Article(id=1233737613434220599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737609160216756, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021066, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1608825600000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-25, revisedDate=1611504000000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075568779, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1624550400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075568779, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075568779, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075568779, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737609160216756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075567760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075567760, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737613740404798, articleId=1233737613434220599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The potential carbon source and trophic level analysis of main organisms in coastal water of Lüsi fishing ground, based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Trophic level among main organisms in costal water of Lüsi fishing ground in summer, 2018, were analyzed in this study by stable isotope method. Using IsoSource model, we calculated potential carbon source contribution of the phytoplankton, POM and SOM of consumers, and then compared the former and latter TLs variation of main organisms by overlapping potential carbon source influence. Results showed that phytoplankton and SOM were main potential carbon source of main organisms in costal water of Lüsi fishing ground in summer. Two trophic level spectrums were constructed by overlapping three potential carbon sources and a single species as the baseline organisms, respectively. The trophic level of the right trophic level spectrum ranged from 1.74 to 3.92, which was averagely 0.19 lower than that of the left trophic level spectrum. Although the overall trend was unchanged, the trophic positions of some fish and most shrimps were changed in two spectrums. The baseline organisms in the right trophic level spectrum changed with the different stacking ratio of potential carbon sources, which could reflect the trophic level more effectively and was more suitable for organisms at low trophic levels, such as shrimp and crabs. However, this had little impact on fish in the position of middle and advanced consumers.

, correspAuthors=Shuo Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shike Gao, Wen Sun, Shuo Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737614998696049, articleId=1233737613434220599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于稳定同位素方法的吕泗渔场近岸海域主要生物潜在碳源及营养级分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于稳定同位素方法,对2018年吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物种类的潜在碳源及其营养级进行分析,利用IsoSource模型计算该海域消费者的3大碳源(浮游植物、悬浮颗粒有机物、底质有机物)贡献值,并比较叠加潜在碳源影响前后主要生物种类的营养级变化。结果表明,浮游植物和底质有机物对37种主要生物种类的贡献比例分别为58.7%和28.2%,而悬浮颗粒有机物的贡献较小。因此判定吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物种类的潜在碳源主要是浮游植物和底质有机物。通过分别叠加3大潜在碳源和单一物种作为基准值构建两个营养级谱,右营养级谱的生物种类营养级范围为1.74~3.92,比左营养级谱平均下降0.19个营养级,尽管两个营养级谱的整体趋势走向不变,但部分鱼类和多数虾类的营养位置发生改变。右营养级谱的基准值随着潜在碳源叠加比例的不同而变化,能有效反映生物营养级,更适用于低营养级的虾蟹类。但对于处于中高级消费者位置的鱼类来说,这种叠加的效果影响不大。

, correspAuthors=张硕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张硕(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为近海生态环境修复。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bRVaY/V321T3kaJ4UEhbAQ==, magXml=7FrKGDIagEGKbBKK/zEJNQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+J+BJvp1P5WGCJKgJ/iwFA==, pdfFileSize=1187460, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=u5R456iDa6AX2vTw3Ed+3A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=j8OoWvyBUUHeSiMZVxwiuQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高世科(1994—),男,福建省福鼎市人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为近海生态连通性。E-mail:

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高世科(1994—),男,福建省福鼎市人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为近海生态连通性。E-mail:

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高世科(1994—),男,福建省福鼎市人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为近海生态连通性。E-mail:

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Marine Fisheries, 2017, 39(1): 9−20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233737620208021850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏海州湾国家海洋牧场示范项目(D-8005-18-0188), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233737615229382778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737615237771387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, companyId=1233737615229382778, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737615241965692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, companyId=1233737615229382778, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233737615342628990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737615351017601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, companyId=1233737615342628990, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233737615359406208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, companyId=1233737615342628990, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2长江口水生生物资源监测与保护联合实验室,上海 201306)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233737618891010292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Study area, figureFileSmall=DbpsPlVUbkNB8twVQSEQYw==, figureFileBig=u5R456iDa6AX2vTw3Ed+3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737618958119163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域, figureFileSmall=DbpsPlVUbkNB8twVQSEQYw==, figureFileBig=u5R456iDa6AX2vTw3Ed+3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619142668554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Two-dimensional distribution of δ13C−δ15N (mean±SD) of main biological species in coastal water of Lüsi fishing ground, figureFileSmall=dxKS0r8PlKcON5JQJnx/wQ==, figureFileBig=V/tfl6mvBTmfx0Yj7EigeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619226554642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=CN, label=图2, caption=吕泗渔场近岸海域主要生物δ13C−δ15N(平均值±标准差)的二维分布, figureFileSmall=dxKS0r8PlKcON5JQJnx/wQ==, figureFileBig=V/tfl6mvBTmfx0Yj7EigeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619318829336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The mean and range of contribution of potential carbon sources to the main creatures calculated based on IsoSource model, figureFileSmall=bj2UgcA6WI1sexM2B8mM9A==, figureFileBig=0auYAWbV2Czt0NaeWLCdAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619402715421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于IsoSource模型计算主要生物的潜在碳源贡献均值和范围, figureFileSmall=bj2UgcA6WI1sexM2B8mM9A==, figureFileBig=0auYAWbV2Czt0NaeWLCdAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619494990114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of trophic levels of species plotted by L-TLS (left trephic level spectrums) and R-TLS (right trephic level spectrums) in coastal waters of Lüsi fishing ground

The trophic position of the framed species differed between the two trophic level spectrums

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被框选物种在两个营养级的营养位置不同

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The species number, body length range and δ13C, δ15N value of the samples collected in coastal water of Lüsi fishing ground

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类体长范围/mm数量δ13C值/‰(平均值±标准差)δ15N值/‰(平均值±标准差)
鱼类小黄鱼 Larimichthys polyactis54~1379−17.72±0.688.95±0.6
棘头梅童鱼 Collichthys lucidus100~1124−17.4±1.1110.79±0.58
刀鲚 Coilia macrognathos175~3056−17.49±0.912.09±0.73
凤鲚 Coilia mystus110~1804−17.93±1.0811.71±1.01
黄鲫 Setipinna taty125~1704−16.44±0.3112.68±0.12
鳓鱼 Ilisha elongata136~1603−15.87±0.0311.2±0.2
带鱼 Trichiurus japonicus359~6252−15.88±0.4913.15±0.17
龙头鱼 Harpadon nehereus195~2013−16.06±0.2711.25±0.72
银鲳 Pampus argenteus104~1313−15.82±0.112.2±0.48
海鳗 Muraenesox cinereus478~5883−15.68±0.1312.49±0.34
鮸鱼 Miichthys miiuy234~3205−16.17±0.1112.29±0.37
焦氏舌鳎 Cynoglossus joyneri142~2002−16.2±0.3111.75±0.03
褐牙鲆 Paralichthys olivaceus853−17.25±0.549.75±1.3
多鳞鱚 Sillago sihama176~1792−17.69±0.4114.13±0.13
赤鼻棱鳀 Thryssa kammalensis85~1014−19±0.7113.43±0.69
鲻鱼 Mugil cephalus139~1492−16.64±0.329.47±0.55
皮氏叫姑鱼 Johnius belangerii87~1112−17.87±0.1311.5±1.49
中国花鲈 Lateolabrax maculatus1701−16.22±013.13±0
褐菖鲉 Sebastiscus marmoratus122~1483−17.4±0.1113.79±0.16
斑鰶 Konosirus punctatus160~1943−20.49±0.3410.89±1.04
中华小沙丁鱼 Sardinella nymphaea99~1032−18.92±0.1613.25±0.1
黑鲷 Acanthopagrus schlegelii164~1692−20.36±2.5813.6±0.13
大黄鱼 Larimichthys crocea1711−16.07±012.45±0
头足动物火枪乌贼 Loligo beka126~1943−15.79±0.1712.25±0.73
甲壳动物三疣梭子蟹 Portunus trituberculatus90~1724−15.29±0.4211.72±0.44
日本蟳 Charybdis japonica61~703−15.62±0.4910.04±1.96
细巧仿对虾 Parapenaeopsis tenella49~523−16.74±0.4310.04±0.23
日本囊对虾 Marsupenaeus japonicus106~1122−13.92±0.339.84±0.33
安氏白虾 Exopalaemon annandalei75~823−19.23±0.3210.64±0.43
哈氏仿对虾 Parapenaeopsis hardwickii84~1105−15.67±0.1810.03±0.6
刀额新对虾 Metapenaeus ensi74~804−16.37±0.5410.22±1.02
口虾蛄 Oratosquilla oratoria125~1803−15.99±0.1911.21±0.8
葛氏长臂虾 Palaemon gravieri60~683−15.81±0.1910.72±0.57
周氏新对虾 Metapenaeus joyneri90~1205−16.64±0.5510.11±0.18
细螯虾 Leptochela gracilis70~752−15.96±0.2210.66±0.15
软体动物毛蚶 Scapharca subcrenata25~292−17.83±08.94±1.71
浮游动物浮游动物1−21.45±06.73±0
潜在碳源浮游植物11−24.27±0.924.3±1.53
悬浮颗粒有机物12−23.41±0.753.58±0.42
底质有机物11−20.24±0.893.58±1.52
), ArticleFig(id=1233737619910226241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

吕泗渔场近岸海域生物种类、数量、体长范围和δ13C值、δ15N值

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种类体长范围/mm数量δ13C值/‰(平均值±标准差)δ15N值/‰(平均值±标准差)
鱼类小黄鱼 Larimichthys polyactis54~1379−17.72±0.688.95±0.6
棘头梅童鱼 Collichthys lucidus100~1124−17.4±1.1110.79±0.58
刀鲚 Coilia macrognathos175~3056−17.49±0.912.09±0.73
凤鲚 Coilia mystus110~1804−17.93±1.0811.71±1.01
黄鲫 Setipinna taty125~1704−16.44±0.3112.68±0.12
鳓鱼 Ilisha elongata136~1603−15.87±0.0311.2±0.2
带鱼 Trichiurus japonicus359~6252−15.88±0.4913.15±0.17
龙头鱼 Harpadon nehereus195~2013−16.06±0.2711.25±0.72
银鲳 Pampus argenteus104~1313−15.82±0.112.2±0.48
海鳗 Muraenesox cinereus478~5883−15.68±0.1312.49±0.34
鮸鱼 Miichthys miiuy234~3205−16.17±0.1112.29±0.37
焦氏舌鳎 Cynoglossus joyneri142~2002−16.2±0.3111.75±0.03
褐牙鲆 Paralichthys olivaceus853−17.25±0.549.75±1.3
多鳞鱚 Sillago sihama176~1792−17.69±0.4114.13±0.13
赤鼻棱鳀 Thryssa kammalensis85~1014−19±0.7113.43±0.69
鲻鱼 Mugil cephalus139~1492−16.64±0.329.47±0.55
皮氏叫姑鱼 Johnius belangerii87~1112−17.87±0.1311.5±1.49
中国花鲈 Lateolabrax maculatus1701−16.22±013.13±0
褐菖鲉 Sebastiscus marmoratus122~1483−17.4±0.1113.79±0.16
斑鰶 Konosirus punctatus160~1943−20.49±0.3410.89±1.04
中华小沙丁鱼 Sardinella nymphaea99~1032−18.92±0.1613.25±0.1
黑鲷 Acanthopagrus schlegelii164~1692−20.36±2.5813.6±0.13
大黄鱼 Larimichthys crocea1711−16.07±012.45±0
头足动物火枪乌贼 Loligo beka126~1943−15.79±0.1712.25±0.73
甲壳动物三疣梭子蟹 Portunus trituberculatus90~1724−15.29±0.4211.72±0.44
日本蟳 Charybdis japonica61~703−15.62±0.4910.04±1.96
细巧仿对虾 Parapenaeopsis tenella49~523−16.74±0.4310.04±0.23
日本囊对虾 Marsupenaeus japonicus106~1122−13.92±0.339.84±0.33
安氏白虾 Exopalaemon annandalei75~823−19.23±0.3210.64±0.43
哈氏仿对虾 Parapenaeopsis hardwickii84~1105−15.67±0.1810.03±0.6
刀额新对虾 Metapenaeus ensi74~804−16.37±0.5410.22±1.02
口虾蛄 Oratosquilla oratoria125~1803−15.99±0.1911.21±0.8
葛氏长臂虾 Palaemon gravieri60~683−15.81±0.1910.72±0.57
周氏新对虾 Metapenaeus joyneri90~1205−16.64±0.5510.11±0.18
细螯虾 Leptochela gracilis70~752−15.96±0.2210.66±0.15
软体动物毛蚶 Scapharca subcrenata25~292−17.83±08.94±1.71
浮游动物浮游动物1−21.45±06.73±0
潜在碳源浮游植物11−24.27±0.924.3±1.53
悬浮颗粒有机物12−23.41±0.753.58±0.42
底质有机物11−20.24±0.893.58±1.52
), ArticleFig(id=1233737619994112328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Values of δ13C and δ15N for the potential carbon sources

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分类数量δ13C值/‰δ15N值/‰
浮游植物11−24.27±0.924.3±1.53
POM12−23.41±0.753.58±0.42
SOM11−20.24±0.893.58±1.52
), ArticleFig(id=1233737620094775631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737613434220599, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

潜在碳源δ13C和δ15N的值

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分类数量δ13C值/‰δ15N值/‰
浮游植物11−24.27±0.924.3±1.53
POM12−23.41±0.753.58±0.42
SOM11−20.24±0.893.58±1.52
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基于稳定同位素方法的吕泗渔场近岸海域主要生物潜在碳源及营养级分析
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高世科 1 , 孙文 1 , 张硕 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(6): 71-80
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(6): 71-80
基于稳定同位素方法的吕泗渔场近岸海域主要生物潜在碳源及营养级分析
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高世科1 , 孙文1, 张硕1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
  • 2长江口水生生物资源监测与保护联合实验室,上海 201306
  • 高世科(1994—),男,福建省福鼎市人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为近海生态连通性。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张硕(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为近海生态环境修复。E-mail:
The potential carbon source and trophic level analysis of main organisms in coastal water of Lüsi fishing ground, based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis
Shike Gao1 , Wen Sun1, Shuo Zhang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2Joint Laboratory for Monitoring and Conservation of Aquatic Living Resources in the Yangtze River Estuary, Shanghai 201306, China
出版时间: 2021-06-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021066
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基于稳定同位素方法,对2018年吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物种类的潜在碳源及其营养级进行分析,利用IsoSource模型计算该海域消费者的3大碳源(浮游植物、悬浮颗粒有机物、底质有机物)贡献值,并比较叠加潜在碳源影响前后主要生物种类的营养级变化。结果表明,浮游植物和底质有机物对37种主要生物种类的贡献比例分别为58.7%和28.2%,而悬浮颗粒有机物的贡献较小。因此判定吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物种类的潜在碳源主要是浮游植物和底质有机物。通过分别叠加3大潜在碳源和单一物种作为基准值构建两个营养级谱,右营养级谱的生物种类营养级范围为1.74~3.92,比左营养级谱平均下降0.19个营养级,尽管两个营养级谱的整体趋势走向不变,但部分鱼类和多数虾类的营养位置发生改变。右营养级谱的基准值随着潜在碳源叠加比例的不同而变化,能有效反映生物营养级,更适用于低营养级的虾蟹类。但对于处于中高级消费者位置的鱼类来说,这种叠加的效果影响不大。

稳定同位素  /  吕泗渔场  /  主要生物  /  潜在碳源  /  营养级分析

Trophic level among main organisms in costal water of Lüsi fishing ground in summer, 2018, were analyzed in this study by stable isotope method. Using IsoSource model, we calculated potential carbon source contribution of the phytoplankton, POM and SOM of consumers, and then compared the former and latter TLs variation of main organisms by overlapping potential carbon source influence. Results showed that phytoplankton and SOM were main potential carbon source of main organisms in costal water of Lüsi fishing ground in summer. Two trophic level spectrums were constructed by overlapping three potential carbon sources and a single species as the baseline organisms, respectively. The trophic level of the right trophic level spectrum ranged from 1.74 to 3.92, which was averagely 0.19 lower than that of the left trophic level spectrum. Although the overall trend was unchanged, the trophic positions of some fish and most shrimps were changed in two spectrums. The baseline organisms in the right trophic level spectrum changed with the different stacking ratio of potential carbon sources, which could reflect the trophic level more effectively and was more suitable for organisms at low trophic levels, such as shrimp and crabs. However, this had little impact on fish in the position of middle and advanced consumers.

stable isotope  /  Lüsi fishing ground  /  main organisms  /  potential carbon contribution  /  trophic level analysis
高世科, 孙文, 张硕. 基于稳定同位素方法的吕泗渔场近岸海域主要生物潜在碳源及营养级分析. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (6) : 71 -80 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021066
Shike Gao, Wen Sun, Shuo Zhang. The potential carbon source and trophic level analysis of main organisms in coastal water of Lüsi fishing ground, based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (6) : 71 -80 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021066
海洋生态系统中的食物网结构研究是生态学研究的一个重要领域,海洋生物的群落结构和营养级是其不可分割的一部分[1-3]。传统的生物食性和营养级研究是通过胃含物分析法开展的,但该方法存在较大局限性,如工作量较大、耗时较长等[4]。近年来,稳定同位素技术的出现,成为研究海域群落营养结构、鱼类食性特征和探究海洋物种多样性的一种重要手段[5-8]。碳稳定同位素(δ13C)在生物体内富集度较低,适用于区分食物来源及海域差异,而氮稳定同位素(δ15N)在各个消费者营养级之间以大约3‰的富集度增加,以此确定生物的营养级。营养级产生差异的原因来自生物的规格大小、基线生物和营养级富集度的选择[9-10]。比如,前有学者通过室内模拟生物生长实验得到营养级富集度,为3.4‰[11]和2.5‰[12];Hussey等[13]提出营养级富集度不是一个定值,并使用营养级富集度的范围值来确定营养级,发现传统食物网中消费者的营养级明显偏高。可见,作为构建食物网的基本前提,探究消费者营养级间的差异和影响因素是必不可少的。
吕泗渔场处于东、黄海交界处,是江苏近海八大著名渔场之一,其鱼类资源和饵料生物丰富,是海洋生物良好的繁殖场和索饵场。目前,在渤海[14]、黄海、东海[12]、胶州湾[15]等海域已有不少关于生物群落营养结构的研究。然而,基于稳定同位素技术定量研究吕泗渔场近岸海域食物网营养基础和群落营养结构等方面的研究未见报道。以往针对吕泗渔场的调查研究主要集中于水环境质量及渔业资源生态群落方面,但是仅从这些单一层面去分析远远不够,且从近几年来近岸海域的环境恶化及人为过度捕捞现象不断加深来看,补充生物营养级及食物网构建方面的系统研究是十分必要的。
本文目的在于利用碳氮稳定同位素方法研究吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季潜在碳源对主要生物种类的贡献比例,并分析、比较吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物种类的营养结构特征,以期为今后进一步研究该海域的生态营养动力学提供理论参考,也为近海生态环境修复、生态资源的合理利用提供基础参数和科学论断。
于2018年9月对江苏省如东吕泗渔场近海海域(32°23.140′~32°59.504′N,121°17.509′~122°11.161′E)的18个站位进行渔业资源调查(图1),调查海域平均水深为10 m。调查船为功率270 kW左右的单拖渔船,平均拖速为3.64 kn,每站拖网时间约为25 min。使用标准I型浮游生物网采集浮游动物,使用III型浮游生物网采集浮游植物,分别使用底层有翼单囊底拖网(规格长∶宽∶高为125.32 m∶59.1 m∶36.0 m)采集游泳生物,采水器采集2 L水样用于测定悬浮颗粒有机物(Particle Organic Matter, POM),抓斗式采泥器采集底质用于测定底质有机物(Sedimental Organic Matter, SOM),所有样品冰冻保存至室内分析[16]
挑出样品中的杂质,将样品中的浮游动物清养1~2 h空胃后选出优势种,浮游植物先后滤过孔径为100 μm和20 μm筛绢以取得规格为20~100 μm的种类后加蒸馏水,静置后,取上清液抽滤在经过500℃灼烧5 h的Whatman GF/F玻璃纤维滤膜上。水体POM用80目孔径筛绢过滤,再抽滤至经过500℃预灼烧5 h的What-man GF/F膜上。SOM在60℃恒温干燥24 h,研磨后用10%盐酸酸化(去除碳酸盐干扰)[17],同等条件下再次烘干、研磨,经过孔径为63 μm的筛绢分筛后的样品待测。
同种生物样品的取样原则,是按照不同站点、不同规格来界定的,并根据《海洋调查规范》[16]进行生物学基础指标测定(表1),鱼类取背部白肌组织、头足类取胴部、虾类取腹部肌肉组织、蟹类取第一螯足、双壳类取闭壳肌、腹足类取斧足、浮游动植物取整体,所有样品均在−44.6℃冷冻干燥后研磨备用。
稳定同位素分析在自然资源部第三海洋研究所同位素分析实验室进行,使用Vario Isotope Cube-Isoprime元素分析仪测定碳、氮稳定同位素比值,分别以国际通用的标准物质PeeDee 石灰岩中的碳和大气氮作为参考标准,结果以δ13C和δ15N形式来表示,计算公式为
$ {{\text δ} }^{13}\mathrm{C}\left({\text ‰}\right)=\left[\left(\frac{{{}^{13}\mathrm{C}/{}^{12}\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}}{{{}^{13}\mathrm{C}/{}^{12}\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{V}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{B}}}-1\right)\right]\times 1\;000{\text‰}, $
$ {{\text δ} }^{15}\mathrm{N}\left({\text{‰}}\right)=\left[\left(\frac{{{}^{15}\mathrm{N}/{}^{14}\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}}{{{}^{15}\mathrm{C}/{}^{14}\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}}}-1\right)\right]\times 1\;000{\text‰}, $
式中,13C/12Csample15N/14Nsample是样品中重同位素与轻同位素的比值;13C/12CVPDB代表VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite)标准的13C;15N/14Nair代表大气N2中的15N。根据元素分析仪的精度,计算结果保留两位小数。
根据质量守恒原理,利用Phillips和Gregg[18]不断完善编译的IsoSource模型来定性分析和计算各个碳源对消费者的食源贡献比例。当食物网中食物来源的数量太多时,IsoSource模型可以帮助确定消费者食物来源贡献的范围(0~100%),并提供了每个食源贡献的上限和下限,每个食源贡献可能的结果都以小的增量(1%~2%)进行检查。最终,潜在源贡献的频率和范围用直方图表示。其公式及原理如下:
${\text δ} {{{j}}_{\rm{M}}} = {f_{\rm{A}}}{\text δ} {{{j}}_{\rm{A}}} + {f_{\rm{B}}}{\text δ} {{{j}}_{\rm{B}}} + {f_{\rm{C}}}{\text δ} {{{j}}_{\rm{C}}},$
${\text δ} {{{k}}_{\rm{M}}} = {f_{\rm{A}}}{\text δ} {{{k}}_{\rm{A}}} + {f_{\rm{B}}}{\text δ} {{{k}}_{\rm{B}}} + {f_{\rm{C}}}{\text δ} {{{k}}_{\rm{C}}},$
$1 = {f_{\rm{A}}} + {f_{\rm{B}}} + {f_{\rm{C}}},$
式中,jMkM为消费者M的两种同位素jk的比值;A、B、C为食物源;f为食物对消费者的贡献率。
由于本次调查海域离岸距离较远,且藻类养殖区布满挂笼和挂网,致使调查船无法通过,因此未对紫菜等大型藻类进行采样。因此,以该海域物质基础中的浮游植物、POM和SOM作为食物网中的3种潜在碳源,来分析该海域主要消费者的食性来源贡献比例。
营养级是海域中重要经济种类的一种衡量指标,通常,氮稳定同位素比值被用来确定生物的营养级,并通过食物链进行富集[19]。稳定同位素间的分馏容易引起营养级之间的差异,传统的营养级计算公式为
$ {T}{L}=\frac{{{\text δ} }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}-{{\text δ} }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}}{\Delta {{\text δ} }^{15}\mathrm{N}}+a, $
式中,TL表示所计算生物的营养级;δ15Nsample为系统消费者氮稳定同位素比值;δ15Nbaseline为该系统基线生物的氮稳定同位素比值;$ \Delta $δ15N为1个营养级的富集度;a代表基线生物的营养级(如草食性种类的桡足类动物是小鲱鱼和凤尾鱼的主要食物来源,其营养级为2;多毛纲食肉动物是马鲛鱼的主要食饵,其营养级估计为3)。
本研究采用Qu等[14]重新编译、矫正过的营养级计算公式,如下:
$ {T}{L}=\frac{{{\text δ} }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}-{{\text δ} }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}}{\Delta {{\text δ}}^{15}\mathrm{N}}+1. $
营养级计算结果的差异主要来自两个关键参数,δ15Nbaseline$ \Delta $δ15N。$ \Delta $δ15N确定相邻两个营养水平之间的相对距离,它随地域和物种而变化[11, 2021]。本研究将浮游动物作为基线生物(上述公式a=2),沿用3.4‰作为营养级富集度[11]。此外,为了探究不同基线生物对营养级的影响,本研究还通过IsoSource模型叠加浮游植物、POM、SOM 3种潜在碳源作为基准值(上述公式a=1),要说明的是,此时每个物种对应的基准值是不一样的,其计算原理如下:
$ {{\text δ} }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}={{\text δ}}^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{1}\times {\mathrm{P}}_{1}+{{\text δ} }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}\times {\mathrm{P}}_{2}+\dots +{{\text δ} }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{{n}}\times {\mathrm{P}}_{{n}}, $
式中,δ15Nn代表不同潜在碳源的食物;Pn代表所属潜在碳源对消费者所占的比例。
通过ArcGis 10.3软件绘制调查海域站位图;使用SPSS 25.0软件完成数据分析;使用EXCEL 2019和ORIGIN 2018软件完成数据处理和图表制作。
本次吕泗渔场近岸海域调查采集到的生物种类一共37种,以鱼类居多,达23种;无脊椎动物14种,其中头足类1种、虾蟹类11种、贝类1种,其余生物种类1种(表1)。
图2,所有生物的δ15N值、δ13C值呈现明显阶梯分层分布,最上层是鱼类,往下是虾蟹类、浮游动物,最下层是潜在碳源。鱼类δ13C值的范围为(−20.49±0.34)‰(斑鰶Konosirus punctatus)~(−15.68±0.13)‰(海鳗Muraenesox cinereus);δ15N值的范围为(8.95±0.6)‰(小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis)~(14.13±0.13)‰(多鳞鱚Sillago sihama)。甲壳动物δ13C值的范围为(−19.23±0.32)‰(安氏白虾Exopalaemon annandalei)~(−13.92±0.33)‰(日本囊对虾Marsupenaeus japonicus),δ15N值的范围为(9.84±0.33)‰(日本囊对虾)~(11.72±0.44)‰(三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus)。
表2,潜在碳源的δ13C值从(−24.27±0.92)‰(浮游植物)到(−20.24±0.89)‰(SOM)之间变化,均值为−22.64‰,跨度为4.03‰;潜在碳源的δ15N值从(3.58±0.42)‰(POM)变化到(4.3±1.53)‰(浮游植物),均值为3.82‰,跨度为0.72‰。
本次调查结果表明(图3),浮游植物对所有生物的碳源贡献范围为1.3%(日本囊对虾)~91.3%(浮游动物),均值为58.7%;POM贡献范围变化较小,对所有生物的碳源贡献范围为0.3%(浮游动物)~25.8%(焦氏舌鳎Cynoglossus joyneri),均值为12.5%;SOM对所有生物的碳源贡献范围为7.2%(安氏白虾)~97%(日本囊对虾),均值为28.2%。因此,判定吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物的潜在碳源主要是浮游植物和SOM。
根据IsoSource软件的分析结果,可将吕泗渔场的主要生物种类划分为3大类群,第1类是以浮游植物为主要碳源贡献的生物种类,包括多鳞鱚、中国花鲈Lateolabrax maculatus等鱼类、安氏白虾等虾类和浮游动物;第2类是以SOM为主要碳源贡献的生物,代表种类有鲻鱼Mugil cephalus等鱼类和日本囊对虾;第3类是以浮游植物、SOM为主,POM为辅的生物种类,典型代表是刀额新对虾Metapenaeus ensi、周氏新对虾Metapenaeus joyneri等虾类和小黄鱼。
根据吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物的营养级构建了两种营养级谱(图4),左边的营养级谱(Trophic Level Spectrum, TLS)是以浮游动物作为基线生物,营养级范围为2.00~4.18;位于2.50营养级以下的生物种类只有浮游动物;位于2.50~3.00营养级上的生物种类有3种鱼类、4种虾类、日本蟳Charybdis japonica和毛蚶Scapharca subcrenata;位于3.00~3.50营养级上的生物种类有7种鱼类、5种虾类和三疣梭子蟹;位于3.50~4.00营养级上的生物种类有10种鱼类和火枪乌贼Loligo beka;位于4.00以上营养级的有多鳞鱚、褐菖鲉Sebastiscus marmoratus和黑鲷Acanthopagrus schlegelii
右边营养级谱中的基准值由浮游植物、POM、SOM通过IsoSource模型权衡叠加而成,营养级范围在1.74~3.92。由于基准值的改变而使主要生物的营养级普遍降低。位于2.50~3.00营养级上的生物种类有5种鱼类、6种虾类和日本蟳;位于3.00~3.50营养级上的生物种类有10种鱼类、3种虾类和三疣梭子蟹;位于3.50~4.00营养级上的有8种鱼类和火枪乌贼,火枪乌贼的营养级几乎不变。
为探究生物个体与营养级的关系,本研究对不同站位捕获的不同体长小黄鱼的营养级进行比较(图5)。可以看出,随着体长的增加,小黄鱼的营养级也逐渐增大,呈现正相关性(R2=0.455 2, n=9)。
浮游植物、POM、SOM等是驱动食物网物质和能量流转的主要潜在碳源基础[22-23],尤其在近岸海域[24]。浮游植物是海洋生产者,是海洋食物网的基础之一,其碳稳定同位素组成主要来自海洋水体中的溶解无机碳[25],这是确定潜在碳源的重要依据。基于本研究IsoSource模型计算结果显示,3种潜在碳源(浮游植物、POM和SOM)对消费者的贡献比例,浮游植物所占比例较高,平均达到58.7%。蔡德陵等[26]在崂山湾进行水体生物食物网调查时发现,浮游植物碳是其主要来源。在本研究中,大多数消费者以浮游植物作为主要碳源贡献,典型代表为浮游动物(91.3%)以及一些岩礁性鱼类(褐菖鲉(68.2%)、黑鲷(82%)等)和凶猛性鱼类(中国花鲈(84.7%)、银鲳Pampus argenteus(73.2%)等),说明了相对于POM和SOM,该海域的重要碳源为浮游植物。
POM对所有生物的碳源贡献值范围为0~25.2%(均值为12.5%),魏虎进等[27]在研究象山港海洋牧场食物网结构时发现,相对于浮游植物和SOM,POM的相对贡献率最小。尽管如此,本研究的POM的贡献率相对于其他海域偏高[27-28],原因是本研究选取站点位于近岸海域,水体中悬浮颗粒物含量较高。此外,本研究大多数生物种类的POM碳源贡献范围较广,甚至从0到100%,存在较大不确定性,这与海域水环境(温度、盐度等)密切相关[29]。比如,Xu等[30]认为,随着气候变暖,藻华现象加剧,微囊藻毒素的增加进一步改变了藻类源POM的比例。SOM也是驱动食物网物质流转的重要碳源之一,其组成比较复杂,如POM的自然沉降、藻类死亡后的有机碎屑以及底栖微藻等[27],在本研究中,SOM是底栖虾蟹类的主要碳源贡献,也是一些底栖食性鱼类的碳源贡献,如小黄鱼等。
营养级差异是由多种因素共同导致的,不仅涵盖了基线生物和营养级富集度,还和体长规格密切等相关。Romanuk等[31]研究了57目8 361种鱼类体长规格与营养级之间的关系,显示所有物种的营养级与最大长度呈正相关。本研究中,小黄鱼的营养级随体长的增加呈现明显上升趋势(图5),这与小黄鱼生活史中发生的食性转变现象有关。研究表明,小黄鱼幼体时期主要以浮游生物为食,而成体的食性转变为以小型鱼类、虾类为主[32]。由于这种栖息环境和食性特征的差异,会使得体长相差太大的同种生物相差1个以上的营养级[33]
基线生物的选取至关重要,对于河口和海湾生态系统,在选取常年存在且食性相对稳定的初级消费者和底栖动物或POM等为基线时,仍需考虑基线的时空异质性,并且针对结构复杂的生态系统需要确定多个基线以全面表征食物网结构[34]。如本研究的图4所示,相对于左营养级谱,尽管右营养级谱中的生物种类平均下降0.19个营养级,但整体趋势是不变的,除了方框中生物种类的营养位置发生了改变。在左营养级谱中,银鲳的营养级与鮸鱼Miichthys miiuy相同,刀鲚Coilia macrognathos最低,而右营养级谱中,刀鲚的营养位置要比这两个种类都要高。从其他海域构建的食物网来看,刀鲚的营养级低于银鲳和鮸鱼,且因为刀鲚的浮游动物食性特征,有可能右营养级谱高估了刀鲚的营养级[12, 35]。此外,结合了3大潜在碳源作为影响指标,右营养级谱中的虾类—周氏新对虾Metapenaeus joyneri、细巧仿对虾Parapenaeopsis tenella、哈氏仿对虾Parapenaeopsis hardwickii、日本囊对虾的营养位置更是发生了巨大变化。右营养级谱中,基准值随着单个物种潜在碳源叠加比例的不同而变化,但对于处于中高级消费者位置的鱼类来说,叠加潜在碳源作为基线生物的结果影响不大。以上结果表明,当存在多种食物来源时,叠加多种潜在碳源的右营养级谱更适合反映真实的生物营养级,而具有单一基线的左营养级谱更适合分析单一食物来源的条件或较高营养级的物种[36-37]。因此,本研究中鱼类受到潜在碳源的影响较小,营养位置几乎不发生改变,而对于直接摄食浮游植物、沉积有机物等食物的虾蟹类来说,以潜在碳源为基准值的影响对它们营养位置的变动更大一些。
本研究中,虾蟹类的营养级甚至超过小黄鱼和褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus等底栖浮游生物食性的鱼类,Du等[38]通过EvE模型证明了蝶形目、石首鱼科鱼类与虾类的营养级相近,与本研究结果一致;鲻鱼是因为在本研究中的体长规格过小,导致营养级较低,但体型相差不大的赤鼻棱鳀Thryssa kammalensis和黄鲫Setipinna taty的营养级却高于鲻鱼,可能与鳀鲱科鱼类摄食底层虾类比例较高有关。在本次调查所采集样品中,几乎没有发现诸如鮟鱇目的顶级消费者,这与近年来江苏近海被污染的水域环境和不断简化的食物网密切相关[39],在中国的各大海域也均有报道[14-15]。类似的情况在长江口海域也有出现[14, 35]
本研究结果表明,吕泗渔场近岸海域夏季主要生物的潜在碳源主要是浮游植物和SOM,其中浮游植物的贡献率占比最大,达到58.7%。POM的碳源贡献存在较大不确定性,这与海域pH、温度、盐度等环境因子密切相关。叠加这3种潜在碳源作为基准值计算得到的生物营养级低于传统营养级,且大多数虾蟹类的营养位置发生了改变,表明了这种叠加效果的影响可能更适用于低营养级的生物种类,而以单一物种为基线生物可能更适用于中、高营养级的生物种类。
  • 江苏海州湾国家海洋牧场示范项目(D-8005-18-0188)
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2021年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021066
  • 接收时间:2020-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-25
  • 修回日期:2021-01-25
基金
江苏海州湾国家海洋牧场示范项目(D-8005-18-0188)
作者信息
    1上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
    2长江口水生生物资源监测与保护联合实验室,上海 201306

通讯作者:

张硕(1976—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为近海生态环境修复。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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