Article(id=1233737617712410801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737609160216756, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1592409600000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-18, revisedDate=1603036800000, revisedDateStr=2020-10-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075569798, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1624550400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075569798, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075569798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075569798, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737609160216756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075567760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075567760, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=129, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737618098286791, articleId=1233737617712410801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Comparative study on the liquefaction properties of seabed silt under wave loading in the Huanghe River Delta, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a common submarine geological disaster, wave-induced seabed liquefaction seriously threatens the safety of subsea engineering facilities in the Huanghe River Delta. The structure, physical and mechanical properties of seabed soil after wave-induced liquefaction all have changed, so it has important theoretical significance and practical value to study on the evaluation of potential possibility of re-liquefaction of seabed soil after previous liquefaction. In this paper, a series of cyclic triaxial liquefaction tests were conducted on core samples collected from submarine non-liquefied and liquefied zone in the Huanghe River Delta, respectively. The differences between non-liquefied and liquefied seabed soil in the developing trends of pore pressure and axial dynamic strain with cycles were analyzed and discussed, and the corresponding liquefaction potentials were also comparatively evaluated. The test results show that compared to pore pressure, the strain standard is more suitable to evaluate the liquefaction potential of the seabed silt in the Huanghe River Delta. The pore pressure and dynamic axial strain development characteristics indicate that the re-liquefaction resistance of the liquefied seabed silt is improved to some extent compared with the non-liquefied silt. Furthermore, the correlations between the normalized pore pressure ratio ud/σ3 and the normalized cycle ratio N/Nf could be described quantitatively by the hyperbolic or exponential functions for liquefied and non-liquefied seabed silts. Finally, the critical cyclic stress ratio for the non-liquefied seabed silt is around 0.20 compared to 0.35 for the liquefied one in the Huanghe River Delta. The research findings will contribute to deepening the understanding of the wave-induced liquefaction mechanism of seabed silt, and also provide an example reference for the study of the mechanical properties of soil subjected to previous cyclic stress history.

, correspAuthors=Yongfu Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yupeng Song, Yongfu Sun, Binghui Song, Lifeng Dong, Xing Du), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737622225482114, articleId=1233737617712410801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=波浪作用下黄河三角洲海底粉土液化特征对比研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为一种常见的近海海底灾害地质现象,波致海床液化严重威胁着黄河三角洲地区海底工程设施的安全。粉质海床液化后,海底粉土的结构、物理和力学性质均发生了改变,研究该变化规律尤其是评估液化后海底粉土再次发生液化的可能性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文利用室内动三轴仪对取自黄河三角洲已液化和未液化海底粉土开展了液化试验对比研究,讨论了已液化和未液化海底粉土在孔压增长模式和轴向动应变发展趋势方面的异同,对比分析了二者的液化势。研究结果表明:应变标准比孔压标准更适用于评估黄河三角洲地区海底粉土的液化势;孔压和动应变发展模式均表明与未液化粉土相比,已液化海底粉土再次发生液化的抗力有所提高;已液化和未液化海底粉土归一化孔压比ud/σ3与循环加载次数比N/Nf间相关关系可采用双曲线或指数函数模型进行定量化描述;未液化海底粉土的波致液化临界循环应力比约为0.20,已液化海底粉土的临界循环应力比约为0.35。研究成果有助于加深对海底粉土波致液化特性的认识,亦可为循环应力历史影响下的土体力学性质研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=孙永福, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙永福(1964-),男,山东省潍坊市人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋工程地质方面研究。E-mail:
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宋玉鹏(1979-),男,黑龙江省鸡西市人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋工程地质方面工作。.E-mail:

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宋玉鹏(1979-),男,黑龙江省鸡西市人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋工程地质方面工作。.E-mail:

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宋玉鹏(1979-),男,黑龙江省鸡西市人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋工程地质方面工作。.E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2013, 32(2): 363−368., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233737630786056845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年基金(41806079,42007274);青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2015ASKJ03), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233737622498111890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737622506500500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, companyId=1233737622498111890, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Marine Engineering Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737622523277718, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233737626654667304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Location of the study area, figureFileSmall=QeLEjzfoytZnEv5xz/TRZw==, figureFileBig=XapPDQeyu64yGNQHRp2fFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737626742747692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区位置, figureFileSmall=QeLEjzfoytZnEv5xz/TRZw==, figureFileBig=XapPDQeyu64yGNQHRp2fFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737626994405943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Sub-bottom profile of the liquefied silt stratum, figureFileSmall=Mm0Agsb7ewBqW17+szdipg==, figureFileBig=gBeobGWbnecF8TNalDVCEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737627082486332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=图2, caption=液化扰动粉土层浅地层剖面影像, figureFileSmall=Mm0Agsb7ewBqW17+szdipg==, figureFileBig=gBeobGWbnecF8TNalDVCEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737627216704067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Sub-bottom profile of the non-liquefied silt stratum, figureFileSmall=fLtirt9NKTKE89qxKXgjlw==, figureFileBig=V+TTeEyZsK6EMIvwPDJZpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737627334144586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=图3, caption=未液化扰动粉土层浅地层剖面影像, figureFileSmall=fLtirt9NKTKE89qxKXgjlw==, figureFileBig=V+TTeEyZsK6EMIvwPDJZpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737627459973712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution curves of particle size of seabed silt, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison in the normalized pore pressure development between liquefied and non-liquefied seabed silt, figureFileSmall=GleHgbKIMhf6QVvpU9JcYw==, figureFileBig=kO1L1NnpYKDwJKVzqIQxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737627963290206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=图6, caption=液化前后海底粉土归一化孔压增长曲线对比, figureFileSmall=GleHgbKIMhf6QVvpU9JcYw==, figureFileBig=kO1L1NnpYKDwJKVzqIQxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737628051370593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Fitting results of hyperbolic and exponential models for pore pressure development, figureFileSmall=oaQQa/S+lkfyHu53ct/i7w==, figureFileBig=SkjjJ1IRKAOi6jdvYcB14Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737628147839586, 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caption=Comparison in the axial strain developing patterns between liquefied and non-liquefied seabed silt, figureFileSmall=mS2nSMYu4BH2OPsBjK9Ofg==, figureFileBig=jDXFQkBn+Wy7KgcwKvbOlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737628483383920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=图9, caption=液化前后海底粉土轴向动应变发展模式对比, figureFileSmall=mS2nSMYu4BH2OPsBjK9Ofg==, figureFileBig=jDXFQkBn+Wy7KgcwKvbOlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737628575658611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Correlations between cyclic stress ratio and cycles at failure for seabed silt, figureFileSmall=eTWalUJ85TSiUQ6f6IFMIA==, figureFileBig=FV8utlwbFMDcrdygmAuMkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737628663738998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=图10, caption=循环应力比CSR与循环加载破坏次数Nf之间相关关系, figureFileSmall=eTWalUJ85TSiUQ6f6IFMIA==, figureFileBig=FV8utlwbFMDcrdygmAuMkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737628760207994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical properties of seabed silt

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类海床以下深度/m含水量/%干密度/(g·cm−3比重孔隙比塑限/%液限/%塑性指数
未液化粉土0.523.31.622.710.7018.726.88.1
1.023.41.622.700.6919.127.07.9
1.523.01.632.710.6917.626.89.2
2.526.71.582.700.7121.328.57.2
3.025.91.592.710.7121.930.58.6
3.525.31.602.700.6921.729.98.2
4.327.91.572.700.7222.631.69.0
4.725.61.592.700.6921.629.78.1
已液化粉土0.524.51.612.700.7020.627.67.0
1.024.21.612.700.7020.626.35.7
1.524.91.612.700.6918.626.17.5
2.523.41.622.700.6620.628.17.5
3.023.91.622.700.6720.627.97.3
3.523.61.622.710.6719.727.78.0
4.321.91.642.700.6415.925.29.3
4.722.11.642.710.6516.724.57.8
), ArticleFig(id=1233737628835705468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海底粉土基本物理性质指标

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分类海床以下深度/m含水量/%干密度/(g·cm−3比重孔隙比塑限/%液限/%塑性指数
未液化粉土0.523.31.622.710.7018.726.88.1
1.023.41.622.700.6919.127.07.9
1.523.01.632.710.6917.626.89.2
2.526.71.582.700.7121.328.57.2
3.025.91.592.710.7121.930.58.6
3.525.31.602.700.6921.729.98.2
4.327.91.572.700.7222.631.69.0
4.725.61.592.700.6921.629.78.1
已液化粉土0.524.51.612.700.7020.627.67.0
1.024.21.612.700.7020.626.35.7
1.524.91.612.700.6918.626.17.5
2.523.41.622.700.6620.628.17.5
3.023.91.622.700.6720.627.97.3
3.523.61.622.710.6719.727.78.0
4.321.91.642.700.6415.925.29.3
4.722.11.642.710.6516.724.57.8
), ArticleFig(id=1233737628936368768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cyclic dynamic stress loading program

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分类钻孔编号海床以下深度/m固结围压/kPa循环应力比初始模拟波浪状态
波高/m波长/m水深/m
未液化粉土ZK10.75~1.60200.35, 0.40, 0.506.060.010.0
2.55~3.60300.23, 0.33, 0.37, 0.42, 0.474.760.010.0
3.75~4.70400.23, 0.25, 0.30, 0.44, 0.485.260.010.0
已液化粉土ZK30.95~1.85200.37, 0.45, 0.506.460.010.0
2.48~3.50300.37, 0.42, 0.507.560.010.0
3.70~4.70400.43, 0.45, 0.509.060.010.0
), ArticleFig(id=1233737629016060548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

循环应力加载方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类钻孔编号海床以下深度/m固结围压/kPa循环应力比初始模拟波浪状态
波高/m波长/m水深/m
未液化粉土ZK10.75~1.60200.35, 0.40, 0.506.060.010.0
2.55~3.60300.23, 0.33, 0.37, 0.42, 0.474.760.010.0
3.75~4.70400.23, 0.25, 0.30, 0.44, 0.485.260.010.0
已液化粉土ZK30.95~1.85200.37, 0.45, 0.506.460.010.0
2.48~3.50300.37, 0.42, 0.507.560.010.0
3.70~4.70400.43, 0.45, 0.509.060.010.0
), ArticleFig(id=1233737629183832711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Coefficients of hyperbolic model for pore pressure development

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分类围压/kPa模型CSR参数a参数b相关系数R2
未液化粉土20双曲线0.350.5120.9180.99
0.400.8180.7610.99
0.500.3751.4940.98
30双曲线0.230.0411.0250.99
0.330.0420.9710.99
0.370.2970.8900.99
0.420.9510.8450.99
0.470.6620.5670.99
40双曲线0.230.1330.9730.99
0.250.1540.9550.99
0.300.3941.1490.99
0.440.2750.8900.99
0.480.3651.0900.99
已液化粉土20双曲线0.370.1460.9060.99
0.450.1281.0720.99
0.500.0220.9690.99
30双曲线0.370.4101.0720.98
0.420.2771.1480.99
0.500.5190.7120.99
40双曲线0.430.5770.4270.99
0.450.2920.9130.99
0.500.4100.9520.98
), ArticleFig(id=1233737630601507467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737617712410801, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

孔压发展双曲线模型拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类围压/kPa模型CSR参数a参数b相关系数R2
未液化粉土20双曲线0.350.5120.9180.99
0.400.8180.7610.99
0.500.3751.4940.98
30双曲线0.230.0411.0250.99
0.330.0420.9710.99
0.370.2970.8900.99
0.420.9510.8450.99
0.470.6620.5670.99
40双曲线0.230.1330.9730.99
0.250.1540.9550.99
0.300.3941.1490.99
0.440.2750.8900.99
0.480.3651.0900.99
已液化粉土20双曲线0.370.1460.9060.99
0.450.1281.0720.99
0.500.0220.9690.99
30双曲线0.370.4101.0720.98
0.420.2771.1480.99
0.500.5190.7120.99
40双曲线0.430.5770.4270.99
0.450.2920.9130.99
0.500.4100.9520.98
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波浪作用下黄河三角洲海底粉土液化特征对比研究
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宋玉鹏 1, 3 , 孙永福 2, 3, * , 宋丙辉 1 , 董立峰 1 , 杜星 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(6): 129-138
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(6): 129-138
波浪作用下黄河三角洲海底粉土液化特征对比研究
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宋玉鹏1, 3 , 孙永福2, 3, * , 宋丙辉1, 董立峰1, 杜星1
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋工程环境研究中心,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2国家深海基地管理中心,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 宋玉鹏(1979-),男,黑龙江省鸡西市人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋工程地质方面工作。.E-mail:

通讯作者:

孙永福(1964-),男,山东省潍坊市人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋工程地质方面研究。E-mail:
Comparative study on the liquefaction properties of seabed silt under wave loading in the Huanghe River Delta
Yupeng Song1, 3 , Yongfu Sun2, 3, * , Binghui Song1, Lifeng Dong1, Xing Du1
Affiliations
  • 1Marine Engineering Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2National Deep Sea Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3Laboratory for Marine Geology and Environment, Pilot National Oceanography Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2021-06-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021100
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作为一种常见的近海海底灾害地质现象,波致海床液化严重威胁着黄河三角洲地区海底工程设施的安全。粉质海床液化后,海底粉土的结构、物理和力学性质均发生了改变,研究该变化规律尤其是评估液化后海底粉土再次发生液化的可能性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文利用室内动三轴仪对取自黄河三角洲已液化和未液化海底粉土开展了液化试验对比研究,讨论了已液化和未液化海底粉土在孔压增长模式和轴向动应变发展趋势方面的异同,对比分析了二者的液化势。研究结果表明:应变标准比孔压标准更适用于评估黄河三角洲地区海底粉土的液化势;孔压和动应变发展模式均表明与未液化粉土相比,已液化海底粉土再次发生液化的抗力有所提高;已液化和未液化海底粉土归一化孔压比ud/σ3与循环加载次数比N/Nf间相关关系可采用双曲线或指数函数模型进行定量化描述;未液化海底粉土的波致液化临界循环应力比约为0.20,已液化海底粉土的临界循环应力比约为0.35。研究成果有助于加深对海底粉土波致液化特性的认识,亦可为循环应力历史影响下的土体力学性质研究提供参考。

黄河三角洲  /  海底粉土  /  再次液化  /  动三轴试验

As a common submarine geological disaster, wave-induced seabed liquefaction seriously threatens the safety of subsea engineering facilities in the Huanghe River Delta. The structure, physical and mechanical properties of seabed soil after wave-induced liquefaction all have changed, so it has important theoretical significance and practical value to study on the evaluation of potential possibility of re-liquefaction of seabed soil after previous liquefaction. In this paper, a series of cyclic triaxial liquefaction tests were conducted on core samples collected from submarine non-liquefied and liquefied zone in the Huanghe River Delta, respectively. The differences between non-liquefied and liquefied seabed soil in the developing trends of pore pressure and axial dynamic strain with cycles were analyzed and discussed, and the corresponding liquefaction potentials were also comparatively evaluated. The test results show that compared to pore pressure, the strain standard is more suitable to evaluate the liquefaction potential of the seabed silt in the Huanghe River Delta. The pore pressure and dynamic axial strain development characteristics indicate that the re-liquefaction resistance of the liquefied seabed silt is improved to some extent compared with the non-liquefied silt. Furthermore, the correlations between the normalized pore pressure ratio ud/σ3 and the normalized cycle ratio N/Nf could be described quantitatively by the hyperbolic or exponential functions for liquefied and non-liquefied seabed silts. Finally, the critical cyclic stress ratio for the non-liquefied seabed silt is around 0.20 compared to 0.35 for the liquefied one in the Huanghe River Delta. The research findings will contribute to deepening the understanding of the wave-induced liquefaction mechanism of seabed silt, and also provide an example reference for the study of the mechanical properties of soil subjected to previous cyclic stress history.

Huanghe River Delta  /  seabed silt  /  re-liquefaction  /  cyclic triaxial test
宋玉鹏, 孙永福, 宋丙辉, 董立峰, 杜星. 波浪作用下黄河三角洲海底粉土液化特征对比研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (6) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021100
Yupeng Song, Yongfu Sun, Binghui Song, Lifeng Dong, Xing Du. Comparative study on the liquefaction properties of seabed silt under wave loading in the Huanghe River Delta[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (6) : 129 -138 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021100
黄河是世界上含沙量最高的河流[1],每年巨量的泥沙在三角洲地区快速沉积造就了黄河三角洲海底粉土高含水量、高孔隙比、欠固结和低强度的工程特性[23],并表现出较高的潜在液化势[45]。同时,黄河三角洲地区又是我国重要的滨海油气资源开发区,伴随着海上油气资源的开发利用,该区域海底粉土的工程特性受到了研究人员的持续关注。
前人通过声学测深、浅地层剖面、侧扫声呐、地质钻探及原位测试等多种手段对黄河三角洲海底沉积地层开展了多期次调查研究,发现海底发育有塌陷凹坑、液化扰动土层、滑塌、粉砂流冲沟等多种地质灾害[6-9]。其中,液化粉土土层由于其分布面积较广、扰动深度大、对海上油气资源开发活动威胁程度高[10]而备受关注。孙永福等[11]、宋玉鹏等[12]通过静力触探和室内物理力学试验,对比研究了该区域液化前后海底粉土的工程地质特征,发现与未液化粉土相比,已液化海底粉土的密度和抗剪强度有所增大而含水率和孔隙比却有所减小;许国辉等[13]通过现场工程地质调查也发现黄河口液化扰动土层的工程特性好于周边原始土层;众多学者还通过理论分析或物理模型试验探讨了黄河三角洲海底粉土液化扰动土层的形成机理,认为波浪或者风暴潮引起的海床液化起主导作用[4-5,8,14-16]
鉴于波致液化对海底沉积物性质的显著改造作用,评估已液化海床再次发生液化的潜在可能性是十分必要的,然而目前关于波致液化前后黄河三角洲海底粉土液化势的对比性研究极少。本文依据声学浅地层剖面探测资料对黄河三角洲海底液化海床进行了定位识别,从已液化和临近未液化海床分别采集原位土样,利用室内动三轴仪开展已液化和未液化海底天然粉土波致液化势对比性研究,重点探讨液化前后海底粉土在动孔压和轴向动应变发展演变模式方面的异同,研究成果有助于加深对海底粉土波致液化特性的理解与认识,亦可为循环应力历史影响下的土体力学性质演变研究提供参考。
研究区位于黄河三角洲埕岛海域(图1)。该区域为黄河走河刁口流路及神仙沟流路期间形成的亚三角洲,海底表层多为粉土沉积,形成时代新、固结时间短,在波浪、风暴潮等动力作用下容易发生液化。
基于海底原位观测、海上工程物探和钻探、室内试验以及数值分析等多种研究手段[17],研究区内发现多处海底液化土层,典型液化扰动粉土层浅地层剖面影像如图2所示,未液化粉土层浅地层剖面影像如图3所示。从图中可以看出,与未液化土层相比,已液化海底土层在浅地层声学记录上主要表现为杂乱反射,土层内部无明显层理,原始地层结构遭到显著破坏。
依据高精度浅地层剖面探测结果对研究区内海底液化土层范围进行了划分[12],见图1中红线标示区域。在已液化和未液化海床分别进行海上原位静力液压取芯,严格遵循取芯操作流程以获取高质量原位土样,钻孔站位如图1所示,海上GPS定位精度为亚米级。液化土层厚度约5 m,钻孔贯穿整个液化土层。
依据室内土工试验标准对海底粉土的基本物理性质进行了测试,试验结果如表1所示。
表1可知,海床以下埋深较浅时(深度小于1.5 m),未液化和已液化海底粉土的物理性质彼此比较接近,但随着埋深增大,二者的物理性质表现出较大的差异,即与未液化海底土相比,已液化海底粉土的含水量和孔隙比有所减小,而干密度有所增大,揭示液化后重固结作用有助于提高黄河三角洲海底粉土的排水固结度,使其变的愈加密实[16]。此外,液塑限测试结果显示,随着埋深的增大,已液化海底粉土的液限和塑限比未液化粉土有所减小,尤其是对于埋深较深(深度为4.3 m和4.7 m)的情况,而二者相应的土体塑性指数却比较接近,显示液化后海底粉土中黏粒(粒径小于0.005 mm)含量有所降低,但控制土体塑性大小的关键胶粒(粒径小于0.002 mm)含量保持相对稳定[18]
图4描绘了已液化和未液化海底粉土颗粒组成特征。从图4中也可以看出,相比起未液化粉土,已液化海底粉土中黏粒(粒径小于0.005 mm)含量有所减少,表现出一定的颗粒粗化现象[19]
采用美国GCTS公司SSH-100型动三轴循环剪切试验系统开展海底粉土波致液化特性试验研究。该系统可施加最大垂直荷载达25 kN,循环加载频率范围为0~20 Hz,围压为0~2 MPa,标准试样尺寸:直径为50 mm,高度为100 mm。
为评估已液化海底粉土再次发生液化的可能性,分别选取已液化和未液化原位土样经仔细切取符合上述尺寸要求的试样若干组以便开展室内动三轴液化试验。试样先经过真空抽气饱和而后施加反压进一步饱和,直至试样饱和度超过0.95。依据土样埋深处实际上覆土压力(20~40 kPa)对试样进行各向同性固结,固结稳定标准为30 min内试样轴向变形不超过0.01 mm。固结结束后,对试样施加应力控制等幅正弦波激振荷载,依据波浪特征加载频率设定为0.2 Hz,从工程应用角度出发,同时参考前人有关研究经验[20],以单幅轴向动应变达到5%作为液化试验终止条件,循环动应力加载方案如表2所示,其中依据线性波浪理论[11],每组循环加载试验起始循环应力比(Cyclic Stress Ratio, CSR)对应的模拟波浪状态亦列于表2中。
孔压增长模式是分析土体液化产生机理及建立液化破坏本构模型的重要参考[21]图5绘制了已液化和未液化海底粉土的超孔压随循环加载次数增大的发展变化曲线。注意,图5b中CSR为0.23时,实际循环加载次数N约为2 100次,N大于1 200后孔压发展基本稳定,为了更清楚地展示循环加载前期孔压的发展演变特征,图5b采用了与图5a图5c相同的横坐标尺度(N=1 200)。
图5可知,考虑到天然海底土赋存状态的复杂性,超孔压试验结果难免表现出一定的不规律性,但整体来看,黄河三角洲海底粉土在循环加荷初期,土体内部孔压增长迅速,随着循环加载次数N的不断增大,孔压增长速率逐渐减小,某些情况下孔压会逐渐趋于稳定(如图5a已液化土CSR为0.50时)。相同围压σ′下,除个别情况外CSR越大,海底粉土超孔压表现出快速增长的态势。值得注意的是,除图5a中CSR为0.50(已液化粉土)和图5b中CSR为0.33(未液化粉土)时的土样在5%动应变范围内孔压增长达到了有效围压外,其余情况下海底粉土的超孔压均小于其相应的有效围压,说明以孔压标准来评判黄河三角洲海底粉土的液化势存在一定局限性。因此,从工程角度出发,本文后续分析将在孔压标准的基础上主要以单幅轴向动应变达到5%作为海底粉土液化破坏的判别依据[22]
为了更合理地对比已液化和未液化海底粉土的孔压增长模式,绘制相同或相近CSR作用下已液化和未液化海底粉土归一化孔压比(ud/σ3)−循环加载次数N关系曲线如图6所示。
图6可知,总的来说,相比起未液化粉土,相同条件下已液化海底粉土的孔压比随循环加载次数的增大而增长的更加缓慢,虽然个别试样的孔压比随CSR的增大出现了不规律发展(如图6a中CSR为0.50和图6b中CSR为0.42时),说明从孔压标准来看,已液化海底粉土再次发生液化破坏的抗力有所增大。另外,从等效循环加载次数[23]的角度分析可知,CSR越小,即波浪作用越弱,已液化海底粉土抗再次液化的能力提高的越明显。
为定量预测循环荷载作用下土中超静孔隙水压力发展演变趋势,前人根据室内动力试验结果提出了多种归一化孔压比(ud/σ3)和归一化循环加载次数比(N/Nf)之间的经验关系式[2425]
幂函数模型:
$\frac{{{u_d}}}{{{\sigma _3}}} = a{\left(\frac{N}{{{N_f}}}\right)^b},$
双曲线模型:
$\frac{{{u_d}}}{{{\sigma _3}}} = \frac{{N/{N_f}}}{{a + b(N/{N_f})}},$
式中,ud为超静孔隙水压力;σ3为初始围压;Nf为液化破坏时的循环加载次数;ab为模型拟合参数。
针对上述模型在求取极限孔压比(ud/σ3)时的不足,曾长女等[2627]根据室内饱和粉土动三轴试验结果提出了一种孔压发展指数模型:
$\frac{{{u_d}}}{{{\sigma _3}}} = a(1 - {{\rm{e}}^{ - b\frac{N}{{{N_f}}}}}),$
式中模型参数的代表意义同上。
本文尝试采用上述3种经验模型对已液化和未液化海底粉土的归一化孔压比(ud/σ3)和归一化循环加载次数比(N/Nf)间相关关系分别进行了曲线拟合,结果表明,幂函数模型无法很好地描述未液化海底粉土在较小CSR情况下(CSR为0.23或0.33)的孔压发展特征,而双曲线和指数模型均可以用来描述未液化海底粉土的孔压增长规律,但双曲线模型的拟合效果相对更好。对已液化海底粉土而言,幂函数模型同样无法很好地描述其在较小围压情况下(σ3=20 kPa)的孔压发展特征,而双曲线和指数模型均可以用来描述已液化海底粉土的孔压增长规律,但整体而言,仍是双曲线模型的拟合效果相对更优一些,代表性拟合结果如图7表3所示。
孔压增长规律研究表明,在一定动应变范围内(εd<5%),海底粉土的动孔压很难增长达到围压,因此探讨循环荷载作用下海底粉土轴向动应变发展特征更具应用价值。
图8描绘了已液化和未液化海底粉土轴向动应变随循环加载次数N的增大而发展演变的趋势。从图8中可以看出,在初始循环加载阶段,海底粉土轴向动应变εd先快速增长,随着循环加载次数N的进一步增大,动应变εd增长速率呈逐渐减小趋势,这与前述孔压发展模式比较相似。整体而言,海底粉土的轴向动应变随着CSR的增大也表现出增长越来越快的趋势。
郑刚等[28]依据循环加载作用下黏土轴向动应变发展特征总结提出了4类动应变发展模式:破坏型、直线型、发展型和渐稳型。在一定的动应变范围内(εd<5%),对照该分类标准发现,黄河三角洲海底粉土轴向动应变发展模式可归类为发展型和直线型两类,其中发展型表示加载初始阶段轴向动应变快速增大,之后随循环加载次数增幅逐渐放缓(如图8a中已液化土CSR为0.37时);直线型代表整个循环加载过程中轴向动应变与循环加载次数N之间呈近似线性相关关系(如图8b中未液化土CSR为0.47时)。另外值得注意的是,随着CSR的增大,海底粉土动应变发展模式逐渐由发展型向直线型过渡。
为了更好地对比已液化和未液化海底粉土的轴向动应变发展模式,绘制了相同或相近CSR下已液化和未液化海底粉土轴向动应变εd−循环加载次数N关系曲线,如图9所示。总的来说,相比起未液化土,图9中相同条件下已液化海底粉土的动应变随循环加载次数的增大而增长的更加缓慢,虽然个别试样的动应变随CSR的增大出现了不规律发展(如图9b中CSR为0.42时),表明以应变标准来看,已液化海底粉土再次发生液化破坏的抗力也有所增强[29]
为了更直观地对比已液化和未液化海底粉土抗液化能力的强弱,以εd=5%作为液化判别标准,依据动三轴试验结果绘制黄河三角洲海底粉土CSR与循环加载破坏次数Nf之间相关关系如图10所示。
图10可知,整体而言,在同一应变破坏标准下,随着循环加载破坏次数Nf的增大,黄河三角洲海底粉土液化CSR呈非线性减小趋势,其中循环加载破坏次数Nf较小时,CSR衰减速度较快,随着破坏次数Nf增大,CSR衰减速度逐渐减小。对比已液化和未液化海底粉土CSR与Nf相关关系可知,未液化海底粉土的波致液化临界CSR约为0.20,而已液化海底粉土的临界CSR约为0.35,相同循环加载破坏次数Nf下,已液化海底粉土的CSR整体上大于未液化土样的CSR,直观地表明已液化海底粉土再次发生液化破坏的抗力得到了增强。另外值得注意的是,在探讨的试验围压范围内(20~40 kPa),黄河三角洲海底天然粉土液化CSR与Nf关系受围压的影响不甚明显。
以往针对黄河三角洲海底粉土开展的波致液化特性研究对液化扰动土层复杂影响的考虑不够,容易误判海底粉土的液化势,造成不利后果。本文通过室内动三轴试验对比研究了已液化和未液化黄河三角洲海底粉土的波致液化特性,得出了如下研究结论:
(1)已液化和未液化海底粉土归一化孔压比ud/σ3与循环加载次数比N/Nf间相关关系可采用双曲线或指数函数模型进行描述。
(2)黄河三角洲海底粉土动应变发展模式可分为发展型和直线型两类,随着CSR增大,动应变发展模式逐渐由发展型向直线型过渡。
(3)无论基于孔压标准还是应变标准,黄河三角洲已液化海底粉土再次发生液化的抗力均有所增大。
(4)黄河三角洲未液化海底粉土的波致液化临界CSR约为0.20,已液化海底粉土的临界CSR约为0.35。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金(41806079,42007274);青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2015ASKJ03)
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2021年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021100
  • 接收时间:2020-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-06-18
  • 修回日期:2020-10-19
基金
国家自然科学基金青年基金(41806079,42007274);青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2015ASKJ03)
作者信息
    1自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋工程环境研究中心,山东 青岛 266061
    2国家深海基地管理中心,山东 青岛 266237
    3青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

通讯作者:

孙永福(1964-),男,山东省潍坊市人,研究员,博士,主要从事海洋工程地质方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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