Article(id=1233732444554326585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732443715465784, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1583596800000, receivedDateStr=2020-03-08, revisedDate=1587139200000, revisedDateStr=2020-04-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074336422, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1616601600000, pubDateStr=2021-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074336422, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074336422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732443715465784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074336222, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074336222, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=157, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732444847927867, articleId=1233732444554326585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on prediction method of sediment distribution trend in seafloor hydrothermal field based on topography: A case study of Dragon Horn area on the Southwest Indian Ridge, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The sediments in the hydrothermal field received a large amount of hydrothermal input, and their mineral compositions and geochemical spatial distribution characteristics are effective indicators for polymetallic sulfide exploration. Due to gravity, sediments in the mid-ocean ridge area are mainly distributed in low-lying and flat terrain areas. In order to explore the influence of topographical factors on the distribution of sediments in the hydrothermal field, this paper proposes a prediction method of sediment distribution trend in seafloor hydrothermal field based on topography data through ArcGIS, and analyzes the topographic data of Dragon Horn area on the Southwest Indian Ridge, including the extraction gravity transport direction of sediment, the estimation of sediment accumulation amount, the extraction of submarine ditch valley and the division of sediment source area. By comparison and verification with the interpretation results of the seafloor camera data of the study area, we found that the prediction results are in good agreement with the actual distribution range of the sediments in the study area, indicating that this method can effectively indicate the distribution of sediments in the submarine hydrothermal field under the influence of terrain to a certain extent. This method has certain guiding significance for the exploration of submarine sulfide minerals, and could provides a reference basis for the setting of sampling stations for seafloor sediments and the delineation of polymetallic sulfide mineralization prospects.

, correspAuthors=Chunhui Tao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Donglei Pan, Chunhui Tao, Shili Liao, Xianmimg Deng, Guoyin Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732448262091390, articleId=1233732444554326585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热液区沉积物接受了大量热液物质的输入,其矿物组成及地球化学空间分布特征是多金属硫化物勘探的有效指标。由于重力作用,洋中脊区域沉积物主要分布于低洼和平坦地形区。为了探索地形因素对热液区沉积物分布的影响规律,本文通过ArcGIS提出了一种基于地形数据的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法,并对西南印度洋中脊龙角区地形数据进行了分析,包括沉积物重力搬运方向提取、沉积物汇集量估算、海底沟谷提取和沉积物源区划分。通过与研究区底质解译结果进行对比验证发现,预测结果与研究区内沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合,表明本方法在一定程度上可以有效地指示地形影响下海底热液区沉积物的分布情况。本方法对海底硫化物矿产勘探工作具有一定指导意义,可为海底沉积物取样站位设置与海底硫化物成矿远景区圈定提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=陶春辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陶春辉,研究员,主要从事深海多金属硫化物研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=4w+2manX2EQJeuuTLmKU+Q==, magXml=Cg7TvCSYpNYEiKQ1y0dBQA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rKGB6A9XHXQErEPdcmAKhQ==, pdfFileSize=1672353, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=4UtKRaOhJ7pzSTgynIXT9Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yCK/rA2/oPdERMehUcxl7g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

潘东雷(1994—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海底沉积物化探相关研究。E-mail:

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潘东雷(1994—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海底沉积物化探相关研究。E-mail:

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潘东雷(1994—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海底沉积物化探相关研究。E-mail:

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Marine Chemistry, 2012, 134–135: 29−35., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233804239219258053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0306203,2018YFC0309901);国家自然科学基金(41706042,41906174);中国大洋十三五课题(DY135-S1-01-02,DY135-S1-01-02), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233804232374153637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804232386736550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, companyId=1233804232374153637, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804232395125160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, companyId=1233804232374153637, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233804232479011243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804232487399852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, companyId=1233804232479011243, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804232499982766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, companyId=1233804232479011243, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233804232579674546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804232588063156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, companyId=1233804232579674546, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233804232596451765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, companyId=1233804232579674546, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200240)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233804237054997093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Topographic map of study area

The red rectangle in the upper right corner is the location of the study area

, figureFileSmall=fRVVV5pc3yUEJfKNDSYkJA==, figureFileBig=r2BA4zGk6RbcDOC84titTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237197603436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区地形图

右上角图中红色矩形为研究区位置

, figureFileSmall=fRVVV5pc3yUEJfKNDSYkJA==, figureFileBig=r2BA4zGk6RbcDOC84titTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237361181300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Flow diagram, figureFileSmall=i0jVwGLrGUd2sig00g29vw==, figureFileBig=xvzYq6f93/+ifOnYzrHGKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237482816122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图2, caption=处理流程图, figureFileSmall=i0jVwGLrGUd2sig00g29vw==, figureFileBig=xvzYq6f93/+ifOnYzrHGKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237575090819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Topographic map of study area without depression, figureFileSmall=q7xkr+CRw8z1Nfg5Hhin7A==, figureFileBig=98uPz6d0qMbCAyqbVp0aWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237684142728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图3, caption=研究区无洼地地形图, figureFileSmall=q7xkr+CRw8z1Nfg5Hhin7A==, figureFileBig=98uPz6d0qMbCAyqbVp0aWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237784806028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Gravity transport direction of sediments in the study area, figureFileSmall=Xgk670srfGNbY0koy+hahQ==, figureFileBig=RO3JZYxZwVJ5XcfILc6H4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237881275027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图4, caption=研究区沉积物重力搬运方向, figureFileSmall=Xgk670srfGNbY0koy+hahQ==, figureFileBig=RO3JZYxZwVJ5XcfILc6H4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804237956772501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Sediment accumulation amount of study area

The black area in the lower right corner of the picture is the terrain data missing

, figureFileSmall=5F+RF4X4HC/yG4PySqI4gg==, figureFileBig=5QCtLHTZaU/eFriogX/+kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804238040658585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图5, caption=研究区沉积物汇集量

图中右下角黑色色块为地形数据缺失

, figureFileSmall=5F+RF4X4HC/yG4PySqI4gg==, figureFileBig=5QCtLHTZaU/eFriogX/+kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804238153904798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Submarine ditch valley network extracted under 2 000 threshold, figureFileSmall=zGkoWNG3pE2bo6S/nyKI9g==, figureFileBig=WUYLQU3vB4myvsiDcByW2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804238246179491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2 000阈值下提取的海底沟谷网, figureFileSmall=zGkoWNG3pE2bo6S/nyKI9g==, figureFileBig=WUYLQU3vB4myvsiDcByW2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804238359425703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Sedimentary source area division of the submarine ditch valley network in the study area, figureFileSmall=nFf22on9HBL9I+gYBEw8Hw==, figureFileBig=nrrFIhON/ZYN1gR90L4ZJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804238539780780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图7, caption=研究区海底沟谷网沉积物源区划分, figureFileSmall=nFf22on9HBL9I+gYBEw8Hw==, figureFileBig=nrrFIhON/ZYN1gR90L4ZJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804238640444082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Verification and comparison of the submarine ditch valley network and sediments distribution in the study area

Sediment distribution data come from the interpretation results of the seafloor camera data of the study area. The interpretation working range is shown in the red wireframe, and the yellow area is the sediment distribution, unpublished data

, figureFileSmall=4hLEKsttX/Pzy775UlLW5g==, figureFileBig=GpI6q6+gCTuImXqgRtymUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233804238736913076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732444554326585, language=CN, label=图8, caption=研究区海底沟谷网与沉积物分布验证对比

沉积物分布数据来自深拖摄像资料解译,红色框线内为龙角区底质解译工作范围,黄色区域为沉积物分布,数据未发表

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基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究
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潘东雷 1, 2 , 陶春辉 1, 2, 3, * , 廖时理 1, 2 , 邓显明 1, 2 , 张国堙 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(3): 157-164
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(3): 157-164
基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究
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潘东雷1, 2 , 陶春辉1, 2, 3, * , 廖时理1, 2, 邓显明1, 2, 张国堙1, 2
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200240
  • 潘东雷(1994—),男,山东省聊城市人,主要从事海底沉积物化探相关研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陶春辉,研究员,主要从事深海多金属硫化物研究。E-mail:
Study on prediction method of sediment distribution trend in seafloor hydrothermal field based on topography: A case study of Dragon Horn area on the Southwest Indian Ridge
Donglei Pan1, 2 , Chunhui Tao1, 2, 3, * , Shili Liao1, 2, Xianmimg Deng1, 2, Guoyin Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2021-03-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021043
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热液区沉积物接受了大量热液物质的输入,其矿物组成及地球化学空间分布特征是多金属硫化物勘探的有效指标。由于重力作用,洋中脊区域沉积物主要分布于低洼和平坦地形区。为了探索地形因素对热液区沉积物分布的影响规律,本文通过ArcGIS提出了一种基于地形数据的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法,并对西南印度洋中脊龙角区地形数据进行了分析,包括沉积物重力搬运方向提取、沉积物汇集量估算、海底沟谷提取和沉积物源区划分。通过与研究区底质解译结果进行对比验证发现,预测结果与研究区内沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合,表明本方法在一定程度上可以有效地指示地形影响下海底热液区沉积物的分布情况。本方法对海底硫化物矿产勘探工作具有一定指导意义,可为海底沉积物取样站位设置与海底硫化物成矿远景区圈定提供参考依据。

沉积物分布  /  海底地形  /  ArcGIS  /  西南印度洋中脊  /  海底找矿

The sediments in the hydrothermal field received a large amount of hydrothermal input, and their mineral compositions and geochemical spatial distribution characteristics are effective indicators for polymetallic sulfide exploration. Due to gravity, sediments in the mid-ocean ridge area are mainly distributed in low-lying and flat terrain areas. In order to explore the influence of topographical factors on the distribution of sediments in the hydrothermal field, this paper proposes a prediction method of sediment distribution trend in seafloor hydrothermal field based on topography data through ArcGIS, and analyzes the topographic data of Dragon Horn area on the Southwest Indian Ridge, including the extraction gravity transport direction of sediment, the estimation of sediment accumulation amount, the extraction of submarine ditch valley and the division of sediment source area. By comparison and verification with the interpretation results of the seafloor camera data of the study area, we found that the prediction results are in good agreement with the actual distribution range of the sediments in the study area, indicating that this method can effectively indicate the distribution of sediments in the submarine hydrothermal field under the influence of terrain to a certain extent. This method has certain guiding significance for the exploration of submarine sulfide minerals, and could provides a reference basis for the setting of sampling stations for seafloor sediments and the delineation of polymetallic sulfide mineralization prospects.

sediment distribution  /  seafloor topography  /  ArcGIS  /  Southwest Indian Ridge  /  seafloor prospecting
潘东雷, 陶春辉, 廖时理, 邓显明, 张国堙. 基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (3) : 157 -164 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021043
Donglei Pan, Chunhui Tao, Shili Liao, Xianmimg Deng, Guoyin Zhang. Study on prediction method of sediment distribution trend in seafloor hydrothermal field based on topography: A case study of Dragon Horn area on the Southwest Indian Ridge[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (3) : 157 -164 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021043
海底热液活动伴生富含多种金属元素的海底硫化物矿产资源,是国际上海洋科学研究的前沿领域,无论是对于热液活动相关科学研究还是多金属硫化物矿产勘查而言,沉积物都是重要的研究对象[1]。热液活动通过羽状流沉降和硫化物矿体物理剥离等形式在沉积物中记录下了热液活动的重要信息[2],前人对含金属沉积物的物质来源、热液羽状流元素析出过程[3]及热液活动范围[4]等方面做了大量研究,提出热液活动对海底沉积过程产生了重要影响[5-6],热液流体析出的多于90%的物质都扩散开并沉降到周围的沉积物中[7]。此外有学者对海底热液区沉积物的矿物组成和地球化学空间分布特征[8-9]开展进一步研究发现,热液成因矿物表现出在热液矿点附近富集的现象[10],且热液来源的锌、铜、铁、锰等金属元素也在热液区周围呈现出明显的分带性[11]。海底地形是影响沉积物迁移和富集过程的一项重要因素,控制着热液区周围沉积物的空间分布,相应地也影响了其中热液来源金属元素与矿物的空间赋存特征,因此,对海底沉积物在地形作用下的分布规律研究具有重要意义。但关于海底地形对沉积物分布的影响,前人研究相对较少[12]
我国在对海底多金属硫化物资源的勘探中,积累了大量的海底地形数据。海底地形数据中包含着丰富的信息,目前多用于洋中脊构造、地貌等方面的研究[13-14],在矿产勘查方面则将形似喷口的丘状体地形特征作为多金属硫化物的找矿标志之一[1]。随着空间地理信息技术的快速发展,数字地形分析在地理科学领域得到了广泛的应用[15-17],ArcGIS软件可以方便快捷地获取研究区的地形特征,获取诸多地形关键信息并建立出地理数据模型,为我们对海底地形进行精细分析,并进一步完成沉积物分布趋势预测提供了便捷、有效的科学手段。
本文基于船载多波速获取的地形数据,利用ArcGIS软件对西南印度洋中脊龙角区进行分析,完成了地形影响下海底沉积物分布趋势预测,提取出易于富集沉积物的海底沟谷并划分了其沉积物汇集的源区范围;通过将海底沟谷网与龙角区沉积物实际分布进行对比,对方法有效性进行了验证,并进一步探讨了本方法对于海底矿产勘查工作及相关科学研究的指示意义。
超慢速扩张西南印度洋中脊全长7 700 km,是我国调查研究程度最高的洋脊区域[18]。中国大洋19航次在西南印度洋龙角区49.6°E发现的龙旂1号热液区,是世界上首个在超慢速扩张洋中脊被报道的活动热液区,后续航次在龙角区又陆续发现了多处热液异常[11, 19-20]
龙角区范围如图1所示,包含近东西向的洋中脊轴部中央裂谷及南侧高地,地形高低起伏不平,变化较为复杂。研究区发育有中央裂谷,裂谷西段为非转换不连续带,平均水深较深;而东段为轴部火山脊,水深相对较浅,地球物理证据表明此段岩浆供给相对富集[21];中央裂谷南侧离轴区域地形崎岖,发育有多处块状及穹隆状海山[13, 22-23]。有学者认为研究区所在的第28洋脊段受到了Crozet热点的影响,但目前对其作用程度和过程还存有争议[24-25]。龙旂1号热液区发育于中央裂谷东西段分界处裂谷东南斜坡的丘状高地上,水深约为2 755 m,后在其东侧约7 km处发现龙旂3号热液异常区[18]。研究区南侧构造运动强烈,地形起伏较大,相关研究显示该处发育有多期次的大型拆离断层,在其拆离面处发现有海底核杂岩出露[11, 26]
我国大洋调查航次对西南印度洋合同区进行了精细的海底地形勘探,获取了龙角区的海底地形及一系列的水体异常、地球物理等探测数据,为多金属硫化物勘探工作积累了丰富的数据资料。本研究采用船载多波束数据,剔除跳点后网格化为50 m×50 m精度的GRID栅格文件。
此方法基于ArcGIS软件Arc Hydro Tools分析工具进行,它具有出错率低、运行效率高的优势[27-28],可以便捷的对海底地形数据进行分析。研究区沉积物分布趋势预测主要包括以下5个流程:填洼、沉积物重力搬运方向提取沉积物汇集量估算、海底沟谷提取及沉积物源区划分,基本处理流程如图2所示。
在原始地形栅格数据中会存在着许多洼地或者凹陷区域,在栅格数据中表现为中心单元格高程值低于与它相邻的8个单元格的高程。这会导致此区域在接下来的分析过程中出现沉积物迁移中断现象,从而无法得到合理的沉积物重力搬运方向,因此必须对原始数据进行填洼来识别和剔除异常数据。
填洼操作由【Spatial Analyst Tools\Hydrology\Fill】工具完成,此工具会对地形栅格数据中各个单元格进行扫描,若出现上述的某个单元格高程值低于与之相邻的8个单元格高程值的情况,则会将相邻8个单元格中高程最低的值赋予该单元格,从而将凹陷区域填充,确保了沉积物迁移方向的完整性与合理性。对研究区地形栅格数据进行填洼后生成的无洼地地形栅格如图3所示。
O’Callaghan和Mark[29]提出的最大坡降法是目前采用最普遍的定义方向的方法,Jenson和Domingue[30]首先设计了应用此方法的典型算法。D8算法简化定义了8个特征方向,分别用特征码1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128表示东、东南、南、西南、西、西北、北和东北,这为我们提供了描述地形影响下各处沉积物搬运方向的途径。据此我们计算出了高程栅格中每个单元格的最陡方向,并将此方向定义为沉积物在重力影响下的搬运方向。前文进行的填洼操作保证了方向提取过程不会产生错误,通过【Spatial Analyst Tools\ Hydrology\Flow Direction】工具对研究区无洼地栅格数据进行最陡方向提取,生成研究区沉积物重力搬运方向如图4所示。
沉积物汇集量是研究区沉积物分布趋势预测的重要参数,是对地形栅格中各单元格沉积物汇集能力的刻画。其原理是依据沉积物在重力作用下从高处往低处搬运的自然规律,将地形栅格中每个单元格赋予权重值为1,并根据沉积物重力搬运方向将此值向下方单元格传递,最终计算得到每个单元格的最终累计值,来表征此处的沉积物汇集量。此步骤计算基于【Spatial Analyst Tools\Hydrology\Flow Accumulation】工具完成,结果如图5所示。
海底沟谷的提取是分析流程中非常关键的一步,在此步骤中最重要的是对沉积物汇集量阈值的确定。当某一单元格估算出的沉积物汇集量超过了设定阈值,则认为该处为易于富集沉积物的沟谷地形,所有高于阈值的单元格即组成了海底沟谷网格。可以认为不同阈值的设定意味着提取的网格精度的差异,通常阈值设定的越小,提取的海底沟谷网格越密集,模拟计算的精度也就越高。此步操作通过【Spatial Analyst Tools \Map Algebra\Raster Calculator】工具实现,通过语句con(“沉积物汇集量”≥阈值,1),将满足阈值要求的单元格赋值为1,其余单元格不赋值,以形成一个单值化的栅格,矢量化后如图6所示。
海底沟谷网易于富集沉积物,并且其分布包含了沉积物的迁移信息。图中每一支沟谷都有其对应的沉积物源区,即在沉积物汇集量估算阶段其所汇集的沉积物的源区范围。此区域的边界是高地形,区域内的沉积物会在重力的作用下向海底沟谷处富集,而各沉积物源区之间的沉积物迁移具有一定的独立性。沉积物重力搬运方向、沉积物汇集量及海底沟谷网的连接关系共同包含了沉积物源区空间范围信息,以此为依据通过【Spatial Analyst Tools\Hydrology\Watershed】工具完成海底沟谷网的沉积物源区划分,从而将整个研究区划分为一系列的沉积物源区。结果如图7所示。
海底地形数据中包含了丰富的信息,是进行沉积物分布趋势预测的数据基础。本文利用ArcGIS软件中Hydrology工具及龙角区地形数据,对沉积物向低洼沟谷富集的过程进行了模拟,其中沉积物重力搬运方向提取是将计算出的地形最陡方向定义为沉积物在地形作用下迁移的方向,并基于此沉积物重力搬运方向,进一步估算出每个栅格单元的沉积物汇集量用以表征此处的沉积物汇集能力。沉积物汇集量估算的结果可以反映一个空间概念,代表着汇入的单元格数量,即高汇集量意味着此处接收更大区域的沉积物汇入,汇集能力越强,越有可能是沟谷;低汇集量意味着较少区域汇入,一般代表高地形,通过沉积物汇集量阈值的设定来筛选出易于富集沉积物的海底沟谷。但此工具在陆地区域多用于自然汇流过程模拟,是流域水文模拟和环境模型应用的研究热点[31-32],本研究将其应用于洋中脊热液区海底沉积物分布趋势预测,并对其有效性进行了讨论与验证。
海底地形和陆地地形本质都是由内、外动力地质营力的共同作用而形成的,但海底地形通常是内力作用的直接产物,与海底扩张、板块构造活动息息相关[33]。大洋中脊轴是海底的扩张中心,由于岩浆不均匀供给、拆离断层、转换断层等特殊构造环境以及热点等多种因素的影响,洋中脊区域地质构造活动频繁且复杂,造成海底热液区的地形相对陆地上更加的崎岖不平,会在一定程度上增加沉积物迁移过程的复杂性。但在重力作用下,海底沉积物的迁移过程同样具有自高向低的趋势,使得沉积物主要分布于低洼和平坦地形区,这是整个分析过程的基本依据[1]。通过将地形最陡方向定义为沉积物进行重力搬运的方向,并且完成对沉积物分布的趋势预测。虽然普遍认为洋中脊区域沉积物较为贫瘠,但有研究表明在热液区附近受热液活动影响沉积速率明显较大[34-35];而且不同于水流,沉积物的迁移−富集过程较缓慢,需要在较长的时间跨度下进行。这样在相对较高沉积速率与较大时间尺度条件下,通过海底地形数据对热液区周围的沉积物分布趋势进行预测是合理、有效的。
图8所示,通过与底质解译获取的沉积物分布范围进行对比发现,本方法获取的海底沟谷网与沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合。其中,在a、b两区域(绿框区域)可见沉积物明显围绕海底沟谷两侧分布,这可能与研究区热液活动有关。洋中脊侧翼沉积物主要由陆源风尘、生源物质、玄武岩和超镁铁质岩碎屑以及热液来源组分组成[11-12, 36],其分布规律共同受到地形的影响。龙角区分布有龙旂1活动热液区及多处热液异常区,可能为研究区沉积物提供了额外的物源,较为充足的沉积物通量是本方法取得良好结果的有利条件,而且可能会导致在海底沟谷之间也有沉积物分布(如a区域西侧)。
值得注意的是在图8中c、d两区域仅有一条直线沟谷与沉积物分布范围对应。这与该处地形有关,在图1中可见c、d两区域为周围高地、中心凹陷的洼地区域,这会在步骤1填洼操作中被填充成一片平坦的区域(图3),导致接下在来提取沉积物重力搬运方向时产生大范围单一方向(图4),从而在估算沉积物汇集量时生成大量平行线(图5),最终导致在整个凹陷区域生成单条直线型海底沟谷,这是不符合初衷的。所以在c、d两区域本文分析过程并未提取到真实的海底沟谷(该区域真实的沟谷可对c、d两区域局部地形进行精细分析来获取)。但是像c、d这种凹陷地形被高地形环绕,其本身就易于富集沉积物,图8中沉积物实际分布情况也符合这一观点,在对沉积物分布趋势进行预测时整个洼地范围本身即可认定为沉积有利区。
因此,在沉积速率较高的洋中脊热液活动区,针对无大面积洼地的区域,本方法能够提取出海底沟谷以指示该区域沉积物的分布范围,而大面积的洼地本身即为沉积有利区。
与普通远洋沉积物不同,热液区附近沉积物在沉积过程中接收了大量的热液成因物质[37],导致了热液活动区附近沉积物的颜色、结构、矿物组分和地球化学特征与正常的远洋沉积物有所不同,这种“异常”正是沉积物化探找矿的依据[38]。沉积物中存在与热液活动和沉积作用相关的异常是判断附近热液活动或浅埋藏硫化物矿体存在的直接证据,但异常的分布则随沉积物一起受到地形因素的影响,所以在根据化探异常进行成矿远景区圈定时应该充分考虑该区域沉积物的迁移过程。本方法可以用于研究海底地形条件对热液沉积物分布的影响,协助海底硫化物矿产勘探工作,主要体现在以下两方面:
1)海底沟谷网及其沉积物源区提取指导沉积物取样站位设置
海底沉积物取样需要抓斗或深潜器等设备到海底进行,比陆地要困难得多,很难做到规则网取样。基于成本考虑,在有限的取样数量下,取样站位位置的设置需要合理、高效。如前文分析,提取高沉积物汇集量值得到的海底沟谷网指示着海底沉积有利区,是沉积物取样站位设置的理想地点;沉积物源区划分实际反映由山脊分隔成的沉积物来源范围,可以指示某处取样站位沉积物样品所能代表的区域范围,取样站位应该规划设置到不同的沉积物源区中。
2)异常站位点沉积物源区分析指导成矿远景区圈定
沉积物样品分析得到的热液矿物或元素地球化学异常是找矿的依据,但各种图件组合圈出的高值区只是矿化异常而并非矿化区,矿化区的圈定往往需要综合考虑地球物理(重磁电震)、构造、地形等其他多种图件进行,异常点沉积物源区分析获取的源区范围对于从矿化异常到成矿远景区的圈定具有重要参考价值。
相对于前文对于沉积物分布的正向预测,特定异常点的沉积源区分析可以看作是对沉积物来源区域范围的反推。对龙旂热液区附近两处具有主微量元素异常的站位点进行沉积物源区分析,可以获取异常点处的沉积物源区范围如图9黑色网线区域所示。可以推测,两处站位点的异常沉积物可能由其对应的黑色网线区域搬运而来。沉积物源区分析作为沉积物分布趋势预测的应用拓展,可以帮助我们分析海底表层热液异常物质可能来源的区域,进而为矿区圈定工作提供参考依据。此分析需要将主微量元素异常或重矿物异常的站位点作为输入参数,通过【Spatial Analyst Tools\Hydrology\Watershed】工具完成。
本文也具有一定的局限性,海底沉积物的迁移和富集还受到区域流场、生物活动、构造活动多种因素的影响[1, 39-40],但该过程复杂不易讨论,并且缺少相关数据,本方法只考虑了地形因素导致的沉积物重力搬运,未对区域流场、构造活动等其他因素的影响程度进行探讨。而且在活动热液区由于羽状流沉降作用的存在,异常站位点的沉积物源区分析有可能指示热液物质随羽状流沉降的位置,而不一定是热液活动的位置。
(1)本文提出的基于地形的海底沉积物分布趋势预测方法适用于海底热液活动区无大面积洼地的区域,用以预测该区域沉积物分布范围;对龙角区地形数据的分析结果与该区域沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合。
(2)本方法对于海底多金属硫化物矿产勘探具有指导意义,海底沟谷网指示沉积有利区,可为沉积物取样站位设置提供参考,其沉积物源区分布可表征取样站位沉积物样品可能的源区范围;针对特定地化或重矿物异常站位点的沉积物源区分析,可以为海底成矿远景区圈定提供参考依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0306203,2018YFC0309901);国家自然科学基金(41706042,41906174);中国大洋十三五课题(DY135-S1-01-02,DY135-S1-01-02)
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2021年第43卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021043
  • 接收时间:2020-03-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-03-08
  • 修回日期:2020-04-18
基金
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0306203,2018YFC0309901);国家自然科学基金(41706042,41906174);中国大洋十三五课题(DY135-S1-01-02,DY135-S1-01-02)
作者信息
    1自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
    2自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200240

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陶春辉,研究员,主要从事深海多金属硫化物研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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