂土为主的浅水淤泥质生境。

Maxent模型  /  海地瓜  /  生境  /  分布预测

The prediction of habitat suitability has important guiding significance for species protection, alien and pest control. In this study, Maxent model was used to predict the suitability habitat of A. molpadioides in Qingchuan Bay, Ningde, Fujian Province. The results of the model reached an excellent level. Combined with ArcGIS software, the suitable habitat of the A. molpadioides was divided into five grades. The results showed that: 1.3% of the total study area was highly suitable, and the area was 25.6 km2. Water environment, sedimentary environment and ecological community all had an impact on the distribution of the A. molpadioides. Water depth, salinity, inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate were the main factors of water environment. The cumulative contribution rate to the prediction of the suitable habitat of A. molpadioides was 39%, especially, the water depth was the most important factor that restricts the distribution of the A. molpadioides, the prediction contribution rate was 27%; sediment grain size, sulfide content and total organic carbon in surface sediment were the main factors of sedimentary environment, and the cumulative contribution rate was 40.4%. The second important factor was the volume percentage of substrate of sediment clay, and the contribution rate was about 18%. The density and biomass of zooplankton and the number of benthos all had a certain impact on the distribution of A. molpadioides, the cumulative contribution rate was 16.8%, among which the contribution rate of zooplankton density to other biological factors was the most important, about 8%. On the whole, the most ideal distribution area of A. molpadioides is the shallow water muddy bottom habitat, where the water depth is less than 5 m, the salinity is relatively low, the organic carbon content of sediment is relatively high, and the bottom material is mainly clay silt.

Maxent model  /  Acaudina molpadioides  /  habitat  /  potential distribution prediction
何彦龙, 刘守海, 袁一鸣, 蒋科技, 王腾, 秦玉涛, 任远豪. 基于Maxent模型的海地瓜(Acaudina molpadioides)区域适宜生境分布预测研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (4) : 65 -74 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021042
Yanlong He, Shouhai Liu, Yiming Yuan, Keji Jiang, Teng Wang, Yutao Qing, Yuanhao Ren. The potential suitability habitat prediction of Acaudina molpadioides based on Maxent model[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (4) : 65 -74 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021042
生境是物种生存、繁衍所必须的空间[12],某一物种生境的形成是物种与所处环境因子以及物种间相互作用的结果[3-4]。预测物种及其适宜性生境分布对于研究物种多样性、生物入侵、气候变化等至关重要[5-6]。物种分布预测模型主要以生态位理论为基础,利用已知的物种分布数据和相关环境变量,判断物种的空间生态位,运算结果与时间和空间相关联,预测物种的实际分布和潜在分布[7]。常见的生态位模型包括BIOCLIM、DOMAIN、GARP、CLIMEX和Maxent[8]等,Maxent最大熵模型是以最大熵理论为基础的密度估计和物种分布预测模型,广泛应用于定量分析环境因子对物种分布的影响以及物种的潜在分布区预测[9-10]。研究表明,应用Maxent模型预测物种的潜在分布,其结果优于同类的其他预测模型[11-13]。近年来,该模型已经成功用于珍稀物种保护区适应性评估、入侵生物重点监控区确定等领域。如颜文博等[14]、朱明畅等[15]、曹铭昌等[16]开展了鸟类生境适宜性预测研究;李丽鹤等[17]、张熙骜等[18]对入侵生物分布预测研究;车乐等[19]、刘想等[20]、刘清亮等[21]、 徐军等[22]对农作物或经济植物潜在种植区或生境预测研究;齐增湘等[23]对大型动物栖息地适宜性预测研究。
海洋底栖生物是一类终生或一段时期栖息于海底或近底层水域的生态类群[2425]。底栖生物的组成、分布和数量动态不仅受到海水温度、盐度变化的影响,而且与沉积环境及其他生物有密切关系[25]。然而,海洋底栖生物分布受制于其隐蔽的生活习性,传统采样方式很难准确掌握其分布范围。海地瓜,俗称香参、白参、海茄子,属芋参目(Molpadida)、尻参科(Caudinidae)、海地瓜属(Acaudina)动物,在我国海南、广东、福建和浙江沿海等地广泛分布[26],是非常典型的底栖生物,其幼体未完成变态前处于浮游状态,成体则在底泥中生活。近年来,海地瓜已成为核电冷源等取水口典型堵塞生物,对海上核电运行安全产生较大影响,但目前对其生境环境特征和分布区域仍然缺少了解。因此,本研究利用DNA条形码技术检测海水中海地瓜信息并判断其分布点,利用Maxent模型预测区域海地瓜分布格局,试图为海地瓜类海洋底栖生物分布格局的预测提供技术支持。
宁德晴川湾海域是我国海地瓜分布的重要区域之一,2015年8月,该海域海地瓜大规模聚集,造成核电冷源安全事故,据报道是至今唯一一起由海地瓜堵塞导致核电冷源取水安全事故1。本研究选择晴川湾及周边海域为研究区,在2018年7月,开展水环境、沉积环境以及生物群落调查,调查站位见图1,采用《海洋调查规范》(GB/T 12763.1—2007)中关于水环境、沉积物和生物调查分析的方法。为满足Maxent模型所需的环境变量数据,本研究在全面调查基础上共获取了32个变量数据指标(表1)。
本研究利用DNA条形码技术鉴定海地瓜物种分布情况。首先,通过拖网捕捞获得成体海地瓜,对海地瓜成体进行DNA测序,通过在数据库搜索获得海地瓜COI基因参考序列,并设计通用引物通过PCR扩增,继而对目标片段进行测序、比对,判断为海地瓜COI序列;设计特定引物用于荧光定量扩增,特异性片段为251 bp;通过不同组的特异性验证实验(A:模板为海地瓜DNA;B:模板为几种近缘物种海参DNA;C:A+B混合DNA;D:模板为水),分别进行PCR扩增,结果发现只有A和C有目的条带出现(图2),判断引物具有特异性,上游引物20 bp,下游引物22 bp。然后从10 L水样中抽滤,再使用海洋动物组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒eDNA(《海洋动物组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒》离心柱型(目录号:DP324);天根生化科技(北京)有限公司),记录eDNA体积,并与成体海地瓜序列进行比对,鉴定是否有海地瓜幼体分布,最终形成该海域海地瓜分布点数据。
将海地瓜数据与环境数据导入Maxent(版本3.4.1)软件,运算过程中随机选取75%的数据集作为训练集建立预测模型,剩余的25%作为测试集验证模型。重复运行类型选择Bootstrap,同时勾选刀切法,其余参数保持默认设置。依据模型生成的各环境变量百分比贡献率表征其重要性,并通过单一变量响应曲线来分析海地瓜分布概率对主要环境因子的响应,其他参数均为模型的默认值。将模型重复运行10次,取平均数以获得最终的模拟结果。将预测结果导入ArcGIS并转换为Raster格式,生成海地瓜分布概率预测图。
受试者工作特征(Receive Operating Characteristic, ROC)曲线由横坐标的特异性和纵坐标的灵敏性构成。ROC曲线与横坐标之间的面积为曲线下面积(Area Under Curve, AUC),可以用来衡量模型的整体性能,评估模型的准确性。AUC值在0.5~0.6表明模型模拟效果为失败;0.6~0.7表明效果较差;0.7~0.8表明模拟效果一般;0.8~0.9表明模拟效果好;0.9~1表明模拟效果非常好[27]。AUC值越接近1,表明环境变量与预测物种地理分布之间的相关性越大,模型预测结果越准确[28]。物种分布预测不仅需要评估其潜在分布,同时需要对潜在区进行等级划分。
Zonation软件是用于生态系统保护规划的软件,主要用于优化生态空间布局方面。通过将Maxent模型和Zonation模型相结合,可以很好地确定物种潜在分布的优选区[17]。本研究将Maxent模拟生成的海地瓜分布概率图(ASCII格式)输入到Zonation软件中进行模拟,采用“核心区移除规则”以保留海地瓜分布的核心区域,同时使用边缘移除,选择翘曲因子为“1”,其他参数为模型默认值[29]。依据Zonation运算得到嵌套分级的景观序列,按照景观丧失比例与物种分布剩余比例之间的关系确定主要分布区,并在ArcGIS中作为确定生境适宜性分级的依据。
模型运行结果表明,模型运行10次时的海地瓜AUC值为0.998,表明Maxent模型的预测效果较好(图3a)。模型预测结果具有较高的可信度。
根据Maxent模型中刀切法分析结果,判断不同环境因子对模型贡献权重(图3b)和贡献率(表2),本研究统计对海地瓜分布贡献率大于1%的环境变量12个。水深、黏土颗粒体积占比、沉积物硫化物含量、浮游动物密度、粉砂颗粒体积占比、活性磷酸盐、浮游动物生物量对海地瓜分布的影响最大,累计贡献率达到85.3%。其中水深以及沉积物黏土颗粒体积占比、沉积物硫化物含量对海地瓜分布预测的贡献最大,累计贡献率达到58.9%。
分析海地瓜潜在分布概率与主要环境因子之间的响应可知(图4),海地瓜分布与水深、硫化物含量、粉砂含量比例呈现显著的负相关,当水深大于5 m、硫化物含量大于20 mg/kg时,预测贡献显著下降。海地瓜潜在分布与黏土颗粒体积占比、浮游动物生物量及密度之间存在明显的正相关,当黏土颗粒体积占比大于28%、浮游动物密度大于50 ind./m3时,原始预测贡献显著增加,表明黏土占比及浮游动物密度的增加有利于海地瓜分布。
将海地瓜潜在分布概率图输入Zonation中运行,得到Zonation的特性曲线(图5)。当研究区景观面积丧失40%时,海地瓜的潜在分布区剩余比例接近80%,即60%的研究区为80%海地瓜的潜在分布区。
因此,依据潜在分布概率大小以及景观丧失和物种保留关系,将海地瓜潜在分布划分为5级:极高适宜分布区、较高适宜分布区、中度适宜分布区、较低适宜分布区、极低适宜分布区(表3)。极高概率分布区域主要集中在福鼎市跳尾岛附近海域,近岸海域分布概率显著高于近海海域。海地瓜极高分布区占研究区域的0.3%,约为5.9 km2,较高与极高分布区总面积约为25.6 km2,占研究区域的1.3%(图6)。
本研究针对海地瓜在宁德晴川湾及邻近海域适宜性生境进行分析,预测结果达到优秀水平,其结果与现场调查采集到海地瓜成熟个体分布区域基本一致。水体环境、沉积环境以及浮游生物对海地瓜生境均产生影响。水体环境中水深、盐度、无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量是影响海地瓜生境适宜性的主要因子,对海地瓜分布预测累计贡献率达到39%,水深是决定海地瓜生境适宜的最主要因子,水深变化与海地瓜生境适应性存在显著负相关,尤其当水深大于5 m时,海地瓜分布概率显著降低。这表明海地瓜适宜分布于水深较浅以及盐度较低的近岸海域。陈海燕等[30]对北黄海底栖生物的研究发现,底栖生物的丰度和生物量与水深和盐度的变化呈负相关,底栖动物随水深增加而多度逐渐下降,本研究海地瓜随水深变化趋势与陈海燕等研究结果基本吻合。同时,水体氮、磷是海洋浮游植物群落生长所需的营养元素,通过海洋食物链的级联效益对底栖物质循环起着举足轻重的作用,一般而言,中等营养水平物种多样性较高,而贫营养和富营养下多样性较低。本研究发现,海地瓜高概率分布区域水体氮磷比普遍高于14,无机氮的含量显著高于活性磷酸磷含量,水体环境存在一定的磷限制(图7a)。因此,近岸过多汇入的氮影响区域生态系统的结构及过程,对海地瓜分布造成一定影响。何鎏臻等[31]发现长江口底栖生物功能群与水体pH、硝酸盐、溶解氧和温度表现较好的相关性,何鎏臻等[31]、李少文等[32]研究均表明,在长江口、莱州湾等水体富营养化严重的区域,多毛类等肉食性底栖生物由于充足的碎屑食物来源,其生物量和密度均显著高于其他功能群生物。从而进一步表明,富营养化导致浮游植物大量增殖,浮游植物死亡后形成的大量有机质从水体沉降至海底,碎屑食者获得充足的食物来源,致使其生物密度大量增加,有利于海地瓜等碎屑食者种群生长。但是,过多的氮磷对底栖生物的分布会产生不利影响,熊金林等[33]对湖泊底栖生物研究发现,氮、磷浓度过高能导致底栖动物逐渐消亡。刘乐丹等[34]研究发现,中等营养水平以上,底栖动物多样性与总磷呈现显著负相关,与笔者对海地瓜的研究结果一致。
其次,底栖生物的分布与其底质生境的性质密切相关,底质性质是影响底栖生物分布的最主要因子[35]。不同的底质生境,往往生物的构成也存在差异,本研究发现,沉积物粒度、硫化物和总有机碳对海地瓜分布产生较大影响(表2图7b图7c),预测累计贡献率达到40.4%。其中黏土颗粒体积占比与预测分布概率之间显著正相关,而与粉砂颗粒体积占比存在显著负相关,表明海地瓜更适宜于黏土组成的底栖生境。沉积物组成及体积变化是造成底栖生境异质性的主要因素,张海萍等[36]研究发现,底栖动物密度与底质粒径小于4 mm体积百分比呈正空间自相关,生物量、丰富度指数与粒径32 mm底质体积百分比呈正空间自相关。王海明等[35]研究发现,浙北泥沙底质中底栖生物种类最多,芋参属是底质为泥−细粉砂生境代表种,与本研究预测黏土组成的底质生境海地瓜分布概率更高基本吻合。另外,沉积物质量变化也会对底栖生物分布产生直接影响,本研究发现,沉积物有机碳含量高的区域海地瓜分布概率较高(图7c),有机质碎屑有利于海地瓜分布。同时,沉积物硫化物含量与海地瓜预测分布在空间上为负相关,也表明硫化物对海地瓜分布产生影响,可能的原因是在缺氧环境下,沉积物硫化物还原后产生的硫化氢对底栖生物产生毒性作用,一般硫化物含量高的区域,底栖生物丰度和生物量普遍较低。蔡丽萍[37]对舟山群落底栖生物与环境因子的关系研究发现,有机碳与底栖生物多样性存在正相关,硫化物含量与底栖生物丰富度之间存在显著的负相关。黄昆等[38]对厦门湾底栖生物种类数与有机碳和硫化物关系的研究发现,底栖动物种类数与有机碳之前存在显著的负相关,底栖生物多样性与硫化物之间存在显著的负相关。同时,本研究发现,浮游动物密度和生物量对海地瓜分布产生一定影响(表2图7d),三者预测累计贡献率为16.8%,其中与浮游动物密度关联性更强。吕巍巍[39]对潮间带底栖生物研究发现,自然潮滩浮游生物食者的丰度存在季节性的显著性差异。表明底栖生物与浮游生物通过食物网相关联,海地瓜的分布受到上层浮游生物群落分布影响。
Maxent模型对于预测物种区域分布以及评价物种生境适宜性方面在全球广泛应用,本研究对海地瓜生境适宜性预测基本明晰了海地瓜对生境的喜好,对于海地瓜资源利用以及海岸工程尤其是核电等取水口设计和维护具有一定的指导意义。对于海地瓜资源利用,可选择在海地瓜适宜生长的区域进行养殖或捕捞。而对于海岸工程尤其是核电厂冷源取水口选址,应首先考虑避开海湾水动力弱,沉积作用强烈或靠近河口等区域水深较浅、盐度较低、以黏土−粉砂组成的底质等适宜于海地瓜生长的区域。对于已经建设在海地瓜高密度分布的区域,建议通过改变工程区域水体动力环境,减弱沉积作用,减少海地瓜生境的适宜性,降低区域海地瓜种群密度,避免大量海地瓜堵塞取水口造成安全隐患。总体上,最大熵原理是源于一种用有限信息来客观地推断未知概率分布的方法,仍然存在一些争论,同时预测准确性也受制于数据的可获取性和准确性。本研究仅是基于一次调查结果,未考虑海地瓜季节性变动,调查区域也相对较少,因此,今后研究中可结合季节性及多年的数据,通过多次训练提高模型预测的精度。
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2016YFC1402405)
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2021年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021042
  • 接收时间:2020-07-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-06
  • 修回日期:2020-11-10
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国家重点研发计划重点专项(2016YFC1402405)
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    1国家海洋局东海环境监测中心,上海 201206
    2自然资源部生态监测与修复技术重点实验室,上海 201206
    3中国水产科学院东海水产研究所,上海 201206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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