Article(id=1233737611278340283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233737609160216756, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1607875200000, receivedDateStr=2020-12-14, revisedDate=1613577600000, revisedDateStr=2021-02-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772075568265, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1624550400000, pubDateStr=2021-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772075568265, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772075568265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075568265, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233737609160216756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772075567760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772075567760, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=98, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233737612981227713, articleId=1233737611278340283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Response of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria to upwelling in the southern Taiwan Strait of China, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There is little information about the relationship between aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacteria (AAPB) and upwelling. In this work, the response of AAPB to upwelling in the southern Taiwan Strait was examined, using the “Time-series observation-based cyanobacteria-calibrated InfraRed Epifluorescence Microscopy, TIREM”. The results showed that in the initial stage of upwelling, the abundances of AAPB and total heterotrophic bacteria were low; with the development, their abundances both increased and reached the highest value at the mature stage of upwelling; notably, when the upwelling declined, they began to decrease. During the developmental process of upwelling, AAPB abundance was positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentration in a certain range, and limited by low phosphorus concentration, while total heterotrophic bacteria abundance was positively correlated with nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon nutrients concentration, suggesting that dissolved organic carbon released by phytoplankton and phosphorus limitation might play a more direct and important role in AAPB, while nutrients probably acted as an important role in the response of total heterotrophic bacteria to upwelling. This study will help to better understand the unique role of AAPB in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and other biogenic elements.

, correspAuthors=Yao Zhang, Nianzhi Jiao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yao Chen, Yao Zhang, Nianzhi Jiao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233737615204208917, articleId=1233737611278340283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=台湾海峡南部海域好氧不产氧光合异养细菌对上升流的响应, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

国内外关于好氧不产氧光合异养细菌(AAPB)和上升流之间关系的研究甚少。本文采用“基于蓝细菌校正的时序红外显微技术”研究了台湾海峡南部近岸上升流中心区AAPB对上升流变化的响应。研究结果发现,在上升流涌升的初始阶段,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度较低;随着上升流的发展,两者丰度均增加并在上升流的成熟期达到最高值;而当上升流衰退时,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度开始下降。在上升流发展过程中,AAPB丰度与叶绿素a浓度在一定范围内呈显著正相关,但同时受环境低磷浓度的限制,总异养细菌丰度与氮、磷、硅营养盐均有显著正相关,表明叶绿素a指示的浮游植物所释放的溶解有机碳和环境中的磷限制可能对AAPB起着更为直接和重要的作用,而营养盐则可能在总异养细菌对上升流的响应中起着重要作用。本研究有助于我们理解AAPB在碳及其他生源要素循环中的作用及其调控机制。

, correspAuthors=张瑶, 焦念志, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张瑶,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为微生物海洋学。E-mail:
焦念志,中国科学院院士,主要研究海洋微型生物碳泵、海洋微型生物生理生态、分子生态学以及相关的资源环境效应。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Hx8BSubXwOTk9yd/+Y467g==, magXml=piOnnZIzcEnFm2l9Yoe22g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8RPjZGU6Xy39d6XvaX1SOA==, pdfFileSize=1787046, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=WXOdJO/aiMUnSJuLEB//fA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=enE1ImvMSxZP5IU7a22qYQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈瑶(1980-),女,浙江省永康市人,博士,主要研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

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language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=upwelling), Keyword(id=1233737618345742726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=好氧不产氧光合异养细菌), Keyword(id=1233737618454794636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=台湾海峡), Keyword(id=1233737618580623761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=上升流)], refs=[Reference(id=1233737620312871418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shiba T, Simidu U, Taga N. 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Distribution and relationship between heterotrophic bacteria and environmental factors in Changjiang Estuary[J]. 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a. $ {{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N; b. $ {{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $-N; c. $ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $-N; d. $ {{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P; e. $ {{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $-Si

, figureFileSmall=M3WfdNV5KiOmMKC0CZqQqQ==, figureFileBig=YwZGTDTEXweJ+XuMe8KWHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619704697304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=CN, label=图5, caption=B1站位营养盐浓度(单位:μmol/L)的剖面动态变化

a. 硝酸盐; b. 亚硝酸盐; c. 铵盐; d. 磷酸盐; e. 硅酸盐

, figureFileSmall=M3WfdNV5KiOmMKC0CZqQqQ==, figureFileBig=YwZGTDTEXweJ+XuMe8KWHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619805360605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Variation of chlorophyll a concentration (unit: μg/L) (a), AAPB abundance (unit: cell/mL) (b), total bacterial abundance (unit: cell/mL) (c) and AAPB% (d) at Station B1, figureFileSmall=tw1uqGmvcxziUz7/dKl4GA==, figureFileBig=lz4Ynt0JTGaiNylQzK7TUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619889246689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=CN, label=图6, caption=B1站位叶绿素a浓度(单位:μg/L)(a)、AAPB丰度(单位:cell/mL)(b)、总异养细菌丰度(单位:cell/mL)(c)和AAPB%(d)的剖面动态变化, figureFileSmall=tw1uqGmvcxziUz7/dKl4GA==, figureFileBig=lz4Ynt0JTGaiNylQzK7TUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737619964744167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Plots of AAPB abundance (a) and total bacterial abundance (b) vs chlorophyll a concentration in the development of upwelling in the southern Taiwan Strait

The solid circles represent the stations with low chlorophyll a concentration where AAPB abundance is positively correlate with chlorophyll a concentration; the open circles represent the stations with high chlorophyll a concentration where AAPB abundance and total bacterial abundance display little correlation with chlorophyll a concentration

, figureFileSmall=dnNfaI+IIwADiBj9VLJM6Q==, figureFileBig=9uu+t4twkmwkRNktjl0udQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233737620073796074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233737611278340283, language=CN, label=图7, caption=台湾海峡南部海域上升流事件中AAPB丰度(a)、总异养细菌丰度(b)和叶绿素a浓度的相关关系

实心圆代表叶绿素a浓度较低的站位,AAPB丰度与叶绿素a浓度显著正相关;空心圆代表叶绿素a浓度较高的站位,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度与叶绿素a浓度无相关性

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台湾海峡南部海域好氧不产氧光合异养细菌对上升流的响应
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陈瑶 1 , 张瑶 2, * , 焦念志 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(6): 98-107
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(6): 98-107
台湾海峡南部海域好氧不产氧光合异养细菌对上升流的响应
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陈瑶1 , 张瑶2, * , 焦念志2, *
作者信息
  • 1国家海洋局厦门海洋环境监测中心站,福建 厦门 361008
  • 2厦门大学 海洋与地球学院 近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室,福建 厦门 361101
  • 陈瑶(1980-),女,浙江省永康市人,博士,主要研究方向为海洋生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张瑶,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为微生物海洋学。E-mail:
焦念志,中国科学院院士,主要研究海洋微型生物碳泵、海洋微型生物生理生态、分子生态学以及相关的资源环境效应。E-mail:
Response of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria to upwelling in the southern Taiwan Strait of China
Yao Chen1 , Yao Zhang2, * , Nianzhi Jiao2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Xiamen Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361008, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
出版时间: 2021-06-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021068
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国内外关于好氧不产氧光合异养细菌(AAPB)和上升流之间关系的研究甚少。本文采用“基于蓝细菌校正的时序红外显微技术”研究了台湾海峡南部近岸上升流中心区AAPB对上升流变化的响应。研究结果发现,在上升流涌升的初始阶段,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度较低;随着上升流的发展,两者丰度均增加并在上升流的成熟期达到最高值;而当上升流衰退时,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度开始下降。在上升流发展过程中,AAPB丰度与叶绿素a浓度在一定范围内呈显著正相关,但同时受环境低磷浓度的限制,总异养细菌丰度与氮、磷、硅营养盐均有显著正相关,表明叶绿素a指示的浮游植物所释放的溶解有机碳和环境中的磷限制可能对AAPB起着更为直接和重要的作用,而营养盐则可能在总异养细菌对上升流的响应中起着重要作用。本研究有助于我们理解AAPB在碳及其他生源要素循环中的作用及其调控机制。

好氧不产氧光合异养细菌  /  台湾海峡  /  上升流

There is little information about the relationship between aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacteria (AAPB) and upwelling. In this work, the response of AAPB to upwelling in the southern Taiwan Strait was examined, using the “Time-series observation-based cyanobacteria-calibrated InfraRed Epifluorescence Microscopy, TIREM”. The results showed that in the initial stage of upwelling, the abundances of AAPB and total heterotrophic bacteria were low; with the development, their abundances both increased and reached the highest value at the mature stage of upwelling; notably, when the upwelling declined, they began to decrease. During the developmental process of upwelling, AAPB abundance was positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentration in a certain range, and limited by low phosphorus concentration, while total heterotrophic bacteria abundance was positively correlated with nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon nutrients concentration, suggesting that dissolved organic carbon released by phytoplankton and phosphorus limitation might play a more direct and important role in AAPB, while nutrients probably acted as an important role in the response of total heterotrophic bacteria to upwelling. This study will help to better understand the unique role of AAPB in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and other biogenic elements.

aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria  /  Taiwan Strait  /  upwelling
陈瑶, 张瑶, 焦念志. 台湾海峡南部海域好氧不产氧光合异养细菌对上升流的响应. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (6) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021068
Yao Chen, Yao Zhang, Nianzhi Jiao. Response of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria to upwelling in the southern Taiwan Strait of China[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (6) : 98 -107 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021068
好氧不产氧光合异养细菌(Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria, AAPB)是广泛分布于海洋表层的好氧、严格不产氧、异养和兼具光合能力的细菌功能类群[1-9]。与其他细菌相比,AAPB具有较大的细胞体积和更高的生长速率[6, 10-15],因此在生态系统中发挥着举足轻重的作用。
上升流是海洋中水体向上涌升的现象,其将深层营养盐带至表层可导致浮游植物的显著响应[16-18]。作为东海和南海海水交换的重要通道,台湾海峡存在两种类型的上升流:一种是由于地形的抬升以及终年存在的东北向南海暖流所导致的地形上升流,主要分布于台湾浅滩;另一种为夏季西南季风引起的风生上升流,主要分布于海峡西南部近岸[16, 19]
夏季台湾海峡盛行西南季风,使得该海区主要受寡营养盐的南海水影响。但在西南季风的作用下,台湾海峡近岸发生上升流,从而使得该海区在上升流海域具有较高的初级生产力[20]。近岸上升流所带来的丰富营养盐影响着海区浮游植物的生物量、生产力和种群结构,并会导致近岸上升流区发生季节性的水华。研究表明,上升流期间,浮游植物群落结构变化较大,如2005年和2006年夏季对台湾海峡上升流区的研究发现,浮游植物群落组成与结构对上升流响应十分明显,南澳附近海区在上升流盛期(2005年夏季),硅藻占明显优势,而在非上升流期(2004年夏季),则由蓝藻占优势。2005年夏季调查期间,近岸上升流区浮游植物也以硅藻占优势,而其他海区则以蓝藻占优势。此外,2005年夏季,在南澳附近跟踪一个上升流过程中,上升流所带来的氮营养盐的补充是冰河拟星杆藻(Asterionellopsis glacialis)等硅藻成为优势种的主要因素[18]
对于上升流海域,国内外学者对其生物地球化学过程已经做了相当多的研究,涉及的领域包括其水文化学特征,微微型浮游生物、原生动物、浮游植物及浮游动物等浮游生物的群落结构特征,各浮游生物间的捕食与被捕食关系,浮游生物与营养盐、水文动力学等环境因子的关系,浮游生物的代谢动力学等[17, 19, 21-30]。而在全球海洋碳循环中起着重要作用的AAPB对上升流系统的响应却鲜有报道,目前为止,仅查阅到Cuadrat等[31]在巴西一个被上升流影响的Arraial do Cabo近岸海域的研究中对AAPB稍有提及,但该文仅研究了上升流引发的浮游植物水华对AAPB丰度和分子多样性的影响,并未跟踪整个上升流过程中AAPB的变化。
本文采用“基于蓝细菌校正的时序红外显微技术(Time-series Observation-based Cyanobacteria-calibrated InfraRed Epifluorescence Microscopy, TIREM)”对AAPB细胞丰度进行计数,开展了AAPB对台湾海峡南部上升流事件(包括涌升和衰退阶段)整个过程的响应研究。该方法创建于2006年[32],修正了蓝细菌所导致的AAPB显微计数中的阳性误差[3334],迄今已被国内外多项研究引用[12, 35-41]。应用该方法,Jiao等[10]获得了AAPB丰度近海高于大洋的全球海洋分布格局;Jiang等[37]在对青藏高原盐湖中AAPB分布的研究中发现,基于TIREM和qPCR检测的AAPB丰度分布基本一致;Zhang等[42]在评论TIREM方法带动微型生物碳泵科学理论发现的作用时指出,TIREM是基于AAPB所含有的细菌叶绿素a荧光的检测方法,比qPCR等基于基因的方法更体现活性细胞分布。本研究应用TIREM开展AAPB对上升流过程的响应研究,有助于我们进一步理解AAPB在碳及其他生源要素生物地球化学循环中所扮演的独特角色及其调控机制。
2006年6月20日至7月1日,本研究针对台湾海峡南部上升流生态系统,在东山岛、南澳岛以及汕头一带的近岸至外海区域设置了3个断面,分别为A断面、B断面和C断面(图1)。该区域覆盖了深度在40 m上下的近岸区(东山上升流)、深度小于30 m的台湾浅滩区域(浅滩上升流)、深度小于200 m的陆架坡折区以及陆架外水深大于200 m的区域。
本研究利用“延平2号”考察船在6月20−22日(以最短的时间确保大面调查期间海区基本处于相近的天气条件)对主要断面与测站进行观测。在大面调查过程中,根据温、盐特征确定近岸上升流中心区域,并选择上升流中心区域B1站[4344],于6月26日至7月1日每日上午约9时进行时间序列观测,跟踪上升流的涌升阶段至衰退阶段AAPB丰度的变化,探讨了AAPB对上升流事件的响应规律和潜在机制。
用一个20 L的固定在SeaBird CTD(SBE 9/11 plus, SeaBird Inc., USA)上的覆盖有聚四氟乙烯涂层的Go-Flo采样瓶(General Oceanic Inc., USA)采集表层海水。样品采集后,马上取20 mL用20 μm孔径的筛绢预过滤,然后滤液用终浓度为1%的多聚甲醛固定15 min,最后将固定液过滤到0.2 μm孔径的黑色聚碳酸酯膜(PC膜,Millipore)上。取1/4 的PC 膜用30 μL 内含10 μg/mL 4’6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4’6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)的防荧光萃灭封片剂 (antifade mountants Citifluor (Ted Pella) ∶Vectashield (Vecto Labs)=4∶1) 制成玻片,将玻片冷冻至航次结束后进行分析。AAPB和总异养细菌的精确计数用TIREM进行检测[32]
温度和盐度等参数采用Sea-Bird 19型CTD进行现场观测,在观测之前对CTD进行校正。现场观测时取CTD由底部上升至表面过程时的探头数据以避免探头刚下水时导致的偏差。
叶绿素a浓度通过将一定量海水过滤到0.7 μm孔径的GF/F滤膜(Whatman)上,经抽提后用岛津(RF-5301PC,日本)荧光分光光度计进行测定[45]
磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐和硅酸盐浓度通过取200~500 mL水样滤过0.45 μm孔径的醋酸纤维膜,立刻在现场用Tri-223同步自动分析仪进行分析测定,测定方法参照文献[4647]。
所有的AAPB和总异养细菌测量重复至少5次。使用ArcGIS 10.6软件绘制站位图;使用Surfer 10.0软件绘制AAPB、总异养细菌和各环境因子的时空分布图;使用SPSS 13和SigmaPlot 12.0软件对AAPB、总异养细菌和各环境因子间的相关性进行分析和制图。
从垂直剖面分布(图2)来看,A断面A1和A7站位处可以明显看到温度和盐度等值线抬升的现象,35 m深的水可涌升至表层。B断面也存在明显的近岸上升流(B1站位)和浅滩上升流(B7站位),但该断面的上升流水无法像A断面一样涌升到表层,这是因为其被来自西南方的强冲淡水阻隔了,我们可以看到B断面的表层覆盖着明显的高温低盐水层。C断面因为没有切过浅滩,所以不存在浅滩上升流;但在其近岸也存在近岸上升流,上升流的影响范围不如B断面明显,因该断面比B断面更为明显地受到冲淡水的影响。不同断面相比,表层以下同一水层B1站位的水温更低,盐度更高,可见该站位是典型的上升流区域。
2006年6月26日至7月1日,B1站位的温盐变化见图3。可见,B1站位表层一直覆盖着一层高温、低盐的冲淡水,该冲淡水由弱变强,影响的深度由浅至深变化。B1站的10 m层以下,水体温度基本上低于23.5℃,盐度则高于34。从温盐的变化我们可以看到,上升流从26日开始涌升,29−30日达到成熟,同一水层水温最低,盐度较高,但到了7月1日,同一水层温度升高,盐度降低,上升流开始衰退。
从营养盐浓度(单位:μmol/L)垂直剖面分布(图4)来看,3条断面各项营养盐浓度基本上都是表层低、底层高。A、B断面各项营养盐随着近岸上升流和浅滩上升流分别有不同程度的涌升,C断面因受冲淡水影响较大,各项营养盐的涌升不如A、B断面明显。与水温和盐度相似,同一水层B1站位各项营养盐浓度基本上处于相对较高水平,可见该站位受上升流影响较明显。
2006年6月26日至7月1日,B1站除铵盐外的其他4项营养盐基本上都是从表层到底层逐渐升高的趋势(图5)。时间尺度上,硝酸盐大体上是先降低后升高再降低的趋势,在6月30日达到最高值,但到7月1日,硝酸盐浓度又有所下降。其他4项营养盐在时间尺度上也基本与硝酸盐同样的变化趋势。与其他营养盐不同,磷酸盐在6月29日达到高值后就开始下降,到了7月1日基本上都低于检测限。
叶绿素a浓度(单位:μg/L)在2006年6月26日至7月1日的变化趋势为先升高后降低的趋势,在6月30日达到最高值,7月1日又开始下降,营养盐和叶绿素a的变化趋势大体一致。AAPB丰度(单位:cell/mL)和总异养细菌丰度(单位:cell/mL)也是先升高后降低的变化趋势,但它们与磷酸盐一致地在6月29日达到最高值,之后开始下降,两者高值中心的位置与营养盐、叶绿素a的位置大体一致,都位于15 m和30 m水层处,只是时间稍有差异。AAPB%(AAPB占总异养细菌的百分比)则因受AAPB和总异养细菌的共同影响,其分布模式不同于两者;AAPB%在6月26日表层达到最高值,其中下层则是随着时间的推移而逐渐升高(图6)。
研究表明,上升流的过程可分为3个阶段:涌升初始阶段、成熟阶段和衰退阶段[48]。在涌升初始阶段,浮游植物需要时间来适应新的物理、化学和生物环境,而使得营养盐浓度较高,浮游植物现存量较低,硅藻比例也不高;在成熟阶段,浮游植物大量消耗营养盐,浮游植物现存量较高,硅藻比例也较高,营养盐的浓度则与上升流的强弱有关;在衰退阶段,营养盐被消耗殆尽,浮游植物现存量下降,同时硅藻的比例减小。
B1站位各项因子的变化特征表明,在涌升初始阶段,营养盐浓度相对较高,而叶绿素a浓度较低,浮游植物的粒级结构在初始阶段以皮米粒级和纳米粒级为主(两者贡献达60%),此阶段硅藻虽是优势类群,但相对后期而言,此时的比例仍然较低[43]。经过5 d适应阶段以后,浮游植物生物量在6月30日达到最大值,毫米粒级浮游植物的比例高达70%,硅藻的比例则高达70%,该时期应属于上升流的成熟时期[43]。紧接着在7月1日,因浮游植物生长消耗了大量营养盐以及上升流减弱所导致的营养盐浓度下降,其中磷酸盐的浓度低于检测限,N/P比值明显增加,碱性磷酸酶活性较高(70 nmol/(L·h)),磷胁迫增强[49],浮游植物进入营养盐限制状态,其生物量开始下降,毫米粒级的浮游植物减少,皮米粒级的浮游植物增加,硅藻比例下降,呈现上升流衰退阶段的特征[43]
图6可见,AAPB、总异养细菌对上升流的发展也有着较明显的响应。在上升流的涌升初始阶段,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度较低;随着上升流的发展,两者的丰度增加并在上升流的成熟期达到最高值;而随着上升流的衰退,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度开始下降。可见上升流所引发的各项环境因子的变化对AAPB和总异养细菌起着重要的调控作用。对AAPB与各项环境因子进行相关性分析发现,当叶绿素a浓度小于3.5 μg/L时,AAPB丰度与叶绿素a浓度具有显著正相关性;而当叶绿素a浓度大于3.5 μg/L时,两者相关性消失(图7);未发现AAPB与其他环境因子有显著的相关性,可见叶绿素a在AAPB对上升流的响应中起着相当重要的作用。这可能与上升流成熟期硅藻比例增加有关系,因为我们在东海赤潮高发区AAPB对赤潮的响应研究中发现当硅藻发生赤潮时,AAPB丰度明显升高了[38];这也与Sieracki等[50]在马尾藻海的研究结果相一致,他们发现短期的硅藻水华伴随着AAPB丰度的增加。与本文的研究结果一致,Cuadrat等[31]在巴西一个被上升流影响的Arraial do Cabo近岸海域研究中发现,受上升流影响,该海域具有高丰度的AAPB。作者认为,在上升流及随后的浮游植物水华后,AAPB可能利用来自深层冷水的营养盐及存在于表层的丰富光能来生长,尤其是在贫营养的热带和亚热带环境[31]。其他研究也指出了浮游植物水华与AAPB丰度之间的紧密关系,可能与浮游植物产生的溶解有机质有助于AAPB的生长有关[10, 35]
当叶绿素a浓度较高时,AAPB丰度与叶绿素a浓度相关性消失,这与我们先前在东海的研究相似[35],该研究发现,在秋季和冬季叶绿素a浓度较低的时候,AAPB丰度与叶绿素a浓度显著正相关;而在春季和夏季,以秋、冬季叶绿素a浓度最高值(1.5 μg/L)为分界点,当叶绿素a浓度低于该分界点时,AAPB丰度与叶绿素a浓度显著正相关,当叶绿素a浓度高于该分界点时,相关性消失。一个可能的原因是AAPB光合电子传递链被高浓度的外源溶解有机碳(Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC)所抑制,因为一些电子载体(如醌类和细胞色素类)为光合和呼吸电子传递链所共用,强呼吸作用会抑制光合电子传递链,所以当叶绿素a浓度很高时,浮游植物为AAPB供应了充足的DOC,从而可能导致AAPB表达更少甚至不表达细菌叶绿素a[35]
总异养细菌丰度与叶绿素a浓度相关性的缺乏进一步验证了相比于非AAPB(总异养细菌中除AAPB外的细菌),AAPB与浮游植物所释放的DOC关系更为密切的假设[10, 51]。虽然AAPB与营养盐没有直接的相关关系,但是营养盐可能通过一些间接的方式如对叶绿素a的调控而影响AAPB的分布。
AAPB和总异养细菌丰度变动与磷酸盐浓度一致,在6月29日达到最高值,之后开始下降,两者高值中心的位置与营养盐、叶绿素a的位置大体一致,都位于15 m和30 m水层处,只是时间稍有差异。这与Hojerová等[13]对地中海的研究一致,其研究发现,在地中海东部,夏天会导致显著的分层,叶绿素a浓度最大层在85~105 m,真光层(0~100 m)的所有站位均为磷限制(小于0.025 mol/L),AAPB在整个真光层中均有发现,但大部分站位AAPB丰度都较低,AAPB有2个最大值,第1个位于25 m层,第2个与叶绿素最大层重叠(80~100 m)。本研究中,AAPB与叶绿素a浓度最高值出现的时间稍有差别,AAPB与磷酸盐浓度都在6月29日达到最高值,6月30日开始下降,而叶绿素a浓度在6月30日达到最高值,这可能与6月30日磷酸盐浓度下降导致磷限制有关。AAPB利用光能只是其异养代谢的补充,利用光能可以帮助它们以生物量形式储存更多的碳(否则会被呼吸消耗掉),这在培养实验中已经得到证实[2, 52],所以在细菌生长被能量或碳限制的条件下比异养细菌可能更有生态优势,但是在磷限制情况下,光合器官不足以为AAPB提供足够的代谢优势[13]。还有很多研究表明[53-55],AAPB生长受到磷限制的控制,AAPB较大的细胞限制了营养盐的扩散,而它们较大的基因组需要更多的磷,因此磷饥饿环境可能对AAPB是一种不利因素[9],磷限制不仅限制了AAPB也限制了总异养细菌的生长。
与AAPB不一致的是,营养盐可能直接在总异养细菌对上升流的响应中起着重要的作用。因为通过分析发现,硝酸盐(当硝酸盐浓度低于4.00 μmol/L时,R2=0.21,p=0.06)、亚硝酸盐(R2=0.25,p<0.05)和总氮(当总氮浓度低于6.00 μmol/L时,R2=0.28,p<0.05)在不同程度上与总异养细菌具有一定的正相关性;磷酸盐与总异养细菌呈极显著正相关关系(R2=0.41,p<0.01);硅酸盐当其浓度低于6.00 μmol/L时,也与总异养细菌呈极显著正相关关系(R2=0.66,p<0.01)。这与刘材材等[56]的研究一致,他们发现,长江口上升流区相对近岸海域异养细菌丰度较高,异养细菌分布与营养盐之间的相关性具有一定的区域性,即富营养化海域营养盐与异养细菌的相关性相对较差,而营养盐含量较低海域则与异养细菌的丰度呈正相关性。原因可能是,当营养盐含量处于过剩状态下(也就是本研究中较高水平)时,营养盐为异养细菌的非主要限制因子,导致异养细菌与高浓度营养盐的相关性消失,这与上行控制由寡营养向富营养的生态系统减弱的理论相一致[56]
此外,台湾海峡南部近岸区域存在东北向的沿岸流,流速为20~50 cm/s,使得我们对该区域的B1站位进行观测时,每日所观测的可能并非同一水体,而是季风驱动的先后抵达B1站位的不同上升流水体(该水体在B1站位的状态与其抵达B1站位之前的历程有关)。可见,台湾海峡近岸上升流是一个十分复杂的系统,还需要更多的研究来探明其变化及生物响应机制。
本文采用“基于蓝细菌校正的时序红外显微技术”开展了AAPB对台湾海峡南部上升流事件整个过程的响应研究。结果表明,随着上升流的涌升、成熟和衰退,AAPB和总异养细菌丰度也相应地经历了一个从低到高再降低的发展过程。在上升流发展过程中,叶绿素a浓度和环境磷限制对AAPB丰度影响较大,表明叶绿素a指示的浮游植物所释放的DOC和环境中的磷浓度相对其他环境因子可能对AAPB起着更为直接和重要的作用。与AAPB不同,氮、磷、硅营养盐均不同程度地在总异养细菌对上升流的响应中起着重要作用。本研究极大地提升了人们对AAPB在碳等重要生源要素生物地球化学循环中所承担的独特作用及其调控机理的认识。
致谢:温盐数据由厦门大学的胡建宇老师和陈照章老师提供,叶绿素a数据由厦门大学的黄邦钦老师提供,营养盐数据由福建省海洋研究所张钒老师提供,在此表示感谢。
  • 科技部重点研发计划(2016YFA0601400)
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2021年第43卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021068
  • 接收时间:2020-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-14
  • 修回日期:2021-02-18
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科技部重点研发计划(2016YFA0601400)
作者信息
    1国家海洋局厦门海洋环境监测中心站,福建 厦门 361008
    2厦门大学 海洋与地球学院 近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室,福建 厦门 361101

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张瑶,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为微生物海洋学。E-mail:
焦念志,中国科学院院士,主要研究海洋微型生物碳泵、海洋微型生物生理生态、分子生态学以及相关的资源环境效应。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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