Article(id=1233732366598984482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1233732360236225173, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2021038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1591286400000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-05, revisedDate=1600617600000, revisedDateStr=2020-09-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772074317835, onlineDateStr=2026-02-26, pubDate=1614182400000, pubDateStr=2021-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772074317835, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772074317835, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074317835, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1233732360236225173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2021', volume='43', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772074316317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772074316317, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233732367697892144, articleId=1233732366598984482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effect of salinity stress on the antioxidant enzymes, non-specific immune enzymes, and Na+/K+-ATPase activities in Larimichthys polyactis, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the physiological effects of different salinity stress on Larimichthys polyactis, the four-month-old L. polyactis (body weight (12.6±3.1) g) cultured in natural seawater with salinity of 22.1 were applied to salinity stress in seawater salinity of 5 (called as low-salinity group) and 34.5 (called as high-salinity group), and natural seawater was used as a control group. After 10 days of acute salinity stress experimental treatment, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the liver and Na+/K+-ATPase in gills and kidneys were measured and analyzed. The results showed that under acute salinity stress, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the liver were increased. Among them, the activities of SOD in the low-salinity group and CAT in the high-salinity group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). Under different salinity conditions, AKP and ACP showed an opposite trend of change, i.e. AKP activity gradually increased with increasing salinity, while ACP activity gradually decreased. Additionally, Na+/K+-ATPase activity in gills was the lowest in the low salinity group, and the activity of which in the kidney in the high salinity group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). The above research results indicate that juveniles of L. polyactis can still survive normally when the salinity drops to 5, without obvious abnormality. And different salinity stress can significantly affect the non-specific immune enzymes activities of the liver, and the Na+/K+-ATPase activity of the gills and kidneys in L. polyactis. In other word, the tissues of liver, gill and kidney play an important role during the process of L. polyactis adapting to changes in salinity. The research results also provide a reference for the cultivation of L. polyactis in high-saline or brackish water areas.

, correspAuthors=Feng Liu, Bao Lou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2021 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengjie Wang, Tianqi Chu, Feng Liu, Wei Zhan, Bao Lou, Wantu Xu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233732368893268845, articleId=1233732366598984482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=盐度胁迫对小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)抗氧化酶、非特异性免疫酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究不同盐度对小黄鱼生理的影响,以人工养殖的4月龄小黄鱼(体质量为(12.6 ±3.1)g)为实验对象,将在自然海水(对照组盐度为22.1)中养殖的小黄鱼转入到盐度为5(低盐组)和34.5(高盐组)的海水中进行急性盐度胁迫处理10 d,测定并分析肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力以及鳃和肾脏中的Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的变化情况。结果显示,在急性盐度胁迫下,小黄鱼肝脏抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活力均上升,其中,低盐组的SOD和高盐组的CAT活力均显著高于对照组(p<0.05);在不同盐度条件下,AKP和ACP表现出相反的变化趋势,即AKP活力随着盐度上升不断增强,而ACP活力则逐渐降低;鳃中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力在低盐组最低,而肾脏中高盐组的活力显著高于对照组(p<0.05)。上述研究结果表明,小黄鱼幼鱼在盐度下降到5时仍可正常存活;不同盐度胁迫可导致小黄鱼肝脏中的非特异性免疫酶以及鳃和肾脏中的Na+/K+-ATP酶活性发生显著变化,表明小黄鱼在适应盐度变化过程中肝脏、鳃和肾脏均发挥着一定的调节作用。研究结果对小黄鱼在高盐或者咸淡水区域养殖提供了一定参考作用。

, correspAuthors=刘峰, 楼宝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘峰(1987-),男,江苏省淮安市人,研究方向为水产动物遗传育种。E-mail:
楼宝(1969-),男,浙江省义乌市人,研究员,研究方向为海水鱼类增养殖。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2021, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=PcUL2tf1sbq90qmUUFvEag==, magXml=IxlQI6dLBlwYUdfNC81PnA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+ABnju/ynWq2J+nasVRViQ==, pdfFileSize=886798, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=c09iUIxEjnVP+mjj3sNVgg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=G3Ex3oRB24lzc9mmaQefZA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王梦洁(1995-),女,河南省开封市人,研究方向为水产健康养殖及遗传育种。E-mail:

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No identical letters indicate significant differences among groups (p<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=ZlIkeKrBmam5jgE6dDr0JQ==, figureFileBig=+dmK3+2v91+u4GqI3RN1tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800600387908342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366598984482, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同盐度胁迫下小黄鱼肝脏组织抗氧化酶活力

无相同字母表示各组间有显著性差异(p<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=ZlIkeKrBmam5jgE6dDr0JQ==, figureFileBig=+dmK3+2v91+u4GqI3RN1tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800600559874815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366598984482, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Phosphatase activity in liver of L. polyactis under different salinity stress

No identical letters indicate significant differences among groups (p<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=uP3X82+EsuCK1BvZ2ozcCw==, figureFileBig=oXlCuHq6JMHWELpQH6yZ6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800600715064072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366598984482, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同盐度胁迫下小黄鱼肝脏组织磷酸酶活力

无相同字母表示各组间有显著性差异(p<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=uP3X82+EsuCK1BvZ2ozcCw==, figureFileBig=oXlCuHq6JMHWELpQH6yZ6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800600794755849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366598984482, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Na+/K+-ATPase activity in gill and kidney of L. polyactis under different salinity stress

No identical letters indicate significant differences among groups (p<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=MgE6HrVAerAV3LjM8HuaMg==, figureFileBig=Sz1ak3xMXSFUXKpbQ33GFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800600916390669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366598984482, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同盐度胁迫下小黄鱼鳃和肾脏组织Na+/K+-ATP酶活力

无相同字母表示各组间有显著性差异(p<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=MgE6HrVAerAV3LjM8HuaMg==, figureFileBig=Sz1ak3xMXSFUXKpbQ33GFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233800601067385619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366598984482, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Survival of L. polyactis under different salinity stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盐度出现死亡时间/h24 h存活率/%10 d存活率/%
3.92471.0±2.570
5.0100100
22.1100100
34.51291.0±2.3585.0±2.04
36.0637.5±1.870
37.0525.0±2.350
38.0312.5±2.470
39.0312.5±1.170
40.01.510.0±2.110
41.6100
43.5100
45.0100
), ArticleFig(id=1233800601163854613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1233732366598984482, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同盐度胁迫下小黄鱼的存活情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盐度出现死亡时间/h24 h存活率/%10 d存活率/%
3.92471.0±2.570
5.0100100
22.1100100
34.51291.0±2.3585.0±2.04
36.0637.5±1.870
37.0525.0±2.350
38.0312.5±2.470
39.0312.5±1.170
40.01.510.0±2.110
41.6100
43.5100
45.0100
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盐度胁迫对小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)抗氧化酶、非特异性免疫酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响
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王梦洁 1 , 储天琪 1 , 刘峰 2, * , 詹炜 2 , 楼宝 2, * , 徐万土 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2021,43(2): 59-66
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海洋学报 | 论文 2021, 43(2): 59-66
盐度胁迫对小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)抗氧化酶、非特异性免疫酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响
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王梦洁1 , 储天琪1, 刘峰2, * , 詹炜2, 楼宝2, * , 徐万土3
作者信息
  • 1浙江海洋大学 水产学院,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 2浙江省农业科学院水生生物研究所,浙江 杭州 310021
  • 3象山港湾水产苗种有限公司,浙江 宁波 315700
  • 王梦洁(1995-),女,河南省开封市人,研究方向为水产健康养殖及遗传育种。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘峰(1987-),男,江苏省淮安市人,研究方向为水产动物遗传育种。E-mail:
楼宝(1969-),男,浙江省义乌市人,研究员,研究方向为海水鱼类增养殖。E-mail:
Effect of salinity stress on the antioxidant enzymes, non-specific immune enzymes, and Na+/K+-ATPase activities in Larimichthys polyactis
Mengjie Wang1 , Tianqi Chu1, Feng Liu2, * , Wei Zhan2, Bao Lou2, * , Wantu Xu3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
  • 2Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
  • 3Xiangshan Gangwan Aquatic Seeds Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315700, China
出版时间: 2021-02-25 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021038
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为了研究不同盐度对小黄鱼生理的影响,以人工养殖的4月龄小黄鱼(体质量为(12.6 ±3.1)g)为实验对象,将在自然海水(对照组盐度为22.1)中养殖的小黄鱼转入到盐度为5(低盐组)和34.5(高盐组)的海水中进行急性盐度胁迫处理10 d,测定并分析肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力以及鳃和肾脏中的Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的变化情况。结果显示,在急性盐度胁迫下,小黄鱼肝脏抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活力均上升,其中,低盐组的SOD和高盐组的CAT活力均显著高于对照组(p<0.05);在不同盐度条件下,AKP和ACP表现出相反的变化趋势,即AKP活力随着盐度上升不断增强,而ACP活力则逐渐降低;鳃中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力在低盐组最低,而肾脏中高盐组的活力显著高于对照组(p<0.05)。上述研究结果表明,小黄鱼幼鱼在盐度下降到5时仍可正常存活;不同盐度胁迫可导致小黄鱼肝脏中的非特异性免疫酶以及鳃和肾脏中的Na+/K+-ATP酶活性发生显著变化,表明小黄鱼在适应盐度变化过程中肝脏、鳃和肾脏均发挥着一定的调节作用。研究结果对小黄鱼在高盐或者咸淡水区域养殖提供了一定参考作用。

盐度胁迫  /  小黄鱼  /  非特异性免疫酶  /  Na+/K+-ATP酶

In order to study the physiological effects of different salinity stress on Larimichthys polyactis, the four-month-old L. polyactis (body weight (12.6±3.1) g) cultured in natural seawater with salinity of 22.1 were applied to salinity stress in seawater salinity of 5 (called as low-salinity group) and 34.5 (called as high-salinity group), and natural seawater was used as a control group. After 10 days of acute salinity stress experimental treatment, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the liver and Na+/K+-ATPase in gills and kidneys were measured and analyzed. The results showed that under acute salinity stress, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the liver were increased. Among them, the activities of SOD in the low-salinity group and CAT in the high-salinity group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). Under different salinity conditions, AKP and ACP showed an opposite trend of change, i.e. AKP activity gradually increased with increasing salinity, while ACP activity gradually decreased. Additionally, Na+/K+-ATPase activity in gills was the lowest in the low salinity group, and the activity of which in the kidney in the high salinity group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). The above research results indicate that juveniles of L. polyactis can still survive normally when the salinity drops to 5, without obvious abnormality. And different salinity stress can significantly affect the non-specific immune enzymes activities of the liver, and the Na+/K+-ATPase activity of the gills and kidneys in L. polyactis. In other word, the tissues of liver, gill and kidney play an important role during the process of L. polyactis adapting to changes in salinity. The research results also provide a reference for the cultivation of L. polyactis in high-saline or brackish water areas.

salinity stress  /  Larimichthys polyactis  /  non-specific immune enzyme  /  Na+/K+-ATPase
王梦洁, 储天琪, 刘峰, 詹炜, 楼宝, 徐万土. 盐度胁迫对小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)抗氧化酶、非特异性免疫酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响. 海洋学报, 2021 , 43 (2) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021038
Mengjie Wang, Tianqi Chu, Feng Liu, Wei Zhan, Bao Lou, Wantu Xu. Effect of salinity stress on the antioxidant enzymes, non-specific immune enzymes, and Na+/K+-ATPase activities in Larimichthys polyactis[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2021 , 43 (2) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2021038
盐度是影响水生生物生长、存活的重要环境因子[1]。受到人为或自然因素的影响,养殖区域盐度会发生变化,对鱼体产生一定的渗透调节胁迫,从而使鱼体产生应激反应,这不仅会导致机体免疫力降低、渗透压调控机制紊乱等生理变化,甚至可能出现死亡[23]。鱼类通过引起非特异性免疫系统中抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶)活力的变化,来抵御盐度的胁迫[4]。例如在长期低盐或高盐度胁迫下,抗氧化酶可以清除体内由于应激反应产生的过多的氧自由基(ROS),减轻氧化性的损伤,增强机体免疫功能[5]。磷酸酶参与磷酸基团的转移和代谢, 能够将代谢产物水解成磷酸和乙醇,其水解生成的小分子物质将会被排出体外,最终完成水生生物机体去磷酸化过程。因此,一定程度上,非特异性免疫酶活力变化可以作为反映不同盐度胁迫下鱼体适应能力和免疫机能的生理指标。通常认为鱼类存在一个等渗点,当盐度超出等渗点时多数广盐性鱼类会消耗能量来进行体内离子含量调节,以维持自身内部的水盐平衡来适应盐度大范围的变化[6],此为渗透压调节过程。Na+/K+-ATP 酶与渗透压调节密切相关,通过参与细胞内Na+、K+离子的主动跨膜转运,维持鱼体内外渗透压平衡,因此可作为衡量鱼类渗透压调节主要指标[67]。目前,研究人员已对大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta[8]、克氏双锯鱼(Amphiprion clarkii[7]、银鲳(Pampus argenteus[9]、多鳍南极鱼(Notothenia neglecta[10]等水产动物进行了盐度对其生理指标,包括抗氧化酶、非特异性免疫酶、Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力等的影响研究。对盐度胁迫下鱼体内生理变化开展研究,有助于了解盐度变化对鱼体生理的影响,同时也为养殖生产实践中改善水环境状况、提高养殖效益提供了指导。
小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),隶属于鲈形目(Perciformes),石首鱼科(Sciaenidae),黄鱼属(Larimichthys),广泛分布于渤海、黄海、东海以及朝鲜半岛西岸地区,昼夜栖息于近底层,为暖温性近底层鱼类[11]。受到自然环境与人为因素的影响,野生小黄鱼资源利用程度明显锐减,现今所捕到的渔获物中以低龄为主[12]。因此,实施一系列保护和恢复渔业资源的项目,以此实现小黄鱼资源可持续利用就显得尤为重要[1314]。随着小黄鱼人工规模化繁殖技术的突破[15],通过人工增殖放流的方式助力小黄鱼的资源恢复成为可能。同时以人工养殖品种代替捕捞小黄鱼满足消费者需求,可以极大程度降低小黄鱼的捕捞压力,促进小黄鱼种质资源的恢复。但在养殖过程中,夏季风暴雷雨频发以及干旱、水体富营养化等问题的出现,导致近岸海水盐度时有变化,对海水鱼类的养殖产生了很大的影响。因此养殖地区盐度条件是开展养殖必需要考虑的一个重要因素。
本研究中,以小黄鱼幼鱼为实验对象,在正常海水盐度为22.1的养殖条件下,直接转入盐度为5的低盐和盐度为34.5的高盐条件下保持10 d,测定其肝脏中抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT))、磷酸酶(酸性磷酸酶(Acid Phosphatase,ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline Phosphatase,AKP))以及鳃、肾组织中Na+/K+-ATP 酶的活力水平,探讨盐度变化对肝脏中抗氧化酶、磷酸酶以及肾脏和鳃中的Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力的影响,阐明肝脏、肾脏和鳃在盐度适应过程中发挥的作用,以期为开展人工海水养殖的水体盐度调节、半咸水或淡化养殖提供理论依据,从而达到高效生产的目的。
实验鱼取自象山港湾水产苗种有限公司人工繁育的小黄鱼群体,选取规格整齐,体质健壮个体(体长为(11.8±0.9)cm;体质量为(12.6±3.1)g),进行实验。实验开始前,实验鱼在2 500 L的实验桶中暂养7 d,养殖用水为经黑暗沉淀、砂滤后的自然海水,温度为(29.6±1)℃,盐度为22.1,投喂鱼宝稚鱼3号(粒径为3 mm)颗粒饲料,每天7:00和16:00进行2次饱食投喂,投喂后半小时进行换水排污处理。通过预实验确定低盐和高盐胁迫所用盐度。实验设置3个盐度,分别为低盐组(盐度为5.0±0.3)、对照组(盐度为22.1)和高盐组(盐度为34.5±0.4),每组设置3个平行实验。低盐组通过添加曝气后的淡水调配而成;高盐组通过添加商品化海水晶调配而成。实验开始前一天停止投喂饲料,将暂养后的实验鱼转入调好盐度的300 L实验桶中,每桶实验鱼40尾。实验期间,停止投喂饵料。
实验鱼在盐度处理10 d后,每个平行随机取样5尾,置于冰盘上冰冻处死后解剖,取肝脏、鳃和肾脏放入离心管中,液氮速冻后,置于−80℃保存。肝组织用于检测非特异性免疫酶活力,包括SOD、CAT、ACP和AKP,鳃和肾组织测定Na+/K+-ATP酶活力。准确称取0.2 g组织重量,按重量体积比加入9倍体积的生理盐水制成10%的组织匀浆,2 500 r/min,离心10 min,取上清再用生理盐水稀释至测定所需浓度。蛋白含量的测定采用考马斯亮蓝法[2],SOD和CAT的测定分别采用羟胺法、钼酸铵法[16],ACP和AKP的测定采用金氏法[16];Na+/K+-ATP酶的测定采用定磷法[17]。所有组织中的蛋白含量和酶活力的测定均采用南京建成公司检测试剂盒,按照操作说明完成。
实验结果均用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,利用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行正态性分布与方差齐性检验后进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)、多重比较(Tukey)以及双独立样本检验(Mann-Whitney U)。p<0.05为存在显著性差异。
对小黄鱼的盐度耐受范围进行预实验,表1为不同盐度急性胁迫下24 h内小黄鱼的存活情况。从表中可以看出,急性胁迫盐度为3.9时,小黄鱼24 h内存活率为(71.0±2.57)%,10 d内存活率为0;小黄鱼在急性胁迫盐度为5.0时成活率为100%,在实验过程中极少数个体出现轻微异常。当急性胁迫盐度在41.6~45.0之间时,小黄鱼虽在1 h内均未出现个体死亡,但却无法保持平衡,出现侧翻、狂游现象,在3.5 h内全部鳃盖扩张死亡。盐度在36.0~40.0时,6 h以内应激性死亡尾数超过一半,24 h内的存活率低于40.0%,在为期10 d的高盐胁迫中仍出现少数死亡,表现为体表发黏、变黑行动迟缓的现象。盐度为34.5时24 h内存活率为(91.0±2.35)%,10 d内存活率为(85.0±2.04)%。经预实验确定低盐组盐度为5.0,高盐组盐度为34.5进行急性盐度胁迫实验。
不同盐度胁迫下小黄鱼肝脏组织中抗氧化酶活力见图1,从图中可以看出,盐度胁迫(高盐、低盐)下,小黄鱼肝脏组织中SOD活力与CAT活力均有不同程度的升高。其中,低盐组的SOD活力为(517.37±1.56)U/mg,显著高于对照组(p<0.05),但是与高盐组差异不显著(p>0.05);CAT活力与对照组无显著性差异。高盐组的CAT活力最大,为(8.08±0.37)U/mg,显著高于对照组(p<0.05),但是与低盐组差异不显著(p>0.05)。
图2为不同盐度处理后ACP和AKP活力变化对比分析结果。其中,ACP活力在高盐组中显著低于对照组和低盐组(p<0.05),而低盐组与对照组之间差异不显著(p>0.05)。AKP活力在高盐组中最高,为(14.05±1.36)U/mg,显著高于低盐组(p<0.05),但是与对照组差异不显著(p>0.05)。对比ACP和AKP发现,两种酶活力在3个处理组中的变化趋势相反:前者逐渐降低,后者逐渐升高。
图3为不同盐度条件下,小黄鱼鳃和肾脏中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的分析结果。比较发现,低盐组的鳃组织中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力为(0.74±0.05)U/mg,显著性低于对照组和高盐组(p<0.05),而高盐组与对照组差异不显著(p>0.05)。此外,经低盐和高盐处理后,肾脏组织中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力均上升,且高盐组与对照组差异显著(p<0.05)。
盐度可影响鱼类的摄食量、生长存活及免疫能力[18]。在高盐胁迫过程中,小黄鱼出现狂游及体表发黏、变深的现象。此现象与褐点石斑幼鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)在高盐(60、65)胁迫中的表现较为一致,即鱼苗行为异常、体色变深、体表黏液变多[19]。在漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)的研究中发现,其在盐度最低(0)和最高(40)的突变下,出现应激性上下窜动行为和体色变白的现象[20]。这些研究表明,水环境中盐度的变化会引起鱼类行为和体色方面的应激改变。不同盐度下鱼体内渗透压存在较大差异[21],通常情况下,淡水鱼和海水鱼体液含盐质量分数相差约为7%[22]。渗透压的调节不仅维持了渗透浓度的稳定,也决定鱼类机体对盐度的适应能力。短期内的盐度剧烈变化会使鱼体产生应激反应引起渗透调节机制的改变[23],达到一定时间后,渗透压逐渐向变化前恢复,维持自身内环境稳定,而一旦超出其适应范围则会出现生理状态紊乱、行为异常及摄食量下降现象,最终消耗能量过多,机体衰竭,导致死亡[23-24]。本次研究中,低盐组未出现死亡,说明该盐度在小黄鱼能够承受的范围,在该盐度条件下,小黄鱼通过自身的调节可以维持机体内环境的稳定。而在高盐组中出现少量个体死亡,表明高盐的胁迫已超出部分个体机体内部调节的范围,同时也表明小黄鱼个体间对高盐的适应具有较大的差异性,该现象对于通过选择育种培育耐高盐的优良品种(系)具有重要意义。
肝脏是鱼类新陈代谢的主要器官,在机体抗氧化、糖原合成、分泌胆汁等生理过程中发挥着重要作用[25]。鱼类在盐度胁迫下,由于应激反应会产生过多的氧自由基,机体自身的自由基量和抗氧化能力的动态平衡被打破,产生氧化胁迫[5]。为了抵御氧化胁迫,抗氧化防御系统得到了调用。其中,SOD和CAT是抗氧化系统重要的组成部分,SOD能清除超氧阴离子自由基(${\rm{O}}_2^- $),保护细胞免受氧化损伤。清除过程中产生的H2O2能在CAT的催化下生成H2O和O2,二者协同作用,保护肝脏组织免受损伤[26]。已有研究表明,盐度、水温等环境条件的变化可引起鱼体中抗氧化酶活力改变,如低盐胁迫下,黄鳍棘鲷(Acanthopagrus latus)肝脏SOD活力变化显著[23],点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)不同组织CAT活力增强[27];条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)幼鱼肝脏中SOD和CAT活力随着盐度升高逐渐增强[28]。本研究中,盐度胁迫导致小黄鱼肝脏中SOD和CAT活力均呈现不同程度的上升。表明盐度胁迫会造成机体中大量的自由基积累,而抗氧化酶活力的升高可以一定程度降低肝脏组织的损伤。
ACP和AKP主要在免疫反应中负责转运与代谢磷酸基团,通过巨噬细胞溶酶体对细胞体起到重要的代谢调控作用,是免疫防御体系中重要的水解酶[29]。本次研究发现,小黄鱼肝脏中的AKP活力在低盐下受到明显抑制,但随着盐度升高不断增强。在房子恒等[30]对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)的研究中同样发现,AKP活力在盐度为0~20的范围内呈现出不断上升的趋势。原因可能是海水中金属离子含量的升高对AKP活力具有显著的促进作用[31]。据此推测,盐离子浓度的增加对小黄鱼肝脏组织的AKP活力有一定的促进作用。白秀娟等[32]和李娜等[33]的研究均指出盐离子浓度增加,ACP活力受到抑制。本次研究发现,高盐组ACP活力显著低于对照组,受到明显的抑制,研究结果与上述报道结果相一致,这可能是由水环境中的离子浓度变化抑制了ACP的合成和分泌,导致其活力降低[33]
在水环境中,鱼类主要依赖鳃丝中的泌氯细胞(MR细胞)完成渗透压调节中的离子排放,泌氯细胞表面蕴含着丰富的Na+/K+-ATP酶[34]。Na+/K+-ATP酶在生物体内离子调节过程中发挥着至关重要作用,其功能是保持细胞内高K+、细胞外高Na+的离子浓度梯度平衡[25]。鳃和肾脏是鱼类渗透浓度调节和离子运输的主要器官,在维持内环境稳定和渗透平衡中发挥重要作用[4]。在盐度胁迫条件下,Na+/K+-ATP酶活力发生明显变化。研究表明[7],当盐度降至15时,克氏双锯鱼鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力在第96 h稳定后出现最小值,低于其他盐度组。花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)在盐度为10的环境下,Na+/K+-ATP酶活力最低[35]。本次研究中发现,低盐组小黄鱼鳃丝的Na+/K+-ATP酶活力最低,显著低于高盐组,研究结果与上述报道相一致。出现这种现象,可能是鱼类通过降低鳃丝中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力,减少细胞对Na+、Cl离子的通透性,阻止了Na+、Cl离子流动,以此适应生存环境的盐度变化[34]。高盐胁迫时,小黄鱼肾脏中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力显著增强。据李学军等[36]报道,罗非鱼(Oreochromisspp)肾脏中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力随盐度的升高而增强。在最高和最低盐度条件下,条石鲷肾脏中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力均显著高于对照组[37]。卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肾脏组织中的Na+/K+-ATP酶活力在24 h的高盐胁迫下显著性高于对照组[38]。肾脏组织中的Na+/K+-ATP酶活力在24 h的高盐胁迫下显著性高于对照组。这些均与本研究有相似之处,说明为了维持高渗环境下鱼体内环境的稳定,肾脏中的Na+/K+-ATP酶活力增强,使机体建立起新的渗透压平衡。研究指出,在低盐环境中,广盐性鱼类由于渗透代谢水平较低,从而可以消耗更多能量去用于生长,生长水平相比海水环境可能更占据优势[35, 3940]。一定程度上表明,小黄鱼在低盐环境中所需渗透代谢耗能较少,从渗透代谢方面来讲,相比较高盐度海水更有利于小黄鱼的生长,此结果对于进行小黄鱼低盐度或者淡化养殖均有较好的指导意义。
综上所述,小黄鱼幼鱼对盐度有较强的调节能力。急性盐度胁迫下,小黄鱼幼鱼能够及时调动非特异性免疫酶、Na+K+-ATP酶进行体内生理调节,消除机体过多的自由基和维持内外环境的渗透压平衡。在低盐条件下,小黄鱼存活率较高且所需渗透代谢耗能较少,为今后小黄鱼咸淡水养殖提供理论参考。但在高盐下,鱼体内环境遭到破坏,自由基代谢紊乱,抗氧化防御机制受到影响,导致机体免疫能力降低,个体之间对高盐耐受能力差异较大,为耐盐品种选育奠定了基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划“蓝色粮仓科技创新”重点专项(2018YFD0901204);浙江省重点研发计划项目(2020C02015);象山县科技计划项目(2019C0001)。
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2021年第43卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2021038
  • 接收时间:2020-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-02-26
  • 出版时间:2021-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-06-05
  • 修回日期:2020-09-21
基金
国家重点研发计划“蓝色粮仓科技创新”重点专项(2018YFD0901204);浙江省重点研发计划项目(2020C02015);象山县科技计划项目(2019C0001)。
作者信息
    1浙江海洋大学 水产学院,浙江 舟山 316022
    2浙江省农业科学院水生生物研究所,浙江 杭州 310021
    3象山港湾水产苗种有限公司,浙江 宁波 315700

通讯作者:

刘峰(1987-),男,江苏省淮安市人,研究方向为水产动物遗传育种。E-mail:
楼宝(1969-),男,浙江省义乌市人,研究员,研究方向为海水鱼类增养殖。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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