Article(id=1233732446265602653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732443715465784, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1546272000000, receivedDateStr=2019-01-01, revisedDate=1577808000000, revisedDateStr=2020-01-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074336830, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1616601600000, pubDateStr=2021-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074336830, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074336830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336830, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732443715465784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074336222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336222, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732446563398245, articleId=1233732446265602653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Comparative study on the Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution in the deep water areas of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The formation and evolution of the South China Sea is well recorded in the northern continental margin. But the discrepancies of the tectonic and sedimentary evolution between the west and east of the northern margin are still enigmatic. Several drilling and simulation wells with analogous geological setting are chosen from the deep water areas of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin. Based on backstripping and previous studies, high resolution sedimentation rates and subsidence rates are constructed. Results show that both two basins are characterized by analogous sedimentation rates and subsidence rates in the syn-rift stage, but significant discrepancies are revealed in the post-rift stage. Episodic sedimentary and tectonic evolution characteristics are revealed in the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin, sedimentation rates are characterized by “two rapid sedimentation periods and three slow sedimentation periods” and subsidence rates are characterized by “two rapid subsidence periods and one slow subsidence period”. But the sedimentation rates are characterized by “graben” style evolution, and the subsidence rates are characterized by “step-up” style evolution in the Qiongdongnan Basin. The “step-up” subsidence rates in the Qiongdongnan Basin might be controlled by activities of the Hainan mantle plume which moved northwestward derived from the dextral strike-slip of the Red River Fault. And it coincided with the magmatism and the subsidence rate in the northwest margin of the South China Sea. The distribution of the rapid deposition and accelerated subsidence in the Qiongdongnan Basin after 1.8 Ma BP could be mainly controlled by the meanwhile dextral strike-slip of the Red River Fault.

, correspAuthors=Hongcai Shi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui Xie, Di Zhou, Hongcai Shi, Yuanping Li, Deming Kong), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732449499411161, articleId=1233732446265602653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=珠江口盆地−琼东南盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化对比分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

南海北部陆缘记录了南海形成演化的历史,但是其新生代构造沉积演化特征在东段和西段的差异及其原因目前还不太清楚。本文分别在珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地的深水区选择了数口构造地理位置相似的井通过精细地层回剥分析,重建了两沉积盆地的沉积速率和沉降速率并结合前人研究成果进行了对比分析。研究结果发现,两沉积盆地在裂陷期的沉积和沉降特征基本相似,但是两者在裂后期的构造沉积演化特征差异明显。珠江口盆地深水区沉积和沉降速率都表现为幕式变化特征,其中沉积速率表现为“两快三慢”的特征而沉降速率表现为“两快一慢”的特征。琼东南盆地深水区的沉积速率表现为“地堑式”变化特征,但是沉降速率表现为“台阶式”上升的变化特征。琼东南盆地“台阶式”上升的沉降速率推测主要是受到海南地幔柱伴随红河断裂的右旋走滑而向西北漂移的影响,这也与南海西北部的岩浆活动以及周围盆地的沉降特征吻合。红河断裂在2.1 Ma BP的右旋走滑控制了琼东南盆地1.8 Ma BP以来的快速沉积和加速沉降分布。

, correspAuthors=石红才, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
石红才(1984-),男,湖北省咸宁市人,博士,讲师,主要从事构造地质与地热学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pkucBqVprT0EDw6l9rZVzg==, magXml=LHcQUTqN8kL6oWNDeS1HQQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Bsd9S/S4Knz/PToTrHr0PA==, pdfFileSize=1658068, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eRLiTxZ84mmtOlxOOMFXsg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=23NaXu95e53dXHRuetDoVA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

谢辉(1987-),男,江西省抚州市人,博士,讲师,主要从事大陆边缘构造与盆地分析研究。E-mail:

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谢辉(1987-),男,江西省抚州市人,博士,讲师,主要从事大陆边缘构造与盆地分析研究。E-mail:

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谢辉(1987-),男,江西省抚州市人,博士,讲师,主要从事大陆边缘构造与盆地分析研究。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Tectonic locations of the drilling and simulation wells in the deep water area of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin

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井名LW31Z1Z2Z3Z4Z5
构造位置白云凹陷东南缘白云凹陷中心白云凹陷南部荔湾凹陷南部隆起西部南部隆起东部
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242096550649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

珠江口盆地深水区钻井和模拟井构造位置分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井名LW31Z1Z2Z3Z4Z5
构造位置白云凹陷东南缘白云凹陷中心白云凹陷南部荔湾凹陷南部隆起西部南部隆起东部
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242197213947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Tectonic locations of the drilling and simulation wells in the deep water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin

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井名LS33LS22YC35Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6
构造位置陵南低
凸起北部
乐东−陵水
凹陷东部
乐东−陵水
凹陷西部
乐东−陵水
凹陷东部
陵南低
凸起中部
松南−宝岛
凹陷
长昌凹陷
西缘
北礁凸起长昌凹陷
中心
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242289488640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

琼东南盆地深水区钻井和模拟井构造位置分布表

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井名LS33LS22YC35Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6
构造位置陵南低
凸起北部
乐东−陵水
凹陷东部
乐东−陵水
凹陷西部
乐东−陵水
凹陷东部
陵南低
凸起中部
松南−宝岛
凹陷
长昌凹陷
西缘
北礁凸起长昌凹陷
中心
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242385957634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The data of L33 Well in the deep water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin (see the location in Fig.1)[40, 47]

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界面名称界面深度/m年龄/Ma地层名称最小古水深/m最大古水深/m沉积环境岩性编码
海床表面 1 462.80乐山组1 462.81 462.8半深海1.57
T202 214.51.8乐山组1 0001 200半深海1.57
T282 491.53.2莺歌海组9001 100半深海1.65
T302 6305.5莺歌海组8001 000半深海1.65
T312 955.58.2黄流组700900外陆架和半深海1.67
T403 15011.6黄流组050外陆架和半深海1.67
T413 33113.4梅山组50200外陆架1.65
T503 45016梅山组50200外陆架1.65
T523 51918.3三亚组050陆表海1.65
T603 60823三亚组020陆表海1.65
T623 84425.5陵水组50200浅海1.67
T704 00828.4陵水组050滨浅海1.67
T714 04829.9崖城组050滨海1.57
T804 24332崖城组030海陆交互1.57
T1005 30045岭头组00湖泊1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242478232326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

琼东南盆地深水区L33井参数表(位置见图1[40, 47]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
界面名称界面深度/m年龄/Ma地层名称最小古水深/m最大古水深/m沉积环境岩性编码
海床表面 1 462.80乐山组1 462.81 462.8半深海1.57
T202 214.51.8乐山组1 0001 200半深海1.57
T282 491.53.2莺歌海组9001 100半深海1.65
T302 6305.5莺歌海组8001 000半深海1.65
T312 955.58.2黄流组700900外陆架和半深海1.67
T403 15011.6黄流组050外陆架和半深海1.67
T413 33113.4梅山组50200外陆架1.65
T503 45016梅山组50200外陆架1.65
T523 51918.3三亚组050陆表海1.65
T603 60823三亚组020陆表海1.65
T623 84425.5陵水组50200浅海1.67
T704 00828.4陵水组050滨浅海1.67
T714 04829.9崖城组050滨海1.57
T804 24332崖城组030海陆交互1.57
T1005 30045岭头组00湖泊1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242599867147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The data of L31 Well in the deep water area of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin (see the location in Fig.1)[50]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
界面名称界面深度/m年龄/Ma地层名称最小古水深/m最大古水深/m沉积环境岩性编码
海床表面1 4800万山组1 4801 480深海2
SB5.51 9866万山组1 3901 450深海2
SB10.52 09411.9粤海组1 2901 420深海2
SB12.52 20013.2韩江组1 2201 400深海2
SB13.82 51914.3韩江组9501 150深海2
SB15.52 66615.5韩江组8601 060深海2
SB16.52 73016.3韩江组8401 040深海2
SB17.52 79317.2珠江组700900深海2
MFS18.52 88517.9珠江组8001 000深海2
SB213 06419.8珠江组600800深海1.90
SB23.83 11423.03珠江组020浅海陆架1.97
ZHSB63 15624.4珠海组020滨浅海1.59
ZHSB53 33026珠海组50200前三角洲1.71
ZHSB43 50227珠海组50200前三角洲1.87
ZHSB33 62327.8珠海组50100三角洲前缘1.69
ZHSB23 72829珠海组050滨浅海1.74
T703 97133恩平组050滨浅海1.96
T804 41839神狐−文昌组030湖泊1.31
Tg5 05266神狐−文昌组00湖泊1.38
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242700530446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

珠江口盆地深水区L31井参数表(位置见图1[50]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
界面名称界面深度/m年龄/Ma地层名称最小古水深/m最大古水深/m沉积环境岩性编码
海床表面1 4800万山组1 4801 480深海2
SB5.51 9866万山组1 3901 450深海2
SB10.52 09411.9粤海组1 2901 420深海2
SB12.52 20013.2韩江组1 2201 400深海2
SB13.82 51914.3韩江组9501 150深海2
SB15.52 66615.5韩江组8601 060深海2
SB16.52 73016.3韩江组8401 040深海2
SB17.52 79317.2珠江组700900深海2
MFS18.52 88517.9珠江组8001 000深海2
SB213 06419.8珠江组600800深海1.90
SB23.83 11423.03珠江组020浅海陆架1.97
ZHSB63 15624.4珠海组020滨浅海1.59
ZHSB53 33026珠海组50200前三角洲1.71
ZHSB43 50227珠海组50200前三角洲1.87
ZHSB33 62327.8珠海组50100三角洲前缘1.69
ZHSB23 72829珠海组050滨浅海1.74
T703 97133恩平组050滨浅海1.96
T804 41839神狐−文昌组030湖泊1.31
Tg5 05266神狐−文昌组00湖泊1.38
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242796999441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The decompaction parameters of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin[23, 27]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性珠江口盆地琼东南盆地
骨架密度/(g·cm−2初始孔隙度/%压实系数/(10−3 m−1骨架密度/(g·cm−2初始孔隙度/%压实系数/(10−3 m−1
泥岩2.72660.9322.72691.18
砂岩2.65390.3032.65430.45
), ArticleFig(id=1233804242859914004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732446265602653, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地去压实参数表[23, 27]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性珠江口盆地琼东南盆地
骨架密度/(g·cm−2初始孔隙度/%压实系数/(10−3 m−1骨架密度/(g·cm−2初始孔隙度/%压实系数/(10−3 m−1
泥岩2.72660.9322.72691.18
砂岩2.65390.3032.65430.45
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珠江口盆地−琼东南盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化对比分析
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谢辉 1, 2 , 周蒂 2 , 石红才 1, * , 李元平 3 , 孔德明 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(3): 48-61
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(3): 48-61
珠江口盆地−琼东南盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化对比分析
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谢辉1, 2 , 周蒂2, 石红才1, * , 李元平3, 孔德明1
作者信息
  • 1广东海洋大学 广东省近海海洋环境变化与灾害预警重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088
  • 2中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 3中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司,广东 深圳 518054
  • 谢辉(1987-),男,江西省抚州市人,博士,讲师,主要从事大陆边缘构造与盆地分析研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

石红才(1984-),男,湖北省咸宁市人,博士,讲师,主要从事构造地质与地热学研究。E-mail:
Comparative study on the Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution in the deep water areas of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin
Hui Xie1, 2 , Di Zhou2, Hongcai Shi1, * , Yuanping Li3, Deming Kong1
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Key Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, Chinese Academy of Sicences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 3CNOOC China Limited, Shenzhen Branch, Shenzhen 518054, China
出版时间: 2021-03-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021055
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南海北部陆缘记录了南海形成演化的历史,但是其新生代构造沉积演化特征在东段和西段的差异及其原因目前还不太清楚。本文分别在珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地的深水区选择了数口构造地理位置相似的井通过精细地层回剥分析,重建了两沉积盆地的沉积速率和沉降速率并结合前人研究成果进行了对比分析。研究结果发现,两沉积盆地在裂陷期的沉积和沉降特征基本相似,但是两者在裂后期的构造沉积演化特征差异明显。珠江口盆地深水区沉积和沉降速率都表现为幕式变化特征,其中沉积速率表现为“两快三慢”的特征而沉降速率表现为“两快一慢”的特征。琼东南盆地深水区的沉积速率表现为“地堑式”变化特征,但是沉降速率表现为“台阶式”上升的变化特征。琼东南盆地“台阶式”上升的沉降速率推测主要是受到海南地幔柱伴随红河断裂的右旋走滑而向西北漂移的影响,这也与南海西北部的岩浆活动以及周围盆地的沉降特征吻合。红河断裂在2.1 Ma BP的右旋走滑控制了琼东南盆地1.8 Ma BP以来的快速沉积和加速沉降分布。

珠江口盆地  /  琼东南盆地  /  深水区  /  构造演化  /  沉积演化  /  对比分析

The formation and evolution of the South China Sea is well recorded in the northern continental margin. But the discrepancies of the tectonic and sedimentary evolution between the west and east of the northern margin are still enigmatic. Several drilling and simulation wells with analogous geological setting are chosen from the deep water areas of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin. Based on backstripping and previous studies, high resolution sedimentation rates and subsidence rates are constructed. Results show that both two basins are characterized by analogous sedimentation rates and subsidence rates in the syn-rift stage, but significant discrepancies are revealed in the post-rift stage. Episodic sedimentary and tectonic evolution characteristics are revealed in the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin, sedimentation rates are characterized by “two rapid sedimentation periods and three slow sedimentation periods” and subsidence rates are characterized by “two rapid subsidence periods and one slow subsidence period”. But the sedimentation rates are characterized by “graben” style evolution, and the subsidence rates are characterized by “step-up” style evolution in the Qiongdongnan Basin. The “step-up” subsidence rates in the Qiongdongnan Basin might be controlled by activities of the Hainan mantle plume which moved northwestward derived from the dextral strike-slip of the Red River Fault. And it coincided with the magmatism and the subsidence rate in the northwest margin of the South China Sea. The distribution of the rapid deposition and accelerated subsidence in the Qiongdongnan Basin after 1.8 Ma BP could be mainly controlled by the meanwhile dextral strike-slip of the Red River Fault.

Zhujiang River Estuary Basin  /  Qiongdongnan Basin  /  deep water areas  /  tectonic evolution  /  sedimentary evolution  /  comparative study
谢辉, 周蒂, 石红才, 李元平, 孔德明. 珠江口盆地−琼东南盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化对比分析. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (3) : 48 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021055
Hui Xie, Di Zhou, Hongcai Shi, Yuanping Li, Deming Kong. Comparative study on the Cenozoic tectonic and sedimentary evolution in the deep water areas of the Zhujiang River Estuary Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (3) : 48 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021055
南海位于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度−澳大利亚板块交汇处,是西太平洋最大的边缘海。南海的形成演化受三大板块的相互制约,构造发育史复杂,一直是当今地学界的研究热点[1-5]。南海北部陆缘是当今南海唯一保存完好的被动大陆边缘,记录了南海形成演化的历史。新生代以来由于南海北部发生了多次构造运动,导致了南海北部陆缘各沉积盆地的构造沉积演化都有其独特的特点[6-9]。南海北部陆缘的构造属性长期以来存在多种不同的观点,现一般归结为是一个边缘海型的被动大陆边缘[10-12]。南海北部陆缘的东段和西段在很多方面都表现出极大的差异,比如在深部地壳结构上,东段发育4~12 km厚的下地壳高速体而西段只是零星揭示[13-14];在岩石圈伸展破裂方面,南海由东到西呈渐进式扩张,东段先发生伸展破裂,西段后发生伸展破裂[11];在沉积环境演化方面,东段的珠江口盆地海进方向由东向西,西段的琼东南盆地存在东西两个海进方向[15];在热演化史方面,珠江口盆地存在两期加热过程,琼东南盆地存在3期加热和两期冷却过程[16];在盆地构造特征方面,珠江口盆地发育宽凹陷窄隆起而琼东南盆地发育窄凹陷宽隆起,前者主要表现为半地堑构造样式而后者主要表现为地堑构造样式[17]。目前对南海北部陆缘的构造沉积演化特征也进行了广泛地研究,取得了很多重要的认识[6-9, 18-19]。基于珠江口盆地的钻井和三维地震资料,前人获得了珠江口盆地新生代的沉积和沉降速率的变化特征,揭示了沉积速率变化的多期次性和裂后异常沉降的存在,并探讨了裂后异常沉降的成因机制[20-25]。基于琼东南盆地的钻井和大量的地震资料,前人也揭示了琼东南盆地新生代的沉积和沉降速率的变化特征,发现了10.5 Ma BP以来的快速沉降和快速沉积事件,并探讨了快速沉降的成因机制[26-30]。但是两沉积盆地的构造沉积演化特征具体有何异同,产生异同的原因有哪些,隆凹差异如何,目前都没有进行对比分析,影响了对南海北部陆缘的进一步认识。随着对南海北部油气勘探的不断深入,发现南海北部东段的珠江口盆地和西段的琼东南盆地油气资源潜力非常丰富,其陆坡深水区已经成为油气勘探的重点区域。因此,进一步深入研究南海北部陆缘东西部的差异,无论是对厘定其陆缘属性,还是确定其形成演化机制,甚至是油气勘探等方面都具有重要的意义。本文拟在前人研究的基础上,通过高分辨率的精细地层钻井结合模拟井回剥分析,定量对比分析珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地深水区构造沉积演化的异同并探讨其可能的动力学机制和构造与沉积的响应关系。这不仅可以为南海北部陆缘甚至整个南海的形成演化历史提供依据,同时也可以为南海北部陆缘的深水油气勘探提供理论指导。
南海处于三大板块的交汇处,构造环境非常复杂。总体来讲,南海北部陆缘为伸展环境,南部陆缘为挤压环境,西部陆缘为走滑环境,东部陆缘为俯冲环境,并且研究认为海南岛东北部的下方存在海南地幔柱[31-33]。珠江口盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘东段的珠江口外,呈NE向展布,盆地的基底是华南地块在南海的延伸部分,因此在大地构造位置上属于华南地块南缘,是在古生代及中生代复杂褶皱基底上形成的新生代含油气盆地,面积达20×104 km2图1[34]。珠江口盆地深水区新生代经历了裂陷期和裂后期,裂陷期即断陷期,裂后期又可以进一步分为断坳期、坳陷热沉降期及断块升降期3个构造演化阶段,相应发育了陆相断陷湖盆沉积、大型断坳湖盆沉积、海陆过渡相的浅海三角洲沉积以及陆架斜坡海相深水沉积等4套沉积组合[35-38]。受NE向和NWW向基底断裂的控制,盆地呈现南北分带、东西分块的构造格局。自北向南依次可以划分为北部隆起带、北部坳陷带(珠一坳陷和珠三坳陷)、中部隆起带(神狐隆起、番禺低隆起和东沙隆起)、南部坳陷带(珠二坳陷和潮汕坳陷)和南部隆起带共5个一级构造单元(图1)。盆地自下而上钻遇了古近系的神狐组、文昌组、恩平组、珠海组和新近系的珠江组、韩江组、粤海组、万山组、第四系地层[36]。T70界面为盆地的破裂不整合界面,根据IODP349航次的U1435站位研究结果可以确定T70年龄约为33 Ma[4-5]
琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘西段的海南岛南侧,海南岛和西沙群岛之间,与珠江口盆地一样也呈NE向展布,面积约5×104 km2图1)。盆地基底岩性以燕山期花岗岩为主,也有古生代沉积岩和变质岩,是在前第三系基底基础上发育起来的新生代断陷含油气盆地[39]。盆地从北往南可以划分为北部隆起区、中央坳陷区和南部隆起区3个一级构造单元(图1)。其中,中央坳陷区较大,主要包括乐东−陵水凹陷、松南−宝岛凹陷和长昌凹陷等多个二级构造单元。盆地具有下断上坳的双层地层结构,新生代沉积充填序列从下而上依次为始新统岭头组,渐新统崖城组和陵水组,中新统的三亚组、梅山组和黄流组,上新统的莺歌海组以及第四系乐东组[39-40]。T60界面为盆地的破裂不整合界面,根据古生物定年研究结果可以确定T60的年龄约为23 Ma[40]
前人研究认为南海北部陆缘自从新生代以来发生了6次重要的构造运动,分别是神狐运动(发生在晚白垩世至古新世期间,约66 Ma BP),珠琼运动一幕(发生在早—中始新世之间,约47.8 Ma BP),珠琼运动二幕(发生在中晚始新世与早渐新世之间,约38 Ma BP),南海运动(发生在早渐新世,南海开始形成,约33 Ma BP),白云运动(发生在渐新世—中新世之间,约23.03 Ma BP),东沙运动(发生在晚中新世早期,约11.62 Ma BP)[35-36, 41]。南海是由东到西呈渐进式扩张,南海大约在33~15 Ma BP之间形成,其中,东部次海盆在33~15 Ma BP之间形成,西南次海盆在23.6~16 Ma BP之间形成[4-5, 11]
本文主要运用回剥分析法来计算盆地的构造沉降及其沉降速率和现今地层的去压实厚度及其沉积速率,并在此基础上进行对比分析。回剥分析法又称回剥反演法,基于艾里地壳均衡理论,是广泛运用于沉积盆地分析中的一种定量分析方法。回剥分析法最早由Watts和Ryan[42]提出,目的就是把真实的构造沉降量从总的沉降量中剥离出来。回剥分析法可以通过去压实校正获得地层去压实沉积厚度和沉积速率,通过均衡校正、去压实校正、古水深校正和海平面变化校正获得盆地的构造沉降及其沉降速率。
构造沉降计算是在实测的基底沉降量中去掉由于沉积物负载和压实、古水深变化、海平面变化及重力均衡所带来的沉降,从而获得由地球热动力因素产生的构造沉降。可以得出一维水盆构造沉降公式为[43]
${{Y}} = {{{S}}^{\rm{*}}}\left[ {\frac{{{{\rm{\rho }}_{\rm{m}}} - {{\rm{\rho }}_{\rm{s}}}}}{{{{\rm{\rho }}_{\rm{m}}} - {{\rm{\rho }}_{\rm{w}}}}}} \right] - \Delta {S_L}\left[ {\frac{{{{\rm{\rho }}_{\rm{m}}}}}{{{{\rm{\rho }}_{\rm{m}}} - {{\rm{\rho }}_{\rm{w}}}}}} \right] + {W_{\rm{d}}},$
式中,Y为水盆构造沉降(m);ρmρwρs分别为地幔、海水和沉积物的平均密度(kg/m3);$S^* $为去压实后的沉积地层厚度(m);Wd是沉积时期的古水深(m);ΔSL为古海平面相对于现今海平面变化(m)(图2)。
回剥反演法中去压实校正的理论基础是沉积岩的孔隙度随深度的变化关系,一般认为沉积岩的孔隙度随深度呈指数变化关系[44]
$\varphi = {\varphi _0}\exp \left( { - cy} \right),$
式中,φφ0分别是沉积岩在地下深度y处和地表的初始孔隙度(%);c为压实系数(m−1);y为深度(m)。地层去压实计算公式为[44]
$\begin{split} y_2^{\rm{'}} - y_1^{\rm{'}} =& {y_2} - {y_1} - \frac{{{\varphi _0}}}{c}\left[ {{\rm{exp}}} \left( { - c{y_1}} \right) - {\rm{exp}}\left( { - c{y_2}} \right)\right] + \\&\frac{{{\varphi _0}}}{c}\left[ {\exp \left( { - cy_1^{\rm{'}}} \right) - {\rm{exp}}\left( { - cy_2^{\rm{'}}} \right)} \right],\end{split}$
式中,φ0为地表的初始孔隙度;c为压实系数;y1′和y2′为去压实后沉积地层的顶、底界面深度;y1y2为现今沉积地层的顶、底界面深度。
中国海洋石油集团有限公司目前在南海北部珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地已钻有数十口工业井,但主要是浅水井,深水井相对较少,钻遇地层较齐全的钻井就更少。为了相对比较客观的对比分析两沉积盆地深水区的构造沉积演化特征,在珠江口盆地深水区选取了1口钻井(LW31)和5口模拟井(Z1−Z5),其中Z5位于隆起区,Z1−Z3位于凹陷区,LW31和Z4位于隆凹过渡地带;在琼东南盆地深水区选取了3口钻井(LS33,LS22和YC35)和6口模拟井,其中YC35(浅水井)、LS22、Q1、Q3、Q4和Q6位于凹陷区,Q2和Q5位于隆起区,LS33位于隆凹过渡地带,具体位置见图1表1表2。珠江口盆地5口模拟井(Z1−Z5)的界面深度数据来源于中国海洋石油集团有限公司高精度三维地震资料的层序地层学分析,由速度谱分析获得,而岩性来源于珠江口盆地深水区沉积体系图分析,该数据可靠性高,已在公开发表的文献[23-24]进行过介绍。琼东南盆地6口模拟井(Q1−Q6)的界面深度数据来源于中国海洋石油集团有限公司二维地震资料,由时深转换公式获得,可靠性较高,具体可见于公开发表的文献[27-28]。而岩性主要是参考深水区的钻井资料,凹陷区模拟井的岩性参考YC35井的岩性数据,隆起区模拟井的岩性参考LS33井的岩性数据,研究证明岩性对回剥分析的结果相对不是太明显[45]
除了基底年龄,各地层界面的年龄都源于钻井岩芯古生物化石带组合的分析,可见于公开发表的文献[24, 40],可能存在0.5 Ma左右的误差。珠江口盆地的基底年龄是晚白垩世至古新世期间,一般引用为新生代开始的年龄,也就是66 Ma[22, 24]。琼东南盆地的基底年龄是古新世至始新世期间,早期一般引用为56 Ma左右[39, 46],最近几年公开发表的论文一般引用为45 Ma[28, 30],因此本文引用为45 Ma。古水深估算是回剥分析过程中不确定性最大的因素之一,根据沉积相大致估计古水深是比较常用的方法。本文以沉积相获得的古水深信息为基础,综合了其他资料进行进一步限定古水深。比如,前人通过对琼东南盆地LS33、LS22等钻井获得的古生物组合分析揭示了琼东南盆地深水区的古环境演变过程[40, 47-48],并且研究发现在T40(11.6 Ma)界面,琼东南盆地水深突然增加,由浅水变成深水环境,形成了“东深西浅”的格局保留至今[28, 49],本文综合前人的研究成果来估算琼东南盆地深水区的古水深,获得了琼东南盆地深水区各钻井和模拟井的古水深,其中LS33井的数据具体可见表3。而珠江口盆地深水区古水深估算主要采用珠江口盆地白云深水区的沉积体系图进行分析,沉积体系图显示了各沉积时期古海岸线、古陆架破折和海底扇等信息,根据钻井与这些沉积信息的位置关系可以大致估计古水深,比如在SB23.8层序界面时期,LW31井的位置非常靠近古海岸线,所以古水深估计为0~20 m,该方法已在公开发表的文献[24]中进行介绍,其中LW31井的数据具体可见表4。利用该方法进一步获得了珠江口盆地深水区各钻井和模拟井的古水深。各井的岩性主要为砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩,本文给各层位岩性进行编码,大体原则为纯砂岩的岩性编码为1,纯泥岩的岩性编码为2,粉砂岩的岩性编码为1.5。如果某层位含10%的砂岩、60%的粉砂岩和30%的泥岩,则该层位的岩性编码为:0.1×1+0.6×1.5+0.3×2=1.6。全球海平面变化数据采用文献[51]的三级海平面变化曲线数据。
研究表明去压实参数(沉积岩的初始孔隙度和压实系数)对去压实的结果有重要的影响,而且不同的沉积盆地去压实参数有较大的差异[45]。为了保证去压实结果的可靠性,本文选取的去压实参数源于前人对本区的研究成果,具体可见表5
一维回剥分析基于的基本假设为艾里地壳均衡理论,本研究区域地热梯度很高,岩石圈强度较低,基本符合艾里地壳均衡理论的假设[25, 29, 52]。值得一提的是,虽然本文已经对数据的可靠性做了最大程度的努力,但是各种数据难免会存在一定的误差。因此,本文只对两沉积盆地的总体特征进行分析,对非常显著的差异进行研究,对细节不作具体分析。而且本文采用相同的方法对两沉积盆地进行回剥分析,一定程度上可以相互抵消由方法本身导致的系统误差,提高对比结果的可靠性。
珠江口盆地T70界面为破裂不整合界面,根据IODP的U1435站位的研究结果可以确定T70的年龄为33 Ma,该年龄即为珠江口盆地裂陷期和裂后期的分界点。琼东南盆地T60界面为破裂不整合界面,根据LS33井的古生物定年研究结果可以确定T60的年龄为23 Ma,该年龄即为琼东南盆地裂陷期和裂后期的分界点。从图3可以看出,珠江口盆地深水区裂陷期(66~33 Ma BP)和琼东南盆地深水区裂陷期(45~23 Ma BP)的沉降特征极为相似,都是隆起区沉降量最少,隆凹过渡区次之,而凹陷区沉降量明显大于隆起区。而且两盆地裂陷期的沉降量也极为接近。比如,位于珠江口盆地隆起区的Z5井,裂陷期沉降约300 m;而位于琼东南盆地隆起区的Q2和Q5井裂陷期沉降约为400 m。两沉积盆地凹陷区的最大沉降量都在3 000 m左右。
图4可以看出,总体上来讲,珠江口盆地深水区和琼东南盆地深水区在裂陷期的构造沉降速率都表现为先慢后快的沉降特征,尤其是在凹陷中心,比如珠江口盆地的Z1井和琼东南盆地的Q1井,Z1井裂陷期早期(66~39 Ma BP)沉降速率为80 m/Ma,裂陷期后期(39~33 Ma BP)沉降速率增加到170 m/Ma;Q1井裂陷期早期(45~32 Ma BP)沉降速率为80 m/Ma,裂陷期后期(32~23 Ma BP)沉降速率最大可达230 m/Ma。两沉积盆地的隆起区总体表现为极低的沉降速率,比如珠江口盆地的Z4井裂陷期沉降速率不超过50 m/Ma,Z5井沉降速率仅为10 m/Ma左右;琼东南盆地的Q2井和Q5井裂陷期沉降速率也不超过50 m/Ma。两沉积盆地在裂陷期都表现为相似的先慢后快的沉降特征,说明加速沉降与岩石圈破裂具有密切的联系。
珠江口盆地的裂后期为33~0 Ma BP,琼东南盆地的裂后期为23~0 Ma BP。从图3可以看出,珠江口盆地深水区裂后期和琼东南盆地深水区裂后期的总沉降量极为接近,而且两沉积盆地的隆起区和凹陷区在裂后期的总沉降量也极为接近,基本都处于2 000~2 500 m之间。但是两沉积盆地沉降速率变化特征差异却是非常大的。从图4可以看出,珠江口盆地深水区在裂后期表现为典型的幕式沉降特征,有两期明显的快速沉降期和一期明显的缓慢沉降期。两期快速沉降期分别为:23.03~19.8 Ma BP和14.3~11.9 Ma BP,最大沉降速率分别为:360 m/Ma和290 m/Ma。一期典型的缓慢沉降期:11.9~0 Ma BP,沉降速率仅为10~20 m/Ma。琼东南盆地深水区在裂后期总体表现为沉降速率呈“台阶式”上升的特征,最大沉降速率在11.9 Ma BP之后,尤其是在1.8~0 Ma BP,沉降速率可高达280 m/Ma。
图5可以看出,珠江口盆地深水区裂陷期(66~33 Ma BP)和琼东南盆地深水区裂陷期(45~23 Ma BP)的沉积速率特征极为相似,主要表现为两点:一是裂陷期沉积主要集中于凹陷区,隆起区较少甚至为0;二是凹陷区的沉积速率总体表现为裂陷期早期较慢,裂陷期后期明显加快,并且与沉降速率变化极其相似。珠江口盆地深水区的凹陷区在裂陷期早期(66~39 Ma BP)的沉积速率普遍低于200 m/Ma,但是裂陷期后期(39~33 Ma BP)沉积速率最大(Z1井)可达720 m/Ma。而珠江口盆地深水区位于隆起区的Z5井在整个裂陷期沉积速率几乎为0。琼东南盆地深水区的凹陷区在裂陷期早期(45~32 Ma BP)的沉积速率也普遍低于200 m/Ma,但是裂陷期后期(32~23 Ma BP)沉积速率最大(Q1井)可达860 m/Ma。而琼东南盆地深水区位于隆起区的Q1和Q5井在整个裂陷期沉积速率几乎为0。
图5可以看出,两沉积盆地在裂后期的沉积速率变化特征差异巨大。珠江口盆地深水区在裂后期表现为典型的幕式沉积特征,有两期明显的快速沉积期和三期慢速沉积期。两期快速沉积期分别为:29~24.4 Ma BP和19.8~11.9 Ma BP,最大沉积速率(Z1井)分别为:800 m/Ma和870 m/Ma。三期慢速沉积期:32~29 Ma BP、24.4~19.8 Ma BP和11.9~0 Ma BP,沉积速率普遍不超过200 m/Ma,一般在100 m/Ma以下。琼东南盆地深水区在裂后期沉积速率总体表现为“地堑式”变化特征:23~11.6 Ma BP沉积速率呈“台阶式”下降,11.6~0 Ma BP沉积速率又呈“台阶式”上升,尤其是在5.5 Ma以来,沉积速率快速增大,在1.8~0 Ma BP沉积速率最大(YC35井)可达1 400 m/Ma。
盆地沉积速率主要受到可容纳空间和沉积物源以及离岸距离远近等因素的控制,可容纳空间主要跟盆地沉降和海平面变化有关,物源的多寡及其与盆地距离的远近也是影响沉积速率的重要因素。将珠江口盆地各井数据平均获得了珠江口盆地的平均沉积速率和沉降速率,将琼东南盆地各井的数据平均获得了琼东南盆地的平均沉积速率和沉降速率,见图6。由图6可以看出,在新生代的大部分时期,无论是珠江口盆地深水区还是琼东南盆地深水区其沉积速率和沉降速率都表现出明显的正相关响应关系,沉积速率与沉降速率变化基本保持一致。说明新生代以来,构造沉降对两沉积盆地的沉积速率具有重要的控制作用。但是也有部分时期存在明显的负相关关系。比如珠江口盆地深水区在23.03~15.5 Ma BP,其沉积速率变化和构造沉降速率变化完全相反。琼东南盆地深水区在16~5.5 Ma BP,其沉积速率变化也跟构造沉降速率变化完全相反。
在23.03~15.5 Ma BP,珠江口盆地深水区沉降速率总体逐渐降低,但沉积速率却总体逐渐升高,呈明显的负相关关系。尤其是在23.03~17.2 Ma BP,沉降速率由250 m/Ma下降到−70 m/Ma(构造抬升),而沉积速率却由120 m/Ma增加到300 m/Ma。庞雄等[36]认为珠江口盆地在渐新统—中新统界面(23 Ma BP前后)发生了“白云运动”,推测跟深部地幔物质上涌有关,深部地幔上涌在早期由于热膨胀会产生构造抬升随后由于热冷却收缩会导致快速的热沉降[2553]。本文的结果支持这一观点,在24.4~23.03 Ma BP构造沉降速率为负值,表明该时期发生了构造抬升,在23.0~19.8 Ma BP发生了快速沉降,沉降速率高达250 m/Ma(图6)。因此,珠江口盆地在24.4~23.03 Ma BP的构造抬升和23.03~19.8 Ma BP的快速沉降应该是“白云运动”的表现。沉积速率主要跟可容纳空间和物源多少及其距离远近有关,快速沉降产生了大量的可容纳空间却没有形成快速沉积,那应该是跟物源有极大的关系。珠江口盆地在23 Ma BP前后发生了陆架坡折向北跃迁事件,白云凹陷由陆架浅海环境变为陆坡深水环境[36],导致了白云凹陷远离物源区,从而导致白云凹陷沉积速率降低。Clift等[54]研究表明东亚夏季风在23~21 Ma BP强度较弱,大约在21 Ma BP之后才开始加强,气候开始变得温暖潮湿,风化侵蚀作用加强。因此,23.03~19.8 Ma BP的低速沉积也与同时期东亚夏季风较弱,风化侵蚀作用不强有直接的关系。17.9~13.2 Ma BP是珠江口盆地深水区的快速沉积期,但同时期的沉降速率却普遍不高(图6)。前人研究发现在18~10.5 Ma BP期间是亚洲季风增强的时期,化学风化侵蚀作用加强[54]。因此,珠江口盆地深水区同时期的沉积速率加快主要是受亚洲季风增强的影响。
在16~5.5 Ma BP,琼东南盆地深水区沉降速率总体逐渐升高,但沉积速率却总体逐渐降低,沉降速率由60 m/Ma升高到120 m/Ma,而沉积速率却由100 m/Ma下降到90 m/Ma,不过沉积速率下降不是很明显。在16~11.6 Ma BP,亚洲季风处于增强时期,化学风化侵蚀作用增强,沉积物物源丰富,但是在琼东南盆地深水区同时期的沉积速率平均只有100 m/Ma,而同时期的珠江口盆地深水区却是快速沉积时期,最高沉积速率可达300 m/Ma。注意到,珠江口盆地在23 Ma BP前后发生了“白云运动”,产生了大量的可容纳空间,而琼东南盆地却没有受白云运动的影响,沉降速率一直降低,因此可容纳空间不足是导致琼东南盆地16~11.6 Ma BP沉积速率较低的直接原因。而在11.6~5.5 Ma BP,琼东南盆地深水区沉降速率有所升高,增加了可容纳空间,但是沉积速率却反而有所降低,同时期珠江口盆地深水区也保持较低的沉积速率(100 m/Ma)。研究发现在10~3.5 Ma BP亚洲季风持续减弱[54],化学风化侵蚀作用也相应减弱,物源供给相对减少,因此才导致了两沉积盆地在11.6~5.5 Ma BP都保持较低的沉积速率。
无论是珠江口盆地深水区还是琼东南盆地深水区,其裂后期都发生了多期明显的快速沉降事件。珠江口盆地深水区发生了两期显著的快速沉降:23.03~19.8 Ma BP和14.3~11.9 Ma BP。这两期快速沉降事件跟南海海盆的扩张过程具有高度的耦合性。南海海盆在23.6 Ma BP前后发生了一次洋中脊向南跳跃事件,洋中脊跳跃后,东部次海盆扩张速率逐渐降低,并且东部次海盆在15 Ma BP停止扩张[5]。洋中脊向南跳跃和洋盆停止扩张都可能在南海北部陆缘产生应力松弛,从而引发快速沉降。这两期快速沉降事件前人都对其动力学机制进行了一定程度的分析,本文就不另作具体探讨[24, 36]。琼东南盆地深水区在裂后期(23 Ma BP之后)沉降速率总体呈“台阶式”上升,加速沉降主要是在11.6~0 Ma BP,其中最显著的快速沉降是在1.8~0 Ma BP,沉降速率最大可达280 m/Ma(图4图6)。
前人研究发现,琼东南盆地裂后期存在快速异常沉降,年龄一般认为在5.5 Ma BP之后,并提出了多种可能的快速异常沉降机制,比如动力地貌[29],红河断裂右旋走滑[46],岩浆活动和深部热异常[3055-56]和下地壳流[26, 28]。精细的地层回剥分析发现琼东南盆地的裂后期沉降速率呈“台阶式”上升,11.6 Ma BP以来沉降量可达1 000~2 000 m(图3)。动力地貌产生的构造沉降在南海北部一般为300 m[29],因此该机制应该不是11.6 Ma BP加速沉降事件的主要原因。红河断裂研究发现断裂带在5.5 Ma BP和2.1 Ma BP存在明显的右旋走滑运动[46]。如果红河断裂右旋走滑控制琼东南盆地深水区的构造沉降,沉降速率应该会随着离断裂距离增大而影响逐渐减弱。但是我们的结果发现11.6 Ma BP以来,琼东南盆地全区都发育快速沉降(图4)。因此,红河断裂的右旋走滑应该不是11.6 Ma BP以来加速沉降事件的主控因素。下地壳流动可能导致上千米的沉降,但是沉降主要集中于沉积厚度非常大的坳陷区域[57],研究发现琼东南盆地在5.5 Ma BP之后整个琼东南盆地(包括隆起区域)都发现了快速沉降[55-56],并且深部地球物理调查发现琼东南盆地的上地壳和下地壳伸展基本一致[58],我们的结果也显示11.6 Ma BP之后琼东南盆地全区都发育快速沉降,包括隆起区域(图4)。因此,下地壳流也不太可能是11.6 Ma BP快速沉降事件的主控因素。Shi等[30]通过数值模拟研究认为琼东南盆地深水区在10.5 Ma BP以来发生的快速沉降是由于盆地深部热异常的衰减导致的,但是深部热异常具体如何衰减还不是很清楚。
总结前人在南海西北部所做的沉降史分析成果可以看出,上新世(5.5 Ma BP)以来,海南岛周边的琼东南盆地、莺歌海盆地都发现了加速沉降事件,尤其是深水区,快速沉降非常显著[26, 29-30, 55-56, 59]。但是在北部湾盆地和珠江口盆地珠三坳陷,同时期却观察不到明显的加速沉降事件,上新世以来的沉降速率不到50 m/Ma[60]。本文研究发现,琼东南盆地深水区裂后期的沉降速率总体呈“台阶式”上升,加速沉降始于11.6 Ma BP,沉降速率最高可达280 m/Ma。目前还不太清楚这种靠近海南岛周围的陆架浅水区沉降速率较低而深水区却表现为明显的加速沉降到底是由什么因素导致的。
南海西北部在南海海盆扩张结束后持续发育岩浆活动,其中在5.5 Ma BP最为活跃,岩浆活动广泛发育[61-63]。鄢全树等[64]报道了南海海盆西部玄武岩的K-Ar年龄为7.9~3.8 Ma。王贤觉等[65]报道了3个拖网样品的玄武岩年龄,其中靠近西沙海域的玄武岩年龄为3.5 Ma。刘昭蜀等[66]对西沙群岛唯一的火山岛高尖石岛的玄武岩进行了K-Ar定年,显示为2.05 Ma。南海西北部浅水区的雷琼地区和海南岛的火山活动一直持续到更新世[32, 63]。可以看出,玄武岩年龄由海向陆方向逐渐变年轻,说明岩浆活动由海向陆逐渐迁移。目前还不太清楚这种岩浆活动的迁移是何因素导致的。
目前,地球物理和地球化学手段都证明了海南岛东北部的下方存在海南地幔柱[31-33]。并且有学者研究表明海南地幔柱在第四纪时期上涌速度缓慢(1 cm/a),海南地幔柱可能正处于消亡阶段[67]。在11.6 Ma BP之后,南海西北部浅水区(北部湾盆地和珠江口盆地珠三坳陷)沉降速率低而深水区(琼东南盆地和莺歌海盆地深水区)沉降速率高并且岩浆活动由海向陆迁移可能是由海南地幔柱移动导致的。在11.6 Ma BP之前海南地幔柱可能位于西沙海域地区,导致琼东南盆地深水区在破裂不整合(23 Ma BP)之后,没有出现McKzenie经典盆地模型预测的快速沉降,而是沉降速率一直保持极低直到11.6 Ma BP(图4)。红河断裂是长达数千千米的深大断裂,经过琼东南盆地西侧,在10.5~5.5 Ma BP以来红河断裂存在明显的右旋走滑运动[26, 68],这种右旋走滑运动必定导致红河断裂东侧块体沿着断裂带整体向东南方向移动,相应地如果海南地幔柱存在其必定会相对上覆岩石圈往西北方向移动。海南地幔柱向西北移动后,南海西北部深水区的岩浆活动将逐渐减少甚至消失,玄武岩的年龄也将由海向陆逐渐变年轻,雷琼地区和海南岛地区由于海南地幔柱的迁移其岩浆活动将持续到更新世。由于深部热源的远离,琼东南盆地深水区沉降速率也会逐渐增加,呈“台阶式”上升的规律。同时海南地幔柱向西北移动导致了北部湾盆地和珠江口盆地珠三坳陷上新世以来极低的沉降速率[60]。而同时期珠江口盆地深水区的构造沉降速率一直极低(图4),说明海南地幔柱对珠江口盆地深水区的影响不太显著。
值得一提的是,琼东南盆地深水区在1.8 Ma BP之后虽然也是一期覆盖全区的快速沉降时期,但是东部和西部沉降速率变化特征完全不同。在1.8~0 Ma BP,盆地西部的LS33、LS22、YC35、Q1和Q2井都出现明显的加速沉降,沉降速率明显增加,但是盆地东部的Q3−Q6井却没有看到沉降速率的明显增加,甚至降低(图4)。这种西部沉降速率明显增加东部沉降速率几乎维持不变的现象很可能跟红河断裂有关。向宏发等[68]研究发现红河断裂除了在5.5 Ma BP发生了明显的右旋走滑运动,还在2.1 Ma BP发生了明显的右旋走滑运动。在2.1 Ma BP红河断裂的右旋走滑很可能导致琼东南盆地深水区在1.8~0 Ma BP西部发生加速沉降而东部加速沉降不明显的现象。同时在5.5 Ma BP以来,特别是1.8 Ma BP以来,琼东南盆地深水区的沉积速率也明显增加,远大于同期的珠江口盆地深水区,同样也是表现为琼东南盆地西部沉积速率明显大于盆地东部(图5)。3~4 Ma BP以来亚洲夏季风明显增强,并且青藏高原进一步隆升,导致东亚地区周围的沉积盆地均呈现高沉积速率堆积的特点[26, 54]。因此,琼东南盆地深水区5.5 Ma BP以来的快速沉积应该是由青藏高原和气候变化综合导致的,青藏高原隆升和亚洲夏季风增强极大地丰富了红河物源和海南岛物源,从而导致琼东南盆地的沉积速率快速增加。由于红河物源由盆地西部往东部输送,并且受到红河断裂右旋走滑的影响,盆地西部发生了快速沉降,形成了巨大的可容纳空间,导致沉积和沉降都主要集中于盆地的西部。而同时期的珠江口盆地深水区由于离岸距离较远,且物源较为单一(主要是珠江水系),沉降速率也较低,导致沉积速率偏低。
通过对珠江口盆地深水区和琼东南盆地深水区的钻井和地震勘探资料进行精细地层回剥分析,并结合前人的研究成果进行讨论,得到了以下结论:
(1)珠江口盆地深水区和琼东南盆地深水区在裂陷期的沉积沉降特征表现为高度的一致性,但是在裂后期两沉积盆地的沉积沉降特征差异巨大。
(2)珠江口盆地深水区沉积和沉降在裂后期都表现为幕式变化特征,裂后期沉积特征表现为两期明显的快速沉积期(29~24.4 Ma BP和19.8~11.9 Ma BP)和三期慢速沉积期(32~29 Ma BP,24.4~19.8 Ma BP和11.9~0 Ma BP),裂后期沉降特征表现为两期明显的快速沉降期(23.03~19.8 Ma BP和14.3~11.9 Ma BP)和一期明显的缓慢沉降期(11.9~0 Ma BP)。琼东南盆地深水区沉积在裂后期表现为“地堑式”变化特征,5.5 Ma BP之后沉积速率快速增大;而裂后期沉降特征总体表现为“台阶式”上升,加速沉降出现在11.6 Ma BP之后。
(3)在新生代大部分时期,珠江口盆地深水区和琼东南盆地深水区的沉积和沉降都表现为较好的正相关关系。然而,在部分构造运动活跃的时期沉积和沉降表现为负相关关系:珠江口盆地深水区主要是在23.03~15.5 Ma BP,分析认为是受白云运动和气候变化的影响;琼东南盆地深水区主要是在16~5.5 Ma BP,推测是受海南地幔柱和气候变化的影响。
(4)珠江口盆地深水区在裂后期的沉降跟南海海盆的扩张过程有较好的耦合关系,而琼东南盆地深水区裂后期“台阶式”上升的沉降速率推测主要是受到海南地幔柱的影响。10.5~5.5 Ma BP以来红河断裂存在明显的右旋走滑运动,这种右旋走滑运动会导致红河断裂东侧块体沿着断裂带整体向东南方向移动,相应地海南地幔柱将会相对上覆岩石圈往西北方向移动,由于深部热源的远离将导致琼东南盆地深水区的沉降速率呈“台阶式”上升。
(5)琼东南盆地深水区在1.8 Ma BP以来盆地西部的沉积速率和沉降速率明显大于盆地东部,应该是受2.1 Ma BP以来红河断裂右旋走滑的控制。
致谢:感谢中国海洋石油有限公司提供的宝贵资料。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41606065,41704085);广东省自然科学基金(2016A030310331);中国科学院边缘海地质重点实验室开放基金(MSGL15-02);广东海洋大学博士启动基金项目;广东海洋大学海洋科学科研团队项目(002026002004)
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2021年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021055
  • 接收时间:2019-01-01
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-01-01
  • 修回日期:2020-01-01
基金
国家自然科学基金(41606065,41704085);广东省自然科学基金(2016A030310331);中国科学院边缘海地质重点实验室开放基金(MSGL15-02);广东海洋大学博士启动基金项目;广东海洋大学海洋科学科研团队项目(002026002004)
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    1广东海洋大学 广东省近海海洋环境变化与灾害预警重点实验室,广东 湛江 524088
    2中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    3中海石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司,广东 深圳 518054

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石红才(1984-),男,湖北省咸宁市人,博士,讲师,主要从事构造地质与地热学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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