Article(id=1233732445506425183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732443715465784, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1575820800000, receivedDateStr=2019-12-09, revisedDate=1580054400000, revisedDateStr=2020-01-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074336648, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1616601600000, pubDateStr=2021-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074336648, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074336648, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336648, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732443715465784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074336222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336222, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732445925855584, articleId=1233732445506425183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Response of sediment grain size composition of the Zhe-Min coastal mud to the sediment load reduction of the Changjiang River entering the sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Since 1950, the sediment load of the Changjiang River entering the sea has been stepwise decreasing. As the distal mud of the Changjiang River, whether the signal of “sediment load reduction” was recorded in the Zhe-Min coastal mud? If so, how to extract and interpret these sedimentary information? In order to discussing this scientific problem, 5 sediment cores were collected in the Zhe-Min coastal mud; in addition, high resolution grain size analysis (2 mm) was conducted, and four end members were obtained through end-member (EM) model decomposing. Combined with the analysis of the spatial discrepancy in provenance and hydrodynamics of the study area, the specific indicative significance of each EM was revealed: EM1 (with the modal grain size about 2 μm) is originated from extremely fine-grained sediment of the Changjiang River; EM2’s (with the modal grain size about 10 μm) origin is predominated by the Changjiang River, and small part is contributed by the middle and small sized rivers of Zhe-Min coast; EM3 (with the modal grain size about 80 μm) mainly consists of coarse-grain sediment might be provided by Taiwan Warm Current; EM4 (with the modal grain size about 200 μm) is also characterized by coarse-grain sediment, and may be contributed by the Changjiang River. Further analysis indicated that, the EM1 variation was in agreement with the sediment stepwise reduction of the Changjiang River; however, the response intensity gradually decreased from the north to the south. In addition, the hysteresis existed in response time, and the retardation time increased from 4−6 years in the north to 10−14 years in the south. In general, fine-grained sediment could better reflect the Changjiang River catchment change information, and response intensity exhibited significant difference in different areas of the Zhe-Min coastal mud.

, correspAuthors=Jianhua Gao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shengjing Liu, Jianhua Gao, Xiaomei Xu, Yong Shi, Zhuo Shu, Hao Wu, Bingyu Yuan, Jianjun Jia), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732448828313970, articleId=1233732445506425183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=浙闽沿岸泥质区沉积物粒度组分对长江入海输沙量减少的响应, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

自1950年以来,长江入海输沙量呈阶段性减少趋势;作为长江远端泥,长江入海输沙量的“减沙”效应在浙闽沿岸泥质区是否有相应的沉积信号?若有,该如何进行提取和解译?为探讨以上问题,在浙闽沿岸泥质区采集柱状样5根,进行了高分辨率(2 mm)的粒度测试,并通过端元分析手段分离出4个端元。结合研究区物源及水动力的空间差异,发现各端元有其特定的指示意义:EM1组分(众数粒径约为2 μm)为长江来源的极细粒物质;EM2组分(众数粒径约为10 μm)主要为长江及浙闽沿岸中小河流的细颗粒物质,但以长江为主;EM3组分(众数粒径约为80 μm)主要为台湾暖流带来的较粗粒物质;EM4组分(众数粒径约为200 μm)为长江输运的粗颗粒物质。进一步分析发现,EM1组分对长江入海输沙量的阶段性减少有较好的响应关系:由浙闽泥质区北部至南部响应强度依次降低;在响应时间上存在滞后现象,且从北到南滞后时间增加,由北部的4~6年增加至南部的10~14年。总体来看,细颗粒组分更能反映长江流域变化信息,且泥质区的不同位置对流域变化信息的响应强度差异显著。

, correspAuthors=高建华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高建华(1973-),教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=GU9GmVyEqkBVUjIrkNfBfA==, magXml=t89oO5zriDkCOJ66PE/DPw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ii6DK0zXa/TLyD759IDqSA==, pdfFileSize=1369453, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jT1CUO4x14CSPsBAP116kg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=VmI23R4F1VIhB61TkpYL8A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘胜璟(1995-),男,江苏省连云港市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。E-mail:

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刘胜璟(1995-),男,江苏省连云港市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。E-mail:

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刘胜璟(1995-),男,江苏省连云港市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。E-mail:

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Haiyang Xuebao, 2019, 41(4): 53−63., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233804238959202317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41776048,41876092), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233804229639459432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804229681402474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, companyId=1233804229639459432, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804229706568299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, companyId=1233804229639459432, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233804229844980341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804229874340471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, companyId=1233804229844980341, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804229886923385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, companyId=1233804229844980341, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233804229991780988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804230000169597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, companyId=1233804229991780988, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804230012752511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, companyId=1233804229991780988, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233804236916577205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Current systems and sampling distribution of the study area (★ represents the sampling position)

Modified from references [23-24]; a: Zhe-Min Coastal Current; b: Taiwan Warm Current; c: Kuroshio; d: the branch of Kuroshio intrusion;

e: possible area of impact of Taiwanese material

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改绘自文献[23-24];a:浙闽沿岸流;b:台湾暖流;c:黑潮;d:黑潮入侵分支;e:台湾物质可能的影响区域

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The information of sample columns

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柱状样编号纬度经度水深/m长度/cm
S129.55°N122.80°E5838
S228.47°N122.58°E6543
S327.63°N121.90°E6536
S426.82°N121.23°E6541
S526.18°N120.15°E2846
), ArticleFig(id=1233804238384583677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柱状样信息

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柱状样编号纬度经度水深/m长度/cm
S129.55°N122.80°E5838
S228.47°N122.58°E6543
S327.63°N121.90°E6536
S426.82°N121.23°E6541
S526.18°N120.15°E2846
), ArticleFig(id=1233804238531384318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The results of end member unmixing

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No. of EMSEM R2R2Theta
21.742×10−60.9569.650
39.311×10−30.9796.723
40.02050.9963.044
50.1820.9981.896
60.1080.9991.342
), ArticleFig(id=1233804238783041540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732445506425183, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

端元拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. of EMSEM R2R2Theta
21.742×10−60.9569.650
39.311×10−30.9796.723
40.02050.9963.044
50.1820.9981.896
60.1080.9991.342
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浙闽沿岸泥质区沉积物粒度组分对长江入海输沙量减少的响应
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刘胜璟 1, 2 , 高建华 1, 2, * , 徐笑梅 1, 2 , 石勇 1, 2 , 舒卓 1, 2 , 吴昊 1, 2 , 元冰瑜 1, 2 , 贾建军 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(3): 105-115
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(3): 105-115
浙闽沿岸泥质区沉积物粒度组分对长江入海输沙量减少的响应
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刘胜璟1, 2 , 高建华1, 2, * , 徐笑梅1, 2, 石勇1, 2, 舒卓1, 2, 吴昊1, 2, 元冰瑜1, 2, 贾建军3
作者信息
  • 1南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
  • 2海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
  • 3华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062
  • 刘胜璟(1995-),男,江苏省连云港市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

高建华(1973-),教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
Response of sediment grain size composition of the Zhe-Min coastal mud to the sediment load reduction of the Changjiang River entering the sea
Shengjing Liu1, 2 , Jianhua Gao1, 2, * , Xiaomei Xu1, 2, Yong Shi1, 2, Zhuo Shu1, 2, Hao Wu1, 2, Bingyu Yuan1, 2, Jianjun Jia3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
出版时间: 2021-03-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021025
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自1950年以来,长江入海输沙量呈阶段性减少趋势;作为长江远端泥,长江入海输沙量的“减沙”效应在浙闽沿岸泥质区是否有相应的沉积信号?若有,该如何进行提取和解译?为探讨以上问题,在浙闽沿岸泥质区采集柱状样5根,进行了高分辨率(2 mm)的粒度测试,并通过端元分析手段分离出4个端元。结合研究区物源及水动力的空间差异,发现各端元有其特定的指示意义:EM1组分(众数粒径约为2 μm)为长江来源的极细粒物质;EM2组分(众数粒径约为10 μm)主要为长江及浙闽沿岸中小河流的细颗粒物质,但以长江为主;EM3组分(众数粒径约为80 μm)主要为台湾暖流带来的较粗粒物质;EM4组分(众数粒径约为200 μm)为长江输运的粗颗粒物质。进一步分析发现,EM1组分对长江入海输沙量的阶段性减少有较好的响应关系:由浙闽泥质区北部至南部响应强度依次降低;在响应时间上存在滞后现象,且从北到南滞后时间增加,由北部的4~6年增加至南部的10~14年。总体来看,细颗粒组分更能反映长江流域变化信息,且泥质区的不同位置对流域变化信息的响应强度差异显著。

浙闽泥质区  /  粒度  /  端元分析  /  长江入海输沙量

Since 1950, the sediment load of the Changjiang River entering the sea has been stepwise decreasing. As the distal mud of the Changjiang River, whether the signal of “sediment load reduction” was recorded in the Zhe-Min coastal mud? If so, how to extract and interpret these sedimentary information? In order to discussing this scientific problem, 5 sediment cores were collected in the Zhe-Min coastal mud; in addition, high resolution grain size analysis (2 mm) was conducted, and four end members were obtained through end-member (EM) model decomposing. Combined with the analysis of the spatial discrepancy in provenance and hydrodynamics of the study area, the specific indicative significance of each EM was revealed: EM1 (with the modal grain size about 2 μm) is originated from extremely fine-grained sediment of the Changjiang River; EM2’s (with the modal grain size about 10 μm) origin is predominated by the Changjiang River, and small part is contributed by the middle and small sized rivers of Zhe-Min coast; EM3 (with the modal grain size about 80 μm) mainly consists of coarse-grain sediment might be provided by Taiwan Warm Current; EM4 (with the modal grain size about 200 μm) is also characterized by coarse-grain sediment, and may be contributed by the Changjiang River. Further analysis indicated that, the EM1 variation was in agreement with the sediment stepwise reduction of the Changjiang River; however, the response intensity gradually decreased from the north to the south. In addition, the hysteresis existed in response time, and the retardation time increased from 4−6 years in the north to 10−14 years in the south. In general, fine-grained sediment could better reflect the Changjiang River catchment change information, and response intensity exhibited significant difference in different areas of the Zhe-Min coastal mud.

the Zhe-Min coastal mud  /  sediment grain size  /  end-member (EM) analysis  /  sediment entering into the sea from the Changjiang River
刘胜璟, 高建华, 徐笑梅, 石勇, 舒卓, 吴昊, 元冰瑜, 贾建军. 浙闽沿岸泥质区沉积物粒度组分对长江入海输沙量减少的响应. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (3) : 105 -115 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021025
Shengjing Liu, Jianhua Gao, Xiaomei Xu, Yong Shi, Zhuo Shu, Hao Wu, Bingyu Yuan, Jianjun Jia. Response of sediment grain size composition of the Zhe-Min coastal mud to the sediment load reduction of the Changjiang River entering the sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (3) : 105 -115 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021025
东海陆架是沉积物供给丰富的宽广陆架[1],发育了多个全新世泥质沉积体系,这些沉积体的形成和演化,与陆源物质输入、全球气候和海洋动力环境变化密切相关[2]。细颗粒沉积物是流域气候和环境等信息变化的良好载体[3];而泥质区稳定的沉积环境,有利于细颗粒沉积物的保存[4],因而是反演流域变化的理想区域[5]
自1950年以来,受长江流域水库修建影响(尤以2003年三峡大坝的截流最为突出),长江入海输沙量大幅减少[6]。与此相适应,长江入海沉积物组分及来源也逐渐发生变化:2003年以前,黏土、粉砂及砂组分均主要来源于长江上游;而2003年以后,黏土组分仍然来源于上游,但粉砂、砂组分已经主要由中下游河道侵蚀的沉积物提供[7]。浙闽沿岸泥区作为长江远端泥[8],是长江入海细颗粒沉积物重要的汇,其沉积物分布特征对上述流域变化有哪些响应以及如何对这些信息进行提取和解译则成为值得探讨的科学问题。对该问题的研究,不但有助于分析河口陆架沉积体系对流域变化的响应机理,也有助于深入探讨流域人类活动对河口−海岸−陆架沉积环境的影响及未来可能的变化。
粒度数据记录了大量的沉积信息,对其深入分析是了解沉积环境变化的有效手段[9]。沉积物粒度端元模型作为分析粒度数据的重要方法,能够分解出对应不同物源和水动力环境的端元频率分布曲线和相对含量变化[10],结合区域沉积动力环境,可深入探讨各端元所代表的动力组分的物理意义,进而分析流域和气候等环境演变信息[11-12]
以往应用端元模型所做的研究工作,多集中于对表层样进行分析,探讨不同沉积物端元在海洋动力作用下的输运范围和控制因素[13-14];或局限于对单根柱状沉积物进行端元分析,研究长时间尺度的古环境变化,如东亚季风和海面变化等[15-16]。而在百年时间尺度上,尤其是器测时期以来,系统分析同一沉积体的不同部位对流域变化在响应时间和响应强度等方面的差异的研究还十分薄弱。
基于以上认识,本文应用Paterson和Heslop[17]改进的端元分析模型对浙闽沿岸5根柱状样的高分辨率粒度数据进行分解,深度分析各柱状样粒度参数变化及其所蕴含的环境变化信息,进而对长江入海输沙量减少对浙闽沿岸泥质区造成的影响进行分析,并对二者间的响应机理进行探讨。
浙闽沿岸泥质区分布在长江入海口以南,水深60 m以浅的浙江−福建沿岸地带,自长江口向南绵延800余千米,最宽处可达100 km;其在20~30 m等深线处沉积厚度最大,向海延伸可到达水深90 m处[18]。源于洪季的细粒物质除就近沉积于长江水下三角洲外,在冬季受强烈北风影响,再悬浮作用加剧,部分沉积物被浙闽沿岸流夹带南下,为浙闽沿岸泥质区提供主要物质来源[19];此外,浙闽沿岸及台湾西部的一些中小河流也是该区沉积物的重要来源[8]
浙闽沿岸流系主要由浙闽沿岸流和台湾暖流组成。浙闽沿岸流分布在长江口以南的浙闽沿岸,冬季偏北风期间,浙闽沿岸流为一支较强的南向流,主要分布在50 m等深线的向岸一侧;夏季偏南风期间,浙闽沿岸流流速很小,甚至消失[20]。台湾暖流在浙闽沿岸流的东侧海域向北流,冬季东北风较强,台湾暖流只能影响到台湾海峡东南部;夏季,台湾暖流稳步向北推进,其表层水可向北伸至30°N附近,且位置稳定,年际变化不大[21]。此外,黑潮分支对该区域有一定的入侵作用,主要体现为其从台湾东北部入侵至浙江外海中部50 m等深线处,转而沿50 m等深线流向东北[22]图1)。
2018年5月,在浙闽沿岸泥区用箱式采样器共采集5根柱状样,采样位置如图1所示,各柱状样信息见表1
以2 mm为间隔进行高分辨率分样,共获得1 012个粒度样品。实验步骤如下:将1 g左右烘干全样放入洗净烧杯中,加入10 mL 0.05 mol/L六偏磷酸钠分散剂浸泡24 h,期间搅拌1~2次,经超声震荡后,待上机测试。测量仪器为英国Malvern2000型激光粒度仪,仪器测量范围为0.02~2 000 μm,粒级分辨率为0.01,重复测量的相对误差小于3%。粒度参数采用矩法计算。实验于南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室完成。
将沉积物样品放在烘箱中,在60°C下烘干。将烘干样品研磨至100目,进行低本底α能谱仪(美国EG&G公司)测量,采用常量初始浓度(Constant Initial Concentration,CIC)模式[25]建立沉积物岩芯年代序列,最后根据式(1)和式(2)计算沉积物某层的沉积年代t和沉积速率R
$t = {{\rm{\lambda }}^{ - 1}}{\rm{ln}}\left( {{A_0}/A} \right),$
$R = Z/t,$
式中,A0是沉积物柱状样中210Pb的总累计输入量(单位:Bq/cm2);A为一定质量深度Z以下各层沉积物中210Pb的累计总量(单位:Bq/cm2);Z为质量深度;R为沉积速率(单位:cm/a);λ210Pb衰变常数(0.031 14 a−1);t为某层沉积物的沉积年代(单位:a)。样品的预处理和测试分析均在南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室完成。
Weltje[10]对粒度数据分析方法进行了总结并提出了动力组分的概念,认为海洋沉积物的粒度分布是由不同物源或者不同的输运机制和路径所决定的,而上述每一过程都会优选出具有某一特征的粒级组合(即动力组分)。由此,沉积物的粒度数据X可表示为多个动力组分B的组合:
${\boldsymbol{X}}={\boldsymbol{MB}},$
式中,X为沉积物粒度矩阵;M为相对含量矩阵;B为动力组分矩阵;XMB均为一维矩阵,其矩阵元素之和都是100%。由于样品是由动力组分混合而成,每个样品中各动力组分相对含量的总和也是100%,因此式(3)中沉积物粒度矩阵、相对含量矩阵和动力组分矩阵都是成分数据。
基于此原理,本文在MATLAB环境下运用Paterson和Heslop[17]提供的Analysize-masters程序对粒度数据进行端元分析。该程序提供了非参数化和参数化两种拟合方法,而参数化方法中又包含Lognormal、Weibull、Gen.Weibull、SGG四种拟合类型。李帅等[26]在对比非参数化方法与参数化方法时发现,非参数化方法的端元标准偏差均值远大于参数化方法,且端元本身均呈现多峰分布形态,未能表达出沉积物不同物源在搬运过程中不断分选后的粒度组合形态;另外,鉴于Gen.Weibull分布函数在形状上有更大的灵活性并能更好地控制偏度,在分析大量数据时更为迅速,故本文选择参数化方法中Gen.Webull分布函数进行端元分解。
各柱状样均呈褐黄色,以黏土质粉砂组分为主,砂质粉砂次之。柱样中存在一些砂质粉砂夹层,颜色较深,一般为灰黄色和灰色,以柱状样S4出现频率最高,S1和S5次之,S2和S3较低。柱状样S1和S5存在少量贝壳碎屑,S1主要分布在中部和底部,数量相对较多;S5主要分布在顶部和底部,数量较少。
柱状样S1−S5的平均粒径分别介于5.32 Φ~6.91 Φ,6.57 Φ~7.38 Φ,6.77 Φ~7.41 Φ,5.99 Φ~6.92 Φ和6.54 Φ~7.46 Φ之间(图2)。各柱状样粒径平均值则是S1最小(6.41 Φ),S4次之(6.57 Φ),S2、S3和S5相当(分别为7.15 Φ、7.23 Φ和7.19 Φ)。在垂向分布上,各柱状样基本呈现出上部较粗,随深度增加而变细的趋势,尤以S1、S2和S4上半部最为明显;此外,S1和S4总体存在较多突变且突变范围大,而S3和S5总体颗粒较细且趋势稳定,存在少量突变。
各柱状样不同深度层位对应的210Pb总活度与过剩210Pb值如图3所示:柱状样S2和S3在采样深度内到达本底值,分别为1.12 dpm/g和1.15 dpm/g(1 Bq/g=60 dpm/g);对于未测到本底值的柱状样,采用前人对该区域的测量结果,以1.09 dpm/g作为本底值[27]。经计算,得到S1−S5各柱状样沉积速率分别为0.63 cm/a、0.36 cm /a、0.29 cm /a、0.94 cm /a和1.25 cm /a。
在假设端元数为2、3、4、5、6的情况下,对所有粒度数据进行拟合(表2)。通过对比分析发现,在端元数为4时, R2即达到0.99以上,说明4个端元即可满足绝大部分粒级的拟合要求;随端元数量增加,EM R2却显著上升,即各端元独立性下降,根据端元分析法在满足拟合程度要求时,端元数量应该尽量少的原则[14],本文选取4个端元对该研究区域粒度数据进行分解,所得分解结果如图4所示。
EM1−EM4组分众数粒径依次变粗。其中EM1组分的众数粒径约为2 μm,分布范围为0.2~80 μm,以黏土组分为主。EM2组分的众数粒径约为10 μm,分布范围为1~100 μm,以粉砂组分为主。EM3组分的众数粒径约为80 μm,分布范围为6~200 μm,以极细砂组分为主。EM4组分的众数粒径约为200 μm,分布范围为20~300 μm,以细砂组分为主。
EM1组分含量由柱状样S1到S5依次减少,即在空间上呈现自北向南逐渐降低趋势(图5);各柱状样的EM1组分含量在时间上呈下降趋势,其中柱状样S1下降幅度最大,表层较底部下降约为20%,柱状样S2和S5次之,S4下降幅度最小。各柱状样EM2组分含量基本稳定,S1和S4相对含量较少,为50%左右;S2、S3和S5含量较多,均在60%以上。EM3组分则是S4含量明显高于其他柱状样含量,其平均含量大于25%,而其他柱状样含量均在10%以下。另外,柱状样S1和S3含量基本稳定,S2随时间推移略呈上升趋势,S4和S5总体趋势稳定但存在较多突变。对于EM 4组分,S1平均含量(20%以上)明显高于其他柱状样含量,且存在较多突变,其他柱状样含量接近为0。
端元组分的变化受物源和水动力共同影响[28]。从沉积物来源来看,本研究区的物质来源以长江为主,沿岸中小河流也有一定程度贡献[14],且向南贡献逐渐显著[8]。就水动力条件而言,除陆架环流(浙闽沿岸流和台湾暖流等)之外,极端事件(风暴、洪水等)也对本地区有一定影响。以下对各端元组分的指示意义进行详述。
EM1组分以黏土组分为主,在空间上由北往南呈减少趋势,与长江物质入海后向南输运且含量逐渐减少的趋势一致。洪季,长江入海沉积物堆积在长江水下三角洲;冬季波浪作用下再悬浮显著,细颗粒沉积物随浙闽沿岸流向南输运,为浙闽泥质区及沿岸潮滩提供物质来源[29-30]。在百年时间尺度上,长江入海沉积物在长江水下三角洲、浙闽泥质区北部、南部的分配比例为3∶5∶2[8],即长江来源物质对浙闽泥质区的贡献由北到南依次减少。此外,各柱状样EM1含量均随年代呈下降趋势,与长江近年来输沙量逐渐减少的趋势一致(将在下文深入分析)。因而,EM1组分可很好地指示长江来源的极细粒物质。
EM2组分以粉砂组分为主,其在各柱样中含量基本稳定。以往研究表明,随浙闽沿岸流南向输运的长江沉积物主要为小于18 μm的均匀悬浮体[31],与本文中EM1和EM2组分的频率分布契合。值得注意的是,柱状样S2、S3和S5中EM2组分含量较高,且其位置分别靠近椒江、瓯江和闽江,这可能是沿岸中小河流的贡献所致。总体而言,EM2组分反映了以长江来源为主,但也包含浙闽沿岸中小河流的贡献。此外,柱状样S2和S5随时间推移略呈递减趋势(图5),可能与椒江和闽江近年来入海输沙量的显著减少有关[8, 14]
EM3主要为极细砂组分,除柱状样S4含量较高外,其他柱状样含量均小于10%。柱状样S4所处位置受台湾暖流控制显著[23-24],但从现有研究来看,有关台湾暖流是否能够将台湾河流物质输运到柱状样S4所在位置还存在较大的争议。Li等[32]研究认为,东海陆架50 m以深区域均为残留沉积;另外,Liu等[33]通过台湾海峡的浅剖研究也提出,台湾河流来源的物质大部分沉积在台湾海峡,只有少部分绕过台湾北部向外海输运。因此,按照上述观点推论,柱状样S4处的物质更可能为残留沉积。
但是,Xu等[23]在对东海沉积物来源进行辨析后却提出,东海南部区域的粗粒级组分(粉砂及砂)更可能来源于台湾河流(于夏季经台湾暖流输运而成)。综合该地区的沉积动力环境特点来看,台湾暖流流速在夏季较大,平均流速为22.5 cm/s[34],最大流速可达33 cm/s[20],且以次表层流为主[35],因此台湾暖流对海底沉积物可能具有较强的搬运作用。阮美娜等[36]对夏季台湾海峡悬浮颗粒输运的观测结果为上述推断提供了直接的证据,而海峡内的大量沙波地形及风暴后海峡内地形的短期变化[37]也间接证明了台湾暖流的较强输运能力。此外,柱状样S4位于泥质区边缘(水深65 m),沉积速率较高(0.94 cm/a),这进一步说明,该地区的沉积物并非残留沉积。综上所述,本文认为,柱状样S4处的EM3组分更可能为夏季经台湾暖流输运而来的台湾中小河流的粗颗粒物质。
台湾西海岸分布着众多山溪性河流,每年向台湾海峡输送约80 Mt沉积物,且该地区易受台风等极端事件的影响,实际入海水沙通量可能更高[38]。在台湾暖流的作用下,台湾来源的粗颗粒可输运至台湾海峡东北部[23]图1)。而柱状样S4正好位于此区域内,因此该组分主要来源于台湾中小河流。其他4根柱状样EM3组分的含量较低,部分层位有一些突变峰值,可能与台风等极端事件有关[39]
EM4主要为细砂组分,该组分在河口地区(S1柱状样)含量最高,其他柱状样含量极低。长江入海的细颗粒沉积物在冬季随浙闽沿岸流向南输运,粗颗粒沉积物却很难被输运,因而EM4可较好地指示长江来源的粗颗粒物质。另外,S1柱状样中的EM4组分在垂向上有波动,可能与洪水事件相关,因长江洪水期间的径流作用较强[40],可将一部分粗颗粒输运到此地,造成沉积物中粗颗粒比重上升。
总体上,EM1和EM2组分主要来源于长江,但也包含了一部分沿岸中小河流的贡献,是浙闽泥质区的主要物质来源,这与前人研究结果一致[19, 31]。EM3和EM4组分则主要与高能事件相关,受柱状样所在区域动力环境的影响,S4柱状样中的EM3组分波动可能与风暴有关,而S1柱状样的EM4组分波动则主要受洪水事件影响。
自1950年以来,一方面,没有证据表明浙闽沿岸水动力存在较大的阶段性变化;另一方面,长江流域的人类活动强度不断加剧,尤其是水库的不断修建,使长江入海输沙量呈阶段性减少趋势[7]。作为长江入海沉积物主要的“汇”,长江入海沉积物数量和组分来源的变化势必对浙闽沿岸泥质区的沉积物粒度及组分造成影响[41],进而留下相应的沉积记录。
图6可见,各端元组分中,EM1组分的变化趋势与长江入海输沙量的阶段性减少存在显著的相关性。长江入海输沙量分4个阶段呈阶梯状减少:1956−1969年(阶段I),1970−1985年(阶段II),1986−2002年(阶段III)和2003年以后(阶段IV)[7];而在曲线变化形态上,各柱状样EM1组分的变化也出现相应的减少阶段,分别与长江入海输沙量的变化相对应。柱状样S1、S2和S3的4 个减少阶段分别为:柱状样S1为1960−1974年、1975−1989年、1990−2008年和2009年以后;柱状样S2为1961−1975年、1976−1995年、1996−2008年和2009年以后;柱状样S3为1964−1978年、1979−1998年、1999−2013年和2014年以后。柱状样S4由于年代尺度限制,可识别出3个减少阶段,即1981−1999年、2000−2014年和2015年以后,分别与长江入海输沙量减少的后3个阶段对应。而柱状样S5水深为28 m,与其他柱状样水深相差太大,故不予讨论。值得注意的是,各柱状样EM1组分在与长江入海输沙量阶段性降低的对应上,均存在响应时间上的滞后效应,由柱状样S1−S4滞后时间分别为:4~6年、5~10年、8~13年和11~14年,呈现出由北到南滞后时间增加趋势;在柱状样之间的对比上,对应效果由北到南显著性降低,即响应强度由北到南依次降低。
前已述及,粗颗粒(EM3和EM4组分)主要为高能沉积事件所致,细颗粒(EM1和EM2组分)则通常对物源和水动力的变化较为敏感,前人经常将细颗粒作为气候等信息变化的敏感指标[42-44]。而EM1组分作为本研究中的最细粒组分,对物源的变化响应无疑更为敏感。另外,长江入海细颗粒物在随浙闽沿岸流南向输运过程中,较粗颗粒(EM2组分)沉降较快,极细粒(EM1组分)则在更远处沉积[12],且极细粒物质容易发生跨锋面输运[45],故更容易突破台湾暖流的屏蔽作用,以往关于台湾海峡黏土矿物的物源研究亦有所证明[23]。此外,在物质来源方面,EM2组分有来自中小河流的物源供应,EM1组分则主要来源于长江极细粒物质。
因此,本研究的各端元组分中,EM1组分有着更大面积的空间分布和较为单纯的物质来源,故更能反映长江入海输沙量减少等流域变化信息。另外,在时间尺度上,沉积物在输运过程中存在显著的滞留现象,因而由北向南各柱状样存在不同程度的滞后(由北到南滞后时间增加)。在空间尺度上,长江物质供应量自北向南逐渐减少;且浙闽泥质区南部又受到沿岸中小河流影响,物源供应和动力环境更为复杂,对流域变化信号有一定的干扰作用。因此,南部地区柱状样EM1组分仅能在变化趋势上体现与长江入海输沙量减少的响应,二者之间的相关性要显著小于北部地区的柱状样。
综上,浙闽沿岸泥质区不同位置及不同组分对长江入海输沙量减少的响应存在显著差异。因此,今后通过沉积记录解译流域信息时,需充分考虑以上因素,以获得更加准确的流域变化信息。
本文运用端元模型对浙闽沿岸泥质区5根柱状样的高分辨率粒度数据进行分解,得到指示沉积动力环境的4个端元:EM1组分为长江来源的极细粒物质;EM2组分主要为长江及中小河流的细颗粒物质,以长江为主;EM3组分主要为台湾暖流带来的较粗粒物质;EM4组分主要为长江洪季输运而来的粗颗粒物质。其中,EM1和EM2组分主要来源于长江,于冬季经浙闽沿岸流向南输运而成;EM3与EM4组分则主要指示高能事件沉积。
长江入海沉积物通量的“减沙”效应在浙闽沿岸泥区有显著的沉积学信号,体现为EM1组分对其有较好的响应关系,能够对应于长江入海输沙量减少的4个阶段,且由北到南响应强度依次降低;在响应时间上由北到南滞后时间增加,由浙闽北部4~6年增加至浙闽南部10~14年。本文为细颗粒反演流域变化信息提供了基础;在以后的反演工作中,需结合时间尺度与空间尺度,充分考虑到研究区响应特点,制定合理的研究计划。
致谢:南京大学地理与海洋科学学院葛荣存在绘图方面提供了帮助,王成龙在样品采集工作中给予了帮助,审稿专家为本文提出了宝贵的修改意见,在此一并致谢!
  • 国家自然科学基金(41776048,41876092)
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2021年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021025
  • 接收时间:2019-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2019-12-09
  • 修回日期:2020-01-27
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国家自然科学基金(41776048,41876092)
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    1南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210023
    2海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
    3华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062

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高建华(1973-),教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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