Article(id=1233732448140448103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732443715465784, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1583510400000, receivedDateStr=2020-03-07, revisedDate=1591545600000, revisedDateStr=2020-06-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074337276, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1616601600000, pubDateStr=2021-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074337276, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074337276, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074337276, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732443715465784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074336222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336222, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732448450826602, articleId=1233732448140448103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Research of characteristics of turbulent mixing in the Prydz Bay with intrusion of modified circumpolar deep water, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the CTD data from the 28th, 29th and 31st Chinese Antarctic Expedition cruises, we calculated dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy by using Thrope scale method, and analyzed the distribution characteristics of the dissipation rate and the structure of water masses in the Prydz Bay and its adjacent waters. Results show that the subsurface dissipation rate intensity of turbulent kinetic energy in the first two cruises reach maximum on the shelf break of Prydz Bay. Moreover, we compared the distribution of water masses among the three cruises and found intrusion of the modified circumplar deep water into the shelf happened on the 28th and 29th cruises. The the modified circumplar deep water could reach the depth of 100 m and 200 m on the cruise of 28th and 29th, respectively, and can extend southward to 67.5°S. Furthermore, the distribution of subsurface dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy on the shelf break of Prydz Bay are well related to the structure of local water masses. Therefore, the intrusion of the modified circumplar deep water into the shelf could induce instability of the local waters, promote water exchange and finally enhance local turbulent mixing.

, correspAuthors=Chujin Liang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Junyang Hu, Chujin Liang, Feilong Lin), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732452829680107, articleId=1233732448140448103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=变性绕极深层水入侵时南极普里兹湾湍流混合特征研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于中国第28、29和31次南极科学考察中的CTD数据,利用Thorpe尺度方法计算了普里兹湾及其附近海域湍动能耗散率,分析了其分布特征,并对当地的水团结构进行研究。结果表明,普里兹湾及其附近海域中,前两个航次观测中次表层湍动能耗散率强度在陆架坡折区域达到最大。在水团分布方面,在第28和29航次中均观测到了变性绕极深层水陆架入侵现象,水团分别向上涌升至海表以下100 m和200 m深度,向南均可达到67.5°S处。普里兹湾陆架坡折区域次表层湍动能耗散率强度分布与当地水团结构存在良好对应关系。研究认为变性绕极深层水入侵陆架,会使该深度水体变得不稳定,发生水体交换现象,最终造成该区域湍流混合强度加强。

, correspAuthors=梁楚进, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
梁楚进(1966-),男,研究员,主要从事大洋环流与海气相互作用方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=EXl8ofTGML2CV5QAu5/Zsg==, magXml=+4vQbJPLz2h7D8DuBh+mog==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=59KKo8YQnzpihEPP4aYYvQ==, pdfFileSize=6799636, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EbR3bUSU0aUefG3G46YUSQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jNVpRLKMcoAOUhNmMfYsew==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

胡俊洋(1992-),男,河南省周口市人,主要从事物理海洋方面的研究。E-mail:

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胡俊洋(1992-),男,河南省周口市人,主要从事物理海洋方面的研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1995, 100(C9): 18517−18535., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233804237998707694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732448140448103, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=“双十字”观测系统的设计与技术集成(DY135-E2-3-05);卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室资助项目(SOEDZZ2004);大洋十三五项目 (DY135-E2-1, DY135-E2-3, DY135-E2-4);赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾海洋与生态研究计划项目(JAMES);海洋观测预报与防灾减灾项目:马尔代夫海域及部分陆域的合作交流, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233804229735928430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732448140448103, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804229748511344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732448140448103, companyId=1233804229735928430, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Minisitry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804229769482865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732448140448103, companyId=1233804229735928430, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233804233460470548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732448140448103, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Location of the stations in the Prydz Bay and the adjacent sea

a. The 28th cruise; b. the 29th cruise; c. the 31th cruise

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a. 第28航次;b. 第29航次;c. 第31航次

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a. The 29th cruise; b. the 31th cruise

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a. 第29航次;b. 第31航次

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a. The 28th cruise; b. the 29th cruise; c. the 31th cruise

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a. 第28航次;b. 第29航次;c. 第31航次

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a−c. The 28th cruise; d−f. the 29th cruise; g−i. the 31th cruise

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a−c. 第28航次;d−f. 第29航次;g−i. 第31航次

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a−c. The 29th cruise; d−f. the 31th cruise

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a−c. 第29航次;d−f. 第31航次

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a−c. The 28th cruise; d−f. the 29th cruise; g−i. the 31th cruise

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a−c. 第28航次;d−f. 第29航次;g−i. 第31航次

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a−c. The 29th cruise; d−f. the 31th cruise

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a−c. 第29航次;d−f. 第31航次

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a. The 28th cruise; b. the 29th cruise; c. the 31th cruise. The blue line denotes observation time

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a. 第28航次;b. 第29航次;c. 第31航次。蓝色实线为观测时间点

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a. The 28th cruise; b. the 29th cruise; c. the 31th cruise. The blue line denotes observation time

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a. 第28航次;b. 第29航次;c. 第31航次。蓝色实线为观测时间点

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a. The 28th cruise; b. the 29th cruise; c. the 31th cruise

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a. 第28航次;b. 第29航次;c. 第31航次

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The characteristics of water masses in the Prydz Bay and the adjacent sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水团名称温度/℃盐度
夏季表层水T≥−1.50S<34.20
冬季水T<−1.5034.20<S<34.50
绕极深层水0.50≤T≤2.0034.50≤S≤34.75
陆架水−1.9<T<−1.50S>34.20
南极底层水T<034.60<S<34.72
冰架水T<−1.9234.40<S<34.60
), ArticleFig(id=1233804237805769700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732448140448103, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

普里兹湾海域主要水团特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水团名称温度/℃盐度
夏季表层水T≥−1.50S<34.20
冬季水T<−1.5034.20<S<34.50
绕极深层水0.50≤T≤2.0034.50≤S≤34.75
陆架水−1.9<T<−1.50S>34.20
南极底层水T<034.60<S<34.72
冰架水T<−1.9234.40<S<34.60
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变性绕极深层水入侵时南极普里兹湾湍流混合特征研究
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胡俊洋 1 , 梁楚进 1, * , 蔺飞龙 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(3): 1-12
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(3): 1-12
变性绕极深层水入侵时南极普里兹湾湍流混合特征研究
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胡俊洋1 , 梁楚进1, * , 蔺飞龙1
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 胡俊洋(1992-),男,河南省周口市人,主要从事物理海洋方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

梁楚进(1966-),男,研究员,主要从事大洋环流与海气相互作用方面的研究。E-mail:
Research of characteristics of turbulent mixing in the Prydz Bay with intrusion of modified circumpolar deep water
Junyang Hu1 , Chujin Liang1, * , Feilong Lin1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Minisitry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2021-03-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021029
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基于中国第28、29和31次南极科学考察中的CTD数据,利用Thorpe尺度方法计算了普里兹湾及其附近海域湍动能耗散率,分析了其分布特征,并对当地的水团结构进行研究。结果表明,普里兹湾及其附近海域中,前两个航次观测中次表层湍动能耗散率强度在陆架坡折区域达到最大。在水团分布方面,在第28和29航次中均观测到了变性绕极深层水陆架入侵现象,水团分别向上涌升至海表以下100 m和200 m深度,向南均可达到67.5°S处。普里兹湾陆架坡折区域次表层湍动能耗散率强度分布与当地水团结构存在良好对应关系。研究认为变性绕极深层水入侵陆架,会使该深度水体变得不稳定,发生水体交换现象,最终造成该区域湍流混合强度加强。

普里兹湾  /  湍动能耗散率  /  水团结构  /  变性绕极深层水入侵

Based on the CTD data from the 28th, 29th and 31st Chinese Antarctic Expedition cruises, we calculated dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy by using Thrope scale method, and analyzed the distribution characteristics of the dissipation rate and the structure of water masses in the Prydz Bay and its adjacent waters. Results show that the subsurface dissipation rate intensity of turbulent kinetic energy in the first two cruises reach maximum on the shelf break of Prydz Bay. Moreover, we compared the distribution of water masses among the three cruises and found intrusion of the modified circumplar deep water into the shelf happened on the 28th and 29th cruises. The the modified circumplar deep water could reach the depth of 100 m and 200 m on the cruise of 28th and 29th, respectively, and can extend southward to 67.5°S. Furthermore, the distribution of subsurface dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy on the shelf break of Prydz Bay are well related to the structure of local water masses. Therefore, the intrusion of the modified circumplar deep water into the shelf could induce instability of the local waters, promote water exchange and finally enhance local turbulent mixing.

Prydz Bay  /  dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy  /  the structure of water masses  /  the intrusion of the modified circumplar deep water
胡俊洋, 梁楚进, 蔺飞龙. 变性绕极深层水入侵时南极普里兹湾湍流混合特征研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (3) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021029
Junyang Hu, Chujin Liang, Feilong Lin. Research of characteristics of turbulent mixing in the Prydz Bay with intrusion of modified circumpolar deep water[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (3) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021029
普里兹湾是南极大陆附近的第三大海湾,面积约6×104 km2,仅次于威德尔海和罗斯海。普里兹湾北邻印度洋,南部与埃默里冰架相接,湾口西部与弗拉姆浅滩相临,东部则靠近四女士浅滩。湾内水深为400~600 m,陆坡以北水深则急剧增加至3 000 m左右。普里兹湾是我国南极科学考察中的重点海域,历次科学考察期间获得了大量数据资料。在此基础上,国内研究学者对普里兹湾及其附近海域做了多方面的研究,其中物理海洋学方面集中于对普里兹湾水团分布、环流特性以及海洋混合等方面的研究。
前人研究表明[1-3],普里兹湾及其附近海域水团主要包括南极表层水(Antarctic Surface Water, AASW)、绕极深层水(Circumpolar Deep Water, CDW)、陆架水(Shelf Water, SW)、南极底层水(Antarctic Bottom Water, AABW)和冰架水(Ice Shelf Water, ISW)。夏季时,南极表层水又分为夏季表层水和冬季水。在不同年份, 南极表层水有着明显变化,该水团的厚度也随纬度有较明显的变化[4]。绕极深层水在南大洋分布最广。蒲书箴等[5]研究表明,CDW主要位于普里兹湾陆坡以北海域,深度在250~3 000 m之间。CDW在普里兹湾陆坡处会出现涌升现象,并向着陆架海域进行延伸。Yabuki等[6]分析了2006年夏季CDW陆架涌升情况,该水团向南可涌升到67.5°S处,向上可涌升至海表以下100 m深度,涌升的通道主要在75°~76°E之间。CDW在涌升过程中与陆架水混合,可形成变性的绕极深层水(Modified Circumpolar Deep Water, MCDW)。林丽娜等[7]分析了2013年夏季MCDW涌升陆架的现象,并给出了其分布特征及运动过程。Liu等[8]发现除了洼地和沟槽,一些小的地形变化,如南极陆坡流附近的海床阶梯状下降,也有利于MCDW的入侵。陆架水可分为高盐陆架水和低盐陆架水。乐肯堂等[9]认为两者的盐度分界线是S=34.5,Vaz和Lennon[10]则认为这一数值为34.6。在分布区域上,高盐陆架水位于比较宽广的陆架上,低盐陆架水位于狭长的陆架上。MCDW入侵陆架后,在那里与高盐陆架水再次混合,会形成低温、高盐的普里兹湾底层水[11-12]。入侵到陆架上的变性绕极深层水和高盐陆架水是推动南极冰架基底融化的两个主要水团,在海冰与海洋相互作用中起到重要作用[13]。冰架融化后的淡水进入到普里兹湾环流后,会阻碍高密度水的形成,从而不利于南极底层水的生成[14]。冰架水是南极特有的一种陆架水,其温度低于在1个大气压下的结冰温度,存在于冰架下[15]
相比于水团,对普里兹湾湍流混合的研究则较少,之前南极附近海域的混合研究主要集中在德雷克海峡和斯科舍海等海域[16-18]。Yang等[19]通过对沿埃默里冰架前缘断面上的湍动能耗散率ε和扩散系数K的估算,发现断面西部的耗散率和混合率高达10−7 W/kg和10−2 m2/s,垂直结构上呈现高−低−高的特性,该区域上层的强混合主要与冰架处产生的内波有关,底层处的强混合与潮和地形有关。丁文祥等[20]对普里兹湾海域湍流扩散系数的估计中发现,湍流扩散系数在海底地形突变地带比较大,且在73°E陆坡处整体会呈现较大值。
综上所述,目前关于普里兹湾湍流混合的研究还比较有限。普里兹湾北部陆坡区域是湾内外发生水体交换的主要通道[21],水团的入侵是否会对陆架坡折区域的混合存在影响仍旧缺少系统观测和研究。本文利用中国第28、29和31次南极科学考察中获取的CTD数据,分析当地湍动能耗散率分布特征和水团结构,结合当地水文情况来讨论普里兹湾陆架坡折处的湍流混合,这有助于完善整个普里兹湾区域的湍流混合机制,为进一步探索南极水团形成和输运提供理论支撑。
本文所采用数据来自中国第28、29和31次南极科学考察中的CTD数据。其中第28次科学考察中完成了1个经向断面和埃默里冰架前缘断面共计21个站位的考察,集中观测时间为2012年2月29日至3月4日。第29次科学考察完成了6个断面共计66个站位的考察,集中观测时间为2013年1月31日至3月3日。第31次科学考察完成了6个断面共计68个站位的考察,集中观测时间为2015年2月1日至3月2日。站位位置如图1所示,其中水深数据基于GEBCO地形数据(http://www.gebco.net/)。3次科学考察中CTD采用“雪龙”船的SBE 911plus CTD,采样频率为24 Hz。CTD数据使用前需进行数据质量控制。
海洋混合常用的方法包括微尺度观测、细结构参数化方法、Thorpe尺度方法以及粒子示踪等方法[22]。其中,微尺度观测和粒子示踪方法分别要通过微结构剖面仪和现场释放追踪粒子来获取相关数据,普里兹湾的该方面数据还较为稀少。细结构参数化方法则基于当地海域的温盐和流速数据,但需要考虑流速本身的噪声和相关参数的取值问题。而普里兹湾的CTD温盐数据相对来说较为丰富,Thorpe尺度方法仅基于CTD温盐数据就可以估算湍动能耗散率ε,以此来研究普里兹湾湍流混合状况。
Thorpe尺度方法是将流体的温度或密度剖面进行重排,使其成为稳定的分层流体。在极地海域,温度对重力不稳定的影响要小于密度,所以本文采用密度剖面来计算Thorpe尺度Lρ,且密度为位势密度。Thorpe尺度Lρ计算方法如下[23]
${L_\rho } = \sqrt {\frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_1^n {d_\rho ^2} }}{n}} ,$
式中,dρ为某一数据点在重排前后的深度差;n为数据点的数量。
在对Thorpe尺度的初步估计中,由于噪声和温盐数据不符等原因,初步估计的准确性会出现偏差。Ferron等[24]提出用中间密度剖面来削弱这种影响,设置一个噪声阈值,当中间密度剖面相邻密度在此阈值范围内时,将邻近密度剖面数值都归为相同值。为了更好地达到理想结果,可以在不同深度设置不同的噪声阈值。我们假设重排前的密度剖面密度为ρ,噪声为σ,中间密度为ρm。首先,我们比较重排前密度剖面的前两个值,设其分别为ρ1ρ2,同理,中间密度的前两个值分别为ρm1ρm2,之后的值按照相同方式命名,且ρm1=ρ1。如果∣ρ1ρ2∣<σ,则ρm1=ρm2;如果∣ρ1ρ2∣>σ,则会存在一个整数n,使(ρ1±)−ρ2σ,此时我们令ρm2=ρm1±。之后用同样的方式比较ρ1ρ3,以此类推,可以得出全部的中间密度ρm。为了削弱ρmρ1值相关的影响,我们再从最后一个值开始算起,得出第二个中间密度ρmm。将两次计算得出的中间密度取平均值,得出中间密度ρM,对ρM进行排序后,通过式(1)来计算Thorpe尺度Lρ
Ozmidov[25]在1965年提出了Ozmidov尺度LO
${L_{\rm{O}}} = \sqrt {\frac{\varepsilon }{{{N^3}}}} ,$
式中,ε为湍动能耗散率,N为浮力频率。LO是通过量纲分析得出的长度尺度,Thorpe尺度与Ozmidov尺度是一种线性的关系,即
${L_{\rm{O}}} = a{L_\rho },$
式中,a为常量,在普里兹湾及其附近海域,海水温度一般低于2℃,在温度低于2℃的海水中,LO=0.95(±0.6)Lρ[24],则本文取a=0.95。
综合上述公式,我们就可以通过Thorpe尺度Lρ来计算湍动能耗散率率ε
$\varepsilon = 0.902\;5{N^3}L_\rho ^2,$
式中,水体出现静力不稳定时,N为正值,出现中性层结时,其值为0。
现有的水团分析方法主要有:定性的综合分析方法、浓度混合分析方法、概率统计分析法以及模糊数学分析方法[26]。其中,定性的综合分析方法简单易行,只需画出温盐等特性分布图以及TS图解,就可以进行综合分析,利用该方法就可以得到本文所要求的结果。
混合层在海气相互作用中有着重要作用。混合层深度有如下定义[27]:(1)比表层温度低0.5℃的温度所处的深度;(2)通过表层盐度和比表层温度低0.5℃的温度计算出来一个密度,该密度所处的深度为混合层深度。本文采用定义(2)来计算混合层深度。
根据Thorpe尺度方法,计算了两个重点断面的湍动能耗散率分布,如图2图3所示。其中,3个航次均对73°E经向断面进行了观测,断面中央位置在地形复杂的陆架坡折处。第29和31航次均对67.25°S纬向断面进行了观测,该断面整体位于普里兹湾北部湾口。
图2所示,湾内大多数站位湍动能耗散强度垂向分布结构为高−低−高,这与Yang等[19]的研究结果相同。近表层的湍动能耗散率水平在10−6 W/kg以上,比更深层的湍动能耗散率都要强,近表层海洋的强混合与表层风应力的能量输入有关[28]。在普里兹湾内,底层的湍动能耗散率水平能达到10−8 W/kg,与海底的粗糙地形具有很大联系。次表层湍动能耗散强度不同于近表层和底层,如图中黑框内所示,67°S附近站位均出现了次表层湍动能耗散率强于其他站位的情况,且强度能达到10−7 W/kg。相较于前两个航次,第31航次出现该情况的站位位置更偏北,且整体强度较弱,分布范围较小。
在67.25°S断面中,湍动能耗散率也大致呈现了和经向断面相同的分布规律—高−低−高垂向结构,只是在第29航次中,断面中间两个站位(黑框范围内)次表层的湍动能耗散率水平强于两侧,中上层强度多在10−7 W/kg以上,第31航次则未出现类似情况。
为了研究次表层湍动能耗散率分布特征,我们将150~300 m深度间的湍动能耗散率进行平均,得出湍动能耗散率在普里兹湾海域次表层的水平分布。从图4中可以看出,埃默里冰架前缘的湍动能耗散率水平要高于其他海域,Yang等[19]认为,受正压潮与地形的影响,埃默里冰架前缘海域产生的内波可为该海域混合提供大量能量。除了埃默里冰架前缘海域,第28和29航次陆架坡折处的湍动能耗散率强度要明显强于其他海域,特别是第29航次。我们猜测陆架坡折处的水团交换可能是次表层混合在不同航次有不同表现的主要原因。因此,我们接下来重点研究该区域的温盐密分布特征。
图5为3个航次经向断面上主要站位的温盐密垂直分布。如图所示,第28航次中,P1断面上P1-04、P1-05、P1-06、P1-07、P1-08站位出现较明显的暖水,且暖水核心所处深度随站位位置变化而变化。该断面呈现了较明显的盐跃层,P1-04、P1-05站位盐度和密度垂直结构中,会出现下层数值低于上层的情况,即出现了逆结构,表明该位置的海水处于不稳定状态。同样在第29航次中,P5断面上P5-04、P5-05、P5-06、P5-07、P5-08站位出现较明显的暖水,P5-07处尤其明显。盐度垂直结构上,P5-05、P5-07、P5-08站位会出现逆结构,明显的密度逆结构会出现在P5-07站位。在第31航次中,P5-03、P5-04、P5-05、P5-06站位出现较明显的暖水,P5-05、P5-06站位在盐度和密度上会出现逆结构的情况。结合3个航次来分析,3个航次中均有明显的暖水出现,但第31航次中的暖水存在不如另外两个航次明显。3个航次中都有站位在盐度和密度分布上出现了逆结构,进一步说明该断面在3个航次中均出现了水体不稳定现象,但程度上来说,第31航次要弱于另外两个航次。
图6纬向断面各站位的温盐密剖面来看,所有站位均出现了暖水。盐度剖面上,第29航次的PA-02、PA-03、PA-04站位出现较明显的逆结构,第31航次仅在P5-08A站位出现逆结构。对比两个航次,第29航次的大部分站位在温盐剖面上均出现了逆结构,且比第31航次更加明显。
综上所述,我们发现,温盐密剖面出现逆结构现象的站位都位于普里兹湾陆架坡折附近,该处为普里兹湾及附近海域水团的交界点,该海域出现水体不稳定现象极有可能是由该海域水团混合导致的。
图7为第29、31次南极科学考察期间普里兹湾海域的TS图。图中显示了普里兹湾及其附近海域的主要水团。各水团的具体特征如表1所示[3-4, 7, 15]
该海域水团的整体温度在−2.2~1.8℃之间,盐度在32.7~34.7之间。其中,夏季表层水的分布最为分散,其深度在50 m以浅。冬季水分布深度则在100 m左右。绕极深层水的温盐呈现高温、高盐的特征,深度在250 m以深。陆架水的温盐呈现低温、高盐的特征。变性绕极深层水的温盐特征介于绕极深层水和陆架水之间,林丽娜等[6]对其温盐特征的估计范围为−1.5℃<T<0.5℃,S>34.20。两个航次中均观测到了南极底层水,该水团一般位于湾外海盆底层,深度在3 000 m左右。冰架水分布在冰架下层,其温度低于同盐度海水在海面的冰点。
图8为3个航次73°E断面的温盐密空间分布,可以发现,上文观测到的逆结构在图中很好地显示出来。在第28航次中,陆坡外海域500 m以深存在大量温度大于0℃的高温高盐水,符合绕极深层水的温盐特征。湾内海域分布着温度小于−1.5℃的陆架水。绕极深层水沿着陆坡向上涌升,与湾口处的陆架水产生混合,生成的变性绕极深层水向上可达到100 m深度,向南可达到67.5°S处。在第29航次中,绕极深层水也出现了涌升现象。变性绕极深层水向上可达到200 m深度,向南可延伸到67.5°S位置。第31航次中也有变性绕极深层水的生成,但与前两航次不同,该航次中变性绕极深层水并未向上发生明显的涌升。前两个航次的密度断面显示,陆架坡折次表层位势密度出现明显扰动,表明此处水体垂性稳定性较弱。由图2得知,67°S附近站位的次表层湍动能耗散率比其他站位要强,该处也是变性绕极深层水入侵陆架的主要位置,而且未出现入侵现象时,当地次表层的湍动能耗散率也不会呈现较高值。这说明水团入侵可能在一定程度上加强了当地的湍流混合,造成该区域次表层出现湍动能耗散率较高的混合特征。
图9为第29和31次南极科学考察67.25°S纬向断面的温盐密分布。第29航次中,在断面中央150~350 m深度分布着温度大于−1.5℃,盐度在34.5左右的水团,这符合变性绕极深层水的温盐特征,水团外围为陆架水,纬向范围在71°~76°E之间,其中心位置约在74°E、270 m深度。这可以看出该海域水体不稳定的大致范围。结合图3,73°~75°E之间站位的湍动能耗散率比其他站位强,这与变性绕极深层水入侵普里兹湾的中心范围相符合。第31航次中,断面中下层仅存在两处体积较小的较暖水团,未出现明显的变性绕极深层水入侵现象。
结合上文重点断面的结果来看,普里兹湾陆架坡折处的湍动能耗散率呈现高量级可能与当地的水团结构有密不可分的联系。当陆架坡折处出现水团入侵现象时,当地的次表层湍动能耗散率比湾内外海域(埃默里冰架前缘海域除外)都要高;当未出现明显的水团入侵现象时,当地的次表层湍动能耗散率则与其他海域相差不大。我们猜测,水团入侵可能是陆架坡折处次表层发生湍流混合的原因之一。前人研究表明,该海域的湍流混合还与潮汐、风、地形等因素有关,其中,地形主要在底层混合中起到作用,对次表层的混合环境影响较小。为了进一步验证猜测,下面将分别讨论当地的潮流状况和风影响下的混合层深度分布。
为了了解潮汐与当地混合环境的关联,我们基于TPXO9潮流模型,给出了3个航次期间(67°S,73°E)处局地潮流(图10)和潮位特征(图11)。潮位图显示,前两个航次均在当地大潮期间,第31航次则在小潮期间。但大小潮的潮高差别并不大,且3个航次期间的潮流流速也相差不大。结合3个航次的潮汐特征,可以看出潮汐并不是引起次表层湍流混合增强的主要原因。
混合层对于揭示海气界面能量交换过程有着重要意义,在海表风应力向海洋输运能量输送中占据重要地位,通过分析混合层深度可以看出海表风应力对海洋上层的影响程度。图12为3个航次期间73°E断面的混合层深度分布。整体来讲,混合层深度都在50 m以内,表明海表风应力的影响仅维持在海洋表层,并未对海洋50 m以深造成影响。由此可以看出,海表风并未对次表层的湍流混合造成影响。
结合上文对水团分布的分析,在影响该海域混合环境的因素中,水团入侵极有可能是导致陆架坡折处海洋次表层发生湍流混合的主要原因。变性绕极深层水向普里兹湾入侵时,会使水体变得不稳定,水体发生交换,陆架坡折处次表层海域的湍流混合强度则会得到加强。
整个普里兹湾海域的混合环境较复杂,背后的形成机制也受多种因素影响。图13给出了普里兹湾海域湍流混合的主导因素,风和地形分别是是海洋表层和底层混合的主要原因[20, 28];埃默里冰架前缘海域高混合则与内潮和水团有关,湾内潮流遇到冰架后,碰撞生成的内波会为该处的混合提供大量的能量[19],另外,变性绕极深层水入侵陆架后,与冰架前缘的陆架水和冰架水的相互作用也会加强当地海域的混合[13];而本文所讨论的陆架坡折处次表层海洋的混合是由水团入侵来主导的。除此之外,其他海域的混合是由多种因素共同导致的。
本文利用中国第28、29和31次南极科学考察中获取的普里兹湾及其附近海域CTD数据,通过Thorpe尺度方法计算湍动能耗散率,进而分析普里兹湾海域的湍动能耗散率分布特征,并利用温盐数据对当地的水团结构进行研究。结合湍动能耗散率分布特征和水团结构,探讨普里兹湾陆架坡折处次表层海域湍流混合背后的形成机制。主要结论如下:
(1)除埃默里冰架前缘海域外,普里兹湾陆架坡折处次表层海域的湍动能耗散率要高于其他海域,整体要高1~2个量级。
(2)温盐垂直分布上,陆架坡折附近站位次表层都出现了明显的的数值增大现象,密度垂直结构上,在次表层也出现了程度不一的波动,其中第28和29航次更为明显。且第28和29航次中,均出现了明显的变性绕极深层水陆架入侵现象,相比于其他区域,变性绕极深层水陆架入侵区域的湍动能耗散率呈现较高值。
(3)水团入侵极可能是陆架坡折处次表层发生湍流混合的主要原因。变性绕极深层水向普里兹湾入侵时,入侵过程中当地海域水体变得不稳定,水体出现翻转现象,该海域的湍流混合强度得到加强,同时其湍动能耗散率会呈现较高值。
普里兹湾湾内风浪较大,再加上海冰的影响,对该海域湍流的直接观测比较困难,现场湍流观测数据整体上还不够多,要想做到全面的详细研究,还需要更多观测数据和海洋数值模式的支持。另外,该海域陆坡处的水团结构还会受到当地南极绕极环流的影响,可在接下来的工作中做更深入的探讨。
  • “双十字”观测系统的设计与技术集成(DY135-E2-3-05);卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室资助项目(SOEDZZ2004);大洋十三五项目 (DY135-E2-1, DY135-E2-3, DY135-E2-4);赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾海洋与生态研究计划项目(JAMES);海洋观测预报与防灾减灾项目:马尔代夫海域及部分陆域的合作交流
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2021年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021029
  • 接收时间:2020-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-03-07
  • 修回日期:2020-06-08
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“双十字”观测系统的设计与技术集成(DY135-E2-3-05);卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室资助项目(SOEDZZ2004);大洋十三五项目 (DY135-E2-1, DY135-E2-3, DY135-E2-4);赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾海洋与生态研究计划项目(JAMES);海洋观测预报与防灾减灾项目:马尔代夫海域及部分陆域的合作交流
作者信息
    1自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012

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梁楚进(1966-),男,研究员,主要从事大洋环流与海气相互作用方面的研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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