Article(id=1233732449763643800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732443715465784, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021097, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1597939200000, receivedDateStr=2020-08-21, revisedDate=1608393600000, revisedDateStr=2020-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074337664, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1616601600000, pubDateStr=2021-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074337664, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074337664, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074337664, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732443715465784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074336222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336222, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732450128548264, articleId=1233732449763643800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Statistical analysis on wave characteristics in the Sanmen Bay of Zhejiang middle coast, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the wave characteristics in the Sanmen Bay, field observation based on AWAC data acquisition equipment was continued for one year, and the statistical analysis, linear regression analysis was done. Moreover, statistics and spectral variations of waves during the typhoon occurrence were investigated, and the reason for the variations was determined on the basis of wave data collected. The results show that the dominant wave direction and the strong wave direction are both E due to the topography of coastal areas; during the wave observation period, H1/10 is mainly under 0.8 m, and Hmax is 2.71 m; the distribution of wave characteristics is a typical Rayleigh distribution in this region; the wave spectra estimated during Typhoon Talim is double-peaked, and the total wave is a combination of swell and wind sea, when the low frequency swell about 0.08 Hz is in a dominant position and the high frequency wind sea about 0.25 Hz is relatively weak. This study will be important as reference in the design of offshore structures as well as for disaster prevention and mitigation.

, correspAuthors=Qin Ye, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yang Zhou, Qin Ye, Weiyong Shi, Bin Yang, Zekun Song, Donghao Yan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732454360601199, articleId=1233732449763643800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=浙江中部三门湾波浪特征统计分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究浙江中部三门湾海域的波浪特征,本文基于AWAC波浪观测仪在该海域进行了连续1年的观测,对观测得到的波浪参数进行了统计分析、线性回归分析,同时研究分析了三门湾海域受台风影响时,波浪参数和波浪谱的变化情况,探讨了波浪变化的原因。研究表明,三门湾海域常浪向和强浪向均为E向,地形是主导因素;显著波高绝大部分在0.8 m以下,期间的最大波高为2.71 m;该海域的波浪特征分布是一个比较典型的瑞利分布;台风“泰利”期间波能谱以双峰为主,外海涌浪和研究海域风区内的风浪形成混合浪,其中0.08 Hz左右的低频涌浪成分占比很大,而0.25 Hz左右的高频风浪成分占比较小。本文的研究工作为沿海海洋工程结构物的设计建造以及防灾减灾提供重要参考依据。

, correspAuthors=叶钦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
叶钦(1979-),男,高级工程师,主要从事河口海岸水动力研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PjRPmMlvbMSUTk+slZfp/Q==, magXml=KfTEwUPdXzTbnnHgpbzFLA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=yZtz8JZgZlakz4KK1jsORw==, pdfFileSize=4710306, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6bmzEArAtYpasWzfmhSfsQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=bmA9v3awnXyqVb/bFE421g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周阳(1987-),男,浙江省宁波市人,博士,主要从事海洋工程水动力研究。E-mail:

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周阳(1987-),男,浙江省宁波市人,博士,主要从事海洋工程水动力研究。E-mail:

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周阳(1987-),男,浙江省宁波市人,博士,主要从事海洋工程水动力研究。E-mail:

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ArticleFig(id=1233804241341575905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图4, caption=测站各月特征波周期变化, figureFileSmall=ngcr8maf+Hi+DO8Dz+FNTw==, figureFileBig=cu+S/lsGFKt1rzIvJuwZ3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804241421267684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of Tmean in different levels and different directions, figureFileSmall=96QhAsZXiPaCm/AjU4Mcag==, figureFileBig=ftyGV0UXRrWweAyaNXztmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804241496765158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图5, caption=测站全年各级各向平均波周期(Tmean)出现频率分布, figureFileSmall=96QhAsZXiPaCm/AjU4Mcag==, figureFileBig=ftyGV0UXRrWweAyaNXztmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804241622594284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Wave height distribution during the observation period in the Sanmen Bay, figureFileSmall=DG++IQAwVld1C553iOG2Sw==, figureFileBig=2J2O2Myq5H22y6G5SrE/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804241702286061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三门湾海域波高分布特征, figureFileSmall=DG++IQAwVld1C553iOG2Sw==, figureFileBig=2J2O2Myq5H22y6G5SrE/Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804241807143666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Linear relationship of different characteristic wave height of the Sanmen Bay, figureFileSmall=K84IHULTdzwjDKf6SqZD1g==, figureFileBig=QlnYU0O6K8lVlppcrxqG8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804241899418353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图7, caption=三门湾海域各特征波高参数的线性拟合, figureFileSmall=K84IHULTdzwjDKf6SqZD1g==, figureFileBig=QlnYU0O6K8lVlppcrxqG8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804241974915828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Linear relationship of different characteristic wave period of the Sanmen Bay, figureFileSmall=J43X3eWhoOgQLigfwnSmDw==, figureFileBig=K5ThR2IBe0QCYkIuJHgocA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804242058801911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图8, caption=三门湾海域各特征波周期的线性拟合, figureFileSmall=J43X3eWhoOgQLigfwnSmDw==, figureFileBig=K5ThR2IBe0QCYkIuJHgocA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804242167853818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The track of Typhoon Talim, figureFileSmall=kiKyErgKyaJncxARayypiQ==, figureFileBig=jVaAPpNmDYig6ke3Qa9Bmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804242255934205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图9, caption=台风“泰利”路径图, figureFileSmall=kiKyErgKyaJncxARayypiQ==, figureFileBig=jVaAPpNmDYig6ke3Qa9Bmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804242335625984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Variation of wave parameters from 14:00 12th to 14:00 17th September 2017 during Typhoon Talim, figureFileSmall=VRoXGsRTvKBy+02nCEsOiQ==, figureFileBig=Mcwc31oedMuAuQ+6Gy7/8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804242398540547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图10, caption=台风“泰利”作用下2017年9月12日14时至17日14时各波要素变化情况, figureFileSmall=VRoXGsRTvKBy+02nCEsOiQ==, figureFileBig=Mcwc31oedMuAuQ+6Gy7/8w==, tableContent=null), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=图12, caption=最大波高发生时的波浪频谱变化情况, figureFileSmall=5IxGlH/hEa/z1onqYJvM7Q==, figureFileBig=jfEmxZGaKXpUFpFu3LKKwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804242838942483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution of H1/10 in different levels and different directions (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H1/10/mNNNENEENEEESESESSESSSWSWWSWWWNWNWNNW合计
0.0~0.61.131.633.3912.7234.3522.246.311.100.300.030.090.010.020.060.3283.70
0.6~0.81.180.890.780.883.842.120.340.050.010.010.5310.62
0.8~1.00.400.250.210.511.210.570.080.020.313.56
1.0~1.20.090.050.020.080.340.130.030.070.81
1.2~1.50.010.070.290.010.010.39
1.5~2.00.080.250.33
≥2.00.010.01
合计2.802.824.4114.3540.2725.076.781.140.310.030.090.010.020.091.2299.42
平均值/m0.640.570.470.400.430.390.350.310.250.280.320.220.370.550.710.42
最大值/m1.081.121.432.141.951.261.220.790.660.380.50.220.470.861.062.14
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242968965911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测站各级各向显著波高(H1/10)出现频率分布(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
H1/10/mNNNENEENEEESESESSESSSWSWWSWWWNWNWNNW合计
0.0~0.61.131.633.3912.7234.3522.246.311.100.300.030.090.010.020.060.3283.70
0.6~0.81.180.890.780.883.842.120.340.050.010.010.5310.62
0.8~1.00.400.250.210.511.210.570.080.020.313.56
1.0~1.20.090.050.020.080.340.130.030.070.81
1.2~1.50.010.070.290.010.010.39
1.5~2.00.080.250.33
≥2.00.010.01
合计2.802.824.4114.3540.2725.076.781.140.310.030.090.010.020.091.2299.42
平均值/m0.640.570.470.400.430.390.350.310.250.280.320.220.370.550.710.42
最大值/m1.081.121.432.141.951.261.220.790.660.380.50.220.470.861.062.14
), ArticleFig(id=1233804243094795036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of Tmean in different levels and different directions (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Tmean/sNNNENEENEEESESESSESSSWSWWSWWWNWNWNNW合计
0.1~42.792.794.1711.3926.7618.555.841.050.260.030.070.020.081.2275.02
4~50.010.020.182.088.814.440.710.060.050.020.0116.39
5~60.010.060.733.741.760.160.030.016.51
6~70.130.660.250.061.10
7~80.010.170.050.010.24
≥80.010.130.020.16
合计/%2.802.824.4114.3540.2725.076.781.140.310.030.090.010.020.091.2299.42
平均值/s2.942.903.033.393.713.493.143.073.202.512.845.362.473.033.063.47
最大值/s4.055.535.928.099.788.457.105.554.992.684.405.362.904.733.609.78
), ArticleFig(id=1233804243212235551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测站各级各向平均波周期出现频率分布(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Tmean/sNNNENEENEEESESESSESSSWSWWSWWWNWNWNNW合计
0.1~42.792.794.1711.3926.7618.555.841.050.260.030.070.020.081.2275.02
4~50.010.020.182.088.814.440.710.060.050.020.0116.39
5~60.010.060.733.741.760.160.030.016.51
6~70.130.660.250.061.10
7~80.010.170.050.010.24
≥80.010.130.020.16
合计/%2.802.824.4114.3540.2725.076.781.140.310.030.090.010.020.091.2299.42
平均值/s2.942.903.033.393.713.493.143.073.202.512.845.362.473.033.063.47
最大值/s4.055.535.928.099.788.457.105.554.992.684.405.362.904.733.609.78
), ArticleFig(id=1233804243350647586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Wave parameter ratio factors of the Sanmen Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征波高比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Hmax/Hmean1.96~6.242.700.312.70
H1/10/Hmean1.44~2.862.000.132.03
H1/3/Hmean1.33~2.01.580.071.60
H1/3/$m_0^{1/2}$2.84~4.03.500.174.00
特征波周期比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Tmax/Tmean0.29~5.481.690.641.20
T1/10/Tmean0.97~3.141.580.311.20
T1/3/Tmean1.01~1.971.400.161.20
T01/Tmean0.94~1.311.100.061.00
T02/Tmean0.73~1.120.910.05<1.00
Tp/Tmean0.74~6.672.040.94>1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1233804243459699493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三门湾海域各波参数比值系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征波高比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Hmax/Hmean1.96~6.242.700.312.70
H1/10/Hmean1.44~2.862.000.132.03
H1/3/Hmean1.33~2.01.580.071.60
H1/3/$m_0^{1/2}$2.84~4.03.500.174.00
特征波周期比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Tmax/Tmean0.29~5.481.690.641.20
T1/10/Tmean0.97~3.141.580.311.20
T1/3/Tmean1.01~1.971.400.161.20
T01/Tmean0.94~1.311.100.061.00
T02/Tmean0.73~1.120.910.05<1.00
Tp/Tmean0.74~6.672.040.94>1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1233804243568751400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Wave parameter ratio factors during Typhoon Talim

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征波高比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Hmax/Hmean2.16~3.472.730.292.70
H1/10/Hmean1.75~2.472.110.152.03
H1/3/Hmean1.42~1.771.630.071.60
H1/3/$m_0^{1/2}$2.94~3.813.470.174.00
特征波周期比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Tmax/Tmean0.75~4.072.120.671.20
T1/10/Tmean1.09~2.681.940.331.20
T1/3/Tmean1.10~1.751.550.161.20
T01/Tmean1.00~1.291.180.071.00
T02/Tmean0.81~1.010.900.04<1.00
Tp/Tmean0.90~4.602.480.80>1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1233804243690386220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732449763643800, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

台风“泰利”期间各波参数比值系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征波高比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Hmax/Hmean2.16~3.472.730.292.70
H1/10/Hmean1.75~2.472.110.152.03
H1/3/Hmean1.42~1.771.630.071.60
H1/3/$m_0^{1/2}$2.94~3.813.470.174.00
特征波周期比变化范围线性回归系数标准差深水理论值
Tmax/Tmean0.75~4.072.120.671.20
T1/10/Tmean1.09~2.681.940.331.20
T1/3/Tmean1.10~1.751.550.161.20
T01/Tmean1.00~1.291.180.071.00
T02/Tmean0.81~1.010.900.04<1.00
Tp/Tmean0.90~4.602.480.80>1.00
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浙江中部三门湾波浪特征统计分析
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周阳 1 , 叶钦 2, * , 施伟勇 2 , 杨斌 2 , 宋泽坤 2 , 闫东号 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(3): 13-23
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(3): 13-23
浙江中部三门湾波浪特征统计分析
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周阳1 , 叶钦2, * , 施伟勇2, 杨斌2, 宋泽坤2, 闫东号3
作者信息
  • 1浙江海洋大学 海洋工程装备学院,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 2自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3浙江浙能台州第二发电有限责任公司,浙江 台州 317100
  • 周阳(1987-),男,浙江省宁波市人,博士,主要从事海洋工程水动力研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

叶钦(1979-),男,高级工程师,主要从事河口海岸水动力研究。E-mail:
Statistical analysis on wave characteristics in the Sanmen Bay of Zhejiang middle coast
Yang Zhou1 , Qin Ye2, * , Weiyong Shi2, Bin Yang2, Zekun Song2, Donghao Yan3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Engineering Equipments, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 2Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3Zhejiang Zheneng Taizhou Second Electric Power Generation Co., LTD., Taizhou 317100, China
出版时间: 2021-03-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021097
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为了研究浙江中部三门湾海域的波浪特征,本文基于AWAC波浪观测仪在该海域进行了连续1年的观测,对观测得到的波浪参数进行了统计分析、线性回归分析,同时研究分析了三门湾海域受台风影响时,波浪参数和波浪谱的变化情况,探讨了波浪变化的原因。研究表明,三门湾海域常浪向和强浪向均为E向,地形是主导因素;显著波高绝大部分在0.8 m以下,期间的最大波高为2.71 m;该海域的波浪特征分布是一个比较典型的瑞利分布;台风“泰利”期间波能谱以双峰为主,外海涌浪和研究海域风区内的风浪形成混合浪,其中0.08 Hz左右的低频涌浪成分占比很大,而0.25 Hz左右的高频风浪成分占比较小。本文的研究工作为沿海海洋工程结构物的设计建造以及防灾减灾提供重要参考依据。

波浪特征  /  三门湾  /  线性回归分析  /  风浪  /  涌浪  /  波浪频谱

In order to study the wave characteristics in the Sanmen Bay, field observation based on AWAC data acquisition equipment was continued for one year, and the statistical analysis, linear regression analysis was done. Moreover, statistics and spectral variations of waves during the typhoon occurrence were investigated, and the reason for the variations was determined on the basis of wave data collected. The results show that the dominant wave direction and the strong wave direction are both E due to the topography of coastal areas; during the wave observation period, H1/10 is mainly under 0.8 m, and Hmax is 2.71 m; the distribution of wave characteristics is a typical Rayleigh distribution in this region; the wave spectra estimated during Typhoon Talim is double-peaked, and the total wave is a combination of swell and wind sea, when the low frequency swell about 0.08 Hz is in a dominant position and the high frequency wind sea about 0.25 Hz is relatively weak. This study will be important as reference in the design of offshore structures as well as for disaster prevention and mitigation.

wave characteristics  /  Sanmen Bay  /  linear regression analysis  /  wind sea  /  swell  /  wave spectra
周阳, 叶钦, 施伟勇, 杨斌, 宋泽坤, 闫东号. 浙江中部三门湾波浪特征统计分析. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (3) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021097
Yang Zhou, Qin Ye, Weiyong Shi, Bin Yang, Zekun Song, Donghao Yan. Statistical analysis on wave characteristics in the Sanmen Bay of Zhejiang middle coast[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (3) : 13 -23 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021097
海湾和河流入海口地区是海陆相互作用的敏感地带,各种动力过程耦合复杂多变,然而由于这些地区交通和海洋资源上的优势,往往是人类集中生活的地方,同时也是人类重点开发的区域。三门湾位于浙江省中部沿海,北靠象山半岛,东起南田岛,西至坡坝港牛头门,南部至牛头山,湾内长约40 km,宽约10 km,是多条河流的入海口,内有多个港口,往来船只众多,对该区域的波浪参数进行统计分析,有利于深入了解三门湾海域的波浪特性。另外,三门湾海域常年受到台风的影响,据统计,浙江沿海的台风主要出现在每年的5−11月,8月最多[1],其引起的台风浪对码头、堤防等沿海设施造成重大影响,还会对船只的安全系泊构成威胁,因此,台风浪的实测分析对该海域附近的港口规划设计和海岸工程的建设与保护有十分重要的意义。
目前,国外关于实测波浪特性的研究分析比较多,对印度附近海域波浪做了大量的研究工作,统计了印度沿海的波浪特征[2-4],指出印度沿海的波浪约6成为多谱峰混合浪[5],并分别对阿拉伯海[6-8]和孟加拉湾[9-10]的波浪特征进行了具体的研究分析,包括相关性分析、谱分析、风涌浪的分离等,对不同季风影响下、季风前中后、各年际间的波浪特征进行了深入研究。Umesh等[11]采用数值模拟和实测资料相结合的方法对印度东南沿海的波浪特征进行了统计分析,得到了适用于该海域的SWAN波浪模型。Kumar等[12]对韩国浦项市新港的港内实测波浪进行了谱密度分析,并通过数值模拟完成了对港湾入口处设置防波堤必要性的论证。Shanas等[13]对红海东部夏季的波浪进行了风涌浪分离的研究,指出该海域夏季多为混合浪。国内也有一些相关研究,Yang等[14]通过实测波浪资料对江苏南部辐射沙洲的波浪变化特征、参数相关性、谱特征进行了研究分析。杨斌等[15]对舟山群岛局部海域的台风浪特性进行了实测分析,指出台风路径对波浪谱型有着显著影响。祁祥礼等[16]对渤海湾中部的波浪特征进行了统计分析,对波高和风速、波向和风向的相关性进行了探讨。然而,目前关于三门湾波浪特性尤其是台风浪特性的研究报道十分罕见,之前一些学者对三门湾的研究主要集中在潮流、潮位[17]、渔业资源[18]等方面,主要是由于长期的现场波浪实测费用昂贵,资料获取难度大。
本文基于AWAC波浪观测仪的实测资料,首先,对三门湾海域的波浪特征进行了统计分析,包括最大波高(Hmax)、显著波高(H1/10)、有效波高(H1/3)、平均波高(Hmean)、平均波周期(Tmean)、谱峰周期(Tp)等,并进行了特征波高、特征波周期的线性回归分析;其次,对三门湾海域受台风影响时,各波浪参数的变化情况进行了研究分析,根据波浪频谱进行了风涌浪的分离。本文的研究工作为这一海域的工程建设和海浪研究提供科学依据。
三门湾在平面形态上总体呈NW−SE走向,湾口为一个朝向为SE的半封闭式网袋状海湾[17]。本文选用的波浪实测数据为2016年10月1日至2017年9月30日三门湾湾口海域临时测波点的观测资料,测波点位于29°01.003′N,121°42.893′E,水深约为7.5 m,测波点SE向面向东海海区敞开,基本无岛屿遮掩,NW向顺时针至SE向均有较宽阔的水域,可观测到多个方向的波浪,波浪代表性好,测波点SW向紧靠半岛山地海岸,波浪测站位置示意图见图1。波浪观测每小时进行一次,每次观测约18 min,采样间隔为0.5 s。用于辅助分析的风资料由波浪测站西向约200 m处的台二电厂码头前沿测风塔测得,与波浪观测同步进行,台二电厂码头前沿四面开阔,风资料测量基本不受周围地形的影响。
波浪现场观测采用的仪器是挪威Nortek公司制造的声学多普勒波浪流速剖面仪(Acoustic Wave and Current Meter,AWAC,国内称浪龙),该仪器具有声学波浪表面扫描功能,所得数据经仪器配套的Storm软件处理后得到各类波要素,包括最大波高(Hmax)、显著波高(H1/10)、有效波高(H1/3)、平均波高(Hmean)、平均波周期(Tmean)以及谱峰周期(Tp)等参数,另外,根据需要还计算了零阶矩m0、谱峰值$S({f_{\rm{p}}})$、波高概率密度p(H/Hmean)以及平均周期T01T02等参数[19]。Storm软件采用声学表面跟踪结合水平流速方法(acoustic surface tracking and horizontal velocity U and V,SUV)计算波浪来向[20],通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法计算波浪谱,可以得到64自由度的平滑波浪谱曲线,截断频率为1 Hz,分辨率为0.01 Hz。AWAC波浪观测仪应用广泛,数据处理效率高,所测得的波向误差小于2°,波高误差小于0.15%,保证了此次波浪测量数据的可靠性和准确性[21]
图2给出了全年波高平均值及最大值逐月变化规律,由图可知,所测海域秋季波浪运动最为剧烈,主要是受台风影响,其他季节各月份之间相差不大。表1给出了测站全年各级波高按16方位波向统计的结果,资料完整率为99.42%,图3为相应的波浪玫瑰图,分析可知:(1)实测波浪常浪向为E向,出现频率为40.27%,这与地形主要向东面敞开密切相关,该方向H1/10年平均值为0.43 m;(2)次常浪向为ESE向,出现频率为25.07%,该方向H1/10年平均值为0.39 m;(3)强浪向为E向,H1/10大于1.5 m的波浪主要发生在该范围内,相应的出现频率为0.25%,观测期间出现的最大波高为2.71 m,对应的H1/10为2.14 m,波向为ENE,风向为N,出现在2017年9月14日11时第18号台风“泰利”期间;(4)H1/10小于0.8 m的波浪全年中出现频率为94.32%,因此,所测海域超9成是不超过0.8 m的波浪。
图4给出了全年波周期平均值及最大值逐月变化规律,由图可知,各月之间波周期没有明显的变化规律和差异,Tmean月均值和Tp月均值的变化趋势基本相同,且波动较小。表2给出了测站全年各级平均波周期按16方位波向统计的结果,图5为相应的玫瑰图,分析可知:(1)常浪向(E向)的Tmean年平均值为3.71 s,次常浪向(ESE向)的Tmean年平均值为3.49 s;(2)观测期间出现的Tmean最大值为9.78 s,出现在2016年11月10日23时,相应的Tp为13.08 s;(3)Tmean小于4 s的波浪全年中出现频率为75.02%,可见该海域主要是短周期波浪。
根据Longuet-Higgins提出的瑞利波高分布形式,各特征波高之间存在着固定的比值关系,如H1/10/Hmean=2.031、H1/3/Hmean=1.598等,然而实测得到的波浪数据由于地形、海区、水深等因素,它们的特征波高之间的比值相比于理论值通常有一定的差异。本文通过对三门湾海域全年各特征波高的统计,得到了该海域特征波高之间的比值关系,采用最小二乘法对各特征波高比值关系进行线性回归分析,得到了H1/10H1/3Hmax与平均波高Hmean的相关关系(表3)。波浪测站海图水深d=7.5 m,平均波高Hmean=0.21 m,计算可知浅水因子H*=Hmean/d=0.028<0.1,属于深水水域,通过比较表3可知,本区域实测得到的特征波高之间的相关关系与理论值较为接近,基本符合瑞利分布,部分组次波高分布如图6所示。图7a给出了最大波高和平均波高之间的相关关系,线性拟合可知,实测Hmax/Hmean=2.70,相关系数为0.97,根据深水海域连续N个波中Hmax/Hmean的数学期望与波数N的近似关系,可以得到理论比值,公式如下所示[22]
${H_{\max }}/{H_{{\rm{mean}}}} = \frac{2}{{\sqrt {\text π} }}{\left( {\ln N} \right)^{\frac{1}{2}}},$
此处N取312.6,为全年观测期间AWAC每次观测波数的平均值,计算可知理论比值Hmax/Hmean=2.70,可见实测波浪数据在此比值上同理论比值非常一致。图7b图7c分别给出了H1/10H1/3Hmean的相关关系,与杨斌等[15]统计的舟山海域波浪特征参数相比,其H1/10/H1/3H1/3/Hmean分别为1.25和1.57,而Yang等[14]统计的黄海南部海域的H1/10/H1/3H1/3/Hmean分别为1.24和1.54,本文统计得到的H1/10/H1/3H1/3/Hmean分别为1.26和1.58,三者比值均分别小于理论比值1.27和1.60,其中舟山海域的比值与本文非常接近,其观测海区与三门湾海域也更为接近。总体而言三门湾海域的特征波高相关关系符合瑞利分布情况,该海域的波浪特征分布是一个比较典型的瑞利分布。
图7d给出了实测波浪数据的跨零统计有效波高H1/3与零阶距m0开方的比值,线性拟合得到H1/3$m_0^{1/2}$的比值为3.50,而理论情况下谱计算的有效波高Hm0$m_0^{1/2}$的比值为4,查阅文献可知一般情况下H1/3/$m_0^{1/2}$均小于4,其中,Goda[23]对深水情况下的风浪特征参数统计发现该比值为3.8,Kumar等[7]对印度西部沿海的波浪统计发现该比值为3.72,杨斌等[15]对舟山海域的波浪统计显示该比值为3.57,本文的比值最小,通过频谱分析可知,本观测海域的波浪往往是风浪和涌浪形成的混合浪,而不是以单峰的风浪为主,这是H1/3/$m_0^{1/2}$变小的重要原因。
波浪特征周期之间的关系并不像特征波高一样具有明显的理论关系,随着观测海域的不同有较大的差别[7,14-15,23]。1976年Goda[24]根据现场实测资料得出:
${T_{{\rm{max}}}} = \left( {0.6 \sim 1.3} \right){T_{1/3}},$
${T_{1/10}} = \left( {0.9 \sim 1.1} \right){T_{1/3}},$
${T_{1/3}} = \left( {0.9 \sim 1.4} \right){T_{{\rm{mean}}}}.$
根据当时大量记录的平均关系推定:
${T_{{\rm{max}}}} \approx {T_{1/10}} \approx {T_{1/3}} \approx 1.1{T_{{\rm{mean}}}}.$
而根据Goda[23]的实测统计结果,日本近海的特征波周期关系取:
${T_{{\rm{max}}}} \approx {T_{1/10}} \approx {T_{1/3}} \approx 1.2{T_{{\rm{mean}}}}.$
本文对观测海域的特征波周期进行了线性拟合,得出TmaxT1/10T1/3以及谱计算平均周期T01T02Tmean的比值关系分别为1.69、1.58、1.40、1.10、0.91,谱峰周期TpTmean的相关关系很差,相关系数仅为0.47,相应的比值为2.04,具体统计情况见表3。分析可知,该海域实测TmaxT1/10T1/3Tmean的相互比值关系和Goda[23]的实测比值关系有较大差异,可见不同海域的特征波周期关系是有一定差别的。理论深水条件下,满足T02<T01Tmean<Tp[22],本文的实测结果为T02<Tmean<T01<Tp,与理论情况有一定差别,这是由于理论关系基于完全的深水条件,而实测波浪从外海传入会受到地形等因素影响,变化复杂,导致实测关系与理论关系并不完全一致。图8给出了部分各特征波周期之间的散点关系,分析可知,T1/3TmeanT02Tmean有着很好的线性相关关系,而TmaxTmeanTpTmean的线性相关关系较差。另外,与特征波高之间的线性相关关系相比,特征波周期之间的线性相关关系要差些。
在波浪实测分析中,大浪过程是研究的重点之一,了解一个海域的大浪情况对工程建设和规划布局有重要的参考价值,对于三门湾海域,台风是引起大浪的主要原因,本文选取了观测期间影响最大的台风“泰利”引起的大浪过程进行研究分析。
2017年9月第18号台风“泰利”(9月9日20时起编至9月18日14时停编)在东海东南面海域逼近三门湾海域,后转向在日本登陆(图9),期间对三门湾海域波浪有明显影响。图10为台风“泰利”期间的各波要素变化过程,同时给出了风速、风向的变化情况。从图10a可知,该过程发生时段的风向主要为偏北向,而浪向主要为偏东向。从图10b可知,平均周期和谱峰周期有一个先增大再减小的过程,其中谱峰周期在中间时间段基本维持在12 s左右,因此可以初步认为该海域在台风“泰利”期间的波浪以长周期涌浪为主。图10c给出了显著波高和风速的时程变化情况,分析可知,风速于13日11时之后明显增大,波高和风速有着较一致的变化趋势,这主要是由于外海波浪形成与风速相关。受沿海地形影响,经绕射、折射作用后,波浪从东向传入观测区所在海湾,所以出现了波高和风速正相关,而波向和风向无关的现象。
表4可知,台风“泰利”期间各特征波高之间同样符合瑞利分布的比值关系,与表3全年的统计结果相比,台风期间各比值系数的变化范围均有一定程度的减小。另外,线性拟合得到此时H1/3/$m_0^{1/2}$仅为3.47,较全年统计值3.50更小,这是由于台风期间该海域波浪表现为明显的混合浪。
对观测期间的“泰利”台风浪过程进行了波浪频谱分析,图11为“泰利”台风浪过程的频谱随时间变化过程,从图可知“泰利”台风浪过程的影响天数约为3 d,以双峰谱为主,标记线为最大波高发生时刻。为了具体了解最大波高发生时的波浪频谱变化情况,图12给出了最大波高发生时刻及其前后的波浪频谱曲线,从中可以看到明显的双峰情况,波浪主要由频率为0.08 Hz左右的低频波浪组成,少量的高频部分在0.25 Hz左右,最大波高发生时刻,其能谱密度达到最大值3.5 m2/Hz,对应的谱频率为0.08 Hz。
根据Portilla等[25]提出的判断风涌浪方法来区分波浪中的风涌浪成分,即实测的谱峰值与对应频率的PM谱谱峰值比值大于1为风浪,反之则为涌浪,PM谱的谱峰密度计算公式为
$S({f_{\rm{p}}}) = \alpha {g^2}{(2{\text π} )^{ - 4}}f_{\rm{p}}^{ - 5}{{\rm{e}}^{ - \frac{5}{4}}},$
式中,$S({f_{\rm{p}}})$为谱峰密度;${f_{\rm{p}}}$为谱峰频率;$\alpha $为峰形系数,对于PM谱$\alpha $=0.008 1;g为重力加速度。
图12的频谱曲线为例,谱峰频率为0.08 Hz的PM谱峰值为43.64 m2/Hz,谱峰频率为0.25 Hz对应的PM谱峰值为0.15 m2/Hz,比较分析可知“泰利”台风浪双峰谱中低频谱峰与相应频率完全发展风浪谱PM谱的谱峰比值小于1,而高频谱峰的比值大于1,因此双峰谱中的低频部分为涌浪,而高频部分为风浪。
本文根据2016年10月至2017年9月在浙江中部三门湾海域实测波浪资料,统计分析了该海域的波浪特征,对波参数进行了回归分析,并对台风大浪过程进行了过程分析和谱分析,主要得到以下结论。
(1)三门湾海域常浪向和强浪向均为E向,这与地形主要向东面敞开密切相关。所测海域全年显著波高超9成是不超过0.8 m的波浪,期间的最大波高为2.71 m,可见该海域的波浪运动总体相对较弱,其中,以秋季的波浪运动最为剧烈,主要是由于浙江沿海秋季经常受到台风的影响,因此秋季台风浪过程较多。
(2)本文的特征波高之间有着较好的线性相关关系,基本符合深水情况下波高瑞利分布时各特征波高之间的相关关系,相对而言,特征波周期之间的线性相关关系要差些,其中谱峰周期TpTmean的相关关系很差,相关系数仅为0.47。本文测得T02<Tmean<T01<Tp,与理论情况有一定差别,主要由于实测的波浪从外海传入会受到沿海地形的影响,变化复杂,导致实测关系与建立在完全深水条件下的理论关系并不完全一致。总体而言,三门湾海域的波浪特征参数之间的相关关系基本符合瑞利分布时各波浪参数的相关关系,该海域的波浪分布是一个较典型的瑞利分布。
(3)台风“泰利”影响三门湾海域3 d左右,期间波高和风速呈一致变化趋势,而波向和风向无关,这是海湾地形的特有现象,究其原因主要是外海大浪形成与风速相关,经海湾地形绕射、折射后,波浪沿湾口从东向传入观测区。而观测区本身风场所形成的风浪能量较小,这从波浪谱分析中可以看到,因此仪器统计所得的平均波向以外海传入的长周期涌浪方向为主,形成了该海湾偏北风、东向浪的波浪情况。台风期间波能谱以双峰为主,采用风涌浪分离分析发现,外海传入的涌浪和研究海域风区内的风浪形成混合浪,其中,0.08 Hz左右的低频涌浪成分占比很大,而0.25 Hz左右的高频风浪成分占比较小。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42006175);浙江省自然科学基金(LQ20E090004)
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2021年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021097
  • 接收时间:2020-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-08-21
  • 修回日期:2020-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(42006175);浙江省自然科学基金(LQ20E090004)
作者信息
    1浙江海洋大学 海洋工程装备学院,浙江 舟山 316022
    2自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
    3浙江浙能台州第二发电有限责任公司,浙江 台州 317100

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叶钦(1979-),男,高级工程师,主要从事河口海岸水动力研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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