Article(id=1233737681579078392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737680710849370, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1589472000000, receivedDateStr=2020-05-15, revisedDate=1604332800000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075585026, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1619280000000, pubDateStr=2021-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075585026, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075585026, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075585026, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737680710849370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075584819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075584819, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737681843319545, articleId=1233737681579078392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The research progress of microorganisms in seagrass meadows, columnId=1200807624443818795, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seagrass are a kind of monocotyledonous plants growing in marine environments. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, microalgae, archaea and viruses inhabiting seagrass organs and environment play an important role in controlling growth, nutrition and health of seagrass, and maintaining material cycling in seagrass meadows. In this paper, we briefly summarized some recent progresses in studying of microorganisms in seagrass meadows, and discussed the possible directions for future research in this area. Seagrasses microbiome is significantly different from the microbial community in sediment and seawater, which is distributed in discrete and highly heterogeneous ecological niches, and the model remains consistent on a wide geographical scale. It is not controlled by the seagrasses species and sediment types, but mainly depended on the environment and the metabolism of seagrasses. Most seagrass core microbial communities are associated with the sulfur cycle. In the future, methods such as simulation experiment, the ecological model, genome, metagenome, metatranscriptome and metabolome can be used to study diversity, composition, function, colonization and diseases of microorganisms in seagrass meadows. Additionally, it is of great significance to reveal the interrelationships among microorganisms, seagrasses and the environment for the protection of threatened seagrass meadows.

, correspAuthors=Jie Shen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zefu Cai, Shiquan Chen, Zhongjie Wu, Jie Shen, Zhenyu Xie, Lizhen Luo, Qiaozhu Pang, Xiang Zhang, Daoru Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737682510213886, articleId=1233737681579078392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海草床微生物研究进展, columnId=1189609213333594548, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海草是一类生长于海洋环境中的单子叶植物。细菌、真菌、微藻、古生菌和病毒等微生物栖息在海草器官及其周围环境中,对海草生长、营养和健康以及海草床物质循环起着重要作用。本文通过分析与总结国内外参考文献,简要介绍了海草床微生物的一些新的研究进展,并讨论了将来可能进行的研究方向。海草微生物组与沉积物和海水中的微生物群落存在较大差异,其分布在离散且高度异质性的生态位,且该模式在广泛的地理尺度上保持不变,不是受海草种类和沉积物类型控制,而是主要取决于环境驱动与海草代谢。大部分海草核心微生物群落都参与硫循环。今后可采用模拟实验、生态模型、基因组、宏基因组、转录组与代谢组等技术方法研究海草床微生物的多样性、组成、功能、定植与病害等。此外,揭示海草床中微生物、海草和环境之间的相互关系,对保护受威胁的海草床具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=沈捷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
沈捷(1986-)女,上海市人,博士,从事海草分子生物学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=OgBwv1sEU/Z3XxRovv0ROA==, magXml=asm4HGbuDocGWE0DX81zgw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Zfm0totuMEE6bcktvLT/nw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vcpbHqAt21SfkckQIIsB8g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

蔡泽富(1984-),男,海南省定安县人,从事海草生态研究。E-mail:

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蔡泽富(1984-),男,海南省定安县人,从事海草生态研究。E-mail:

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Known seagrass pathogens and hosts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海草宿主病原体症状参考文献
Zostera marinaOomycetes, Heterokonta抑制和降低海草种子萌发,抑制
幼苗发育
[4748]
Zostera marina, Zostera muelleri, Zostera caulescens,
Zostera japonica, Zostera noltii, Zostera pacifica, Cymodocea nodosa, Posidonia oceanica
Ruppia cirrhosa, Ruppia maritima, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassia testudinum,
Labyrinthulomycetes,Heterokonta海草叶子损伤[51]
Halophila ovalisPhytomyxea, Rhizaria, Plasmodiophora枝瘿[45]
Ruppia brachypus, Ruppia rostellata, Ruppia spiralis, Ruppia maritimusPhytomyxea, Rhizaria枝瘿[45]
), ArticleFig(id=1233805852155630297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737681579078392, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已知的海草病原体和宿主

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海草宿主病原体症状参考文献
Zostera marinaOomycetes, Heterokonta抑制和降低海草种子萌发,抑制
幼苗发育
[4748]
Zostera marina, Zostera muelleri, Zostera caulescens,
Zostera japonica, Zostera noltii, Zostera pacifica, Cymodocea nodosa, Posidonia oceanica
Ruppia cirrhosa, Ruppia maritima, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassia testudinum,
Labyrinthulomycetes,Heterokonta海草叶子损伤[51]
Halophila ovalisPhytomyxea, Rhizaria, Plasmodiophora枝瘿[45]
Ruppia brachypus, Ruppia rostellata, Ruppia spiralis, Ruppia maritimusPhytomyxea, Rhizaria枝瘿[45]
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海草床微生物研究进展
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蔡泽富 1, 2, 3 , 陈石泉 1, 2 , 吴钟解 1, 2 , 沈捷 1, 2, * , 谢珍玉 3 , 骆丽珍 1 , 庞巧珠 1 , 章翔 3 , 王道儒 1, 2
海洋学报 | 综述 2021,43(4): 1-13
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海洋学报 | 综述 2021, 43(4): 1-13
海草床微生物研究进展
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蔡泽富1, 2, 3 , 陈石泉1, 2, 吴钟解1, 2, 沈捷1, 2, * , 谢珍玉3, 骆丽珍1, 庞巧珠1, 章翔3, 王道儒1, 2
作者信息
  • 1海南省海洋与渔业科学院,海南 海口 571126
  • 2海南热带海洋学院 热带海洋生物资源利用与保护教育部重点实验室,海南 三亚 572022
  • 3海南大学 南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室,海南 海口 570228
  • 蔡泽富(1984-),男,海南省定安县人,从事海草生态研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

沈捷(1986-)女,上海市人,博士,从事海草分子生物学研究。E-mail:
The research progress of microorganisms in seagrass meadows
Zefu Cai1, 2, 3 , Shiquan Chen1, 2, Zhongjie Wu1, 2, Jie Shen1, 2, * , Zhenyu Xie3, Lizhen Luo1, Qiaozhu Pang1, Xiang Zhang3, Daoru Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
出版时间: 2021-04-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021032
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海草是一类生长于海洋环境中的单子叶植物。细菌、真菌、微藻、古生菌和病毒等微生物栖息在海草器官及其周围环境中,对海草生长、营养和健康以及海草床物质循环起着重要作用。本文通过分析与总结国内外参考文献,简要介绍了海草床微生物的一些新的研究进展,并讨论了将来可能进行的研究方向。海草微生物组与沉积物和海水中的微生物群落存在较大差异,其分布在离散且高度异质性的生态位,且该模式在广泛的地理尺度上保持不变,不是受海草种类和沉积物类型控制,而是主要取决于环境驱动与海草代谢。大部分海草核心微生物群落都参与硫循环。今后可采用模拟实验、生态模型、基因组、宏基因组、转录组与代谢组等技术方法研究海草床微生物的多样性、组成、功能、定植与病害等。此外,揭示海草床中微生物、海草和环境之间的相互关系,对保护受威胁的海草床具有重要意义。

海草床  /  共生功能体  /  核心微生物组  /  多样性  /  环境

Seagrass are a kind of monocotyledonous plants growing in marine environments. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, microalgae, archaea and viruses inhabiting seagrass organs and environment play an important role in controlling growth, nutrition and health of seagrass, and maintaining material cycling in seagrass meadows. In this paper, we briefly summarized some recent progresses in studying of microorganisms in seagrass meadows, and discussed the possible directions for future research in this area. Seagrasses microbiome is significantly different from the microbial community in sediment and seawater, which is distributed in discrete and highly heterogeneous ecological niches, and the model remains consistent on a wide geographical scale. It is not controlled by the seagrasses species and sediment types, but mainly depended on the environment and the metabolism of seagrasses. Most seagrass core microbial communities are associated with the sulfur cycle. In the future, methods such as simulation experiment, the ecological model, genome, metagenome, metatranscriptome and metabolome can be used to study diversity, composition, function, colonization and diseases of microorganisms in seagrass meadows. Additionally, it is of great significance to reveal the interrelationships among microorganisms, seagrasses and the environment for the protection of threatened seagrass meadows.

seagrass meadows  /  holobiont  /  core microbiome  /  diversity  /  environment
蔡泽富, 陈石泉, 吴钟解, 沈捷, 谢珍玉, 骆丽珍, 庞巧珠, 章翔, 王道儒. 海草床微生物研究进展. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (4) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021032
Zefu Cai, Shiquan Chen, Zhongjie Wu, Jie Shen, Zhenyu Xie, Lizhen Luo, Qiaozhu Pang, Xiang Zhang, Daoru Wang. The research progress of microorganisms in seagrass meadows[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (4) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021032
海草是一类生长于温带与热带海洋区域沿岸的单子叶植物[12]。海草群落发展成海草斑块并大面积连接成片后演变成为海草床。作为海岸带天然的生态屏障,海草床在红树林与珊瑚礁生态系统之间起着承上启下的纽带作用,能够促进海洋主要元素的循环,净化水质并稳固海床,从而为海洋生物提供适宜生境。海草床每年可创造1.9万亿美元的经济价值[3-8]。近几十年来,受人类活动和自然因素的影响,海草床严重退化[9-12],全球约29%的海草床已经消失[9],这导致全球气候变暖加快,并可能对全球生物圈的稳定和人类社会发展产生严重威胁。当前的海草床研究主要涉及海草的分类、分布、生理、生态、退化及修复等方面[3, 12-15]。微生物与海草的健康息息相关,但国内尚未见到系统报道海草床微生物研究进展的文献。因此,本文通过分析与总结国内外相关的主要文献,介绍海草床微生物研究的现状,并探讨今后的主要研究方向,为国内海草床微生物深入研究提供思路。
全球海草床分布可分为印度−太平洋区、热带大西洋区、温带北大西洋区、温带北太平洋区、温带南大洋区与地中海区等6个区系[16]。全球范围已记录的海草面积约为325 178 km2,其中印度洋−太平洋区域约占全球的52%[17]。中国海草床主要分布在温带北太平洋区与印度−太平洋区,可大致分为南海海草床分布区和黄、渤海海草床分布区,总面积约为8 765.1 hm2[11]。目前记录的全球海草种类共有74种,隶属于6科13属[18];中国共有海草22种,隶属于4科10属[11,15,19]。海南省海草床分布面积在国内省份中最大且种类最多,其中海南与中国台湾的海草优势种是泰来草(Thalassia hemprichii),广西与广东的海草优势种是卵叶喜盐草(Halophila ovalis),辽宁与山东的海草优势种是鳗草(Zostera marina[11]
海草床具有固碳功能并且在海洋物质循环过程中扮演非常重要的角色。海草通过光合作用吸收二氧化碳进行碳储存。海草床初级生产力极高,与红树林和珊瑚礁相近[20],每年碳固定量约占海洋固碳总量的10%[21]。海草吸收氮和磷等,死亡后腐烂分解成有机质促进海草床营养循环[22]
海草床具有净化海水污染物的功能。海草独特的叶子如同过滤器,可以沉降海水悬浮物来改善水质。海草不仅吸收沉积物和海水中的无机营养盐,而且光合作用产生的氧气可以促进有机物分解,达到净化水质的效果[23]。海草床具有消除鱼类、无脊椎动物和人类细菌病原体的功能[24]。在南海新村湾海草床沉积物中发现能抵抗多种病原体的芽孢杆菌属的Bacillus flexu[25]。此外,海草对调节海水和沉积物中的溶解氧、叶绿素、有机物和重金属也起到一定的作用。
海草床具有复杂的地上(叶子与垂直茎)和地下(根状茎与根)三维构架空间,营造了低水流和稳定底质的舒适环境,为儒艮、海牛、绿海龟、篮子鱼、海胆和海鸟等海洋生物提供了食物来源,为微藻、草食性鱼类、软体动物和甲壳动物等海洋动物幼体提供了庇护场所和附着体[7, 2627],是重要的海洋生物栖息地。
海草床作为生态屏障减缓了波浪、风暴与海流对海岸的侵蚀,在连接海洋与陆地生态系统中扮演着纽带作用[28]。海草通过根和茎促进沉积物沉降与底质稳定,改善近岸海域环境。海草床不仅是“海洋生态系统工程师”和“沿海金丝雀”,而且是海洋沿岸生态系统健康指示器[8]
近年来,全球海草床发生大规模退化[4],据统计,1879年以来全球有记录的海草床已经消失了约1/3[9],并以110 km2/a的速度减少,年平均退化速度逐年加快[9, 12]。中国范围内的海草床因水产养殖污染、陆源污染以及围填海工程破坏生境等人类活动也退化严重[3, 11, 14, 29]
海水养殖、工业及生活排污等人类活动导致海水富营养化,引起海草床退化[30]。海水氮元素含量增加导致美国新泽西沿海鳗草生物量和光合效率均显著降低,可能是由于铵盐毒害了海草而造成的[31]。海水富营养化引起浮游植物和附生藻类大量繁殖,覆盖海草叶子表面,降低水体光照强度和溶解氧含量,从而导致大规模的海草死亡[32-34]
硫化物被认为是全球海草灭绝和退化的主要原因之一[13]。大部分海洋沉积物都富含硫化物[35]。硫化物对海草光合作用是有害的[36]。一般情况下,海草能够抵御低浓度硫化物,可能是因为微生物共生体可以通过氧化硫酸盐来解毒。由于海草根部氧气缺乏,因而进行厌氧呼吸,引起底质硫化物浓度提高,导致泰来草海草床发生退化[37]。硫化物可以影响氧气在海草组织中的运输以及根附近沉积物氧化区的微生物群落。
海草病害是海草床退化的一个重要原因。枯萎病导致美国新罕布什尔州的鳗草和佛罗里达州的龟裂泰来草(Thalassia testudinum)海草床快速退化[38-42]。日本、加拿大和新西兰等国家的海草床也出现海草病害[43-44]。真菌和原生动物是威胁海草健康的重要因素[43]。目前已知的海草病原体主要为网黏菌纲(Labyrinthulomycetes)、Phytomyxea、根肿菌属(Plasmodiophora)、拟网黏菌类(Labyrinthulids)、卵菌纲(Oomycetes)和不等鞭毛门(Heterokonta)等(表1)。根肿菌属是鳗草属(Zostera)和二药草属(Halodule[45]中产生枝瘿的病原体,但其致病机理尚不清楚。大豆疫霉属病菌Phytophthora gemini和海疫霉属病菌Halophytophthora sp.[46-48]被证明可抑制鳗草种子和幼苗生长。海疫霉属Halophytophthora spp. 导致受感染的海草种子发育受损甚至死亡[47-48]。在海草叶表经常发现海洋生物致病菌—弧菌[49],但有些弧菌是海草床重要的固氮生物[50]
海草床退化是多因素综合造成的结果。其中,自然因素包括海底火山喷发、地震、台风等[8, 22]。其他因素中,重金属、抗生素、农药等会影响海草生长[23, 52]。开发海岸、修筑堤坝、疏浚港口航道、排放垃圾入海等人类活动导致海岸侵蚀和生境改变,也会威胁海草床的健康与生存[26, 5253]。而且,随着大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加,全球平均温度上升,导致海洋碳系统平衡发生变化以及海洋酸化等,这些均会影响海草的生理,引起海草床缓慢退化[54]。不但如此,海洋热浪也会严重影响海草的分布及健康状况[55]
海草床微生物多样性非常高。细菌、真菌、微藻、古生菌和病毒断续地栖息在海草的叶子、根、根状茎以及周围的沉积物和海水中。
早期检测海草生境中细菌的多样性主要依赖于培养方法[56]。目前主要使用DNA指纹图谱、克隆文库和扩增子测序方法来研究海草床细菌群落。海草表面常见细菌类群是弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)和海洋螺菌科(Oceanospirillaceae)等需氧异养菌。海草相关的细菌群落多样性较高,其中好氧异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和固氮细菌等细菌群落对海草生态和生理尤为重要[57]。海草叶际、根际和表层沉积物的细菌群落主要由α-变形杆菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形杆菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)等组成[57]。好氧异养细菌可从海草根部延伸接近易分解的根际有机质[58]。在泰来草中分离得到固氮成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans[59]。从鳗草根际中分离得到具有较高固氮酶活性的菌株[60]。采用平板培养法从南海新村湾海草床分离到细菌496株,隶属50属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和弧菌属比例最高[61]
真菌主要存在于海草组织内部,对其研究相对较少。通常认为,海草通过叶而不是根吸收大部分营养物质[62],这可能是由于海草缺乏菌根共生体[63]。海菖蒲(Enhalus acoroides)沉积物中主要真菌是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)[61]。在鳗草和泰来草中都没有发现丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi),可能与海草沉积物低氧和高盐环境有关[56]。在大洋波喜荡草(Posidonia oceanica)的根状茎中发现真菌[63],但其丰度和多样性都远低于陆生植物。其他一些鉴定出的少量海草内生真菌主要是子囊菌科的曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)、拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)和青霉属(Penicillium[64]
原生动物可能在海草生态学中发挥重要作用。自养和异养原生动物以附生和内生的形式与海草共存。附生异养鞭毛虫和纤毛虫栖息在海草叶子上,以细菌和微藻等附生植物为食。异养原生生物的摄食影响细菌和微藻的丰度与组成,这可能从根本上塑造了海草表面微生物群落[56]。其中,原生生物网黏菌(Labyrinthula zosterae)引起的海草枯萎病,导致北半球大量海草死亡[56]
古生菌(Archaea)广泛分布于海洋、热泉以及沉积物等环境中,数量占海洋生态系统中原核生物的1/3,但到目前为止,没有证据表明海草与古生菌之间存在相互作用。古生菌和陆生植物有潜在重要的共生作用[65]。氨氧化古菌(AOA)存在于红藻和褐藻等大型海洋植物表面。诺氏鳗草(Zostera noltii)沉积物存在广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)和泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)[66]。泰来草沉积物中的氨氧化细菌(AOB)主要为亚硝酸单胞菌群,其amoA丰度与沉积物铵态氮浓度和植物组织氮含量均显著相关[67]。目前对海草床古生菌群落潜在的生态和生物地球化学意义知之甚少,需要更多研究阐明古生菌在海草生态学中的意义。
海草床病毒研究几乎是空白的。大多数海洋病毒是噬菌体,在海洋动植物宿主中已鉴定出多种病毒[68]。病毒可能通过溶解细菌细胞而增加溶解有机碳来影响海草沉积物中的碳汇。虽然沉积物病毒不太可能感染海草,但是沉积物病毒导致沉积物细菌死亡,间接影响了沉积物环境和海草健康。大洋波喜荡草沉积物病毒丰度远高于没有海草的沉积物[69]。之前研究还没有确凿的证据发现在海草组织中存在病毒,这可能是因为对这一领域缺乏研究[56]。但最新研究发现,在佛罗里达州坦帕湾的龟裂泰来草叶子中发现了一种新的单链核糖核酸病毒TVX(Turtlegrass Virus X),这是第一次报道与海草相关的病毒[70]
鳗草和日本鳗草(Zostera japonica[71]的微生物群落较为相似,鳗草、诺氏鳗草和小丝粉草(Cymodocea nodosa[72]之间的微生物群落较为相似,这表明海草微生物群落组成不受宿主种类控制,但其与邻近海水和沉积物的微生物群落存在显著差异[71-76]。此外,海草地上和地下的细菌群落差异也较大,海水深度对海草不同部位群落的塑造有明显影响。可见,海草床微生物在海草植株不同生态位和周边沉积物与海水中都是变化的,不同微环境为各种微生物的生存提供了不同的理化条件。从生境的角度将海草床微生物分为海草床环境微生物组与海草微生物组。海草床环境微生物组分为海草床水体微生物和海草床沉积物微生物。海草微生物组从关联程度分为海草核心微生物组和海草非核心微生物组,从生态位角度分为海草叶际微生物、海草根际微生物、海草叶表微生物、海草根表微生物、海草叶内微生物和海草根内微生物(图1)。
海草叶际微生物是指寄生或者附生于海草叶子表面的细菌、真菌、微藻和原生生物等[77-79],主要由α-变形杆菌、β-变形杆菌、浮霉菌目(Planctomycetia)、酸微菌纲(Acidimicrobiia)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteria)、黄杆菌纲和疣微菌纲(Verrucomicrobiae)等组成[80-84],其中海杆菌属(Marinobacter)是海草叶际常见的附生菌[49]。海草叶际微生物群落组成主要受宿主代谢、微生物竞争和环境因素影响。海草叶子附生细菌的密度和分布取决于其与硅藻或者大型藻类的拮抗作用和竞争,同时也与叶子年龄有关[85]。细菌可以通过提供有益代谢物与营养促进海草生长[8687]。海草代谢活动也会影响叶际微生物群落的组成和功能。海草叶子表面生长的微生物群落分泌代谢物形成“生物膜”,抵制大型海洋动物摄食以及抵御病原微生物的入侵。叶际微生物不但可以提供营养来促进海草生长,也可以作为病原体破坏海草生长[88]
根际是植物根状茎和根组织表面富含有机分子等分泌物和氧气的动态微环境[89]。根际微生物与海草根部产生的化合物相互作用,改变根际化学环境。海草为了能够在缺氧的沉积物中呼吸,将光合作用产生的氧气从直立茎扩散到根部释放进沉积物,在根际形成氧气浓度梯度,为代谢多样化的微生物群落创造了生存条件[9091]。海草根际微生物主要是硫酸盐还原细菌δ-变形杆菌、硫化物氧化菌γ-变形杆菌、ε-变形杆菌[66, 92]、α-变形杆菌、β-变形杆菌、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidetes)与梭菌纲(Clostridia)等[66, 72, 76, 83]。海草根际细菌的丰度和生物量约是周围沉积物的两倍,但会随着季节变化[80,93]。人类活动扰动也会降低海草根际微生物多样性[94]
海草内生微生物指海草组织中没有危害或者至少短暂存在的微生物,包括在某些生命阶段或环境条件下表现出潜在致病性的微生物和对海草有益的共生微生物[95]。在海草组织中发现大量细菌、古生菌和真菌。如在泰来草、鳗草、丝粉草属(Cymodocea)、二药草属、喜盐草属(Halophila)、针叶草属(Syringodium)和海菖蒲等海草的根、茎和叶子组织中发现大量真菌[61, 64, 96]。根和根状茎是海草内生菌与宿主相互作用的主要区域[51]。在鳗草根表分离到能还原硫酸盐和固氮的脱硫孤菌属(Desulfovibrio[56]。硫酸盐还原菌占据海草根中心附近组织,产乙酸菌(Acetogenic bacteria)和古生菌主要是在海草根表和外皮层[54]。莱氏二药草(Halodule wrightii)最外皮层细胞层中存在产乙酸菌[97]。内生真菌普遍通过物理或化学渗透进入海草组织中[95]
海草床沉积物微生物群落不仅可以促进海草床的物质循环和能量流动,而且可以维持海草床生物多样性[98]。海草根和根状茎中氧的持续扩散对海草床沉积物和根际微生物产生较大影响[99]。海草床沉积物细菌主要是δ-变形杆菌硫酸盐还原菌[66],如海南新村湾海草床沉积物中的细菌群落主要为嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter)、弧菌属、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)、科贝克氏菌属(Cobetia)和假交替单胞菌属等[25]。热带海草床沉积物固氮微生物群落组成与沉积物总氮浓度呈显著相关[25]
示踪分析法表明海草叶际微生物来源于周围水体中[81]。通过分析全球尺度鳗草叶际与邻近海水微生物群落结构,可知两者群落结构相似[81],但是有研究结果相反,认为两者存在较大差异[71],这可能与采样方法有关,但可以肯定的是海草叶际微生物和海草床水体中微生物存在一个动态交换过程。
海草与微生物相互作用关系主要包括共生、腐生、寄生和致病等[100],是从共生到疾病的连续统一体。
微生物不但对海草光合作用及其健康具有重要作用,同时可以驱动海草床碳循环。海草叶面无角质,有利于微生物附生,进行物质能量交换。海草为附生微生物提供适合的光环境和获得营养的定殖表面。海草释放光合作用产生的氧气和有机物到根外沉积物中,促进了有氧代谢并加强微生物活动[101]。叶表的硅藻和光合细菌等微生物抑制海草光合作用[102]。海草光合作用降低或受损将引起氧气缺乏,不足以氧化高浓度硫化物[37],可能导致海草死亡。海草根际微生物组成取决于碳源和氧气[92]。多环芳香烃作为碳源,影响海菖蒲海草床沉积物中的微生物群落丰度[61]。在寡营养盐中发现海草排放的溶解有机碳是沉积物细菌的重要碳源[103]。玫瑰杆菌可以吸收海草死亡时释放的二甲基巯基丙酸进行生长繁殖,形成海草附生微生物中主要优势种群[104]
海草叶表和根表微生物的固氮作用提高了海草床生态系统的生产力。固氮细菌为海草提供了所需氮量的65%左右[96,105],有研究表明,影响泰来草海草床初级生产力的氮元素有4%~38%由蓝细菌贡献[105]。海草根际硫酸盐还原菌、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)和梭菌属(Clostridium)等固氮细菌是海草床固氮作用主要贡献者[105-106]。海杆菌属可以同化海草床海水和沉积物中的硝酸盐。海草叶表红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae)厌氧光合细菌和硫酸盐还原菌具有固氮能力。沉积物和根际的硫酸盐还原细菌贡献了海草床固氮作用的25%~95%[107],其贡献程度存在地区差异性[105,108]。温带海草微生物固氮率占所需氮量的5%~25%,而热带海草微生物固氮率所需氮量的65%以上[96,105]。硫酸盐还原菌的固氮量受碳的限制,与海草光合产物溶解有机碳通过根渗出量有关[103]。海草内生菌也具有固氮和硫酸盐还原功能。从鳗草中分离到具有固氮能力的硫酸盐还原菌—脱硫弧菌属[56],在大洋波喜荡草中鉴定出含有固氮基因(nifH)的内生菌[51],这表明海草内生微生物具有为宿主提供营养的功能。海草根际固氮细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的生物量随着深度和季节变化而变化[105]
海草与微生物之间的氮循环关系比较复杂。不同海草部位吸收不同形式的氮,泰来草、单脉二药草(Halodule uninervis)和圆叶丝粉草(Cymodocea rotundata)等热带海草的叶组织更容易吸收${\rm{NO}}_3^- $和尿素,而根组织更容易吸收${\rm {NH}}_4^+ $和氨基酸[109]。海草沉积物中发生的脱氮作用小于非海草区沉积物,这可能是由富营养化条件下海草与硝化细菌对氨基酸和${\rm {NO}}_3^- $的直接竞争吸收[105]造成的。在富营养水体中的海草床脱氮作用比例与${\rm {NO}}_3^- $的浓度相关[110]。鳗草根际的硝化、脱氮和氨化率远高于裸露沉积物,受到硝酸盐的浓度以及植物根系释放氧气的影响[111]。海草根系对溶解无机氮(DIN)和溶解有机氮(DON)具有高度亲和力[112]。海草叶子和根部微生物固氮率变化较大[113]。海草根部脱氮作用主要是由γ-变形杆菌和β-变形杆菌和拟杆菌纲等多种脱氮微生物合作完成的[114]
虽然硫酸盐还原反应会产生对海草有毒害作用的硫化氢,但是健康海草床沉积物的硫化氢浓度通常在白天较低[36],主要是因为海草光合作用释放的氧气通过根转运至沉积物中激活硫化物氧化菌将硫化物转化为硫醇[89]。“双壳贝类、海草和硫化物氧化细菌三体共生假说”认为,双壳贝类中的硫化物氧化细菌分解环境中硫化物,使生活在其中的海草受益[115]。大洋波喜荡草地下生物量与硫酸盐还原反应成正相关[103],这表明硫酸盐还原反应可能会促进海草生长。硫化物虽然会抑制海草生长繁殖,但是也促进了微生物固氮作用。海草沉积物中约60%的硫酸盐还原菌具有固氮能力,这表明,海草床沉积物中的硫酸盐还原反应与生物固氮作用之间联系紧密。在碳受限的沉积物中,光照加强促进了海草光合作用,提高了固碳率,使溶解有机碳渗出物增加,进入沉积物中增强了微生物硫酸盐还原活动[99]。海草与微生物通过硫酸盐还原反应与光合作用再促进海草床硫循环和碳循环。
海草微生物群落具有清除植物有毒化合物,增加宿主生态适应性的功能。泰来草无菌苗在添加与不添加氮源的培养基中生长无显著差异,可能是由于微生物在海草营养吸收和生长过程中发挥了关键作用[116]。海草通过生产H2O2和半胱天冬酶联合策略来对抗真菌感染[117]。海草根际放线菌和某些附生细菌具有为宿主提供抵御病原体的功能[72, 118]。海草叶子富含酚类化合物,可以防止微生物入侵[119]。虽然海草微生物具有防御功能,但目前并没有证据证明这是海草微生物群落的普遍特征。反过来,微生物也可以抑制海草的生长。疫霉属(Phytophthora)和海疫霉属(Halophytophthora)等真菌可以抑制鳗草种子萌发[48]。细菌和真菌可以入侵澳洲波喜荡草(Posidonia australis)健康叶子,从而抑制海草生长[120]
共生功能体是宿主生物及其密切功能关联微生物群落共同构成一个独立“超有机体”[100, 121122]。海草及其相关微生物群落构成海草共生功能体,这些微生物群落主要包括与海草长期保持关系的细菌、古菌、真菌、原生动物与病毒等。海草共生功能体微生物群落即海草微生物组,从关联程度上主要分为海草核心微生物组和海草非核心微生物组。核心微生物组是基于微生物在宿主内的持久性、关联性、稳定性以及跨越时空边界的生态位中共享的,潜在具有关键生理功能或生态功能的微生物群[123124]。但是,目前关于核心微生物组的定义没有形成准确的共识。因此,确定核心微生物组标准应考虑研究目标、实验设计、宿主栖息地环境、采样方法、样本量、测序方法、分析工具和所涉及的生态问题等[125]。核心微生物组又可分为分类核心微生物组和功能核心微生物组[126]。海草核心操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units, OTU)是指每个海草物种或位置的所有重复样品中100%存在的OTU[72],即一个海草生态位在所有样品共有的OTU为该生态位的海草核心微生物组[75, 127128]。海草核心微生物组应该是可以稳定、持久地与海草发生关键功能的微生物群。所有样品中超过2/3的生物学重复存在的任何OTU(相对丰度大于0)均被归类为核心OTU[73]
生态、宿主和环境因素共同影响海草共生功能体的多样性与分布。海草共生功能体的细菌多样性与不同生态位环境和功能有关[56]。海草共生功能体的微生物群落主要有硫酸盐还原菌、硫化物氧化细菌(如ε-变形杆菌包括硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas)和硫微螺菌属(Thiomicrospira))、固氮蓝细菌、异养细菌[105]和内生真菌(如深色有隔内生真菌(Dark Septate Endophytic))[63]等。离散的细菌、微藻和真菌群落在特定的海草生态位之间组成差异明显大于地理位置之间的差异。不同海草生态位中核心微生物组的离散分布与陆生植物中的模式是一致的,即根际、叶际以及根内和叶内微生物群落既不同于彼此,也不同于周围沉积物[129]。海草叶子和根部微生物的β多样性存在较大差异[76, 81]。海草叶际核心微生物群主要由α-变形杆菌和γ-变形杆菌组成,而根和根状茎的核心微生物群主要包括δ-变形菌[73]。大洋波喜荡草叶子、根和根状茎的表面主要有固氮细菌和硫酸盐还原菌δ-变形杆菌[113]。海草根部细菌群落主要为γ-变形杆菌和ε-变形杆菌[66]。长萼喜盐草(Halophila stipulacea)叶和根的核心菌群主要为α-变形杆菌纲、γ-变形杆菌纲和δ-变形杆菌纲等类群[75]
陆地植物共生功能体的功能主要包括植物免疫调节、固氮供植物使用、缓解从叶子与根分泌的甲醇和乙醇等有害产物[130]。由于海草生长于高盐、低氧、硫化物浓度高的环境,海草和微生物共生功能可能与陆地植物相似,也有差异之处。海草和微生物的共生功能可以影响海草的生产力和健康[71]。目前对海草共生功能体微生物群落的功能研究较少,关注点主要在碳循环、氮循环、硫循环、光合作用、固氮作用和硫酸盐还原反应等方面。海草共生功能体中最重要的相互关联物质是氧气和硫化物[100]。硫化物对海草是有毒害作用的[131132],海草根部硫酸盐氧化细菌利用根部氧气氧化硫化物[81, 83, 92, 133]。硫化物氧化细菌在海草根部通过氧化沉积物周边硫酸盐还原细菌产生的硫化氢促进其与海草共生[92]。海草叶子表面的异养附生微生物利用海草的光合产物[134],通过固氮作用为海草提供氮源。内生真菌是海草共生微生物群落中的重要类群之一,对海草的生长和健康尤为重要,有研究表明[63],深色有隔内生真菌与大洋波喜荡草之间存在潜在的重要共生关系。此外,海草微生物可以分解对海草生长有害的硫化物、甲醇、乙醇等化合物,也可以产生琼脂水解酶抑制附着藻类,还可以产生吲哚乙酸以及细胞分裂素、乙烯、一氧化氮等植物生长素和生长调控因子[100, 135]
环境因子影响海草床微生物群落的组成和功能。不同类型环境压力的持续累积将使海草共生功能体从健康状态转向脆弱或者疾病状态,甚至导致死亡。海水富营养化对海草微生物互作的影响是复杂的。富营养化导致水体氮和磷浓度过高,引起藻类迅速增加,产生的大量有机物质消耗了表层沉积物氧气,增加了硫酸盐还原细菌与硫化物,同时由于藻类的覆盖减弱了海草的光合作用,导致海草生长受到抑制甚至死亡[30]。在浅水裸露生境中,附生微藻可以降低阳光照射或减少干燥的负面影响。因此,海草对水体富营养化的响应有负面的也有正面的[30]。环境胁迫可能会促进潜在海草有益共生微生物的定植[136]。日本鳗草叶际可培养细菌数量远高于陆生植物[137],这可能是海草与细菌互作适应了水下高盐、低氧、可见光弱等特殊环境的结果。在健康海草床中,网黏菌无致病性,但是环境胁迫导致网黏菌具有致病性[138]。海草沉积物微生物群落对多环芳香烃胁迫较敏感[61]
海草床微生物影响海草的新陈代谢活动和健康。在全球环境变化下,海草可能会越来越容易受到疾病的影响。海洋酸化、气候变暖、硫化物和富营养化等可能会影响到海草与病原体的关系,但海草发病机制大部分都是未知的。未来应该加强对海草病害的基础研究,建立海草病害数据库,加强应对海草疾病暴发的响应能力,尝试采用海草与病原体的生态模型研究环境变化与海草病害之间的关系。
海草床微生物群落控制海草生长、营养和健康以及维持海草生态系统的生物地球化学循环。目前,对海草床微生物群落组成的影响因素具有的普遍认识主要是海草微生物组与沉积物和海水中的微生物群落存在较大差异[71-74,76,81],且海草微生物组分布在离散的不同生态位且存在明显差异[7176, 81]。而其他因素对海草微生物组的结构影响没有普遍性的答案。海草微生物群落是特定微环境的局部化内在特征和更大规模环境驱动因素共同作用的产物[72]。但是迄今为止,由于取样方法、地理区域、海草种类、环境变化和研究时间等差异,海草微生物群落结构的影响因素难以得出普适性的科学规律。海草微生物群落在小尺度上是高度异质的,但这种结构在广泛的地理尺度上保持不变的模式,表明海草微生物群落高度专门化,具有重要的生态意义[73]。海草核心微生物群落在不同的生态位中也存在明显差异。在牟氏鳗草(Zostera muelleri)中没有发现核心微藻和真菌,表明海草和特定微藻与真菌类群的生态耦合较弱。但是,海草和细菌的新陈代谢和生态耦合较强。此外,大部分海草核心微生物群落都参与硫循环。研究海草床微生物群落与海草核心微生物组的结构与功能具有重要意义。
海草与微生物的互作关系包括共生、腐生、寄生和致病等,其大部分机制都是未知的。微生物群落不仅对海草生长和健康具有影响,而且还控制海草群落演替,甚至调控海草床生物化学循环。海草为微生物提供了大量潜在的定植微环境。海草与微生物互作程度体现了环境因子对海草的影响。分析化学方法和代谢组学分析有潜力解释海草与微生物相互作用的化学生态学。
潜在的扰动阈值和协同效应等环境对海草健康的影响可能是累积和非线性的。例如海洋酸化、气候变暖、硫化物和富营养化等影响海草与微生物的关系是复杂的。研究海草与微生物之间的相互作用可以解析微生物群落在维持海草床健康和生产力的特殊功能和作用。目前,微生物在海草应对环境胁迫响应的因果关系与分子机制是未知的。将来可以研究营养负荷、硫化物、病原体、温度和pH等环境胁迫对海草与微生物之间相互作用的影响,促进理解微生物在海草健康和退化时的作用以及海草微生物如何缓冲环境压力带来的负面影响,探索海草床中微生物与海草、环境变化之间的相互关系,对于制定有关管理和保护受威胁的海草床具有重要意义。
在过去几十年,对海草与微生物相互作用的研究方法主要是传统微生物培养、显微观察、生物化学测量以及分子生物学方法。将来可以使用特殊微生物分子探针与单细胞耦合成像方法、生物地球化学方法、高通量测序分子生物技术、宏基因组、转录组与代谢组学分析、网络分析统计和模型预测等新颖且强大的方法研究海草与微生物互作及其与环境的复杂关系,阐明海草床生物地球化学过程,探索海草与微生物协同净化水质的机理,为对海草床微生物生态作用的认识提供新见解。
  • 海南省自然科学基金项目(419QN255,319QN251,419QN254);国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0506104);2019年海南省本级部门预算项目“海南岛地区泰来草的保护遗传学研究”;中央引导地方科技发展专项项目(ZY2019HN03)。
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2021年第43卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021032
  • 接收时间:2020-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-05-15
  • 修回日期:2020-11-03
基金
海南省自然科学基金项目(419QN255,319QN251,419QN254);国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0506104);2019年海南省本级部门预算项目“海南岛地区泰来草的保护遗传学研究”;中央引导地方科技发展专项项目(ZY2019HN03)。
作者信息
    1海南省海洋与渔业科学院,海南 海口 571126
    2海南热带海洋学院 热带海洋生物资源利用与保护教育部重点实验室,海南 三亚 572022
    3海南大学 南海海洋资源利用国家重点实验室,海南 海口 570228

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沈捷(1986-)女,上海市人,博士,从事海草分子生物学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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