Article(id=1233737613891399745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737609160216756, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021080, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1589644800000, receivedDateStr=2020-05-17, revisedDate=1605715200000, revisedDateStr=2020-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075568888, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1624550400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075568888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075568887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075568887, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737609160216756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075567760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075567760, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737614222749778, articleId=1233737613891399745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatial-temporal characteristic of tropical cyclone disasters in China during 1984−2017, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on tropical cyclone (TC) disaster data and the best-track database from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration (CMA-STI) during 1984 to 2017, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of TC disaster in China and their differences for the three prevailing tracks, along with the discussion of the overland duration and its potential risk. Main results of this study were summarized as follows: (1) There was a significant upward trend with direct TC-associated economic losses, while the proportion of losses to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the deaths showed a downward trend. (2) TC-associated economic losses accompanied with the three prevailing TC tracks showed a substantial difference. The recurving TCs tended to be less and lower impact, while westward and west-northward TCs appeared to be more and higher impact in China. Particularly, more frequent TCs with westward movement affected the Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces. TCs tending to west-northward tracks mainly caused a serious TC-associated disaster in Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang provinces. (3) The average overland duration, as a potential index for TC-associated disaster, showed an upward trend. Note that the reasons on the changes of TC overland duration for the three prevailing tracks appeared to be different. The increased average overland duration for recurving TCs were likely to relate to the decreased in TC average overland translation speed. In contrast, the increased average overland duration of westward and west-northward moving TCs were possibly due to the increased average distance that TCs traveled over land.

, correspAuthors=Haikun Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying Lu, Haikun Zhao, Dan Zhao, Qingqing Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737618236698830, articleId=1233737613891399745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=1984−2017年影响中国热带气旋灾害的时空特征分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于1984−2017年热带气旋灾情资料和中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋最佳路径资料,分析了中国热带气旋灾害的时空特征,比较了不同盛行路径下热带气旋灾害的差异,探讨了盛行路径下热带气旋陆上持续时间变化及灾害潜在风险。结果表明:(1)1984−2017年,直接经济损失呈现上升趋势,但该损失在国民生产总值中占比和死亡人数则呈下降趋势。(2)3类盛行路径热带气旋直接经济损失具有区域性差别。近海转向热带气旋登陆中国的数目少、灾害轻,西行和西北行的热带气旋登陆中国的数目多、范围广、灾害重。其中西行热带气旋主要影响广东、广西和海南,西北行热带气旋主要影响广东、福建和浙江。(3)台风潜在风险影响因子—热带气旋陆上平均持续时间,近几十年来增加趋势显著,但不同盛行路径陆上平均持续时间增加原因不一。近海转向的热带气旋陆上平均持续时间增加与陆上平均移速减小有关,西行和西北行的热带气旋陆上平均持续时间增加主要由陆上平均移动距离增加所致。

, correspAuthors=赵海坤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵海坤,教授,主要从事台风气候动力学研究和台风预测技术研制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=sRxgyIetmIkKepNgtoIOeg==, magXml=50D1CN3TcA0meRqLQAdsPg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZFkWH/Jiy7+dXGDZ+FknUA==, pdfFileSize=18179692, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SLoWV7UFBIEAJQk0T7nvGw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vAb4TEJ0lPyZzcvfmM8v9g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

卢莹(1996-),女,广西省梧州市人,主要研究方向为台风气候学及台风灾害评估。E-mail:20191201013@nuist.edu.cn

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卢莹(1996-),女,广西省梧州市人,主要研究方向为台风气候学及台风灾害评估。E-mail:20191201013@nuist.edu.cn

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卢莹(1996-),女,广西省梧州市人,主要研究方向为台风气候学及台风灾害评估。E-mail:20191201013@nuist.edu.cn

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Analysis on forecasting errors and associated circulations of sudden typhoon track changes during 2005−2010[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2013, 39(6): 719−727., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233737626642084391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1510201);江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20181412);国家自然科学基金优秀青年项目(41922033), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233737618513522908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737618521911517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, companyId=1233737618513522908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Pacific Typhoon Research Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737618530300126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, companyId=1233737618513522908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京信息工程大学 气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/太平洋台风研究中心,江苏 南京 210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233737618668712166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737618752598249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, companyId=1233737618668712166, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Army 93117 of PLA, Nanjing 210018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737618756792554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, companyId=1233737618668712166, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国人民解放军93117部队,江苏 南京 210018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233737622158373245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Time series of deaths (a), direct economic losses (b) and original direct economic losses proportion to GDP (c) caused by affecting TCs during 1984−2017

The straight line indicates the linear trend, Z is M-K trend test score, the Z-value with symbol “*” indicates the linear trend is significant at a 95% significance test

, figureFileSmall=4sM3xMDokc5jZP0tSqz5vQ==, figureFileBig=SLoWV7UFBIEAJQk0T7nvGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737622250647940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1984−2017年因TC导致的死亡人数(a)、直接经济损失(b)和原始直接经济损失在GDP中百分比(c)

直线表示线性趋势,“Z”为M-K检验统计量,*表示趋势线通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=4sM3xMDokc5jZP0tSqz5vQ==, figureFileBig=SLoWV7UFBIEAJQk0T7nvGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737622481334673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The number of affecting and landfalling TCs (a), average landing wind speed (b) and landing pressure (c) of landfalling TCs from 1984 to 2017

The solid dotted line in a represent the linear trend of affecting and landfalling TCs, respectively; the lines in b and c indicate the linear trend of the corresponding sequences Z is M-K trend test score; the Z-value with symbol “*” indicates the linear trend is significant at a 95% significance test

, figureFileSmall=lEkg1Ij6ad76gFec5/I6yw==, figureFileBig=3C39UgpPTSl+/W6whT9ryg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737622594580889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1984−2017年影响和登陆中国的TC数目(a)、TC平均登陆风速(b)和TC平均登陆气压(c)

a中实线和虚线分别代表影响和登陆TC的线性趋势;bc中直线表示相应序列线性趋势;“Z”为M-K检验统计量;*表示趋势线通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=lEkg1Ij6ad76gFec5/I6yw==, figureFileBig=3C39UgpPTSl+/W6whT9ryg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737622703632799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of total landfalling (a) and affecting (b) TC numbers in China during 1984−2017

The statistical results do not include the data of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

, figureFileSmall=fGt6ECOIQ0W2O8783VPtVg==, figureFileBig=jdyLThkqdmkDgDKUvnYAYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737622779130277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1984−2017年中国各省(自治区、直辖市)累计登陆TC数(a)和影响TC数(b)

统计结果不包含港澳台

, figureFileSmall=fGt6ECOIQ0W2O8783VPtVg==, figureFileBig=jdyLThkqdmkDgDKUvnYAYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737622892376495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution of annual mean direct economic losses (a), CPI normalized economic losses (2017 RMB) (b) and deaths (c) caused by TCs in China during 1984−2017

The statistical results do not include the data of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

, figureFileSmall=SKioyaRyVV2OXEbQoG/4Rw==, figureFileBig=T7TnbIbbdwqnuWQscWHsSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737622980456886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1984−2017年中国各省(自治区、直辖市)因TC造成的年均直接经济损失(a)、CPI标准化年均经济损失(2017 RMB)(b)和年均死亡人数(c)

统计结果不包含港澳台

, figureFileSmall=SKioyaRyVV2OXEbQoG/4Rw==, figureFileBig=T7TnbIbbdwqnuWQscWHsSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623081120187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of annual mean frequency (a−d) and genesis locations (e−h) of the affecting TCs during 1984−2017

The affecting TC genesis points are shown in black dots and its kernel density estimation in 25%, 50%, and 75% contours along with the averaged genesis location of these affecting TCs in triangle in e−h

, figureFileSmall=uc2vTjg/d2W1CcxHsWG0FA==, figureFileBig=zc8jFWMFeWp8Xf4B4QHLVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623160811969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1984−2017年影响TC年平均出现频数分布(a−d)和TC生成位置(e−h)

e−h中黑色点表示所有影响TC的生成位置,曲线表示生成位置的25%、50%和75%概率密度分布,三角形表示TC平均生成位置

, figureFileSmall=uc2vTjg/d2W1CcxHsWG0FA==, figureFileBig=zc8jFWMFeWp8Xf4B4QHLVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623316001226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The number of affecting and landing TCs in China on the tracks of recurve (a), westward (b) and northwestward (c) during 1984−2017

The solid/dotted line represents the linear trend of affecting/landfalling TCs, Z is the M-K trend test score, the Z-value with the symbol “*” indicates the linear trend is significant at a 95% significance test

, figureFileSmall=A6T5J9HdBEnL9NZkajL9tg==, figureFileBig=S5UKT+g5n3XBN4vRgPHcEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623416664527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1984−2017年影响和登陆中国的近海转向(a)、西行(b)和西北行(c)TC个数

实线表示影响TC的线性趋势,虚线表示登陆TC线性趋势,“Z”为M-K检验统计量,趋势线均未通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=A6T5J9HdBEnL9NZkajL9tg==, figureFileBig=S5UKT+g5n3XBN4vRgPHcEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623521522132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Time series of deaths (a−c), direct economic losses (d−f) and original direct economic losses proportion to GDP (g−i) caused by affecting TCs for the three prevailing tracks during 1984−2017

The straight line indicates the linear trend, Z is the M-K trend test score, the Z-value with the symbol “*” indicates the linear trend is significant at a 95% significance test

, figureFileSmall=hZJTh0A7vv9Ckvoe8WFfuA==, figureFileBig=UUKIXjS81BIU8KXEbAHqlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623622185433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图7, caption=1984−2017年3类盛行路径下因TC导致的死亡人数(a−c)、直接经济损失(d−f)和原始直接经济损失在GDP中百分比(g−i)

直线表示相应序列的线性趋势,“Z”为M-K检验统计量,*表示趋势线通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=hZJTh0A7vv9Ckvoe8WFfuA==, figureFileBig=UUKIXjS81BIU8KXEbAHqlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623735431647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Decadal changes in the mean of affecting TC numbers (a), deaths (b), direct economic losses (c) and the percentage of direct economic losses to GDP (d) for the three prevailing tracks during 1984−2017, figureFileSmall=GzoqCiS4/c4r50++1W31Bw==, figureFileBig=6kxOtV3IJgfbX8tYlvA5tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623827706340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图8, caption=1984−2017年3类盛行路径下各年代平均的影响TC频数(a)、死亡人数(b)、直接经济损失(c)和直接经济损失在GDP中百分比(d), figureFileSmall=GzoqCiS4/c4r50++1W31Bw==, figureFileBig=6kxOtV3IJgfbX8tYlvA5tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737623928369640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Distribution of landfalling (a−c) and affecting (d−f) TC numbers in China for the three prevailing tracks during 1984−2017

The statistical results do not include the data of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

, figureFileSmall=uS6RBW8ezOn3HGlgTpBAOg==, figureFileBig=cvyqH6VDfWCMC0jiBV+mGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624020644331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图9, caption=1984−2017年3类路径下中国各省(自治区、直辖市)累计登陆TC数(a−c)和影响TC数(d−f)

统计结果不包含港澳台

, figureFileSmall=uS6RBW8ezOn3HGlgTpBAOg==, figureFileBig=cvyqH6VDfWCMC0jiBV+mGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624087753202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Distribution of annual mean direct economic losses (a−c), CPI normalized economic losses (2017 RMB) (d−f) and deaths (g−i) caused by TCs in China for the three prevailing tracks during 1984−2017

The statistical results do not include the data of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan

, figureFileSmall=piQTgtN5qYM/2TihlgrnHQ==, figureFileBig=LfOMq4xMsE7DMEbyrT4BLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624175833591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图10, caption=1984−2017年3类路径下中国各省(自治区、直辖市)因TC造成的年均直接经济损失(a−c)、CPI标准化年均经济损失(2017人民币水平)(d−f)和年均死亡人数(g−i)

统计结果不包含港澳台

, figureFileSmall=piQTgtN5qYM/2TihlgrnHQ==, figureFileBig=LfOMq4xMsE7DMEbyrT4BLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624268108284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Time series of annual mean overland duration (a), distance (b) and translation speed (c) of TCs in China, the trends in large scale steering flows (d), and the zonal (e) and meridional (f) TC translation speed during 1979−2018

Thick lines are the 5-years running average along its linear trend in dashed lines. Z is the M-K trend test score, the Z-value with the symbol “*” indicates the linear trend is significant at a 95% significance test

, figureFileSmall=Opf7257uDvg/8/Ar+oxR0g==, figureFileBig=dM6Op/IqzzTl8yRk4zrb+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624339411453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图11, caption=1979−2018年在中国陆上的TC平均持续时间(a)、平均移动距离(b)、平均移动速度(c)、引导气流线性变化趋势(d)、TC平均纬向移动速度(e)和平均经向移动速度(f)

粗线表示5年滑动平均,虚线表示滑动平均序列的线性趋势,“Z”为M-K检验统计量,*表示趋势线通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=Opf7257uDvg/8/Ar+oxR0g==, figureFileBig=dM6Op/IqzzTl8yRk4zrb+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624456851971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Time series of annual mean overland duration (a−c), distance (d−f), translation speed (g−i), and the zonal (j−l) and meridional (m−o) TC translation speed in China for the three prevailing tracks during 1979−2018

Thick lines are the 5-years running average, the straight line indicates the linear trend, Z is the M-K trend test score, the Z-value with the symbol “*” indicates that the linear trend is significant at a 95% significance test

, figureFileSmall=1AQdcbxkJ96CzJPvzSV/tQ==, figureFileBig=5YZcufnfRB2SXXQSh87xug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624544932359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=图12, caption=1979−2018年3类移动路径下平均每个TC在中国陆上的持续时间(a−c)、移动距离(d−f)、移动速度(g−i)、纬向移动速度(j−l)和经向移动速度(m−o)

粗线表示5年滑动平均,虚线表示滑动平均序列的线性趋势,“Z”为M-K检验统计量,*表示趋势线通过95%显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=1AQdcbxkJ96CzJPvzSV/tQ==, figureFileBig=5YZcufnfRB2SXXQSh87xug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737624653984267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Decadal change in mean of TC numbers and the associated disaster in China from 1984 to 2017

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间TC影响平均数/(个·a−1TC登陆平均数/(个·a−1死亡人数
/(个·a−1
直接经济
损失/(亿元·a−1
平均CPI标准化经济
损失/(亿元·a−1
原始直接经济损失占
GDP的比例/%
1984−1990年8.66.958847.6197.90.36
1991−2000年7.16.6498292.0472.80.49
2001−2010年8.06.9301420.6553.90.20
2011−2017年8.46.390721.7765.70.12
), ArticleFig(id=1233737624750453264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1984−2017年影响和登陆中国的TC数目与灾害的年代变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间TC影响平均数/(个·a−1TC登陆平均数/(个·a−1死亡人数
/(个·a−1
直接经济
损失/(亿元·a−1
平均CPI标准化经济
损失/(亿元·a−1
原始直接经济损失占
GDP的比例/%
1984−1990年8.66.958847.6197.90.36
1991−2000年7.16.6498292.0472.80.49
2001−2010年8.06.9301420.6553.90.20
2011−2017年8.46.390721.7765.70.12
), ArticleFig(id=1233737626201682452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of all affecting TCs and of affecting TCs for three prevailing tracks during 1984−2017

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盛行路径总路径近海转向西行西北行
TC影响数/个27062104104
TC登陆数/个227499385
平均最大风速/(m·s−139.935.843.340.3
平均登陆风速/(m·s−128.626.730.328
平均持续时间/h120.3123136.7108.1
陆上平均持续时间/h1514.814.515.7
), ArticleFig(id=1233737626314928665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1984−2017年盛行路径下影响TC活动特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盛行路径总路径近海转向西行西北行
TC影响数/个27062104104
TC登陆数/个227499385
平均最大风速/(m·s−139.935.843.340.3
平均登陆风速/(m·s−128.626.730.328
平均持续时间/h120.3123136.7108.1
陆上平均持续时间/h1514.814.515.7
), ArticleFig(id=1233737626411397662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Top 10 TCs with the greatest direct economic losses in China during 1984−2017

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份编号命名盛行路径登陆风速/
(m·s−1)
陆上持续
时间/h
经济损失/
亿元
单个TC经济损失占
总TC经济损失的比例 /%
死亡人数
20080814黑格比(Hagupit)西行4818801.776.735
19969608赫伯(Herb)西行4030652.767.9779
20131323菲特(Fitow)西北行4212631.450.111
20121210达维(Damrey)西行3518455.642.820
20141409威马逊(Rammasun)西行6036446.564.473
19979711温妮(Winnie)西北行4066436.380.1248
20060604碧利斯(Bilis)西北行3024383.147.9863
20121211海葵(Haikui)西行4236375.935.36
20161614莫兰蒂(Meranti)西北行5018316.441.338
20151522彩虹(Mujiae)西北行5224300.143.920
), ArticleFig(id=1233737626491089441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613891399745, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1984−2017年造成中国直接经济损失最大的10个TC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份编号命名盛行路径登陆风速/
(m·s−1)
陆上持续
时间/h
经济损失/
亿元
单个TC经济损失占
总TC经济损失的比例 /%
死亡人数
20080814黑格比(Hagupit)西行4818801.776.735
19969608赫伯(Herb)西行4030652.767.9779
20131323菲特(Fitow)西北行4212631.450.111
20121210达维(Damrey)西行3518455.642.820
20141409威马逊(Rammasun)西行6036446.564.473
19979711温妮(Winnie)西北行4066436.380.1248
20060604碧利斯(Bilis)西北行3024383.147.9863
20121211海葵(Haikui)西行4236375.935.36
20161614莫兰蒂(Meranti)西北行5018316.441.338
20151522彩虹(Mujiae)西北行5224300.143.920
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1984−2017年影响中国热带气旋灾害的时空特征分析
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卢莹 1 , 赵海坤 1, * , 赵丹 2 , 李青青 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(6): 45-61
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(6): 45-61
1984−2017年影响中国热带气旋灾害的时空特征分析
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卢莹1 , 赵海坤1, * , 赵丹2, 李青青1
作者信息
  • 1南京信息工程大学 气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/太平洋台风研究中心,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2中国人民解放军93117部队,江苏 南京 210018
  • 卢莹(1996-),女,广西省梧州市人,主要研究方向为台风气候学及台风灾害评估。E-mail:20191201013@nuist.edu.cn

通讯作者:

赵海坤,教授,主要从事台风气候动力学研究和台风预测技术研制。E-mail:
Spatial-temporal characteristic of tropical cyclone disasters in China during 1984−2017
Ying Lu1 , Haikun Zhao1, * , Dan Zhao2, Qingqing Li1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Pacific Typhoon Research Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2Army 93117 of PLA, Nanjing 210018, China
出版时间: 2021-06-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021080
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本文基于1984−2017年热带气旋灾情资料和中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋最佳路径资料,分析了中国热带气旋灾害的时空特征,比较了不同盛行路径下热带气旋灾害的差异,探讨了盛行路径下热带气旋陆上持续时间变化及灾害潜在风险。结果表明:(1)1984−2017年,直接经济损失呈现上升趋势,但该损失在国民生产总值中占比和死亡人数则呈下降趋势。(2)3类盛行路径热带气旋直接经济损失具有区域性差别。近海转向热带气旋登陆中国的数目少、灾害轻,西行和西北行的热带气旋登陆中国的数目多、范围广、灾害重。其中西行热带气旋主要影响广东、广西和海南,西北行热带气旋主要影响广东、福建和浙江。(3)台风潜在风险影响因子—热带气旋陆上平均持续时间,近几十年来增加趋势显著,但不同盛行路径陆上平均持续时间增加原因不一。近海转向的热带气旋陆上平均持续时间增加与陆上平均移速减小有关,西行和西北行的热带气旋陆上平均持续时间增加主要由陆上平均移动距离增加所致。

热带气旋  /  灾害  /  路径变化  /  陆上持续时间  /  时空分布

Based on tropical cyclone (TC) disaster data and the best-track database from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration (CMA-STI) during 1984 to 2017, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of TC disaster in China and their differences for the three prevailing tracks, along with the discussion of the overland duration and its potential risk. Main results of this study were summarized as follows: (1) There was a significant upward trend with direct TC-associated economic losses, while the proportion of losses to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the deaths showed a downward trend. (2) TC-associated economic losses accompanied with the three prevailing TC tracks showed a substantial difference. The recurving TCs tended to be less and lower impact, while westward and west-northward TCs appeared to be more and higher impact in China. Particularly, more frequent TCs with westward movement affected the Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces. TCs tending to west-northward tracks mainly caused a serious TC-associated disaster in Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang provinces. (3) The average overland duration, as a potential index for TC-associated disaster, showed an upward trend. Note that the reasons on the changes of TC overland duration for the three prevailing tracks appeared to be different. The increased average overland duration for recurving TCs were likely to relate to the decreased in TC average overland translation speed. In contrast, the increased average overland duration of westward and west-northward moving TCs were possibly due to the increased average distance that TCs traveled over land.

tropical cyclone  /  disasters  /  changes in prevailing tracks  /  overland duration  /  spatial-temporal distribution
卢莹, 赵海坤, 赵丹, 李青青. 1984−2017年影响中国热带气旋灾害的时空特征分析. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (6) : 45 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021080
Ying Lu, Haikun Zhao, Dan Zhao, Qingqing Li. Spatial-temporal characteristic of tropical cyclone disasters in China during 1984−2017[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (6) : 45 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021080
西北太平洋是世界上热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)活动最频繁的区域,TC造成的狂风、暴雨、风暴潮[1]及其引发的次生灾害[2]对中国沿海地区社会财产和人民生命安全造成严重威胁[3]。研究表明,TC对中国造成的直接经济损失除了与TC预报水平和防台减灾措施有关,还受通货膨胀、人口密度、地区经济水平差异等影响。温姗姗等[4]指出,广东、福建和浙江受TC影响造成的直接经济损失在中国各省(自治区、直辖市)中损失较大。Wang等[5]指出,少数极具破坏性的TC导致了绝大部分的经济损失,2005−2016年造成中国直接经济损失、死亡人数和房屋倒塌间数最多的前10个TC就占总数的48%、71%和66%。Zhang等[6]发现,自1983年以来,TC直接经济损失的增长与中国经济快速发展有关。
目前,许多针对中国TC灾害评估的工作通常分析TC活动特征,如强度、频数、移动路径等及其引起的天气现象与TC灾害的联系,构建风险评估指标模型评估TC灾害[7-8]。顾小丽等[9]将模糊算法和层次分析法应用于TC风险评估模型,估计即将登陆TC可能造成的经济损失。陈佩燕等[10]根据TC强度、路径、大风、暴雨等致害因子与灾害的联系构建TC灾情预估模型,并证明该模型具有较好的预估能力。为了减少模型对TC经济损失评估误差,林江毫和阳爱民[11]提出了反向传播神经网络和空间向量模型相结合的综合评估模型。上述TC灾害模型评估工作多侧重于TC灾害自身的分析,很少与影响TC活动(如TC路径、登陆地点和陆上持续时间等)的大尺度环境场相联系。
TC活动会受到不同时间尺度气候变率调制的影响[12]。陈晓捷等[13]指出,太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)处于暖相位时,西太平洋副高强度偏强、中心向西向南移动,导致TC在中国登陆位置偏南;PDO处于冷相位时,TC登陆位置偏北。黄荣辉和王磊[14]发现,夏季东亚−太平洋指数偏高时,厦门以北登陆的TC偏多;东亚−太平洋指数偏低,华南沿海登陆的TC偏多。Wu等[15]认为,1965−2003年登陆海南和广东TC数目的减少、登陆福建和浙江TC数目的增加与TC盛行路径变化有关,并进一步指出该TC盛行路径的变化与全球变暖紧密相关。全球变暖为当前全球气候变化主要特征[16]。在全球变暖背景下,研究表明[17],全球TC活动发生了变化。Yamaguchi等[18]通过模拟全球TC移动速度发现,全球变暖将使30°~40°N之间TC移动速度减小。Mendelsohn等[19]根据气候模式预测西北太平洋地区强台风数目将增加,沿岸地区强台风灾害发生的可能性加大。Webster等[20]在2005年发现,除大西洋外,过去30年间全球TC强度增加趋势明显。虽然每年登陆中国的TC频数和强度基本保持稳定[21],但杨玉华等[22]发现,1982年以后,广西和华东沿海地区登陆TC频数增加,其他地区TC登陆频数减少。国内外关于中国TC灾害的研究主要集中在TC活动特征及其造成的社会影响两方面,但TC移动路径的不同,登陆位置、强度对各省份造成的影响不同。联系以往研究,全球变暖可能会使影响中国的TC盛行路径发生变化,为了更好地理解全球变暖对中国TC灾害的影响,研究不同TC盛行路径下影响中国的TC灾害时空分布特征,对各地区灾情预警和防台减灾工作的部署具有重要意义。
本文将在考察中国大陆及海南岛的TC灾害特征基础上,将TC路径划分为近海转向、西行和西北行3类盛行路径,重点分析不同盛行路径下中国的TC灾害特征及差异,并探讨TC陆上持续时间变化及灾害的潜在风险。
TC路径资料来源于中国气象局上海台风研究所(Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,CMA-STI)整编的1984−2017年“CMA热带气旋最佳路径数据集”(https://www.typhoon.org.cn),包含TC中心6 h/次的位置和强度信息(2017年起登陆中国的台风在登陆前24 h内,最佳路径时间频次加密为3 h/次),分析时只保留热带风暴级别以上(近中心风速≥17.2 m/s)的TC资料。目前,海上TC的位置和强度等信息主要依靠气象卫星和雷达进行估计,由于不同预报中心TC强度资料存在差异[23],对TC风速的分析还参考美国联合飓风警报中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC)1984−2017年“热带气旋最佳路径资料”(https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html)。
中国热带气旋灾情资料(不包含港澳台)包括登陆TC编号、登陆时间、登陆地点以及各省(自治区、直辖市)因TC导致的死亡人数、失踪人数、农作物受灾面积、倒塌房屋间数和直接经济损失等信息,本文仅对其中的直接经济损失和死亡人数资料进行分析。1984−1999年TC灾情资料来源于“中国热带气旋灾害数据集”(详见http://data.cma.cn),2000−2003年资料来源于《中国气象年鉴》,2004−2017年资料来源于《中国气象灾害年鉴》。
居民消费价格指数(Consumer Price Index,CPI)是观察通货膨胀程度的重要指标之一,将原始经济损失换算至同一年货币水平,能更好地比较不同年份经济损失的差异。由于各省份CPI值存在差异,本文用各省逐年CPI值将各年份经济损失调整至2017年人民币水平。公式为
${\rm{Losse}}{{\rm{s}}_{{\rm{CPI}}}}\left( t \right) = {\rm{Losses}}\left( t \right)\frac{{{\rm{CP}}{{\rm{I}}_{2017}}}}{{{\rm{CP}}{{\rm{I}}_t}}},$
式中,LossesCPI和Losses分别表示标准化的经济损失值和原始经济损失值;t表示灾害发生的年份(t=1984,$ 1985,\; \cdots \; ,\; $ 2017)。此外,为排除经济快速发展对损失评估的影响,将“TC造成的直接经济损失与国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product,GDP)之比”作为衡量经济损失相对大小的指标[24]。CPI和GDP资料均可从中华人民共和国国家统计局网站上(www.stats.gov.cn)获得。
本文采用曼−肯德尔(Mann-Kendall,M-K)分析方法对资料序列的趋势显著性进行检验。TC移动路径划分参考Gaffney[25]提出的气旋聚类分析方法。
图1a图1b表示1984−2017年TC灾害中死亡人数和直接经济损失逐年变化情况。TC平均每年导致375人死亡,368.0亿元直接经济损失,1994年死亡人数最多(1 815人),2013年直接经济损失最大(1 259.4亿元),死亡人数下降趋势显著,而经济损失则呈显著上升趋势。与原始经济损失序列相比,CPI标准化年均经济损失增至496.7亿元(2017年人民币水平),直接经济损失上升趋势略有减小但依旧显著,最高值出现在1996年(1 397.9亿元),超过2013年的1 356.0亿元。需指出的是,个别年份极大值的出现与当年的极端事件有关,如1996年仅台风“赫伯(Herb)”就造成779人死亡和652.7亿元直接经济损失,死亡人数与经济损失分别占当年TC灾害总数的54%和68%。改革开放后中国经济快速增长,GDP随之增加[26]。1984−2017年,TC原始直接经济损失在GDP中平均占比为0.3%,损失在GDP中占比随时间减小(图1c),与直接经济损失趋势相反。中国经济的快速发展以及城市化率的不断提高让更多的社会财产暴露在TC灾害下,这可能是1984年以来TC直接经济损失显著增加的主要原因。
本文将“中国热带气旋灾情资料”中造成直接经济损失和人员死亡的TC称为影响气旋。影响气旋包括登陆气旋和未登陆气旋,未登陆气旋伴随的狂风、暴雨、风暴潮等仍会给中国沿海地区造成影响,如2013年台风“蝴蝶(Wutip)”虽未登陆中国,但仍造成海南14人遇难,2 000万元直接经济损失。TC灾害与影响TC频数、强度密切相关。1984−2017年,西北太平洋地区共有270个TC影响中国(图2a),其中227个为登陆TC,影响和登陆的TC数目均无明显变化趋势。在登陆强度上,CMA-STI资料显示,TC平均登陆风速为28.5 m/s,JTWC 资料显示的登陆风速为30.5 m/s(图2b)。风速的差异与数据集有关,CMA-STI资料中心最大平均风速为2 min平均,平均JTWC资料的最大平均风速为1 min平均。两套资料均表明,TC登陆风速具有上升趋势,且CMA-STI资料中登陆风速的上升趋势显著(通过95%显著性检验)。此外,TC登陆时的中心气压(基于CMA-STI资料计算)具有下降趋势(图2c)。由此可知,在过去34年间,虽然登陆中国的TC数目无明显变化,但TC登陆强度存在上升趋势。相关研究表明[17],1949年以后影响和登陆中国的TC频数呈弱的减少趋势,而TC登陆平均强度显著增加且与强台风登陆的比例增加有关。然而,20世纪60年代以前,由于缺少卫星的监测,TC资料可能出现缺漏;目前,卫星估计的TC强度与飞机探测强度之间偏差较大,1986年以后,西北太平洋地区飞机对台风探测的停止又加大了资料的不确定性[23]。因此,由于不同时间TC强度资料的不一致性,尚不能明确登陆中国的TC强度是否发生显著变化。
各年代影响和登陆中国的平均TC数及其造成的灾害情况如表1所示。各年代影响中国的TC数平均为7~9个、登陆中国的TC数平均为 6~7个,年代际影响和登陆中国的年平均TC数目变化较小。1984−1990年TC平均造成的死亡人数最多,平均直接经济损失和CPI标准化的经济损失最少。1990年后,平均死亡人数明显减少,但直接经济损失则明显增加。原始经济损失在1991−2000年平均占比最高(0.49%),2000年以后,直接经济损失在GDP中占比逐渐减小。
TC灾害的年际和年代际变化特征表明,在影响和登陆中国的TC数目保持稳定而登陆强度有所增加的情况下,虽然TC造成的直接经济损失明显上升,但考虑通货膨胀及中国经济发展等因素后,直接经济损失在GDP中占比减小,且年累计死亡人数同样呈下降趋势。TC灾害的减小得益于中国台风路径预报水平的显著提升[27]以及台风监测站网建设的不断完善[28],给各级政府防台减灾工作部署提供及时有效的建议。
据1984−2017年TC灾情资料统计显示,中国9个沿海省(自治区、直辖市)曾有TC登陆记录,浙江以南TC登陆数多,浙江以北TC登陆数少(图3a)。广东是TC登陆次数最多的省份,34年间TC累计登陆99次;海南和福建次之,TC平均每年登陆1~2次;纬度偏北的辽宁、山东、江苏、和上海等地则鲜有TC直接登陆。登陆TC影响范围广,中国有24个省(自治区、直辖市)曾受TC影响,各省(自治区、直辖市)TC影响频次呈现由东南沿海向内陆减小的特征(图3b)。广东、福建、浙江、广西和海南受TC影响较为频繁,34年间TC累计影响次数分别为138次、106次、91次、78次和77次,同时上述省份也是TC登陆次数较多的地方。
图4显示1984−2017年中国各省(自治区、直辖市)TC年均灾害情况。浙江、广东、福建和广西是受TC影响直接经济损失较大的地区,4省(自治区)年均直接经济损失分别为86亿元、85亿元、48亿元和42亿元,CPI标准化4省(自治区)损失值均在50亿元以上,浙江和广东更是增至100亿元以上(图4a图4b)。海南、河北和山东年均经济损失10亿~30亿元,CPI标准化损失分别增至33亿元、25亿元和20亿元。其他省份受TC影响造成的直接经济损失较小。在死亡人数上(图4c),浙江、广东和福建是因TC导致死亡人数较多的省份,年均死亡人数分别为109人、69人和65人,远高于其他地区。需指出的是,河北在34年间仅受TC影响8次,但年均死亡15人、直接经济损失18亿元,全国排名第6,经CPI标准化高达到25亿元,TC灾害远高于周围省市。河北TC影响少、灾情重的原因在于1996年台风“赫伯(Herb)”和2012年台风“达维(Damrey)”两个极端事件。“赫伯(Herb)”影响期间造成河北423人死亡、456.3亿元直接经济损失,“达维(Damrey)”造成3人死亡、143.8亿元直接经济损失,研究时段内仅这两个台风在河北造成的死亡人数和直接经济损失就占总数的85.5%和97.1%。
对比图3图4发现,各省(自治区、直辖市)TC灾害严重程度与登陆和影响TC数目有关。除个别省份因极端事件影响外(如河北),TC灾情严重的地区,如浙江、福建、广东、广西和海南等同时也是TC登陆和影响频数较多的地区。TC登陆时除了狂风、暴雨、洪涝等灾害外,台风风暴潮灾同样对人民生命财产构成巨大威胁[1]。据《中国海洋灾害公报》统计,2010年以来,中国沿海地区平均每年因台风风暴潮灾导致约80亿元直接经济损失,这也是沿海地区TC灾情严重的重要原因之一。
根据Wu和Wang[29]提出的TC盛行路径分析方法,通过计算1984−2017年影响中国的TC在空间网格点(2.5°×2.5°)上平均出现频次,可绘制出影响TC主要活动区域(图5a)。由影响TC生成位置(TC中心风速第1次超过17.2 m/s时的位置)可知,影响TC多形成于南海北部和菲律宾以东的洋面(图5e)。TC活动路径决定影响区域,是造成TC灾害的重要因素之一。为分析不同盛行路径下TC灾害的差异,利用Gaffney[25]提出的气旋聚类分析方法将图5a中影响TC划分为以下3种类型(图5b图5d):一是在南海北部或菲律宾东部附近海域生成,生成地平均位置偏北、偏西(图5f),在海上移动路径多变,北行或西北行登陆后常在内陆消散或向东北转向移出大陆,以下简称近海转向TC;二是在南海北部(主)或菲律宾以东(次)的洋面生成(图5g),西行登陆后常在内陆消散,以下简称西行TC;三是在南海北部或菲律宾以东的洋面生成(图5h)后西北行或西行,登陆后常在内陆消散或向东北转向移出,移动路径多呈抛物线型,以下简称西北行TC。
TC灾害与TC活动特征密切相关,频数、强度和陆上持续时间等可作为表征影响TC活动的指数。本文中TC持续时间指中心最大风速从第1次至最后1次超过17.2 m/s的时间,陆上持续时间指从登陆时刻开始至中心风速最后1次超过17.2 m/s的时间。对于登陆中国大陆及海南省后又重新入海且中心最大风速超过17.2 m/s的TC,陆上持续时间指从登陆时刻开始至重新入海的时间。TC强度和持续时间的分析基于1984−2017年CMA-STI资料。从表2可知,影响TC平均持续时间为120.3 h,平均最大强度为39.9 m/s(台风级),平均登陆强度28.6 m/s(强热带风暴级),登陆后陆上平均持续15 h。3类TC陆上平均持续14~16 h,时间差异较小。与西行和西北行的TC相比,近海转向TC影响和登陆中国的数目少、平均强度小,34年间仅有62个近海转向TC影响中国,约占总数的23.0%,影响和登陆TC数目虽有减少趋势但并不显著(图6a)。西行TC影响和登陆中国的数目较多,34年间有104个西行TC影响中国,其中93个TC直接登陆,约占总数的38.5%和41.0%,是平均生命史最长且强度最大的TC,影响和登陆TC数均呈上升趋势,但未通过95%显著性检验(图6b)。西北行TC也是影响和登陆中国数目较多的一类,34年间西北行TC累计影响中国104次、累计登陆85次,TC数目年际变化趋势不显著(图6c),虽然平均生命史最短,但平均强度仅次于西行TC。
1984−2017年,3类盛行路径下TC灾害情况如图7所示。从死亡人数上看(图7a图7c),西北行TC年均死亡人数(177人)最多,西行TC(141人)次之,近海转向TC(58人)最少,3类TC造成的死亡人数均有明显减少。从经济损失绝对值来看(图7d图7f),近海转向、西行和西北行的TC年均直接经济损失分别为30.7亿元、178.8亿元和158.6亿元,西行和西北行的TC经济损失上升趋势明显,而近海转向的TC经济损失则无明显变化。经CPI标准化,近海转向、西行和西北行的TC年均经济损失分别增至49.9亿元、233.3亿元和213.5亿元,西行和西北行的TC经济损失上升趋势依然显著。从经济损失相对值来看(图7g图7i),西行和西北行的TC经济损失在GDP中占比为0.127%和0.129%,约为近海转向TC(0.046%)的3倍。3类TC直接经济损失在GDP中占比显著减少,说明损失绝对值的增加与经济发展有关。
此外,个别极具破坏性TC的出现是某些年份直接经济损失异常偏高的原因之一。根据直接经济损失大小选出的10个TC中(表3),死亡人数从6人至863人不等,但直接经济损失均在300亿元以上,且损失在当年的总TC经济损失中占比超过35%,个别TC超过70%,如0814号台风“黑格比(Hagupit)”和9711号台风“温妮(Winnie)”。虽然极具破坏力的TC登陆强度(热带风暴级到超强台风级)和陆上持续时间(1 d以内至3 d以内)差异较大,但其移动路径多为西行和西北行路径(5个为西行路径、5个为西北行路径)。由此可见,中国TC灾害主要由西行和西北行的TC造成,极具破坏力的TC在这两种路径下更容易产生。
3类TC各年代灾害情况如图8所示。在TC数目上(图8a),3类TC年代内平均影响TC频数无明显变化,但灾害年代际差异较大。在死亡人数上(图8b),2000年以前平均死亡人数较多,近海转向、西行和西北行的TC在1984−1990年平均死亡人数分别为113人、189人和286人,1991−2000年分别为97人、239人和163人。2000年以后近海转向和西行的TC平均死亡人数骤减,2001−2010年平均死亡人数分别减少至22人和74人,2011−2017年分别减少至2人和48人。2006年0604号强热带风暴“碧利斯(Bilis)”造成863人死亡,是2001−2010年造成死亡人数最多的TC,而西北行TC在2001−2010年年均死亡人数仍高达211人正是由于“碧利斯(Bilis)”影响。在经济损失上(图8c图8d),近海转向TC在90年代年均经济损失最大(40亿元)且损失在GDP中占比最高(0.08%),2000年以后损失逐渐减小,损失在GDP中占比下降更加明显。西行和西北行的TC经济损失自1984年以来不断增加,2011−2017年平均经济损失最高,而损失在GDP中占比在90年代最大,2000年后占比明显减小。
总体来看,中国主要受西行和西北行的TC影响,在3类盛行路径下TC造成的死亡人数和直接经济损失在GDP中占比均有减小。西行和西北行的TC平均每年影响和登陆中国的TC数目多、强度大,且容易产生极具破坏力的TC,因而累计灾害情况严重。近海转向的TC由于影响和登陆中国的数目少、强度小,因而造成的经济损失和死亡人数明显少于西行和西北行的TC。
图9显示1984−2017年3类路径下TC累计登陆和影响中国各省(自治区、直辖市)的次数。与总体灾害特征类似,3类TC影响和登陆中国大陆及海南岛的频繁程度呈现从东南沿海向内陆减小的特征。与西行和西北行的TC相比,近海转向TC登陆次数少、影响范围小。西行TC对中国影响范围广,TC在广东、海南和福建登陆频繁,累计登陆次数分别为38次、33次和19次,而累计影响次数较多的省(自治区)分别为广东(57次)、海南(48次)和广西(41次),福建(29次)排名第4。西北行路径也是对中国影响范围广的TC盛行路径之一,TC主要登陆和影响广东、福建、浙江,三省累计登陆次数分别为39次、23次、12次,累计影响次数分别为53次、51次、43次。可见,各省受TC影响频繁程度与TC移动路径密切相关,如海南、广西和云南受西行TC影响次数明显高于其他两类,近海转向或西北行的TC在较高纬度地区活动时,其外围环流和远距离降水对内蒙古、吉林和黑龙江也能产生一定灾害。
各省(自治区、直辖市)3类TC灾害情况如图10所示。与西行和西北行的TC相比,各省(自治区、直辖市)因近海转向TC导致的年均经济损失少、死亡人数低,灾情主要出现在受TC影响频繁的沿海地区,如广东、福建和浙江。近海转向TC对内陆的湖南、江西及纬度较高的吉林、黑龙江也有一定的影响,同时也有像河北、河南、安徽等虽有TC经过但未造成经济损失或人员伤亡的情况。
西行TC虽然对广东、海南和广西影响较频繁(图9e),但平均每年TC经济损失较严重的省(自治区、直辖市)为广东、广西和浙江(图10b图10e),死亡人数较多的省(自治区、直辖市)为浙江、广东和福建(图10h)。值得注意的是,1984−2017年仅有3个西行TC影响河北,但河北年均死亡人数和经济损失远高于其他两类盛行路径,是由于1996年台风“赫伯(Herb)”和2012年台风“达维(Damrey)”两个极端事件。“赫伯(Herb)”影响中国时恰逢天文大潮期,受风暴潮灾和强降水共同影响,造成河北423人遇难、456.3亿元直接经济损失。“达维(Damrey)”生成时亦恰逢天文大潮期,尺度小但强度大,在高纬度生成后西行进入黄海登陆中国,同时与南面的“苏拉(Saola)”形成双台风效应,在风雨潮作用下造成河北3人遇难、143.8亿元直接经济损失。
西北行TC在广东、浙江、福建造成的灾情最严重,仅3省的年均死亡人数在全国占比就高达66%,年均经济损失占71%,经CPI标准化占69%。其中,浙江年均死亡人数最多(52人)、经济损失最高(53亿元),经CPI标准化年均损失高达70亿。广东虽然登陆和影响的TC数目最多,但年平均直接经济损失32亿元,CPI标准化增至43亿元,全国排名第2,年均死亡人数(30人)全国排名第3。福建年均直接经济损失27亿元,全国排名第3,年均死亡34人,仅次于浙江。湖南、江苏和山东等地TC灾害以西北行路径为主,西行和近海转向路径的TC次之。
由上述可见,在3类盛行路径中,中国各省(自治区、直辖市)受西行和西北行的TC影响更多、灾情更为严重。此外,沿海的浙江和广东由于经济发展水平高、人口密度大,虽然近年来中国台风路径预报能力不断提高、TC预警预报工作不断完善,但很多城市防洪排涝设施的建设落后于经济建设[30],当TC引起的极端暴雨发生时容易造成严重的城市内涝,而且在丘陵区(如广东),TC暴雨还容易引发山洪、滑坡和泥石流等次生灾害[31],给当地造成不利的影响,因而浙江和广东的TC灾情在3条盛行路径下明显大于其他地区。
TC灾害与TC活动特征相关。影响中国的TC数目在过去34年间无明显变化(图2),直接经济损失较为严重的10个TC中(表3),有3个TC登陆时为台风级(风速为32.7~41.4 m/s),1个TC登陆时为强热带风暴级(风速为24.5~32.6 m/s),这表明,即使TC登陆强度小,也可能造成巨大经济损失。除登陆频数和登陆强度外,TC灾害也与TC陆上持续时间有关,TC在陆上持续时间越长,对途经地区造成严重影响的可能性越大。Chen等[32]发现,1976年后TC在中国平均持续时间增加,这与1976年后热带海表面温度升高的变化一致[33]。海温对大尺度环流有何影响尚待研究,但Chen等[32]认为,TC陆上持续时间增加与大尺度引导气流变化一致。与引导气流变化相比,TC地形摩擦耗散率相对稳定,在非绝热条件下,TC登陆强度越大衰减速度越慢,在陆上可能持续的时间越长[34]。由于TC强度资料的不确定性,尚未明确陆上时间增加是否与登陆强度增大有关。因此,本文将探讨大尺度引导气流变化下3类TC陆上持续时间的变化,引导气流的计算基于美国国家环境预报中心(NOAA National Centers for Environmental Predictions,NCEP)再分析数据集2的月平均风场资料。为减小时间序列过短对要素变化趋势的影响,将研究时段从1984−2017年拓展为1979−2018年。
1979−2018年,登陆中国大陆及海南岛的TC陆上持续时间具有显著上升趋势(图11a),这一结果与Chen等[32]一致。登陆TC陆上平均移动距离约为220.8 km,陆上平均移速约为5.04 m/s,陆上移动距离增加趋势显著,而陆上移动速度则无明显变化(图11b图11c)。由此推断,持续时间增加可能与距离增加有关。TC运动受引导气流影响[35],Wu和Wang[29]将7−9月850~300 hPa加权平均气流定义为TC引导气流,引导气流变化趋势通过计算纬向和经向气流的线性趋势获得。从图11d可知,1979−2018年,中国东部的引导气流出现反气旋性变化,TC登陆频繁的东南沿海地区出现东北风/东风异常,东部沿海地区有偏南风异常。引导气流的变化使登陆TC向西速度分量显著增加、向北速度分量显著减小(图11e图11f),由于东风异常大于北风异常,因而TC陆上移动速度总体呈弱的上升趋势(未通过95%显著性检验)。
3类TC陆上持续时间同样具有显著上升趋势(图12a图12c)。近海转向的TC陆上持续时间增加与移速减小有关,而西行和西北行的TC陆上持续时间增加主要与移动距离增加有关(图12d图12i)。受大尺度引导气流异常影响,近海转向的TC陆上移速减小主要表现为经向移动速度减小。虽然西行的TC向西移动分量显著增加和向北移动分量显著减小,以及西北行的TC经向和纬向速度分量变化趋势均不显著(图12j图12o),但由于这两条盛行路径陆上的东风异常大于北风异常,因此它们陆上总体移动速度呈弱的上升趋势。由此可知,对于近海转向TC,在移动距离不变时,移动速度减小意味着TC将对途经地区影响时间更长、造成严重灾害的可能性越大;对于西行和西北行的TC,在移速变化较小情况下,距离增加意味着TC将影响的地区更多、范围更广。如果陆上持续时间增加趋势加剧,灾害风险的增加将加大中国防台减灾工作压力,受TC影响频繁的地区,如浙江、广东、福建等地需引起重视。
本文基于1984−2017年中国热带气旋灾情资料(不包括港澳台)和热带气旋最佳路径资料,分析因TC导致的直接经济损失和死亡人数两类灾害的时空特征。根据移动路径的差异将TC划分成近海转向、西行和西北行3类TC盛行路径,分别讨论3类盛行路径下TC灾害的时空差异,并从TC陆上持续时间演变趋势角度探讨3类盛行路径下TC灾害的潜在风险。
(1)1984−2017年,西北太平洋共有270个TC(平均每年约7.9个TC)影响中国大陆及海南岛,其中229个TC(平均每年6.6个TC)直接登陆,影响范围涉及中国24个省(自治区、直辖市),年际、年代际影响和登陆TC数目无明显变化。平均每年TC造成375人死亡和368亿元直接经济损失,经CPI标准化损失增至496.7亿元(2017年人民币水平),原始直接经济损失在GDP中占比约0.3%。TC导致的死亡人数下降趋势明显,虽然CPI调整至2017年人民币水平前后的经济损失均具有显著上升趋势,但损失在GDP中占比下降趋势明显(特别是2000年后),表明改革开放后,经济快速发展使更多的财富暴露在灾害中,因而导致经济损失增加。TC灾害与TC影响频繁程度密切相关,TC灾情分布与影响频数分布均呈现东南沿海向内陆减小特征,广东、浙江、福建受TC影响频数较多,也是中国TC灾情严重的地区(统计结果不包含港澳台)。
(2)3类盛行路径TC中,中国受西行和西北行的TC影响更多、灾情更为严重。近海转向TC影响和登陆中国的数目少、强度弱、影响范围小、灾情轻,灾情主要发生在广东、福建和浙江等受TC影响频繁地区。西行TC影响和登陆中国频数多、平均强度大,其影响范围广、造成的灾害损失严重,直接经济损失排名前5的TC中有4个为西行路径。西行TC对广东、海南和广西影响频繁,但广东、广西和浙江是受TC影响造成年平均直接经济损失较大的省(自治区、直辖市),浙江、广东和福建是年均死亡人数较多的省(自治区、直辖市)。西北行TC平均强度略小于西行TC,也是影响范围较广、造成灾害损失大的TC盛行路径之一。西北行TC对广东、福建和浙江影响较大,年均经济损失和死亡人数远高于其他省(自治区、直辖市)。3类TC影响和登陆中国的数目无明显年际和年代际变化,直接经济损失均呈上升趋势,但死亡人数和损失在GDP中占比下降,灾害空间分布均呈现东南沿海向内陆减小的特征。
(3)大尺度引导气流的变化导致TC陆上持续时间增加。近海转向TC陆上持续时间增加与陆上移速显著减小有关,意味着TC对途经地区造成严重灾害的可能性增加。西行和西北行的TC陆上移动距离增加导致持续时间增加,意味着TC可能影响的地区更多、范围更大。研究表明[18, 20],该陆上持续时间增加和移速减缓与全球变暖密切相关。如果当前全球变暖趋势持续,将进一步增强影响中国的TC灾害风险[36]
相关研究表明,若全球变暖趋势持续,影响中国的TC数目将增加[19],海平面上升亦将导致沿海各地出现更高的台风风暴潮[1],若恰逢天文大潮期,可能会给沿海地区造成极其严重的灾害损失。此外,虽然台风路径预报水平在20世纪90年代以后显著提升[27],但对于台风突变路径预报,如北折突变路径预报仍存在较大的距离误差[37]。由于资料的缺漏和时间序列过短,本文只对部分TC灾害及可能造成灾害的原因进行分析,TC灾害对农业、生态、社会生活的影响,灾害成因分析和灾情预警预报等问题尚待进一步研究。虽然TC灾害造成的相对经济损失和死亡人数减少,但社会的发展使得更多的生命财产暴露在自然灾害中,灾害增加的风险依然存在,中国TC灾害防御工作仍面临巨大挑战。
致谢:衷心感谢两位匿名审稿人的宝贵意见和建议,进一步提高了论文质量。本论文的数值计算得到了南京信息工程大学高性能计算机中心的计算支持和帮助,在此表示感谢。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1510201);江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20181412);国家自然科学基金优秀青年项目(41922033)
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2021年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021080
  • 接收时间:2020-05-17
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-05-17
  • 修回日期:2020-11-19
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1510201);江苏省自然科学基金面上项目(BK20181412);国家自然科学基金优秀青年项目(41922033)
作者信息
    1南京信息工程大学 气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/太平洋台风研究中心,江苏 南京 210044
    2中国人民解放军93117部队,江苏 南京 210018

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赵海坤,教授,主要从事台风气候动力学研究和台风预测技术研制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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