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Dinoflagellate cysts, as micro-fossil, could be used to trace environmental change history, such as water eutrophication and climate change. But there is controversy on how to indicate water eutrophication, and also it is a problem how to differ the signals between water eutrophication and climate change in dinoflagellate cysts. In order to address these problems, we collected four sediment cores in the Changjiang River Estuary and analyzed their dinoflagellate cysts. Results showed that eutrophication could lead to the increase of total dinoflagellate cysts and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) productive dinoflagellate cysts abundance. And the ratio of hetero/autotrophic dinoflagellate cysts decreased, which implied that the eutrophication mainly resulted from agriculture and domestic sewage in the Changjiang River Estuary. Because of water plume, the eutrophication signal was relatively weak near estuary, strong in middle distance and almost none in far distance. Seasonal change of dinoflagellate cysts was observed in the high sediment sinking area in the estuary, with the lowest production in winter as a result of low temperature. ENSO events will lead to the peak and valley value of dinoflagellate cysts abundance by affecting nutrient input which is transferred by river downloading. Moreover, the signal also varied with the distance: valley and peak value of dinoflagellate cysts present because of strong and weak river runoff pulse near estuary, peak and valley value of dinoflagellate cysts and runoff overlapped and were clear in middle distance, and peak value of dinoflagellate cysts was obvious in far distance but the domain reason was complex. These findings are of great significance to environment history reconstruction, study of red tide history and ENSO events.

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甲藻孢囊是一种可用于追溯环境变化历史的生物微化石,如指示水体富营养化和气候变化,但是如何指示水体富营养化存在争议,并且如何区分甲藻孢囊中的水体富营养化信号和气候变化信号也是一个科学难题。为了研究这两个科学问题,我们利用长江口海域受到水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺事件双重影响的特点,在该海域不同位置采集了4根沉积柱,分析了其中的甲藻孢囊。结果显示,长江口海域水体富营养化会引起总甲藻孢囊以及产麻痹性贝毒甲藻孢囊丰度上升,并且导致异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率下降,这说明引起长江口海域富营养化主要原因还是以氮、磷、钾为主导的农业和生活污水。受长江冲淡水流影响,这种富营养化信号在近处相对较弱;中间处信号明显;远处信号几乎未见。同时入海口近处高沉积速率沉积柱样的分析结果显示,甲藻孢囊丰度存在季节性的变化规律,其中以冬季甲藻孢囊丰度最低,推测低温起了主导作用。而厄尔尼诺气候事件可以通过影响陆地径流从而改变陆源营养盐的输入来改变甲藻孢囊丰度,反映在沉积柱中的信息即为甲藻孢囊丰度峰谷值的出现。该信号也随距离入海口的远近不同而不同:近处受水流突然增大或减弱导致甲藻孢囊丰度谷值和峰值出现;中间处水流与甲藻孢囊丰度峰谷值重叠且信号较强;远处丰度峰值信号明显但主导因素多样化。这些结果对该海域环境演变历史重建,赤潮发生历史和厄尔尼诺现象研究都具有十分重要的科学意义。

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戴鑫烽(1982-),男,浙江省磐安县人,副研究员,主要研究方向为海洋生态学和海洋微藻。E-mail:

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戴鑫烽(1982-),男,浙江省磐安县人,副研究员,主要研究方向为海洋生态学和海洋微藻。E-mail:

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戴鑫烽(1982-),男,浙江省磐安县人,副研究员,主要研究方向为海洋生态学和海洋微藻。E-mail:

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cysts abundance of Core C2, figureFileSmall=TKqud3qckdpckIi4Hj6/NQ==, figureFileBig=tDgfCXfL+5Hw/Vlepumjpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838080831057986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=CN, label=图2, caption=C2沉积柱总甲藻孢囊和产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度随时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=TKqud3qckdpckIi4Hj6/NQ==, figureFileBig=tDgfCXfL+5Hw/Vlepumjpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838080956887107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Variation of ratio of hetero and autotrophic dinoflagellate cysts in Core C2, figureFileSmall=1GoahSNjL4lcm+TSux0G8g==, figureFileBig=wG3Vh7Keu6jw2YrOEL8kyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838081032384581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=CN, label=图3, caption=C2沉积柱异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率随时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=1GoahSNjL4lcm+TSux0G8g==, 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figureFileBig=WFHEKVweuh8Jtxxs1lDttA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838081653141591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Variation of ratio of hetero/autotrophic dinoflagellate cysts in Core F2, figureFileSmall=qABBg4ZOAmsPZ3bMoObMtA==, figureFileBig=TK0ThfoHvZw9ukjzW79aSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838081741221977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=CN, label=图7, caption=F2沉积柱异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率随时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=qABBg4ZOAmsPZ3bMoObMtA==, figureFileBig=TK0ThfoHvZw9ukjzW79aSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838081850273884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=National population during 1949−2017 and transferred stock of national fertilizer used during 1978−2017, figureFileSmall=0RYYIu44l2TJ1lHFhWqLog==, figureFileBig=9dQijqgpwvwCu7eo1G4Rgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838081950937182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=CN, label=图8, caption=1949−2017年全国人口数据和1978−2017年全国农用化肥年使用折存量, figureFileSmall=0RYYIu44l2TJ1lHFhWqLog==, figureFileBig=9dQijqgpwvwCu7eo1G4Rgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233838082013851741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366989054755, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Station information of sediment cores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位经纬度水深/m采样日期柱子长度/cm
C230.998°N,122.672°E212009年6月5日200
Rb1230.000°N,122.898°E522010年5月10日30
Za329.520°N,122.614°E432010年5月11日36
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长江口甲藻孢囊与水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺指数关系研究
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戴鑫烽 1 , 曾宇兰 1 , 李冬融 2 , 王鹏斌 1 , 郭若玉 1 , 王瑞芳 1 , 陆斗定 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(2): 78-87
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(2): 78-87
长江口甲藻孢囊与水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺指数关系研究
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戴鑫烽1, 曾宇兰1, 李冬融2, 王鹏斌1, 郭若玉1, 王瑞芳1, 陆斗定1
作者信息
  • 1自然资源部第二海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2杭州市卖鱼桥小学(拱墅校区),浙江 杭州 310012
  • 戴鑫烽(1982-),男,浙江省磐安县人,副研究员,主要研究方向为海洋生态学和海洋微藻。E-mail:

Relationship between dinoflagellate cysts and water eutrophication and ENSO index in the Changjiang River Estuary
Xinfeng Dai1, Yulan Zeng1, Dongrong Li2, Pengbin Wang1, Ruoyu Guo1, Ruifang Wang1, Douding Lu1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2Hangzhou Maiyuqiao Elementary Education School (GongShu Campus), Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2021-02-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021004
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甲藻孢囊是一种可用于追溯环境变化历史的生物微化石,如指示水体富营养化和气候变化,但是如何指示水体富营养化存在争议,并且如何区分甲藻孢囊中的水体富营养化信号和气候变化信号也是一个科学难题。为了研究这两个科学问题,我们利用长江口海域受到水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺事件双重影响的特点,在该海域不同位置采集了4根沉积柱,分析了其中的甲藻孢囊。结果显示,长江口海域水体富营养化会引起总甲藻孢囊以及产麻痹性贝毒甲藻孢囊丰度上升,并且导致异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率下降,这说明引起长江口海域富营养化主要原因还是以氮、磷、钾为主导的农业和生活污水。受长江冲淡水流影响,这种富营养化信号在近处相对较弱;中间处信号明显;远处信号几乎未见。同时入海口近处高沉积速率沉积柱样的分析结果显示,甲藻孢囊丰度存在季节性的变化规律,其中以冬季甲藻孢囊丰度最低,推测低温起了主导作用。而厄尔尼诺气候事件可以通过影响陆地径流从而改变陆源营养盐的输入来改变甲藻孢囊丰度,反映在沉积柱中的信息即为甲藻孢囊丰度峰谷值的出现。该信号也随距离入海口的远近不同而不同:近处受水流突然增大或减弱导致甲藻孢囊丰度谷值和峰值出现;中间处水流与甲藻孢囊丰度峰谷值重叠且信号较强;远处丰度峰值信号明显但主导因素多样化。这些结果对该海域环境演变历史重建,赤潮发生历史和厄尔尼诺现象研究都具有十分重要的科学意义。

甲藻孢囊  /  富营养化  /  厄尔尼诺  /  气候变化

Dinoflagellate cysts, as micro-fossil, could be used to trace environmental change history, such as water eutrophication and climate change. But there is controversy on how to indicate water eutrophication, and also it is a problem how to differ the signals between water eutrophication and climate change in dinoflagellate cysts. In order to address these problems, we collected four sediment cores in the Changjiang River Estuary and analyzed their dinoflagellate cysts. Results showed that eutrophication could lead to the increase of total dinoflagellate cysts and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) productive dinoflagellate cysts abundance. And the ratio of hetero/autotrophic dinoflagellate cysts decreased, which implied that the eutrophication mainly resulted from agriculture and domestic sewage in the Changjiang River Estuary. Because of water plume, the eutrophication signal was relatively weak near estuary, strong in middle distance and almost none in far distance. Seasonal change of dinoflagellate cysts was observed in the high sediment sinking area in the estuary, with the lowest production in winter as a result of low temperature. ENSO events will lead to the peak and valley value of dinoflagellate cysts abundance by affecting nutrient input which is transferred by river downloading. Moreover, the signal also varied with the distance: valley and peak value of dinoflagellate cysts present because of strong and weak river runoff pulse near estuary, peak and valley value of dinoflagellate cysts and runoff overlapped and were clear in middle distance, and peak value of dinoflagellate cysts was obvious in far distance but the domain reason was complex. These findings are of great significance to environment history reconstruction, study of red tide history and ENSO events.

dinoflagellate cyst  /  eutrophication  /  ENSO  /  climate change
戴鑫烽, 曾宇兰, 李冬融, 王鹏斌, 郭若玉, 王瑞芳, 陆斗定. 长江口甲藻孢囊与水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺指数关系研究. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (2) : 78 -87 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021004
Xinfeng Dai, Yulan Zeng, Dongrong Li, Pengbin Wang, Ruoyu Guo, Ruifang Wang, Douding Lu. Relationship between dinoflagellate cysts and water eutrophication and ENSO index in the Changjiang River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (2) : 78 -87 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021004
目前,长江口海域是我国营养盐超标十分严重的海区,水体中的营养盐较早期发生了深刻的变化[1]。伴随着营养盐总量和结构上的改变,近二三十年在长江口及其邻近海域,面积超过1000 km2甚至10000 km2的大面积赤潮几乎每年发生。同时该海域的赤潮暴发呈现持续时间增长、范围规模增大、有毒有害种类增多的特点[2-5]。这些赤潮既是生态失衡的表现,也是进一步破坏海洋环境的一种生物因子,而且部分生物毒素还可以通过食物链传递威胁人类健康。然而由于早期的实测数据十分有限,对于甲藻赤潮历史的定量研究较难展开。
甲藻孢囊是甲藻生活史中有性繁殖阶段的一种细胞形态,它对甲藻赤潮的发生、延续和消亡过程有着重要作用[6]。大多数甲藻孢囊具有抗性细胞壁,可以长期保存在底部的沉积物中,所以它作为一类重要的微化石,近几十年来被广泛地应用在沉积物生物地层学和古生态学的研究中,成为古海洋环境重建非常有效的生物指标[7-10]
通过对底部沉积物中甲藻孢囊的垂直分布研究,可分析出特定海域甲藻孢囊数量及其组成的历史演变趋势,从而进一步分析气候变化或人为活动对水体环境的影响状况[8, 11], 如在早第三纪时期的气候变化信息[12], 在挪威Oslofjord地区和日本Yokohama港口地区的富营养化信息[13-14]。我国科学家也在南海和东海开展了甲藻孢囊的垂直分布研究[15-18]
甲藻孢囊记录中同时包含了气候变化和人类活动(包括富营养和工业化污染)信息,但是如何从中提取和分辨这两类信息是一个科学难题。一些文献报道两者在时间序列上是可以区别的,以工业化革命为分节点,之前主要受气候变化调控,之后同时受气候变化和人类活动影响但以后者为主[8, 19]。在长江口海域甲藻孢囊记录中,水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺指数信息既同时存在又有一些区别[20]。水体富营养化引起的主要是总甲藻孢囊丰度和产麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, PSP)甲藻孢囊丰度的上升,而厄尔尼诺指数主要是通过影响长江径流量引起孢囊丰度峰值的变化[20]
另外,对于甲藻孢囊中的富营养化信号存在两种不同的观点。一种观点认为水体富营养化可以导致总甲藻孢囊丰度上升,且多边舌甲藻(Lingulodinium polyedrum)的比例也有明显上升[19];另一种观点认为富营养化导致了异养型甲藻孢囊的比例明显上升[11,21],且认为这是由于硅藻密度的上升为异养型甲藻提供丰富的食物[14]所导致的。随后Dale[19]的研究表明,工业化的水体污染容易导致孢囊结构从自养型甲藻孢囊主导转变为异养型甲藻孢囊主导。所以关于甲藻孢囊如何指示水体富营养化还有待进一步的研究。
本研究以长江口海域提供的天然实验场开展长时间高分辨率的甲藻孢囊调查分析为基础,研究甲藻孢囊对该海域水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺指数的指示作用,这对该海域环境演变历史重建、赤潮发生历史和厄尔尼诺现象研究都具有十分重要的科学意义。
我们在长江口海域不同位置采集了4根沉积柱(图1表1)。柱状样用多管采集器和重力柱采集器采集,将样品保存于4℃冰箱带回实验室处理。在实验室按照每层2 cm从上到下分层取样,取一份约10 g,烘干研磨后用于210Pb定年分析。取另一份8 g左右沉积物,置于50 mL烧杯中混合均匀后再分成2份。一份置于称量瓶中称重,并置于70℃烘箱中24 h后再次称重,计算沉积物的干湿质量比(r)。另一份用于甲藻孢囊分析鉴定。
首先,在含有沉积物的烧杯中加入适量灭菌过滤海水稀释,用超声波振荡2 min后,依次通过孔径为125 μm和20 μm的网筛,此步骤需重复多次,直至得到较为清澈的过滤液。收集20 μm网筛上部分沉积物转移至表面皿中,将表面皿涡旋,使较重的沉积物颗粒集中并沉降至表面皿中心,用吸管吸取上层浮液于10 mL带盖塑料管中,重复多次吸取,最终定容至10 mL。然后,取15 mL离心管,底部加入2 mL多聚钨酸钠(SPT)重液,上面轻轻加入样品。用3000 g离心10 min,去除部分上清液,并吸取交界面的悬浮的甲藻孢囊于2 mL离心管中,定容至2 mL并于4℃冰箱保存待进一步分析。
取样前先将样品混合均匀,根据不同甲藻孢囊浓度吸取0.1~0.5 mL样品于SEDGEWICK-RAFTER CELL S50(MICROLITRE)型细胞计数框中,滴加蒸馏水至总体积为1 mL。在倒置光学显微镜(Olympus CX53)下观察计数,重复数次,使每个样品最少能观察到100个甲藻孢囊。
甲藻孢囊丰度(A)以每克沉积物(干质量)中含有的孢囊数量(单位:个/g)表示,计算公式如下[18]
$A = N\left( {V/Q} \right)/\left( {Wr} \right),$
式中,N为显微镜下观察到的孢囊数量(个);V为样品处理后的定容体积,即2 mL;Q为显微观察所取样品体积(mL);W为处理分析样品的湿质量(g);r为样品的干湿质量比。采用香农−威纳指数(Shannon-Weiner index, H′),对甲藻孢囊种群的多样性进行分析。根据孢囊的形态特征(孢粉学分类)和营养细胞的形态特征(生物学分类)对甲藻孢囊进行分类[22]
甲藻孢囊营养类别的区分主要依据已知游动细胞的营养方式进行分类[23],而产PSP甲藻孢囊主要为亚历山大藻属(Alexandrium)的4个种和链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)和巴哈马盾甲藻(Pyrodinium bahamense[23]。对于C2柱季节划分方式为:3−5月为春季,6−8月为夏季,9−11月为秋季,12月至翌年2月为冬季。
本文收集了以下历史数据:1949−2017年全国人口(据《中国统计年鉴》)、1978−2017年全国农用化肥年使用折存量(据《中国统计年鉴》)、1953−2010年大通站长江年均径流量[24](http://yu-zhu.vicp.net/)、1950−2019年厄尔尼诺指数,数据来自美国国家海洋与大气管理局的气候预测中心(http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml)。
C2柱位于长江入海口近处,测年结果显示,C2柱的沉积速率较高,达7.51 cm/a,按2 cm分层的甲藻孢囊在一定程度上反映了甲藻孢囊的季节变化。分析结果显示,在冬季甲藻孢囊的丰度很低,其他季节都有峰值出现(图2)。同时,虽然该区域沉积速率大,柱子代表的年份较短,但是总甲藻孢囊丰度和产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度总体上呈缓慢上升趋势(图2),说明富营养化信号存在但比较微弱。结果还显示,在1998年和2002年出现甲藻孢囊丰度低谷,而在2001年和2006年出现了孢囊丰度峰值(图2)。C2柱中的异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率呈现微弱下降趋势(图3)。对应地,长江径流量在1998年和2002年出现了峰值,而在2001年和2006年出现了谷值(图4)。
Rb12柱和Za3柱位于离长江入海口中等距离处,沉积速率分别为0.64 cm/a和1.23 cm/a。之前研究显示,Rb12和Za3沉积柱总甲藻孢囊丰度和产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度总体上呈上升趋势,异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率随着富营养化水平的上升而下降[20]。而甲藻孢囊的物种数以及多样性指数(H′)只显示了微弱的上升(图5)。在厄尔尼诺指数处于峰值的1973年、1983年、1989年(负值)和1998年时,长江径流量在1973年、1983年、1989年和1998年也处于峰值(图4),Rb12沉积柱的总甲藻孢囊丰度在1974年、1984年、1990年、1999年和Za3沉积柱的总甲藻孢囊丰度在1984年、1990年、1999年也处于峰值[20]
F2柱位于离长江口较远位置,其沉积速率为1.00 cm/a,总甲藻孢囊和产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度总体上变化不明显,但是有一些年份出现了总甲藻孢囊丰度的峰谷值(图6)。其中,在1901−1902年、1921−1922年、1961−1962年、1979−1980年、1989−1990年前后有5次明显的甲藻孢囊丰度峰值,而在1929−1930年、1981−1982年和1995−1996年则有明显的丰度低值。对应地,长江径流量在1962年和1980年出现了峰值(图4)。F2站位的异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率近百年呈先上升后下降趋势(图7)。
收集的资料数据显示,从20世纪60年代开始,特别是从80年代起,长江口海域(30.5°~32°N,122°~123°E)水体中的无机氮升高了4倍以上,无机磷升高了2倍左右,SiO3-Si 浓度上升缓慢[25]。1949年以来的全国人口数据持续增长(图8)。1978年以来的全国农用化肥使用量也是持续增加,直到2015达到峰值拐点(图8)。
近60年的历史数据显示,厄尔尼诺指数和长江径流量存在着一定的联系。当厄尔尼诺指数达到峰值时,同年或者稍微滞后就会出现长江径流量峰值,比如1964年、1973年、1983年、1989年(负值)、1998年、2010年和2016年两者的峰值都比较吻合(图4)。而当厄尔尼诺指数处于正负值之间转换时容易出现长江径流量的谷值,比如1963年、1972年、1978年、1986年、2001年和2006年。当然结果也显示,不是所有的峰值都吻合,比如1954年的长江径流量峰值,1958年和1966年的厄尔尼诺峰值,也不是所有的厄尔尼诺指数的正负转换对应了长江径流量谷值,比如2011年长江径流量谷值(图4)。
大量的研究表明,沉积物中的甲藻孢囊由于其保存的相对稳定性,可以作为追溯环境变化的一个指示物[7-8, 14]。长江口海域经历了人口和经济快速增长,受到人类活动和气候变化双重影响[26],该海域甲藻孢囊包含了水体富营养化和厄尔尼诺事件信息。分析柱状样发现,甲藻孢囊呈现出明显的垂直年代上的变化,而且随着距离的不同其变化趋势也不同。
我们之前的研究显示,在长江口海域,水体富营养化会导致总甲藻孢囊和产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度的上升[20],而这次不同距离柱状样的甲藻孢囊分析结果显示,该信号是随着距离河口远近不同发生变化的(其距离实际上反映的是受长江冲淡水的影响程度,主要表现为水流大小和营养物质的输送程度)。在近河口处的C2柱,总甲藻孢囊和产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度只显示了微弱的上升。推测由于在近河口处,水流速度较快,对甲藻孢囊的沉降不利(甲藻孢囊的物理特性类似细微泥沙颗粒)[27],所以富营养化信息不明显。以往长江口甲藻孢囊水平分布研究也显示,近河口处的孢囊丰度低而稍远处高[28-29]。同时,该处高沉积速率展示了高时间分辨率的甲藻孢囊信息,主要反映在甲藻孢囊季节上的变化,总体而言,冬季甲藻孢囊丰度最低,这与冬季低温限制藻类生长直接相关[30]。Pos-pelova等[9]利用沉积物捕获器研究了加拿大格鲁吉亚海峡1996−1998年的甲藻孢囊沉降情况,结果显示,沉降高峰发生在春夏,冬季沉降最少。
在距离长江口中等距离处,水体富营养化信息十分显著。在Za3和Rb12站位,水体浮游植物群落受长江水流带来营养盐的影响较为明显,该海域也是东海藻华频发的区域之一[31],而且该处水体环境(主要是较低的水流速度和扰动)有利于甲藻孢囊沉降。这2根柱状样中的异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率随着富营养化水平的上升而下降[20],该结果与C2柱的异养型和自养型甲藻孢囊的比率呈现微弱下降趋势一致。这个比率下降的主要原因是异养型甲藻孢囊丰度波动极小,而自养型甲藻孢囊丰度上升明显。先前有研究表明,以重金属污染为主导的工业化水体污染容易导致孢囊结构从自养型甲藻孢囊主导转变为异养型甲藻孢囊主导[19]。而Liu等[32]在黄海的调查显示,工业污染区域的甲藻孢囊丰度较低,人类活动污水污染区域甲藻孢囊丰度较高。这些说明,长江口海域污染不是以重金属污染为主,而是以氮、磷、钾为主导的农业和生活污水的营养盐污染为主。在长江口海域,导致水体富营养化持续加剧的原因,主要还是人类活动不断加剧,工农业污水和生活污水的排放也持续增多,反映在人口数量和农业化肥使用量的持续增多(图8),以及近海养殖业的发展迅速(特别是过度无序不科学的养殖)[33]。而且这种以氮、磷、钾为主导的富营养化也导致了甲藻孢囊物种多样性的上升,这与水体富营养化会引起甲藻赤潮比例增多(而且有毒有害种类增多)的结果是一致的。
在距离长江口较远处的F2站位,总甲藻孢囊丰度和产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度都没有呈现明显上升趋势(图6)。东海营养盐分布显示,以长江入海口成扇形梯度状从高到低分布[34]。推测该处受长江流冲淡水影响相对较弱,导致水体富营养化程度也不如长江口入海口近处的程度高[34-35]
厄尔尼诺指数能够指示厄尔尼诺事件和拉尼娜事件,而厄尔尼诺事件会影响东南亚降雨等气候[36]。降雨量的改变可直接引起陆地径流量的改变,从而改变海洋中陆源营养盐的输送,进而影响海洋浮游植物产量以及进一步的甲藻孢囊产量。但是这和水体富营养化导致甲藻孢囊产量增加常常重叠在一块,如何区分是一个科学难点。我们的研究显示,厄尔尼诺指数、长江径流量和甲藻孢囊3者的峰谷值通过以上逻辑关系建立联系,并且以此来区别水体富营养化信号,但是这种联系随着离长江口位置不同而不同。
位于长江口入海口近处C2柱,水流速度对甲藻孢囊的沉降不利,当径流量突然增大时,反而导致了总甲藻孢囊丰度的突然下降。1998年,厄尔尼诺指数处于峰值,中国发生洪灾,长江径流量也出现峰值,同步C2沉积柱四季的总甲藻孢囊丰度都处于低值。相反地,在2001年和2006年,厄尔尼诺指数处于正负转化点(图4),而长江年均径流量出现低谷,水体运动也突然减弱,有利于甲藻孢囊的沉降,故出现了孢囊丰度峰值(图2)。在此站位,水体流速对甲藻孢囊丰度的影响要大于营养盐浓度的影响,这也是为何此站位水体富营养化信号微弱的原因。
Rb12和Za3沉积柱位于距离长江入海口中等位置,且受钱塘江影响。之前的结果显示,在厄尔尼诺指数峰值时常常也出现甲藻孢囊丰度峰值,原因是长江径流量的突然增加会引起陆源营养盐输送的突然增加[20]。而在长江年均径流量处于低谷的1978年和1986年,2根沉积柱总甲藻孢囊丰度也处于低谷,说明厄尔尼诺指数转换期造成的长江径流量降低,减少了陆源营养盐的输送,从而甲藻孢囊产量下降。在此两个站位的厄尔尼诺信号和富营养化信号一样也十分明显和清晰。此处的水流速度对甲藻孢囊沉降影响较小,而长江径流量脉冲增加带来的水体营养盐浓度增加对甲藻孢囊增加明显。
F2沉积柱位于距离长江入海口较远位置,在出现的几次甲藻孢囊丰度峰谷值中,只有1989年的峰值和1995年的谷值与长江年均径流量有较好的吻合。此站位由于距离长江入海口较远,在平时受长江径流影响较小,但是在长江径流突然增加年亦可受到影响。然而其他年份峰谷值为何没有较好的吻合原因还未知,推测原因之一是柱状样按2 cm切层分析,孢囊数据是近2年的平均值,第二可能受其他因素如台湾暖流等影响[37]。但是F2柱反映的长时间序列中的甲藻孢囊峰谷值说明近百年中是存在着一些特殊的气候事件,需要采用更多的证据来验证。
长江口海域可以通过总甲藻孢囊以及产PSP甲藻孢囊丰度上升反映水体富营养化,通过甲藻孢囊丰度峰谷值反映厄尔尼诺这类短时间气候事件,也依此可以区别人类活动和气候变化两者在甲藻孢囊中的信号,但是这两种信号都是随着距离长江口的远近发生变化。其中富营养化信号在近处相对较弱;中间处信号明显;远处信号几乎未见。厄尔尼诺信号显示,近处受水流突然增大或减弱导致甲藻孢囊丰度谷值和峰值出现;中间处水流与甲藻孢囊丰度峰谷值重叠且信号较强;远处丰度峰值信号明显但主导因素多样化。另外结果还显示,冬季甲藻孢囊丰度最低,长江口污染主要以氮、磷、钾为主导的农业和生活污水的营养盐污染为主。这为该类研究的柱状样选址提供了科学依据,同时该研究对该海域环境演变历史重建、赤潮发生历史和厄尔尼诺现象研究都具有十分重要的意义。
致谢:感谢叶黎明副研究员在样品采集中提供的帮助,感谢叶立果和陈睿琪同学在样品处理中提供的帮助。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助(2017YFC1404300);浙江省自然科学基金(LY19D060007,LY20D060004);自然资源部第二海洋研究所英才计划项目(QNYC201502);国家自然科学基金(41406173,41876139,41676111);海洋公益性行业专项(9201505001)。
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2021年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021004
  • 接收时间:2020-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-02-26
  • 修回日期:2020-06-03
基金
国家重点研发计划资助(2017YFC1404300);浙江省自然科学基金(LY19D060007,LY20D060004);自然资源部第二海洋研究所英才计划项目(QNYC201502);国家自然科学基金(41406173,41876139,41676111);海洋公益性行业专项(9201505001)。
作者信息
    1自然资源部第二海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    2杭州市卖鱼桥小学(拱墅校区),浙江 杭州 310012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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