Article(id=1233732518436982841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732515798774086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021069, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1584460800000, receivedDateStr=2020-03-18, revisedDate=1593446400000, revisedDateStr=2020-06-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074354037, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1621872000000, pubDateStr=2021-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074354037, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074354037, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074354037, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732515798774086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074353408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074353408, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732520202784844, articleId=1233732518436982841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Multidecadal variability of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Multidecadal variability of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated using the best track data set of tropical cyclones archived at the China Meteorological Administration, the National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Center for Environmental Prediction atmospheric reanalysis data set, and the China Ocean Reanalysis oceanic reanalysis data set from the National Marine Data and Information Service. During 1951−2017, tropical cyclones passing through the SCS are occurred concentratedly from June through December, among which the tropical cyclones with rapid intensification (RI) are concentrated from July through December. RI events have shown multidecadal variability, which is significantly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In positive PDO years, RI events, with relatively low frequency, mainly distribute in Eastern Philippines and north of the SCS, while in negative PDO years, RI events, with relatively high frequency, mainly distribute in a large area of eastern Philippines. The multidecadal variation of RI of tropical cyclones passing through the SCS is related to large-scale oceanic and atmospheric variables modulated by PDO. Regression analysis shows that tropical cyclone heat potential has the greatest effect on the multidecadal variation of RI, while relative humidity has a relatively small effect and the effect of vertical wind shear is smaller.

, correspAuthors=Wei Li, Guijun Han, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lige Cao, Xidong Wang, Wei Li, Guijun Han, Xiaobo Wu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732524879434004, articleId=1233732518436982841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=路经南海热带气旋迅速加强的年代际变化, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用中国气象局热带气旋资料中心最佳路径数据集、美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心大气再分析数据集和国家海洋信息中心的海洋再分析数据集,研究了路经南海热带气旋迅速加强(Rapid Intensification, RI)的年代际变化。在1951–2017年期间,路经南海的热带气旋主要发生在6–12月,其中发生RI的热带气旋集中在7–12月,且RI呈现年代际变化,这种变化和太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO)显著相关。在正PDO年,RI频数较少且主要分布在菲律宾群岛东部和南海北部;而在负PDO年,RI频数较多且分布在菲律宾群岛东部的大范围区域。路经南海热带气旋RI的年代际变化与PDO对大尺度海洋大气变量的调制有关。回归分析显示热带气旋潜热对路经南海热带气旋RI频数的年代际变化影响最大,而相对湿度的影响相对较小,垂直风切变的影响很小。

, correspAuthors=李威, 韩桂军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李威,教授,主要从事海洋数据同化、海洋数值分析和预报研究工作。E-mail:
韩桂军,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zXjAdE/+esHRHr4rFdfHjw==, magXml=cJp9eVyFZHZe/9ShaPoJ1A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=abQyPxst+sJBLtg0bWTQOg==, pdfFileSize=2683986, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=yMQ8C/VWtEIve6SICzXzgg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SuARW3ZlpOQc6AMoe6FMiA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曹力戈(1997—),男,辽宁省葫芦岛市人,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:

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曹力戈(1997—),男,辽宁省葫芦岛市人,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2019, 124(4): 2440−2451., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233807280093844166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin I I, Wu C C, Emanuel K A, et al. The interaction of supertyphoon Maemi (2003) with a warm ocean eddy[J]. 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Characterization of tropical cyclone rapid intensification under two types of El Niño events in the western North Pacific[J]. International Journal of Climatology, 2020, 40(4): 2359−2372., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233807280349696714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng Feng, Yue Caijun, Chen Peiyan, et al. Effects of SST, VWS, and DCC upon rapid intensification of off-shore typhoons in China Seas[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2019, 25(1): 13−25., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1233807280479720140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bond N A, Harrison D E. The Pacific decadal oscillation, air-sea interaction and central North Pacific winter atmospheric regimes[J]. 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233807269230596551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Monthly number of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea (a) and RI events (b) during 1951−2017, figureFileSmall=hgV199v2BYdH0O63C6X2qg==, figureFileBig=75IxS0JoKTAAtgg5QROP6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807269335454152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1951–2017年期间各月路经南海热带气旋频数(a)和发生RI频数(b), figureFileSmall=hgV199v2BYdH0O63C6X2qg==, figureFileBig=75IxS0JoKTAAtgg5QROP6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807269469671887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Tracks of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea (gray lines) with RI events (red dots) (a) and RI number in each 5°×5° box (b) during 1951−2017, figureFileSmall=iQzZ4LX2yWoOpvGnTDV5PA==, figureFileBig=7Ha+V00bvkv4PnBR65Qt0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807269553557969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1951−2017年间发生RI的路经南海热带气旋的轨迹(灰色线)(a)和RI频数在5°×5°网格的空间分布(b)(a中红点表示发生RI的地点), figureFileSmall=iQzZ4LX2yWoOpvGnTDV5PA==, figureFileBig=7Ha+V00bvkv4PnBR65Qt0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807269666804182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time series of average PDO index from July to December during 1951−2017, figureFileSmall=+v7dksp8XYA1A/dxhgEYyQ==, figureFileBig=Ehv7NUlMem42B/Ns2nwGDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807269809410522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1951–2017年7–12月平均PDO指数时间序列图, figureFileSmall=+v7dksp8XYA1A/dxhgEYyQ==, figureFileBig=Ehv7NUlMem42B/Ns2nwGDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807269947822560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Standardized time series of RI number (solid line) of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea and PDO index (dashed line) both with a 7-year running mean from July through December during 1951−2017 (the correlation coefficient of the two is −0.64), figureFileSmall=j3NYaH7HFiOZn/y/NsLz6g==, figureFileBig=3tAXgnj9tD/IHC7z7xR7Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270035902945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1951–2017年7–12月路经南海热带气旋的RI频数经过7年滑动平均后的标准化时间序列(实线)和经过7年滑动平均后的PDO指数序列(虚线)(二者的相关系数为−0.64), figureFileSmall=j3NYaH7HFiOZn/y/NsLz6g==, figureFileBig=3tAXgnj9tD/IHC7z7xR7Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270103011814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Total RI number in each 5°×5° box during 1951−2017 in positive (a) and negative (b) PDO years, figureFileSmall=BWDtm/1TzwA+/HuOE9fsTQ==, figureFileBig=23i972JjfthTDmfd+FYHlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270199480810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图5, caption=正PDO年(a)和负PDO年(b)的RI频数在5°×5°网格的空间分布, figureFileSmall=BWDtm/1TzwA+/HuOE9fsTQ==, figureFileBig=23i972JjfthTDmfd+FYHlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270270783979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Mean SST (contour) and SST anomaly (shaded) in positive (a) and negative (b) PDO years

The black dots represent the RI location. The rectangle boxes indicate the main RI region

, figureFileSmall=44ZBPYZu2lTLMBkujcdATA==, figureFileBig=kFcQlxTYPG4UQ5m2irk+Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270354670063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图6, caption=正PDO年(a)和负PDO年(b)的平均SST(等值线)和SST异常(填色)

黑点代表RI位置,矩阵框表示RI主要区域

, figureFileSmall=44ZBPYZu2lTLMBkujcdATA==, figureFileBig=kFcQlxTYPG4UQ5m2irk+Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270438556147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Difference of mean 850 hPa wind vectors between negative and positive PDO years (a) and correlation between 850 hPa wind and the PDO index (b)

The white dots in b indicate those exceeding the 99% significance level

, figureFileSmall=ibM4wiVUc7O8ObUZ8FSWyg==, figureFileBig=EspgNhdxKQZHD58WUd3aVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270509859318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图7, caption=负PDO年和正PDO年850 hPa平均风场差异(a)和850 hPa纬向风与PDO指数的相关系数(b)分布

图b中白点表示该位置的相关系数通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=ibM4wiVUc7O8ObUZ8FSWyg==, figureFileBig=EspgNhdxKQZHD58WUd3aVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270597939706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Mean TCHP (kJ/cm2, contour) and TCHP anomaly(shaded) in positive (a) and negative (b) PDO years

The black dots represent the RI location. The rectangle boxes indicate the main RI region

, figureFileSmall=W+TwZhZfdxtD/lQddjXwxQ==, figureFileBig=DLmQqpCoqoFLvhUPP468Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270694408699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图8, caption=正PDO年(a)和负PDO年(b)的平均TCHP (kJ/cm2,等值线)和TCHP异常(填色)

黑点代表RI位置,矩阵框表示RI主要区域

, figureFileSmall=W+TwZhZfdxtD/lQddjXwxQ==, figureFileBig=DLmQqpCoqoFLvhUPP468Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270786683390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Correlation between TCHP and the PDO index

The white dots indicate those exceeding the 99% significance level

, figureFileSmall=lv+O8IpBWFX5+1/GzOCxYg==, figureFileBig=FihPe2bR6GvP/ftmJNMduQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270887346689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图9, caption=TCHP与PDO指数的相关系数分布

白点表示该位置的相关系数通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=lv+O8IpBWFX5+1/GzOCxYg==, figureFileBig=FihPe2bR6GvP/ftmJNMduQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807270988009991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Difference of mean surface wind vectors between negative and positive PDO years (a) and correlation between surface zonal wind and the PDO index (b), surface meridional wind and the PDO index (c)

The white dots in b and c indicate those exceeding the 99% significance level

, figureFileSmall=ZkorS9vBEqMuo1tQ8tbiTw==, figureFileBig=IYobc7v7aXWIYbJfH9yOgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271097061899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图10, caption=负PDO年和正PDO年海表面平均风场差异(a)和海表面纬向风(b)和经向风(c)与PDO指数的相关系数分布

图b和c中白点表示该位置的相关系数通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=ZkorS9vBEqMuo1tQ8tbiTw==, figureFileBig=IYobc7v7aXWIYbJfH9yOgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271222891024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Mean RHUM (%, contour) and RHUM anomaly (shaded) in positive (a) and negative (b) PDO years

The black dots represent the RI location. The rectangle boxes indicate the main RI region

, figureFileSmall=NYOqQV8s6Hr8JWD0djorVg==, figureFileBig=iNwJLRA0I85M5+VTFzD/Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271411634709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图11, caption=正PDO年(a)和负PDO年(b)的平均RHUM(%,等值线)和RHUM异常(填色)

黑点代表RI位置,矩阵框表示主要的RI区域

, figureFileSmall=NYOqQV8s6Hr8JWD0djorVg==, figureFileBig=iNwJLRA0I85M5+VTFzD/Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271520686617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Correlation between RHUM and the PDO index

The white dots indicate those exceeding the 99% significance level

, figureFileSmall=ho8bE+tqogGZ70wQYmks/w==, figureFileBig=dIo6MJJM0etbG9LK2ohzLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271612961307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图12, caption=RHUM与PDO指数的相关系数分布

白点表示该位置的相关系数通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验

, figureFileSmall=ho8bE+tqogGZ70wQYmks/w==, figureFileBig=dIo6MJJM0etbG9LK2ohzLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271726207518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Mean VWS (m/s, contour) and VWS anomaly (shaded) in positive (a) and negative (b) PDO years

The black dots represent the RI location. The rectangle boxes indicate the main RI region

, figureFileSmall=/mFwtrx/wmEQJH6a+i/3zg==, figureFileBig=POPyO7AtoUFuKRt1tjJEsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271839453731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图13, caption=正PDO年(a)和负PDO年(b)的平均VWS (m/s,等值线)和VWS异常(填色)

黑点代表RI位置,矩阵框表示主要的RI区域

, figureFileSmall=/mFwtrx/wmEQJH6a+i/3zg==, figureFileBig=POPyO7AtoUFuKRt1tjJEsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807271952699944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Correlation between VWS and the PDO index

The white dots indicate those exceeding the 99% significance level. The rectangle boxes indicate the concentration regions of RI events

, figureFileSmall=eG8S9mglx6HXwMBK2kkdwg==, figureFileBig=UK1mYriXKS8n7mzub0qIAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807272040780331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=图14, caption=VWS与PDO指数的相关系数分布

白点表示该位置的相关系数通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验,矩阵框表示RI事体的相关区域

, figureFileSmall=eG8S9mglx6HXwMBK2kkdwg==, figureFileBig=UK1mYriXKS8n7mzub0qIAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233807272128860719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average magnitude for SST, TCHP, RHUM and VWS during positive and negative PDO years and difference for SST, TCHP, RHUM and VWS between positive and negative PDO years

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素正PDO年负PDO年差异
SST/℃28.5028.79−0.29*
TCHP/(kJ∙cm−2)74.3297.40−23.08**
RHUM/%48.0649.34−1.28
VWS/(m∙s−1)9.539.380.15
), ArticleFig(id=1233807272258884148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732518436982841, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RI主要区域SST、TCHP、RHUM和VWS在正PDO年和负PDO年的平均值和差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
要素正PDO年负PDO年差异
SST/℃28.5028.79−0.29*
TCHP/(kJ∙cm−2)74.3297.40−23.08**
RHUM/%48.0649.34−1.28
VWS/(m∙s−1)9.539.380.15
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路经南海热带气旋迅速加强的年代际变化
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曹力戈 1 , 王喜冬 2 , 李威 1, * , 韩桂军 1, * , 武晓博 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(5): 50-62
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(5): 50-62
路经南海热带气旋迅速加强的年代际变化
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曹力戈1 , 王喜冬2, 李威1, * , 韩桂军1, * , 武晓博1
作者信息
  • 1天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072
  • 2河海大学 海洋学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 曹力戈(1997—),男,辽宁省葫芦岛市人,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李威,教授,主要从事海洋数据同化、海洋数值分析和预报研究工作。E-mail:
韩桂军,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
Multidecadal variability of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea
Lige Cao1 , Xidong Wang2, Wei Li1, * , Guijun Han1, * , Xiaobo Wu1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2021-05-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021069
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本文利用中国气象局热带气旋资料中心最佳路径数据集、美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心大气再分析数据集和国家海洋信息中心的海洋再分析数据集,研究了路经南海热带气旋迅速加强(Rapid Intensification, RI)的年代际变化。在1951–2017年期间,路经南海的热带气旋主要发生在6–12月,其中发生RI的热带气旋集中在7–12月,且RI呈现年代际变化,这种变化和太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO)显著相关。在正PDO年,RI频数较少且主要分布在菲律宾群岛东部和南海北部;而在负PDO年,RI频数较多且分布在菲律宾群岛东部的大范围区域。路经南海热带气旋RI的年代际变化与PDO对大尺度海洋大气变量的调制有关。回归分析显示热带气旋潜热对路经南海热带气旋RI频数的年代际变化影响最大,而相对湿度的影响相对较小,垂直风切变的影响很小。

热带气旋  /  迅速加强  /  太平洋年代际振荡  /  南海

Multidecadal variability of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated using the best track data set of tropical cyclones archived at the China Meteorological Administration, the National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Center for Environmental Prediction atmospheric reanalysis data set, and the China Ocean Reanalysis oceanic reanalysis data set from the National Marine Data and Information Service. During 1951−2017, tropical cyclones passing through the SCS are occurred concentratedly from June through December, among which the tropical cyclones with rapid intensification (RI) are concentrated from July through December. RI events have shown multidecadal variability, which is significantly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In positive PDO years, RI events, with relatively low frequency, mainly distribute in Eastern Philippines and north of the SCS, while in negative PDO years, RI events, with relatively high frequency, mainly distribute in a large area of eastern Philippines. The multidecadal variation of RI of tropical cyclones passing through the SCS is related to large-scale oceanic and atmospheric variables modulated by PDO. Regression analysis shows that tropical cyclone heat potential has the greatest effect on the multidecadal variation of RI, while relative humidity has a relatively small effect and the effect of vertical wind shear is smaller.

tropical cyclones  /  rapid intensification  /  Pacific decadal oscillation  /  South China Sea
曹力戈, 王喜冬, 李威, 韩桂军, 武晓博. 路经南海热带气旋迅速加强的年代际变化. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (5) : 50 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021069
Lige Cao, Xidong Wang, Wei Li, Guijun Han, Xiaobo Wu. Multidecadal variability of rapid intensification of tropical cyclones passing through the South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (5) : 50 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021069
热带气旋是发生在热带海洋上的巨大旋涡系统,在沿海和登陆后会对当地造成巨大的破坏[1]。在过去几十年里,人们对热带气旋路径和强度开展了很多研究,但对热带气旋强度变化,特别是其迅速加强(Rapid Intensification,RI)事件在长时间尺度上变化的研究还相对较少。
关于热带气旋RI的研究,无论是从大气科学的角度还是从海气耦合的角度来看一直都是热点问题。Wang等[2]研究指出,在热带大西洋的不同区域影响RI的大尺度海洋大气变量不同,海洋大气变量的小尺度变化或热带气旋内部过程等其他因素也可能是导致RI的原因。Kaplan和Demaria[3]指出,北大西洋所有4级和5级的飓风以及西北太平洋接近90%的超强台风(4级和5级的热带气旋)都至少经历一次RI过程。Kieu等[4]研究了RI发生时的热带气旋垂直结构,给出了约束RI发生的动力学和热力学条件。Yan等[5]通过理想数值模拟指出,季风旋涡会导致热带气旋尺度变大,出现对流不对称分布和较大的垂直切变,说明季风旋涡会限制热带气旋的发展,不利于其发生RI。此外,季风旋涡越湿润,热带气旋的加强速率越快。Shu等[6]研究了西北太平洋热带气旋RI的大尺度特征,并建立了迅速加强指数对西北太平洋热带气旋RI进行预估。Lin和Qian[7]通过分析大西洋热带气旋RI期间的温度和对流垂直结构指出,对于达到飓风强度的热带气旋,温暖的平流层下沉气流进入中心眼区促进RI发生,且RI通常与从眼壁云顶部向平流层剧烈升温的速率有关。Chih和Wu[8]研究了1998–2016年期间西北太平洋热带气旋RI与热带气旋潜热(Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential, TCHP)和海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)之间的统计关系指出,西北太平洋热带气旋RI的持续时间与TCHP呈正相关,RI期间热带气旋的强度增加对SST不敏感。此外,高TCHP和高SST海区上方的热带气旋并不一定发生RI。Guo和Tan[9]指出,在短期的厄尔尼诺事件中,西北太平洋热带气旋RI位置偏西分布的主要原因是上层海洋热含量自东太平洋向南海和西菲律宾海的纬向平流所导致的垂直风切变(Vertical Wind Shear, VWS)减弱、对流层中层相对湿度和TCHP增强。Benedetto和Trepanier[10]指出,全球气候变暖会导致更强烈的热带气旋发生,在其生命周期中发生RI的可能性更高,在发生RI的热带气旋中,最大强度出现的位置在空间上有聚集的趋势。
研究表明,太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO)[11]可以调制西北太平洋热带气旋活动的年代际变化。李辑等[12]指出,东亚盛夏北上转向台风个数存在明显年代际变化特征,在1978年前后发生突变,且与PDO呈反位相关系。何鹏程和江静[13]指出,在PDO不同位相期间,太平洋SST通过影响副热带高压的位置和强度间接影响西北太平洋热带气旋频数。陆晓婕等[14]指出,进入东海海域的台风频数存在较明显的年代际变化趋势,当PDO处于暖位相时,台风频数较少且有逐年增多趋势,当PDO处于冷位相时,台风频数较多且有逐年减少趋势。Wang等[15-16]研究表明,西北太平洋热带气旋RI存在明显的年代际变化,这主要受PDO和厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)的调制。Zhao等[17-18]分析1979–2015年西北太平洋热带气旋的年代际变化指出,在1998年PDO由暖位相变为冷位相之后,减弱的低层相对涡度和加强的VWS等动力学因素导致热带气旋频数减少,但是有利的热力条件(TCHP和SST)使得热带气旋RI频数不会减少。
南海作为我国大陆濒临的最大边缘海,也是我国受到热带气旋影响最强烈的地区之一。开展南海区域热带气旋活动研究,为沿海区域采取措施应对热带气旋带来的破坏有着重要意义。在南海区域热带气旋研究方面,张亚杰等[19]分析了影响南海及其不同区域的热带气旋频数、强度、源地和路径等气候特征,指出1949–2015年间,影响南海和南海北部的热带气旋年频数呈显著减少趋势。Sun等[20]通过研究吕宋海峡热带气旋强度变化率的逐月变化指出,9月份吕宋海峡热带气旋的增强趋势主要是因为较厚的上层海洋暖水层和较弱的垂直风切变。廖菲等[21]指出,随着热带气旋强度的增大,南海区域发生路径快速转向的频次迅速减少,路径快速转向主要出现在近岸地区和南海中北部偏东区域。朱晓金和陈联寿[22]研究我国近海热带气旋RI活动特征指出,在南海近海海域发生RI的热带气旋里,起源于南海的热带气旋的级别普遍低于起源于南海以东西北太平洋的热带气旋。
本文针对路经南海的热带气旋,对其RI的年代际变化,尤其是RI与PDO的关系进行研究和探讨。
本文使用的热带气旋数据来自中国气象局热带气旋资料中心(http://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn)的最佳路径数据集(1951–2017年)。该数据集记录了在西北太平洋和南海生成的热带气旋每6 h的位置、中心最低气压和中心最大风速。本文分析用到的SST、相对湿度(Relative Humidity, RHUM)以及计算VWS的风场月平均数据来自美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration, NOAA)的美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心(National Center for Atmospheric Research / National Center for Environmental Prediction, NCAR/NCEP)大气再分析数据集[23]https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html),其网格分辨率为2.5°×2.5°。用于计算TCHP的海水温度和盐度的月平均数据来自国家海洋信息中心的海洋再分析(China Ocean Reanalysis, CORA)数据集[24]http://cora.nmdis.org.cn/),其网格分辨率为0.5°×0.5°。PDO指数来自华盛顿大学(http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/PDO.latest.txt)。
VWS定义为850 hPa和200 hPa风速之差,其计算公式如下:
${\rm{VWS}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {{u_{200}} - {u_{850}}} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {{v_{200}} - {v_{850}}} \right)}^2}} ,$
式中,${u_{200}}$${u_{850}}$分别表示200 hPa和850 hPa等压面上的纬向风速;${v_{200}}$${v_{850}}$分别表示200 hPa和850 hPa等压面上的经向风速。
TCHP计算公式如下[15,25]
${\rm{TCHP}} = {c_p}\int_{{D_{26}}}^0 {\rho (z)[T(z) - 26]{\rm{d}}z}, $
式中,${c_p}$是恒压下的比热,本文取${c_p} = 3.9$ kJ/(kg∙K);${D_{26}}$表示海水温度为26℃的深度;$\rho (z)$$T(z)$分别表示不同深度处的海水密度和温度。
本文重点研究路经南海的热带气旋及其RI活动,选取0°~25°N,105°~122°E的区域作为研究范围。只要某一热带气旋的路径进入该区域,就认为其是路经南海的热带气旋。选取15.3 m∙s−1/(24 h)的变化速率作为定义热带气旋RI的阈值,因为它近乎代表了24 h内热带气旋强度变化的95% [3,26]
采用$t$检验对相关系数做显著性检验时,统计量$t$的计算公式为
$t = \frac{r}{{\sqrt {\dfrac{{1 - {r^2}}}{{{N_{{\rm{edf}}}}}}} }},$
式中,$r$为相关系数;${N_{{\rm{edf}}}}$为有效自由度。
因为在计算相关系数前会对时间序列做滑动平均,所以自由度会发生变化。设$N$是时间序列$x$$y$的长度,$r_{{x_1}}$$r_{{y_1}}$分别是时间序列$x$$y$滞后1个时间点的自相关系数,$r_{{x_2}}$$r_{{y_2}}$分别是时间序列$x$$y$滞后两个时间点的自相关系数,则${N_{{\rm{edf}}}}$的计算公式为[27-28]
${N_{{\rm{edf}}}} = \frac{N}{{1 + 2r_{{x_1}}r_{{y_1}} + 2r_{{x_2}}r_{{y_2}}}}.$
如果${N_{{\rm{edf}}}}$的计算结果不是整数,则用距其最近的整数代替。
采用$t$检验对样本均值差异做显著性检验时,统计量$t$的计算公式为
$t = \frac{{\overline X - \overline Y}}{{\sqrt {\left( {\dfrac{1}{{{n_x}}} + \dfrac{1}{{{n_y}}}} \right)\dfrac{{({n_x} - 1)\sigma _x^2 + ({n_y} - 1)\sigma _y^2}}{{{N_d}}}} }},$
式中,$n_x$$n_y$分别是时间序列$x$$y$的长度;$\overline X$$\overline Y$分别是时间序列$x$$y$的平均值;$\sigma _x$$\sigma _y$分别是时间序列$x$$y$的标准差;${N_d}$为自由度,计算公式为[15]
${N_d} = \frac{{\dfrac{{\sigma _x^2}}{{{n_x}}} + \dfrac{{\sigma _y^2}}{{{n_y}}}}}{{\dfrac{{\sigma _x^2}}{{{n_x}({n_x} - 1)}} + \dfrac{{\sigma _y^2}}{{{n_y}({n_y} - 1)}}}}.$
如果${N_d}$的计算结果不是整数,则用距其最近的整数代替。
采用$F$检验对多元线性回归模型做显著性检验时,统计量$F$的计算公式为
$F = \frac{{{U / m}}}{{{Q / {(n - m - 1)}}}},$
式中,$U$表示回归平方和,即回归分析值的距平差异的平方和;$Q$表示残差平方和,即回归分析值与真值的差异的平方和;$m$表示回归平方和的自由度;$n$表示时间序列的长度;$n - m - 1$表示残差平方和的自由度。
对多元线性回归模型做方差检验时,复相关系数${R^2}$的计算公式为
${R^2} = \frac{U}{{U + Q}}.$
本文考虑TCHP、RHUM和VWS 3个因子作为自变量,RI频数作为因变量,并对自变量和因变量的1951–2017年时间序列进行7年滑动平均处理,因此,$m = 3$$n = 15$
本文统计了1951–2017年期间各月路经南海的热带气旋频数和RI频数,结果如图1所示。在1951–2017年期间,路经南海的热带气旋主要发生在6−12月,占全年的91.8%(图1a),其中发生RI的热带气旋则集中于7−12月,占全年的88.3%(图1b)。基于此,本文拟研究7–12月路经南海热带气旋RI及相关海洋大气变量的年代际变化。
图2给出了发生RI的路经南海热带气旋的轨迹和RI频数在5°×5°网格的空间分布。由图可以看出,路经南海热带气旋RI大多发生在6°~18°N,120°~144°E范围内西北太平洋的洋面上,很少发生在南海。这说明路经南海热带气旋RI主要受到西北太平洋的海洋和大气环境条件影响。
PDO作为具有年代尺度生命史的太平洋变率,对热带气旋活动有着重要的调制作用[29-30]。本文采用计算每一年中某时间段的平均PDO指数来确定正负PDO年的思路[31-34],并借鉴Goh和Chan[32]的方法,通过比较某一年7–12月平均PDO指数是否比总体均值大于或小于标准差的一半,即0.34和−0.61,来判断这一年是正PDO年或负PDO年。据此,本文得到如图3所示的21个正PDO年和23个负PDO年。
图4给出了1951–2017年7–12月路经南海热带气旋的RI频数和7–12月平均PDO指数经过7年滑动平均后的时间序列。二者的相关系数达到了−0.64,通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验。这说明PDO对路经南海热带气旋发生RI具有调制作用:在21个正PDO年中,RI频数较少,共有133次RI,年均6.33次;而在23个负PDO年中,RI频数较多,共有192次RI,年均8.35次。这一结果通过了置信度为95%的显著性检验。
图5给出了正PDO年和负PDO年的RI频数在5°×5°网格的空间分布。由图可以看出,在正PDO年,RI主要分布在菲律宾群岛东部和南海北部;在负PDO年,RI主要分布在菲律宾群岛东部较广的范围内,且频数明显多于正PDO年。这里定义16°~22°N,116°~120°E和6°~18°N,120°~140°E的范围为正PDO年RI主要区域A(图5a中虚线矩形框),4°~20°N,122°~150°E的范围为负PDO年RI主要区域B(图5b中虚线矩形框)。
前面的分析显示,路经南海的热带气旋发生RI的频数和位置与PDO位相存在明显的相关关系。下面分析引起这一现象发生的有关的大尺度海洋大气环境要素的变化特征,以及它们和PDO的关系。Gray[35]曾指出,只有当SST不低于26°C时热带气旋活动才得以发展。Chan[36]发现26~27°C的SST可以作为热带气旋强度增大的阈值。Emanuel[37]指出发展阶段的热带气旋下方的SST决定了它的潜在最大强度,因此SST可作为一个预测热带气旋强度的重要指标。Wada和Usui[38]以及Potter等[39]都指出,较高的TCHP是西北太平洋上热带气旋发生RI的条件之一。Lin等[40]指出,TCHP高于60~90 kJ/cm2的海域有利于热带气旋发生RI,较高的上层海洋热含量可以有效地限制热带气旋由于海水冷却而减弱强度的负反馈。Zhao等[17-18]指出,与SST相比,较高的RHUM和TCHP对热带气旋的生成和RI有着更重要的促进作用。Gray [35,41]和Shi等[42]指出弱的VWS是促进热带气旋加强的关键因素之一。此外,RHUM和SST共同影响热带气旋及对流区的稳定性和潜在破坏力。Zheng等[43]的研究也表明,高于26°C的SST和弱的VWS是RI发生的必要条件。综上,本文考虑研究SST、TCHP、RHUM和VWS 4个大尺度海洋大气变量的年代际变化特征以及它们对路经南海热带气旋RI的影响。
正PDO年和负PDO年的平均SST和SST异常分布情况,以及相应的RI发生位置分布如图6所示。为方便比较,在图中还画出了正、负PDO年的RI主要区域A和区域B。由图6可以发现,RI的发生位置全部位于26°C等温线以南。在正PDO年(图6a),SST在赤道东太平洋呈现舌状异常暖分布,从美国西海岸一直延伸至150°E;SST在太平洋北部呈异常冷分布,自东向西拓展至赤道西太平洋。在负PDO年(图6b),SST异常分布则近乎与正PDO年相反。RI主要区域A在正PDO年全部分布在SST异常冷的地区且RI频数较少,而在负PDO年RI主要区域B则总体分布在SST异常高的地区且RI频数明显增多。这说明发生RI地区的SST异常是影响RI频数呈现年代际变化的重要因素。
Wang等[15]提出了PDO信号调制西北太平洋热带气旋RI的机制,即从季节性足迹机制(Seasonal Footprinting Mechanism, SFM)[44]入手,在PDO冷位相期间赤道地区的低空信风增强,这使得赤道向极地的埃克曼(Ekman)输运增强,导致经向平流将暖水带入RI主要区域,从而促使RI的发生。基于这个思路,本文分别统计了正PDO和负PDO年7–12月的850 hPa平均风场,并计算850 hPa纬向风与PDO指数的相关系数。图7给出了负PDO年和正PDO年的850 hPa平均风场差异和850 hPa纬向风与PDO指数的相关系数分布。由图7a可以看出,负PDO年的850 hPa平均风场较正PDO年相比出现了明显的赤道东风异常。图7b显示赤道地区的850 hPa纬向风与PDO指数呈正相关且通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验。这同样说明在负PDO年赤道地区低空会出现东风异常,与Wang等[15]的结论相一致。这一结果表明,由于PDO的调制作用,负PDO年较之于正PDO年出现明显的赤道低空东风异常,由此促进Ekman输运将暖水从赤道输送至RI主要区域,使当地的SST升高,促进了RI的发生。
较高的TCHP是促使RI发生的重要热力因子之一,TCHP也因此成为热带气旋预报中必不可少的考虑因素[39]图8分别给出了正PDO年和负PDO年的平均TCHP和TCHP异常分布情况,以及相应的RI发生位置分布。同样,在图中画出了正、负PDO年的RI主要区域A和区域B。由图8a图8b可以看到,发生在西北太平洋上的RI位置全部被60 kJ/cm2等值线包围。在赤道附近的TCHP异常分布与SST的异常分布结构类似。在正PDO年(图8a),TCHP在赤道东太平洋呈异常高的分布,而在赤道西太平洋呈异常低的分布;RI主要区域A全部分布在TCHP异常低的地区且RI频数较少。在负PDO年(图8b),TCHP分布则近乎与之相反;RI主要区域B则几乎全部分布在TCHP异常高的地区且RI频数明显增多。这说明发生RI地区的TCHP异常是影响RI频数呈年代际变化的重要因素。
图9给出了TCHP与PDO指数的相关系数分布,其分布结构与TCHP在正PDO年和负PDO年的异常分布(图8填色)结构类似:TCHP与PDO指数的正相关系数分布在赤道东太平洋,负相关系数主要分布在赤道西太平洋。在0°~16°N,120°~150°E的范围内呈负相关的区域恰好为RI发生的主要区域。这说明,在正PDO年,该区域的TCHP异常低,不利于当地的热带气旋发生RI,因此RI频数较少;在负PDO年,该区域的TCHP异常高,有利于当地的热带气旋发生RI,因此RI频数较多。
TCHP的变化主要与海表风场和海洋内部环境有关,Zhao等[17-18]分析PDO由暖位相转为冷位相的1998年前后的西北太平洋热带气旋RI与大尺度海洋大气要素的关系指出:PDO冷位相期间,热带气旋RI区域SST和TCHP的增高与赤道东风增强有关,由赤道太平洋东西热力差异导致异常强的赤道东风驱使暖水向西太平洋堆积,加深了暖水层的深度。以上结论可以由4.2.1节中对850 hPa平均风场的分析得到验证,说明TCHP受到PDO的调制,并影响路经南海热带气旋RI的年代际变化。Wang等[15]研究了受PDO调制的大尺度气候变量对西北太平洋热带气旋RI的影响并指出:在PDO冷(暖)位相时期,位于赤道西太平洋的RI主要区域的海表面压力(Sea Level Pressure, SLP)偏高(低),导致海表面形成一个反气旋(气旋)的异常并使海水幅聚(幅散),使得26℃等温线的深度增加(减小),从而导致TCHP升高(降低)。Matsumura和Horinouchi[45]研究太平洋对西太平洋副热带高压的年代际影响时也曾得到类似的结论。基于以上思路,本文分别统计了正PDO和负PDO年7–12月的海表面平均风场,图10分别给出了负PDO年和正PDO年的海表面平均风场差异和海表面纬向风和经向风与PDO指数的相关系数分布。由图10a可以看出,与正PDO年相比,负PDO年在10°~20°N,140°~150°E的区域形成了反气旋的异常,这与Wang等[15]及Matsumura和Horinouchi [45]的结论基本一致。赤道西太平洋地区的海表面纬向风(图10b)以及菲律宾群岛东北部海域的经向风(图10c)与PDO指数分别呈正相关和负相关且通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验,说明它们会受到PDO的调制作用,在负PDO年路经南海热带气旋RI主要区域会形成反气旋异常,使26℃等温线的深度增加,导致TCHP增加,从而促使RI的发生。
中低对流层的RHUM是影响热带气旋发展的关键因素之一,较高的RHUM有利于克服热带气旋发展中对流的不利影响[37]图11分别给出了正PDO年和负PDO年的平均RHUM和RHUM异常分布情况,以及相应的RI发生位置分布,并画出了正、负PDO年的RI主要区域A和区域B。由图可以看到,在正PDO年(图11a),RHUM在赤道东太平洋和北太平洋东部呈异常高的分布,而从北太平洋西部一直到赤道西太平洋呈异常低的分布;RI主要区域A大部分分布在RHUM异常低的地区且RI频数较少,只有小部分分布在RHUM异常高的南海北部。而在负PDO年(图11b),RHUM分布则近乎与正PDO年相反;RI主要区域B则大部分分布在RHUM异常高的地区且RI频数明显增多。这说明发生RI地区的RHUM异常是影响RI频数呈年代际变化的重要因素。
图12给出了RHUM与PDO指数的相关系数分布,其分布结构与RHUM在正PDO年和负PDO年的异常分布(图11)结构类似:RHUM与PDO指数的正相关系数分布在赤道东太平洋和北太平洋东部,负相关系数分布在从北太平洋西部一直到赤道西太平洋的区域。在10°~30°N,120°~150°E的范围内呈负相关的区域恰好为RI发生的主要区域。这说明,在正PDO年,该区域的RHUM异常低,不利于当地的热带气旋发生RI,因此RI频数较少;在负PDO年,该区域的RHUM异常高,有利于当地的热带气旋发生RI,因此RI频数较多。
Shu等[6]、Guo和Tan[9]以及Gray[41]都曾指出,RHUM、SST和TCHP等热力因子不是孤立的,而是共同影响热带气旋的稳定性和潜在破坏力。事实上,如图6图11所示,在RI主要区域的正PDO年和负PDO年的SST异常和RHUM异常具有相似的分布。基于4.2.1节中提到的SFM机制,在负PDO年,赤道地区的低空信风增强,导致经向海水平流将暖水带入RI主要区域,因此该区域的RHUM也随之升高。
较弱的VWS是促进热带气旋加强的关键因素之一。如果高低空水平风速相差过大,热带气旋的热量会迅速平流,不利于热带气旋的维持。正PDO年和负PDO年的平均VWS和VWS异常分布情况,以及相应的RI位置分布如图13所示,图中还画出了正、负PDO年的RI主要区域A和区域B。由图可以看到,在正PDO年(图13a),VWS在赤道东太平洋呈异常低的分布,在0°~10°N,120°~160°E的范围内呈异常高的分布;RI主要区域A多分布在VWS异常弱的地区,在VWS异常强的地区有少量分布,但RI频数总体较少。在负PDO年(图13b),VWS的分布则近乎与正PDO年相反;RI主要区域B在VWS的异常强和异常弱的地区均有分布且RI频数明显增多。这说明发生RI地区的VWS异常对RI频数呈年代际变化的影响不大。
图14给出了VWS与PDO指数的相关系数分布,其分布结构与VWS在正PDO年和负PDO年的异常分布(图13)结构类似:VWS与PDO指数的负相关系数多分布在赤道东太平洋一直延伸至160°E,但在14°~22°N,120°~145°E(图中虚线矩形区域C)的范围内也呈负相关,而在0°~10°N,135°~160°E(图中虚线矩形区域D)的范围内呈正相关,它们都是发生RI的主要区域,且这些地方的相关系数很少通过置信度为99%的显著性检验(图中白点所示)。因此可以得出:在正PDO年,区域C的VWS异常弱,但RI频数相对较少;但在负PDO年,RI不仅发生在VWS异常弱的区域D,而在VWS异常强的区域C也有较多的RI发生。这说明虽然PDO对VWS具有调制作用,但VWS对路经南海热带气旋发生RI在年代际尺度的影响不大。
Zhao等[17-18]指出,在PDO冷位相期间大尺度环流异常的背景下,较强的VWS导致西北太平洋热带气旋频数减少,但是SST、RHUM和TCHP等热力因子为热带气旋RI提供了有利的条件,使得热带气旋RI频数相对于热带气旋频数表现为增加的趋势,这说明热力因子较之动力因子对热带气旋RI有着更重要的影响。综合前文的分析可以看出,在长时间尺度上,有利的热力因子是促使路经南海热带气旋RI的主导因素。此外,路经南海的热带气旋RI的频数和位置分布都与西北太平洋热带气旋RI有很多相似之处,关于西北太平洋热带气旋RI在长时间尺度上的部分研究结论可以借鉴到路经南海的热带气旋RI的研究中。
前文对大尺度海洋大气环境要素在年代际尺度的分析表明:受PDO调制的大尺度海洋大气热力因子如SST、TCHP和RHUM对路经南海热带气旋RI有较大影响,而VWS对其影响不大。表1 给出了正PDO年和负PDO年路经南海热带气旋RI主要区域的SST、TCHP、RHUM和VWS的平均值,以及它们在正PDO年和负PDO年平均值的差异。正PDO年RI主要区域的SST、TCHP和RHUM平均值比负PDO年的低,而正PDO年RI主要区域的VWS平均值比负PDO年的高,这与4.2.1至4.2.4节中的分析相一致,其中SST和TCHP平均值在正PDO年和负PDO年的差异分别通过了置信度为95%和99%的显著性检验,而RHUM和VWS平均值的差异没有通过显著性检验。这些说明,与正PDO年相比,负PDO年路经南海热带气旋RI主要区域的SST和TCHP平均值的升高对负PDO年RI频数偏多的影响比RHUM平均值升高和VWS平均值降低对其的影响更大。
下面从多元回归分析的角度,进一步深入地分析这些因子对路经南海热带气旋RI的相对重要性。因为SST和TCHP具有很强的相关性,我们在分析时将不考虑SST这个因子。将1951–2017年期间每年的路经南海热带气旋RI频数和RI时刻及之后24 h路径上的TCHP、RHUM和VWS平均值的时间序列做7年滑动平均和归一化处理,对RI频数建立了如下回归模型:
${\rm{RI}} = 0.441\;2 \times {\rm{TCHP}} + 0.348\;2 \times {\rm{RHUM}} + 0.154\;2 \times {\rm{VWS}}.$
该模型通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验,复相关系数${R^2} = 0.3{\rm{1}}$。从统计回归角度来看,TCHP对路经南海热带气旋RI的影响最大,而RHUM的影响相对较小,VWS对RI影响很小。
如果只考虑在西北太平洋发生的RI,则有如下回归模型:
${\rm{RI}} = 0.569\;6 \times {\rm{TCHP}} + 0.260\;5 \times {\rm{RHUM}} + 0.116\;6 \times {\rm{VWS}}.$
该模型通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验,复相关系数${R^2} = 0.43$。回归分析结果显示,TCHP对西北太平洋热带气旋RI的影响最大,而RHUM的影响相对较小,VWS对RI影响很小。
因为发生在南海的RI频数相对较少,因此回归模型没有通过显著性检验。
热带气旋RI是一个复杂的海气耦合作用的过程,除了本文分析讨论的大尺度海洋大气变量外,影响RI的因素还有很多。Yan等[5]指出,当热带气旋与季风旋涡相互作用时,热带气旋的外围尺度变大,发展变慢,不利于RI的发生。Lin和Qian[7]指出,热带气旋RI通常与从眼壁云顶部向平流层剧烈升温的速率有关,平流层下沉气流参与了热带气旋RI。Chih和Wu[8]指出,RI期间热带气旋的强度增加对SST不敏感,且在低纬度地区沿热带气旋路经的TCHP降低比SST更显著。因此,本研究基于统计回归分析得到的结论还需要有动力学研究方面的支撑(比如基于耦合模式的模拟结果)才更加可靠,这些工作需在后续的研究中进一步深入开展。
利用中国气象局热带气旋资料中心最佳路径数据集、NCAR/NCEP大气再分析数据集和国家海洋信息中心的CORA海洋再分析数据集,研究了路经南海的热带气旋RI事件的年代际变化。在1951–2017年期间,路经南海热带气旋主要发生在6–12月,占全年的91.8%,其中发生RI的热带气旋集中在7–12月,占全年的88.3%。1951–2017年7–12月路经南海热带气旋RI频数与平均PDO指数的相关系数达到了−0.64,通过了置信度为99%的显著性检验,说明PDO对路经南海热带气旋发生RI起着调制作用:在PDO正位相时期RI频数较少,在PDO负位相时期RI频数较多。在正PDO年,共有133次RI,年均6.33次,主要分布在菲律宾群岛东部和南海北部;在负PDO年,共有192次RI,年均8.35次,频数明显多于正PDO年,主要分布在菲律宾群东部的大范围区域。
通过分别比较正PDO年和负PDO年的7–12月SST、TCHP、RHUM和VWS距平异常的分布及其与RI发生位置分布的关系,说明发生RI区域的SST、TCHP和RHUM异常是影响RI频数呈年代际变化,即PDO指数与RI频数呈负相关的重要因素;这些海洋大气变量受到PDO信号的调制作用,且其相关系数分布与它们的气候态分布有很好的对应关系,都对RI的发生有着重要的影响。具体表现为:在正PDO年,RI全部分布在SST、TCHP与PDO呈负相关的地区,大部分分布在RHUM、VWS与PDO呈负相关的地区,且RI频数较少;在负PDO年,RI绝大多数分布在SST、TCHP与PDO呈正相关的地区,大部分分布在RHUM在与PDO呈正相关的地区,且RI频数明显增多,但RI在VWS与PDO呈正负相关的地区都有较多发生。
综上所述,路经南海热带气旋RI在频数和位置上表现出年代际变化,这种年代际变化与PDO有关,RI频数与PDO指数呈负相关。PDO信号作为具有年代尺度生命史的太平洋变率,对南海和赤道太平洋SST、TCHP和RHUM等大尺度海洋大气变量具有调制作用,进而影响路经南海热带气旋RI在年代际尺度上的变化。可能的物理解释为:基于季节性足迹机制(SFM),在PDO冷位相期间赤道地区的低空东信风增强,使得赤道向极的Ekman输运增强,导致经向平流将暖水带入RI主要区域,与此同时该区域的RHUM也随之升高。此外,在PDO冷位相期间RI主要区域会形成反气旋异常,使得26℃等温线的深度增加,导致TCHP增加,这些因素共同促使路经南海热带气旋RI的发生。虽然PDO对VWS具有调制作用,但VWS对路经南海的热带气旋发生RI在年代际尺度上的影响不大。多元线性回归分析显示TCHP对路经南海热带气旋RI频数的年代际变化影响最大,而RHUM的影响相对较小,VWS的影响很小。基于回归分析得到的结论还需要有动力学研究方面的支撑(比如基于耦合模式的模拟结果)才更加可靠,这些工作需在后续的研究中进一步深入开展。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1406206,2016YFC1401800);国家自然科学基金(41876014)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021069
  • 接收时间:2020-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-03-18
  • 修回日期:2020-06-30
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1406206,2016YFC1401800);国家自然科学基金(41876014)
作者信息
    1天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院,天津 300072
    2河海大学 海洋学院,江苏 南京 210098

通讯作者:

李威,教授,主要从事海洋数据同化、海洋数值分析和预报研究工作。E-mail:
韩桂军,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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