Article(id=1233732517879148891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732515798774086, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1585670400000, receivedDateStr=2020-04-01, revisedDate=1589299200000, revisedDateStr=2020-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074353904, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1621872000000, pubDateStr=2021-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074353904, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074353904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074353904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732515798774086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074353408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074353408, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732518210498912, articleId=1233732517879148891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Three dimensional physical modelling study on wave and current characteristics in coral reef coastal system, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the on-site observation of the topography, a generalized three-dimensional physical model of coral reef-lagoon-channel system was established in the wave basin. Wave gauges, velocity meters, and surface velocity measurement system were used to analyze wave and current field characteristics at different locations under regular wave condition. The experimental results indicate that over the reef flat, the wave height gradually decreases by 86.7% cross-shore, and wave-induced setup first increases and then decreases by 65.9% along the reef. The mean current direction is mainly cross-shore, and there is a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing. In the lagoon, the wave height is larger near the channel, where wave-induced setup is the smallest. The maximum wave height is about 2.8 times of the minimum value, and the wave-induced setup is 25.5% lower than on both sides. The mean current is mainly a longshore one that points symmetrically to the rip channel. The velocity increases from the two sides to the rip channel first and then decreases. The wave height in the channel does not change much, and largest wave-induced setup is 47.6% than that on the reef. The mean current flows offshore, and increases first and then decreases. Using the results measured by the wave gauges, the spatial changes of the radiative stress and wave surface pressure gradient which drove the circulation were quantitatively analyzed. The current change on the reefs is the result of the interaction between wave surface pressure gradient and the radiant stress. The driving force of the offshore flow in the rip channel is mainly the radiant stress, while the change of the longshore current in the lagoon is determined by the pressure gradient of the mean water level.

, correspAuthors=Songgui Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shubin Chen, Songgui Chen, Yu Yao, Hanbao Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732524908802605, articleId=1233732517879148891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=珊瑚礁海岸波流运动特性整体物理模型实验研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

根据现场地形在港池中建立三维珊瑚礁−潟湖−裂口海岸定床整体物理模型,采用波高传感器、流速仪和表面流速测量系统分别测量了规则波作用下珊瑚礁海岸不同位置的波浪和流场特征。结果表明:礁坪上,波高在向岸方向逐渐减小,总减小幅度为86.7%,增水先增大后减小,沿礁坪下降幅度为65.9%,水流以向岸流为主,存在着先增大后减小的趋势;潟湖中,波高靠近裂口处较大,中部最大值约为两侧最小值的2.8倍,增水则靠近裂口处最小,相比两侧最大值下降了25.5%,水流主要为对称地指向裂口的沿岸流,流速从两侧到裂口先增大后减小;裂口中波高变化不大,增水在靠近潟湖处最大,为礁坪上增水的47.6%,水流主要为离岸流,流速同样是先增大后减小。量化分析了环流驱动力、辐射应力与波面压力梯度的空间变化规律,发现礁坪上向岸流变化是平均水位梯度和辐射应力相互作用的结果,在裂口中的离岸流驱动力主要为辐射应力,而潟湖中的沿岸流变化由平均水位梯度决定的。

, correspAuthors=陈松贵, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈松贵,副研究员,天津市人,博士,主要从事海岸水动力研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=jnkPXq2YmWdV7fPhcitqDQ==, magXml=cSG1BS+PH3ddHcsHvSOpHQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=O/vYSgU7uMpcnFquMmhxcQ==, pdfFileSize=2301250, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QMB2FySxTOSSyLpYhlnv1A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cNii7k4xMrwfESFCIoq0BA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈树彬(1996—),男,福建省莆田市人,主要从事海岸动力学研究。E-mail:

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陈树彬(1996—),男,福建省莆田市人,主要从事海岸动力学研究。E-mail:

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陈树彬(1996—),男,福建省莆田市人,主要从事海岸动力学研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1233732517879148891, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=辐射应力), Keyword(id=1233807270816051546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732517879148891, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=波浪增水), Keyword(id=1233807270904131936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732517879148891, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=整体物理模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1233807278428713462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732517879148891, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hearn C, Atkinson M, Falter J. 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珊瑚礁海岸波流运动特性整体物理模型实验研究
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陈树彬 1 , 陈松贵 1, 2, * , 姚宇 3 , 陈汉宝 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(5): 110-119
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(5): 110-119
珊瑚礁海岸波流运动特性整体物理模型实验研究
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陈树彬1 , 陈松贵1, 2, * , 姚宇3, 陈汉宝2
作者信息
  • 1海岸灾害及防护教育部重点实验室(河海大学),江苏 南京 210098
  • 2交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究院,天津 300456
  • 3湖南省水沙科学与水灾害防治重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 陈树彬(1996—),男,福建省莆田市人,主要从事海岸动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈松贵,副研究员,天津市人,博士,主要从事海岸水动力研究。E-mail:
Three dimensional physical modelling study on wave and current characteristics in coral reef coastal system
Shubin Chen1 , Songgui Chen1, 2, * , Yu Yao3, Hanbao Chen2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Coastal Disaster and Protection (Hohai University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China, Tianjin 300456, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China.
出版时间: 2021-05-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021087
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根据现场地形在港池中建立三维珊瑚礁−潟湖−裂口海岸定床整体物理模型,采用波高传感器、流速仪和表面流速测量系统分别测量了规则波作用下珊瑚礁海岸不同位置的波浪和流场特征。结果表明:礁坪上,波高在向岸方向逐渐减小,总减小幅度为86.7%,增水先增大后减小,沿礁坪下降幅度为65.9%,水流以向岸流为主,存在着先增大后减小的趋势;潟湖中,波高靠近裂口处较大,中部最大值约为两侧最小值的2.8倍,增水则靠近裂口处最小,相比两侧最大值下降了25.5%,水流主要为对称地指向裂口的沿岸流,流速从两侧到裂口先增大后减小;裂口中波高变化不大,增水在靠近潟湖处最大,为礁坪上增水的47.6%,水流主要为离岸流,流速同样是先增大后减小。量化分析了环流驱动力、辐射应力与波面压力梯度的空间变化规律,发现礁坪上向岸流变化是平均水位梯度和辐射应力相互作用的结果,在裂口中的离岸流驱动力主要为辐射应力,而潟湖中的沿岸流变化由平均水位梯度决定的。

珊瑚礁−潟湖−裂口  /  波浪  /  波生流  /  辐射应力  /  波浪增水  /  整体物理模型

Based on the on-site observation of the topography, a generalized three-dimensional physical model of coral reef-lagoon-channel system was established in the wave basin. Wave gauges, velocity meters, and surface velocity measurement system were used to analyze wave and current field characteristics at different locations under regular wave condition. The experimental results indicate that over the reef flat, the wave height gradually decreases by 86.7% cross-shore, and wave-induced setup first increases and then decreases by 65.9% along the reef. The mean current direction is mainly cross-shore, and there is a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing. In the lagoon, the wave height is larger near the channel, where wave-induced setup is the smallest. The maximum wave height is about 2.8 times of the minimum value, and the wave-induced setup is 25.5% lower than on both sides. The mean current is mainly a longshore one that points symmetrically to the rip channel. The velocity increases from the two sides to the rip channel first and then decreases. The wave height in the channel does not change much, and largest wave-induced setup is 47.6% than that on the reef. The mean current flows offshore, and increases first and then decreases. Using the results measured by the wave gauges, the spatial changes of the radiative stress and wave surface pressure gradient which drove the circulation were quantitatively analyzed. The current change on the reefs is the result of the interaction between wave surface pressure gradient and the radiant stress. The driving force of the offshore flow in the rip channel is mainly the radiant stress, while the change of the longshore current in the lagoon is determined by the pressure gradient of the mean water level.

reef-lagoon-channel  /  wave  /  wave induced current  /  radiation stress  /  wave set up  /  three dimensional physical modelling
陈树彬, 陈松贵, 姚宇, 陈汉宝. 珊瑚礁海岸波流运动特性整体物理模型实验研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (5) : 110 -119 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021087
Shubin Chen, Songgui Chen, Yu Yao, Hanbao Chen. Three dimensional physical modelling study on wave and current characteristics in coral reef coastal system[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (5) : 110 -119 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021087
珊瑚礁地形上波浪传播变形和波生流系统对生态、环境、地貌和工程建设有着深远影响。波浪引起的增水和驱动的环流使得营养物质通过珊瑚礁,并清除造礁生物的代谢废物,有助于珊瑚虫的生存,对维持珊瑚生态平衡起到重要作用[1],波浪能同样影响着珊瑚礁系统中的沉积物运移,改变着珊瑚礁生物的分布、珊瑚礁地貌的形成以及海岸线的稳定性[2]
现场观测[3-7]表明,波浪从远海传播到珊瑚礁礁缘处发生破碎后,从破波点开始产生增水直到破碎带结束增水达到最大,随后波浪增水沿礁下降,到达潟湖中近似为0。海水在增水正压力的驱动下产生了垂直和平行于海岸方向的波生流。珊瑚礁礁坪通常是不连续的,间隔有一些连通外海的口门,因此沿岸方向不均匀分布的增水驱动了潟湖内的沿岸流,并通过口门处的离岸流返回到外海。
珊瑚礁海岸水动力的室内物理模型实验主要是利用波流水槽开展波浪传播变形、破碎、增水以及波生流的研究。例如,Gourlay[8]通过一系列水槽物理模型实验研究了规则波作用下礁坪上的波生流问题,并给出了波生流经验计算公式。Demirbilek等[9]在风浪水槽中研究了风和不规则波作用下礁坪上的增水和岸滩波浪爬高,证实了珊瑚礁的存在对波浪爬高的削减作用。梅弢和高峰[10]通过概化的珊瑚礁模型,模拟了常年平均波浪和重现期为50 a的两种波浪条件,研究了外海波浪传至礁坪破碎后的传播规律。Yao等[11]采用物理模型系统地研究了破波类型、破波位置和破碎带宽度等破碎波的特征随礁盘水深和礁前斜坡坡度的变化规律,并给出了相关的经验公式。柳淑学等[12]基于物理模型试验结果,分析了波高变化对波浪破碎位置的影响,同时给出了其地形条件下波浪破碎指标以及礁坪段破碎后沿程波高的计算公式。Buckley等[13]对比了光滑礁床和粗糙礁床条件下的波浪增水规律。姚宇等[14]利用水槽实验,研究了珊瑚礁破碎带附近波浪演化和垂向海底回流。陈松贵等[15-18]对建有防浪堤的珊瑚礁陡变地形上波浪传播变形、越浪规律和波浪力特征进行了一系列研究。
珊瑚礁−潟湖−裂口海岸波致环流系统的研究非常少见,仅有Yao等[19]通过动量和质量守恒方程建立了近似理论模型,Zheng等[20]在珊瑚礁−潟湖−裂口系统中分析了波浪增水和波生流的向岸和沿岸变化,并改进一个准二维分析模型以重现试验观测结果。为了更好地了解这类复杂海岸地区的波浪传播变形和环流分布规律,本文建立了波浪港池整体物理模型,利用波高仪、流速仪和表面流场测速系统对珊瑚礁−潟湖−裂口海岸不同位置的波高分布、流速大小、流场变化进行详细的测量,探讨波流运动特性。
在交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究院60.2 m(长)×36 m(宽)×1 m(深)的波浪港池中建立整体物理模型(图1)。造波系统是由9台造波机组成的推板式造波机和微机控制组成。根据重力相似准则以法属玻利尼亚泡泡湾珊瑚礁原型制作(图2),该珊瑚礁具有典型特征,由礁坪、潟湖、裂口3个部分组成,文献[3,7]中详细报道了现场观测资料,适于研究珊瑚礁海岸波生环流系统。实验模型比尺为1∶50,在距造波机34 m处设置坡度为1∶8的斜坡模拟礁前斜面,斜面后接长度为14 m的水平平台模拟礁坪,在礁坪中间存在宽度为6 m的裂口,礁坪后存在宽度为5 m的潟湖,最后在潟湖后设置坡度为1∶3.3的礁后斜坡。物理模型用砂石填充,表面进行水泥抹面,如图3所示。
实验中的46个浪高仪和6个流速仪的布置如图1所示。实验使用的浪高仪测量波高的量程为60 cm,绝对误差小于1 mm,流速仪量程为100 cm/s,绝对误差小于3 cm/s。对于两侧边壁以及礁后斜坡的反射,根据浪高仪的测量结果采用Goda两点分波法得到本实验中的反射系数均小于5%。表面流场测速系统SVM测定表面流速,该方法能够详细测量大范围的流场分布,克服了流速仪仅能对有限固定点测量的缺点。SVM通过追踪抛洒在水面上浮子的运动轨迹间接测量表面流速,浮子直径为2 cm,浮子的运动轨迹由在水池上方13 m处的一个高分辨率工业相机来记录,分辨率为2 000万像素。相机的采集频率为10帧/s,摄像范围为36 m×42 m,拍摄图像如图4所示。为了将像素坐标转换到真实的空间坐标,采用两步法确定图像平面坐标和真实空间坐标的关系,即首先确定镜头畸变系数,之后将像素坐标转换到真实的空间坐标。采用畸变系数校正后的图像坐标与空间坐标之间的关系为
$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{L_1} - {L_3}{X_{\rm c}}}&{{L_2} - {L_7}{X_{\rm c}}} \\ {{L_5} - {L_3}{X_{\rm c}}}&{{L_6} - {L_7}{Y_{\rm c}}} \end{array}} \right]\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{{X_{\rm w}}} \\ {{Y_{\rm w}}} \end{array}} \right] = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{X_{\rm c}} - {L_4}} \\ {{Y_{\rm c}} - {L_8}} \end{array}} \right],$
式中,(Xc, Yc)为相机拍到的图像坐标;(Xw, Yw)为真实二维空间坐标。L1L8为8个待定的DLT系数,本实验通过全站仪测量4个已知空间点,将其(Xw, Yw)坐标和对应的像素坐标代入方程(1)来确定。确定DLT系数后,可通过方程(1)由任意像素点坐标(Xc, Yc)计算出对应的二维空间物理坐标(Xw, Yw)。
测量得到的流场图像采用FPTM(Fluid Pattern Tracking Master)软件平台进行处理,通过对邻近帧的图像中的粒子位置进行识别,可以得出网格形式的流场数据,并输出dat格式的数据文件,通过该软件得到的多个瞬时的流速数据,经数据处理可以获得时均流速,下文分析的流速均为时均流速。在实验开始时,同步采集波高、流速和表面流场。
为了验证使用表面流场测速(SVM)系统得到的流速分布的精度,采用与流速仪的测量结果进行了对比。图5给出了入射波高分别为4 cm、6 cm、8 cm、10 cm的测量流速值对比,通过该结果可以看到两者整体差异不大,作为实验结果具有良好的可信度,使用SVM方法测量表面流速是可行的,测得的结果是合理的。
实验工况根据实测资料[3,7]按模型比尺计算后确定,Hench等[3]于现场观测采集到的波高为0.85~2.6 m,谱峰周期为8~22 s,礁坪水深为0~2 m,Monismith等[7]现场观测的波高为0.5~2 m,谱峰周期为5~15 s,礁坪水深为0~2.5 m。按照比例将实验工况确定为:礁前水深h为44 cm,礁坪上水深hr为4 cm,入射波高H为0.08 m,周期T为2 s。实验中保证至少测量3次,每次造波时间20 min,在波浪稳定后的5 min进行数据采集。浪高仪和流速仪采集频率为50 Hz,SVM系统采集频率为10 Hz,采样时长为20 s(10个周期)。图6分别对比了几个不同位置的两次重复实验的波面和流速时间序列,可以看到实验具有良好的重复性。
图7是礁坪向岸方向的平均波高和平均水位沿程变化情况。波浪从远海传播到珊瑚礁,由于波浪的非线性产生质量输移流,作用在礁前斜坡时受浅化作用影响,波高在浅水区随水深减小而增大,并在礁缘发生破碎并损耗大量能量,随后从破波点x=20 m处迅速下降,而在礁坪上传播过程中变化较小,总减小幅度为86.7%。在深水区传播时,波浪的增减水值趋近于0。传播到礁前斜坡附近(y=17~20 m)时,波浪尚未破碎,处于破波带外的浅水区,可以观察到波浪整体呈减水情况,平均水位为负值。随着水深继续减小,波浪发生破碎,由减水迅速转变为增水,于y=23 m附近达到最大增水1.23 cm,随后沿礁坪下降,下降幅度为65.9%。
图8x=37 m剖面潟湖沿岸方向上的波高和平均水位分布,其中潟湖中波高靠近裂口处较大,两侧波高较小,中部最大值约为两侧最小值的2.8倍。原因是由于波浪在两侧礁坪上发生破碎而裂口中未发生破碎,使得传播到裂口中的波浪能损耗较小,在潟湖中部产生较大的波高。潟湖中的增水则呈现出两侧大中间小的趋势,中部增水相比两侧最大值下降了25.5%,是由于裂口中的离岸出流使得潟湖中间靠近裂口部位平均水位下降。
图9是裂口中向岸方向的平均波高和平均水位沿程变化情况。本实验中的波高并未引起裂口中发生波浪破碎,因此可以观察到裂口中的波高变化不大,在入射波高8 cm上下浮动。受礁坪上波浪破碎影响,在x=20 m前波高略有增大,在裂口传播过程中沿程减小,末端因岸滩斜坡反射波叠加略微增大。可以看到裂口离岸流末端x=14 m处出现波浪增水,达到0.08 cm,为礁坪上该位置增水的47.6%。而在裂口传播过程中平均水位接近于0。末端靠近潟湖测点(x=34.5 m)的平均水位较大,是由于潟湖中两侧补偿流的汇集而产生了较为明显的增水现象。
图10为平均流速的矢量图,定义向岸方向为x方向,流速记为u,沿岸方向为y方向,流速记为v(后同)。部分位置的流速由于仪器等遮挡未采集到,在后处理中可利用插值获得这些区域的流速。从整体上看,礁前斜坡处以向岸流为主,强度较小,靠近裂口处由于裂口的影响产生对称的环流;礁坪上的向岸流强度较大,沿岸流流速很小;潟湖中靠近边壁处为向岸流,同时产生从两侧向裂口方向的沿岸流,并在裂口附近产生环流系统的补偿到裂口;裂口中主要为离岸流,该离岸流会延伸到礁前斜坡以外的一定距离,并发生方向旋转。因此,产生了外海−礁坪−潟湖−裂口−外海的水平环流系统。
图11展示了垂直岸线方向上(定义为横剖面,后同)流速在礁坪上的沿程变化。在垂直岸线方向,u随着往礁坪内部传播表现出先增大后变小规律,即在波浪破碎后,u迅速增大,在礁坪前部达到最大,并保持稳定,而在礁坪后部,流速又迅速减小,在剖面y=29.6 m上可达到最大值0.42 m/s。此外,在沿岸3个不同位置的剖面上,流速也存在着差异,其中靠近裂口(y=24 m)和礁坪中线上(y=29.6 m)的流速大小相近,而靠近边壁剖面上(y=34.4 m)的流速在礁坪中央小于其他两个位置的流速,而在礁坪前后则与这两个位置的流速相近。引起该现象的原因是平均水位在礁坪中央变化较快,而在边壁变化不大,使得不同位置波生流的驱动力、辐射应力和波浪压力梯度存在差异,从而导致流速不同。在平行岸线方向,v无论在任何位置均非常小,说明礁坪上的流向以向岸流为主,无明显沿岸流存在。
图12为沿岸方向上(定义为纵剖面,后同)流速在礁坪上的沿程变化。在沿岸方向,u在礁坪3个位置均表现出从裂口到边壁先增加后减小的趋势。此外,在平行岸线3个不同位置的剖面上,流速也存在着差异,其中,在礁坪中部(x=25.6 m)剖面上的流速相比礁前斜坡波浪破碎点附近(x=21.6 m)以及礁坪后部(x=29.6 m)略大,在y=31.1 m处达到最大值0.46 m/s。
图13是潟湖中3个不同纵剖面(x=35.2 m, x=36.8 m, x=38.4 m)的流速空间分布情况。在垂直岸线方向,离岸较近处(x=38.4 m)的u较小,而在距离礁坪最近的剖面上,u在裂口两侧的位置(y=16.1 m和y=21.7 m)由向岸方向转为离岸方向,最大达到0.1 m/s。在平行岸线方向,v从边缘到裂口呈现出先增大后减小的规律,方向上为向裂口汇集,进而为裂口中的离岸出流提供补偿流,并形成两个环绕礁坪的大范围环流的一部分。沿岸流速在潟湖剖面x=38.4 m处可达到最大值0.091 m/s。
图14为裂口中3个不同横剖面(y=16.8 m, y=19.2 m, y=20.8 m)上的流速沿程变化。在离岸流方向,裂口中间剖面(y=19.2 m)的离岸流速u最大,于距离潟湖较近处(x=29.5 m)达到最大值0.24 m/s,随后沿程下降,裂口水流流出距离可达到x=10 m附近,之后u接近0,转为向岸方向的环流。此外,在向岸不同的3个剖面上,越靠近礁坪,离岸流流速越小。在沿岸流方向,在裂口靠近礁缘前后的位置,存在从裂口指向礁坪的沿岸流,该沿岸流导致了外礁缘次环流系统产生。在裂口两侧剖面(y=16.8 m, y=20.8 m)上,沿岸流v均在x=31 m附近改变方向,形成潟湖内环绕礁坪的水平环流模式。
图15是裂口中3个不同纵剖面(x=19.2 m, x=26.4 m, x=32.8 m)上的流速变化,显然裂口中离岸流u在3个位置都呈现中间大,两侧小的趋势,而左侧靠近礁坪3个位置上的流速u最大差值可达到0.079 m/s。对于沿岸流v,位于最靠近潟湖的剖面x=32.8 m处的剖面上流速在裂口中心附近(x=18.5 m)处改变方向,即潟湖中的沿岸流在此处交汇形成离岸出流。
对于礁坪和裂口处稳定的向岸流和离岸流,忽略湍流影响的动量控制方程如下:
$u\frac{{\partial Du}}{{\partial x}} + v\frac{{\partial D{{u}}}}{{\partial y}} = {\rm{ - }}gD\frac{{\partial \bar \eta }}{{\partial x}} - \frac{1}{\rho }\left( {\frac{{\partial {S_{xx}}}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{{\partial {S_{xy}}}}{{\partial y}}} \right) - \frac{1}{\rho }\tau _x^{({\rm{b}})},$
式中,$\rho $为水体密度;${S_{xx}}$$S_{xy} $为辐射应力;$D = h + \bar \eta $为水深,h为静水位,$\bar \eta $为增水值;$\tau _x^{({\rm{b}})}$为底摩阻,相对较小可以忽略[21]。此外,由流速分布可知,礁坪和裂口中的沿岸流v均很小,式(2)中左边第二项可暂不考虑,因此,向岸流的驱动力主要为波浪破碎后的增减水压力梯度$F_x^{(1)}$和辐射应力梯度$F_x^{(2)}$之和,可以写作
${F_x} = F_x^{(1)} + F_x^{(2)} = g\left( {h + \bar \eta } \right)\frac{{\partial \bar \eta }}{{\partial x}}{\rm{ + }}\frac{1}{\rho }\left( {\frac{{\partial {S_{xx}}}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{{\partial {S_{xy}}}}{{\partial y}}} \right),$
需要注意的是,Fx与控制方程中的右侧项符号相反,即Fx为负会使向岸方向流速增加,Fx为正会使向岸方向流速减小。由线性波理论,向岸方向的${S_{xx}}$
${S_{xx}} = \frac{1}{8}\rho g{H^2}\left[ {n\left( {{{\cos }^2}\theta + 1} \right) - \frac{1}{2}} \right],$
式中
$n = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {1 + \frac{{2kh}}{{\sinh (2kh)}}} \right],$
$k = 2{\text π}/L$为波数,由色散关系得到,θ为波浪入射角。由于本实验中波浪为正向入射,此处$\theta {\rm{ = }}0$。对于式(2)中的$\partial {S_{yx}}/\partial y$项,由于波浪正向入射此处忽略。这一项只在接近裂口处由于波浪绕射可能不为0,尽管如此它相对于其他项也非常小,故不予考虑[21]
将式(4)和式(5)代入式(3),有
${F}_{x}={F}_{x}^{(1)}+{F}_{x}^{(2)}=g(h +\overline{\eta }) \frac{\partial \overline{\eta }}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{8}gH\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}\left[1+\frac{4kh}{\mathrm{sinh}(2kh)}\right].$
经由浪高仪采集到的数据进行插值处理,可以得到礁坪−潟湖−裂口系统的平均波高Hmean和平均水位的空间分布,如图16所示。先将各断面平均波高Hmean和平均水位的向岸方向实验数据进行3次样条拟合得到向岸的连续数据,再对该数据进行向岸驱动力运算即可得到不同位置的波面压力梯度$F_x^{(1)}$、辐射应力梯度$F_x^{(2)}$,如图17所示。
在礁坪上(y=8.7 m),波浪增减水引起的压力梯度与辐射应力梯度在破碎点附近方向相反,在破碎点以前,波高增加,水面出现减水,总驱动力为离岸方向,波浪破碎以后,辐射应力梯度迅速减小,且变为负值,与增水的平均水位梯度共同驱动了向岸流的产生。随着向礁坪传播,到达礁坪后方,增水梯度变为正值,即水面逐渐升高,抵消了辐射应力梯度的影响,最终总驱动力变为离岸方向,进而阻碍了向岸流的传播。驱动力的变化导致了礁坪上向岸流流速先增加后减小趋势(图17)。
在裂口中(y=19.1 m),由于波浪未发生波浪破碎,裂口中平均水位变化较小,波面压力梯度影响有限,因此离岸流的驱动力主要为辐射应力梯度。在靠近潟湖的裂口附近,总驱动力为离岸方向,使得离岸流流速增大,随着向外海传播,波浪辐射应力梯度逐渐减小,在靠近礁缘的位置,变为向岸方向,进而阻碍了离岸流的发展。正是这种驱动力的变化也导致了裂口中流速沿离岸方向呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。
对于稳定的沿岸流,忽略湍流影响的动量控制方程如下:
$u\frac{{\partial Dv}}{{\partial x}} + v\frac{{\partial Dv}}{{\partial y}} = - gD\frac{{\partial \bar \eta }}{{\partial y}} - \frac{1}{\rho }\left( {\frac{{\partial {S_{yy}}}}{{\partial y}} + \frac{{\partial {S_{yx}}}}{{\partial x}}} \right) - \frac{1}{\rho }\tau _y^{({\rm{b}})}.$
同理,由流速分布可知,潟湖中的向岸流u很小,式(1)中左边第二项可暂不考虑,同样不考虑$\partial {S_{yx}}/ \partial y$和底摩阻$\tau _y^{({\rm{b}})}$的影响,沿岸流的驱动力主要为波浪破碎后的增减水压力梯度$F_y^{(1)}$和辐射应力梯度$F_y^{(2)}$之和,可以写作
${F}_{y}={F}_{y}^{(1)}+{F}_{y}^{(2)}=g(h+\overline{\eta })\frac{\partial \overline{\eta }}{\partial y}+\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial {S}_{yy}}{\partial y},$
式中
${S_{yy}} = \frac{1}{8}\rho g{H^2}\left( {n - \frac{1}{2}} \right),$
将式(5)和式(9)代入式(8)得
${F}_{y}={F}_{y}^{(1)}+{F}_{y}^{(2)}=g(h +\overline{\eta })\frac{\partial \overline{\eta }}{\partial y}+\frac{1}{4}gH\frac{\partial H}{\partial y}\frac{kh}{\mathrm{sinh}(2kh)}.$
图18为潟湖中沿岸剖面(x=37 m)上的波面压力梯度$F_y^{(1)}$、辐射应力梯度$F_y^{(2)}$以及总驱动力的沿程变化。可见潟湖中的驱动力主要由平均水位梯度主导,辐射应力梯度远小于波面压力梯度,即沿岸补偿流的驱动力主要为平均水位压力梯度。总驱动力以裂口中心(y=19 m)对称分布,且从两侧到裂口呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,也导致了潟湖中沿岸流先增大后减小的变化趋势。
根据法属玻利尼亚泡泡湾珊瑚礁海岸实测资料,建立了1∶50的珊瑚礁−潟湖−裂口海岸整体物理模型,采用波高仪、流速仪和表面流场测速系统测量分析了不同位置的波高和流场分布特征。
波高在礁坪向岸方向沿程逐渐减小,总减小幅度为86.7%,增水先增大后减小,沿礁坪下降幅度为65.9%;波高在潟湖沿岸方向裂口处最大,向两侧逐渐减小,中部最大值约为两侧最小值的2.8倍,增水则靠近裂口处最小,相比两侧最大值下降了25.5%;波高在裂口中变化不大,增水则在靠近潟湖处增大较多,为礁坪上增水的47.6%。
波浪到达礁坪后发生破碎,礁坪上水流以向岸流为主,存在着先增大后减小的趋势。水流到达潟湖后方向发生第1次接近90°的旋转,转变为对称地指向裂口的沿岸流,流速从两侧到裂口先增大后减小。沿岸流在裂口附近汇聚,方向发生第2次旋转,进而形成了裂口中的离岸流,流速同样是先增大后减小。离岸流到达礁缘后继续向外海传播一段距离同时发生第3次方向旋转,形成从裂口指向两侧的沿岸流。礁坪上向岸流变化是平均水位梯度和辐射应力相互作用的结果,在裂口中的离岸流驱动力主要为辐射应力,而潟湖中的沿岸流变化由平均水位梯度决定。
  • 国家杰出青年科学基金(51425091);中国科协青年人才托举工程(2018QNRC001);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(TKS190102,TKS20200402);湖南省水沙科学与水灾害防治重点实验室开放基金(2019SS01)
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2021年第43卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021087
  • 接收时间:2020-04-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-01
  • 修回日期:2020-05-13
基金
国家杰出青年科学基金(51425091);中国科协青年人才托举工程(2018QNRC001);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(TKS190102,TKS20200402);湖南省水沙科学与水灾害防治重点实验室开放基金(2019SS01)
作者信息
    1海岸灾害及防护教育部重点实验室(河海大学),江苏 南京 210098
    2交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究院,天津 300456
    3湖南省水沙科学与水灾害防治重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114

通讯作者:

陈松贵,副研究员,天津市人,博士,主要从事海岸水动力研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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